Journal articles on the topic 'Azerbaijani Refugees'
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1
Yusubau, Farban. "THE IMPACT OF THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF TRANSCAUCASIA." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7988.
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The article deals with the frozen conflict between two sovereign States in Transcaucasia: Armenia and Azerbaijan, which can be undermined at any time due to unresolved issues, and destroy the economy not only in the region. The purpose of the article is to eliminate this conflict with possible instruments aimed at eternal peace and ensuring economic security in the region. During the research, the author used methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, grouping, etc. The history and causes of this conflict have been studied. In the result of the analysis, it is concluded that the influence of the Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, today, in frozen form, has a negative impact, primarily on Azerbaijan’s economy since occupied over 20 percent of its territory, and, as a result of occupation, destroyed towns, the entire infrastructure, and there was more than one million Azerbaijanis refugees. As well as part of the territory of Azerbaijan - the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic-was blocked by Armenia. In turn, Armenia, because of its occupation policy, has also been blocked by Azerbaijan and Turkey, and thus does not allow its economy to grow. The Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also become the main reason that global economic projects in the region have been implemented bypassing Armenia. Turkey is the only country in the region that does not have vested interests in the conflict, and supports and fairly protects the interests of Azerbaijan on all international political and economic platforms. Officially Russia and Iran recognized the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, like all countries of the world, but not enough strongly supported and continue to support Armenia, since both countries have their own political and economic interests in the Caucasus. It was revealed that the fear of war at any time and the existing problems did not affect the leading position of Azerbaijan in the Transcaucasia, and this country could be one of the guarantors of economic security not only in the region, but also in the world. It is determined that if this conflict is resolved by military means, local problems can cause the creation of a world-wide war, since Azerbaijan and Armenia are members of various world organizations-military blocs. Peaceful solutions to this conflict are proposed.
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Wistrand, Jennifer S. "A Development Approach to a Protracted IDP Situation: Lessons from Azerbaijan." Journal on Migration and Human Security 11, no. 1 (March 2023): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23315024231158558.
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This article highlights the realities facing Azerbaijan’s internally displaced persons (IDPs), living in a state of protracted displacement. It argues that the World Bank’s development approach to the IDP population in Azerbaijan and to IDP populations elsewhere has likely done more for these populations’ long-term welfare and prospects than exclusively humanitarian approaches could have accomplished, even though displaced peoples have traditionally been presumed to be the responsibility of the humanitarian community. The article begins with a brief discussion of the differences between refugees and IDPs and between humanitarian and development approaches. It then outlines a history of the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the contested region of Nagorno-Karabakh which, in the early 1990s, produced upward of a half-million Azerbaijani IDPs. Next, the article discusses some of the realities (economic, social, and mental health, among others) that confronted Azerbaijan’s IDPs 15 years into their displacement. It focuses on a community of IDPs who lived in a temporary-turned-long-term “collective center” on the outskirts of Azerbaijan’s capital of Baku. Finally, the article discusses one of the World Bank’s projects in Azerbaijan with IDPs. The article concludes with policy recommendations on the way future scholars, practitioners, and policymakers should be trained to understand and approach IDPs. More broadly, it recommends that combined humanitarian and development approaches to IDP situations should become the norm. This seems imperative given that the number of IDPs displaced by conflict and violence world-wide has increased each year for more than a decade, while the ability of IDPs to avail themselves of traditional durable solutions has not kept pace.
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Garibian, Sevane. "Nagorno-Karabakh and the Responsibility to Protect." Isonomía - Revista de teoría y filosofía del derecho, no. 53 (October 31, 2020): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5347/isonomia.v0i53.455.
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The terms of the Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement signed on 9 November 2020, following the Azeri offensive of 27 September 2020, are a cynical confirmation of victory for Vladimir Putin and also partly for Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, whose key role in this one-sided conflict is now an acknowledged fact. This agreement raises more questions than it answers. Three questions related to the responsibility to protect, which is in turn incumbent on the international community, are acute: the legal status of Nagorno-Karabakh, the clarification of which is necessary for the stability of the region; the prosecution of those responsible for war crimes committed during the 44 days of fighting; the precise fate of refugees and local populations, and also of Armenian cultural treasures now under Azerbaijani control, as well as the modalities of post-conflict coexistence with respect to human rights. The resolution of these three questions constitutes a major challenge in the face of three authoritarian states: Azerbaijan, backed by Turkey, under Russian supervision.
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Aliyeva, S. I. "The place of Tatar Muslims from Volga in the framework of educational process in the Azerbaijan SSR in 1920s (from the Archives in the Republic of Azerbaijan)." Minbar. Islamic Studies 12, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 388–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.31162/2618-9569-2019-12-2-388-420.
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The article deals with the role of Muslim Tatars, which they played in the educational system of the Azerbaijan SSR. This is the first attempt to present a detailed picture of the wide range of activities as they come from various archival sources, such as opening of secondary schools and preschool institutions of Volga Tatars in Azerbaijan, the principles and routine of arranging teaching in the Tatar language as well as training the Tatar nationals to become teachers. Among the sources used to write this research paper are the materials from the State Archive of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Archives of Political Parties and Public Movements of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, as well as some already published documents. The research has shown that the major influx of the Tatar nationals in Azerbaijan did happen in 1921–1922 mainly because of the famine in the Volga region. They refugees were provided with everything necessary: housing, work, the opportunity to learn in their native language. The problems that arose in the course of re-settlement of the Tatars were solved promptly and the whole process of their solving was controlled by the governmental bodies. The Azerbaijan communists considered the process of the Tatar adaptation as an important issue of their policy. The Tatars were continued to be educated within the framework of their national culture. The vehicle of education was the Tatar language. According to the statistical data from that period the literacy level among the Tatars was traditionally very high. To preserve it the Azerbaijani state made various efforts, including the arrangement of supply the Tatar schools with teaching aids in Tatar language. The state was interested in the high level of the public education and supported it.
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Molnár V., Attila, Viktor Löki, Marc Verbeeck, and Kristóf Süveges. "Orchids of Azerbaijani Cemeteries." Plants 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122779.
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In order to explore their orchid flora, we performed surveys of 96 Azerbaijani burial places in 2018 and 2019. Altogether, 28 orchid taxa were found in 37 visited cemeteries. In the orchid diversity a remarkable pattern was observed: geographic latitude was significantly and positively related to the number of taxa and number of individuals. The most widespread and abundant orchids in Azerbaijani graveyards were Anacamptis pyramidalis and A. papilionacea (found in 23 and 8 cemeteries, respectively). Azerbaijani cemeteries can be important refuges for rare and threatened orchids, e.g., Himantoglossum formosum (three cemeteries), Ophrys sphegodes subsp. mammosa (eight), Orchis adenocheila (two), O. punctulata (three), O. stevenii (one) and Steveniella satyrioides (one). Epipactis turcica, detected in a single locality, was previously unknown to the flora of Azerbaijan. Additionally, we documented orchid tuber (salep) collection in two cemeteries.
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Taleh oğlu Allahverdiyev, Ömər. "Legal regime of refugees - legal and real situation in national and international legal practice." SCIENTIFIC WORK 77, no. 4 (April 17, 2022): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/77/222-226.
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Mövzunun əsas məqsədi milli qanun və beynəlxalq hüquq konvensiyalarının həm nəzəri, həm də təcrübi vəziyyətində qaçqın anlayışı, qaçqın və məcburi köçkün statusunu almış şəxslərin hüquqi və faktiki əsaslarının fərqləndirilməsi, qaçqın statusunun verilməməsi və itirilməsi halları, habelə qaçqınların hüquqları və vəzifələri, onlara tətbiq olunmalı güzəşt əsaslandırılmışdır. Bununla yanaşı, mövzu müqayisəli milli qanun və beynəlxalq konvensiyaların hüquqi təhlili, analiz və sintez, induksiya və deduksiya kimi müvafiq tədqiqat üsullarından istifadə edilmişdir. Mövzuda müasir dövrdə qaçqın statusunu almış şəxslərə milli qanun və beynəlxalq konvensiyaların tətbiq olunmasının həm hüquqi, həm faktiki əsasları, həm də müasir dövrün problemlərini nəzərə alaraq qaçqınların hüquqi rejimi ilə bir sıra məsələlər təhlil edilmişdir. Mövzunun praktiki əhəmiyyəti qaçqınların hüquqi rejimi ilə bağlı bəzi aktual məsələlər 1999-cu il tarixli “Qaçqınların və məcburi köçkünlərin statusu” haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasının qanunu, “Qaçqınların beynəlxalq statusuna” dair 1933- cü il Konvensiyası, “Qaçqınların statusu haqqında” 1951-ci il Konvensiyası və ona cüzi dəyişiklər olunmuş “Qaçqınların statusuna dair” 1967-ci il Protokolu müqayisəli şəkildə həm nəzəri, həm də təcrübi əsaslarla təhlil olunaraq qanunvericiliyin təkmilləşdirilməsi istiqamətində tövsiyyələr olunmuşdur. Açar sözlər: qaçqın, məcburi köçkün,status, vəzifə, güzəşt Omar Taleh Allahverdiyev Legal regime of refugees - legal and real situation in national and international legal practice Abstract The main purpose of the topic is to define the concept of refugee in both theoretical and practical terms of national law and conventions of international law, to distinguish between legal and factual grounds of refugees and IDPs, cases of nonissuance and loss of refugee status, as well as rights and responsibilities of refugees. In addition, relevant research methods such as legal analysis, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction of comparative national law and international conventions were used. The topic analyzes a number of issues related to the legal regime of refugees, taking into account both the legal and factual basis for the application of national law and international conventions to those who have received refugee status in modern times, as well as the problems of modern times. Practical significance of the topic Some topical issues related to the legal regime of refugees The Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the Status of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons of 1999, the Convention on the International Status of Refugees of 1933, the Convention on the Status of Refugees of 1951 and the 1967 Protocol on the Status of Refugees, which has been slightly amended. Key words: refugee, IDP, status, position, privilege
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Fuad qızı Nəsirova, Kəmalə. "Analysis of political and legal aspects of international protection of refugees and internally displaced persons." SCIENTIFIC WORK 15, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/64/51-54.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of political aspects of international protection of refugees and internally displaced persons in the system of international relations. If we look at our recent history, we can see that in fact, in the modern system of international relations, the factors that determine the international protection of refugees and internally displaced persons are political elements, political causes and threats, as well as international political and military security. Therefore, the article touches on the issue of ensuring both the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan and the violated rights of refugees and internally displaced persons through counter-attack operations of Azerbaijan in September-November 2020. Key words: refugees and IDPs, international protection of refugees and IDPs, migration
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Ahmadova, Gulkhara. "WORLDLY SIGNIFICANCE OF THEATERS: IREVAN STATE AZERBAIJAN DRAMA THEATER." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/5801.
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Historically and even now, the literary and cultural environment of Azerbaijan is known both in the East and in the West. As a result of the severe tragedies, deportations, and genocides inflicted on the people of Azerbaijan, scientific and educational institutions, state institutions, museums, natural monuments, and cultural centers created in our country have suffered as much as our people. Theaters were also forced to live the fate of refugees. Today Shusha Musical Drama Theater, Aghdam State Drama Theater, Fuzili State Drama Theater continue their activities in the field of refugees. All three theaters, which have a great tradition of Armenian influence, have undoubtedly struck a blow. The annals of the Theater, which went through a tumultuous journey and was repeatedly subjected to Armenian vandalism, is a part of the historical destiny of our compatriots in the ancient lands of Azerbaijan. The article discussed the history, activity, and post-deportation activities of the Yerevan State Azerbaijan Drama Theater in exchange for all these processes. At the same time, attention was drawn here to the current situation of the Iravan State Azerbaijan Drama Theater and the works in the theater's repertoire. It was emphasized that the theater, which went through a difficult and turbulent path, goes on tours today, stages new plays, and gives successful performances. The article is dedicated to the ongoing processes related to the Yerevan State Azerbaijan Drama Theater.
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FRELICK, BILL. "Faultlines of Nationality Conflict: Refugees and Displaced Persons From Armenia and Azerbaijan." International Journal of Refugee Law 6, no. 4 (1994): 581–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/6.4.581.
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Ferris, Elizabeth, and Donald Kerwin. "Durable Displacement and the Protracted Search for Solutions: Promising Programs and Strategies." Journal on Migration and Human Security 11, no. 1 (March 2023): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23315024231160454.
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In March 2022, the Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMS) released a request for papers (RFP) for a special issue of its Journal on Migration and Human Security (JMHS), devoted to identifying solutions to situations of protracted displacement. The co-editors selected 10 papers for this special issue by authors from a dozen countries, including two refugees. The papers cover several large populations in protracted displacement, as well as other less-publicized groups. The former include: Rohingya refugees in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh; Internally displaced persons (IDPs) living on the outskirts of Baku, Azerbaijan; Afghans in Pakistan since the 1970s; Syrians in Turkey since 2011; Syrian, Iraqi, Yemeni, Sudanese, Somali, and Iranian refugees in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon; IDPs and Venezuelan migrants in Colombia; Somali refugees in Ethiopia and Kenya; Central Americans seeking protection in Mexico and the United States; and IDPs in Northern Mexico who have been displaced and stranded due to violence, deportation, and US and Mexican asylum policies. This paper introduces and integrates the themes and recommendations from this special issue. Section 1 provides a short overview of the scope, growth, and consequences of protracted displacement. Section 2 situates this phenomenon in a legal context and examines traditional and complementary solutions to displacement. Section 3 outlines topline findings, recommendations, and cross-cutting themes from the special issue. Section 4 offers conclusions and final reflections.
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Kasimova, S. "P-970 - The study of depression in refugee women in azerbaijan." European Psychiatry 27 (January 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(12)75137-4.
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Levin, Theodore, and Jeffrey Werbock. "Children Sing Mugham: Azerbaijani Children Living in Refugee Camps Singing Their Traditional Art Music." Ethnomusicology 47, no. 1 (2003): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/852524.
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Cavanaugh, Carey. "osce and the Nagorno-Karabakh Peace Process." Security and Human Rights 27, no. 3-4 (September 9, 2016): 422–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02703001.
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The Minsk Process for Nagorno-Karabakh has directed unprecedented engagement from key world powers on this decades-old dispute. osce’s first peacemaking effort survived a rocky start, evolving into a functional multi-faceted conflict management instrument. While the envisioned “Minsk Conference” was never held, not one of the myriad peace proposals adopted, no status determination for Nagorno-Karabakh ever made, and no refugees or lands returned, the Minsk Process may still be considered a success. Frequent criticism notwithstanding, it has kept Armenia and Azerbaijan engaged in a near continuous diplomatic dialogue, restrained large-scale fighting, and belied fears of a significant regional conflagration. That is a noteworthy achievement.
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Shahla Ahmadova, Shahla Ahmadova. "STATE PROGRAM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN: WESTERN REGIONS OF THE COUNTRY SHAMKIR, TOVUZ, GADABEY AND GAZAKH BASED ON THE MATERIALS." PIRETC-Proceeding of The International Research Education & Training Centre 23, no. 02 (April 19, 2023): 04–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/piretc23022023-04.
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The Republic of Azerbaijan, the largest country in the Caucasus, left the Soviet Union in 1991 and entered a new path of development after becoming independent. It is true that some social and political events sometimes hindered these activities in one way or another, but they could not stop the development. The neighboring Republic of Armenia against Azerbaijan Although groundless land claims, the occupation of our lands, and the presence of 1 million refugees and internally displaced persons have created a number of problems in the country, socio-economic measures that have taken the right direction are bearing fruit. Adoption of the Constitutional Act "On State Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan" on October 18, 1991 laid the foundation for a new stage in the history of our republic. In the process of the collapse of the USSR, relations between the production enterprises of the former USSR and Azerbaijan were broken. New production and service structures were created in the republic. Systematic measures were started in the direction of accelerating the development of the economy and the non-oil sector, deepening agrarian reforms, increasing the employment of the population, creating modern enterprises and opening new workplaces. After the death of Heydar Aliyev, this strategy is successfully continued by President Ilham Aliyev. For this purpose, according to the order dated February 11, 2004, the "State Program for Socio-Economic Development of the Regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan in 2004-2008" was approved. After the decree was signed, important work was done in the country: new schools were built, old buildings were repaired, new roads were built, and new jobs were opened in the regions. After the first State Program was successfully implemented, on April 14, 2009, the second "State Program of Socio-Economic Development of the Regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan in 2009-2013" was approved. The tasks of this program were also successfully completed. The funds obtained from the sale of "Black Gold" were directed to the restoration and development of infrastructure, which is an important condition for the socio-economic development of the regions. 6-8 billion manats have been invested in the implementation of the planned projects of the First State Program (2004-2008). Investments for the implementation of the planned projects of the Second State Program (2009-2013) have reached 19.8 billion manats. Thus, 26.6 billion manats have been allocated for the development of regions within the framework of two programs. During the implementation of the State Programs I and II of the socio-economic development of the regions, the President of Azerbaijan signed 240 decrees that provide for the acceleration of the socio-economic development of the cities and regions included in the economic regions. In the last 12 years, 64,000 institutions, including 41 Olympic Sports Centers, 30 Youth Centers, 2,900 schools, and 560 medical institutions, were built and repaired. 84 settlements were built for 210 thousand forced migrants. 10,000 km of roads were built, 340 bridges and tunnels were built. The construction of 6 airports and 23 power stations has been completed. The main goal of the reforms, construction installation works, and infrastructure changes was to improve the living conditions of the citizens and raise the standard of living of the people of the country. Keywords: State Program, socio-economic, regions, workplaces, production areas, infrastructure.
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Shemchuk, Viktor, Taras Khmaruk, Olha Stohova, Nataliia Shamruk, and Catherine Karmazina. "Prospects of Transformation of the Institution of Constitutional Justice in the Course of Armed Conflicts." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 75 (December 29, 2022): 405–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.26.
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The objective of the article was to consider the current state and prospects of the transformation of the institution of constitutional justice in the course of armed conflicts. Observational and comparative methods were the main methodological tools. The research showed that constitutional courts must apply a specific method of judicial constitutional control during armed conflicts. Most of the complaints and appeals of the population to the constitutional courts seek clarifications on the constitutionality of the rules on social guarantees of the military, the rights of refugees. Constitutional interpretation of legislative provisions of the Republic of Azerbaijan, consideration of complaints of constitutional courts of Germany and Ukraine are examples of countries' reactions to armed conflicts. The conclusions confirm the need to transform the institution of constitutional justice, which becomes the main defender of the constitutional system and its principles during armed conflicts. In this vein, it is urged to increase the rate of scientific capital in the judiciary to improve the process of reform of the Constitutional Court in these difficult conditions experienced by Ukraine.
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Rashad Novruzov, Rashad Novruzov. "PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL FIELD IN THE TERRITORIES LIBERATED FROM OCCUPATION." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 23, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei23122022-157.
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It is known that in the former Soviet Union, Azerbaijan was a country that exported cotton and fruit, tobacco, wine, and canned fruit and vegetable products. In the early 1990s, the collapse of the union, the deterioration of economic relations between the former republics and the loss of traditional markets led to a sharp decrease in production. In such a situation, Armenia's groundless territorial claim against Azerbaijan, the coming to power of the Popular Front, their incompetent management, and internal strife worsen the political and economic situation in the country. strained. As a result, Armenia's occupation of 20 percent of our territories and the creation of problems of more than one million refugees and internally displaced persons dealt a heavy blow to the agricultural sector. With this, the material and technical base created over many years weakened, product markets were lost, and the production of agricultural products decreased sharply. Thus, in 1990-1993, the balance between the prices of industrial products and agricultural products was disturbed in the country, and a difficult situation arose in the development of the social and production infrastructure of the village. The construction of schools, culture, household services and health facilities was practically stopped. During this period, the depreciation of the main funds accelerated, the level of equipment armament of the agricultural and processing industry decreased. Production the application of the achievements of scientific and technical progress in the processes was limited. Due to the mentioned reasons, our country turned from an exporting country to an importing country. A number of measures were taken to overcome the crisis in the country, and since 1993, confident steps were taken to strengthen state building and revive the economy. The main task was to form market relations, develop entrepreneurship and improve domestic production by effectively using existing potentials. National Leader Heydar Aliyev, who returned to the leadership of the country decided to take decisive steps, establish stability in the country and implement economic reforms. For this purpose, under the leadership of the great leader in 1993-1995 agrarian policy directions for the next 5-10 years were determined and a number of measures were implemented. Azerbaijan has been under the aggression of Armenia for 30 years. The purpose of the study is to assess the condition of the agricultural sector in the territories freed from occupation by our victorious army, to determine the measures to be implemented and to prepare proposals for socio-economic development goals. The methodology of the research is based on the analysis of the measures implemented by Azerbaijan after regaining its independence, the creation of a legal framework leading the country from recession to dynamic development, and the analysis of a number of consistent and systematic relationships. The applied importance of the research is that it can be used in the preparation of socio-economic development programs and measures of the liberated territories. The results of the study are to use the positive experiences gained in Azerbaijan for the socio-economic development of the territories freed from occupation. With this, the development of agricultural production in Karabakh can be achieved on the basis of new techniques and technologies. As a result of the implementation of the proposed proposals, modern agricultural production and processing enterprises and specialized cooperatives can be created in these areas. Originality and scientific innovation of research. In the article, three factors of the development of the agricultural sector in the liberated territories of Azerbaijan are considered. Keywords: de-occupied territories, investment, resources, users, targets, reforms.
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Kamilova Nigar, M., and A. Gulieva Lamia. "ANALYSIS OF THE COURSE OF PREGNANCY, CHILDBIRTH AND THE STATUS OF NEWBORNS BORN BY DISPLACED WOMEN." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 23, no. 1 (March 13, 2023): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.23.1.31.
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Aim of the study: to analyse the effect of involuntary migration on the course of pregnancy, labour and delivery, and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women in the third generation. Materials and methods. This paper presents an analysis of a prospective study of the course of pregnancy, childbirth, and the condition of new-born infants born by displaced Azerbaijani women. A prospective analysis was made in the course of puberty and the state of reproductive health in 54 refugee women of early reproductive age, who were divided into two groups, aged 18-25 and 26-35 years. Results. A study conducted among third generation women revealed pronounced negative trends in both somatic and reproductive health among refugee women in this group. Their average age ranged from 18 to 35. Most of the patients, 37 (68.5%), were born with a birth weight of less than 3000g. The mean age of parents at the time of girl's birth was 25.4±2.26 years for mothers, 26.9±5.29 years for fathers, i.e., in the immediate post-stress period. The subjects are characterized by menstrual cycle dysfunction (63%-29.5%). Hypermenorrhoea occurs in 46% of the subjects, primary amenorrhoea in 8.2%, and secondary amenorrhoea in 3.3%. There is also a high percentage of inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs (93.4%). A high percentage of somatic pathologies is found in the female patients: iron deficiency anaemia - 77.8%, gastrointestinal diseases - 48.1%, thyroid diseases - 9.3%, urinary diseases - 22.5%, helminthiasis - 16.7%, etc. Sexually transmitted infections were diagnosed in chronic form in 14 patients. The rate of placental insufficiency of grade 1a and 1b was diagnosed in 29%-16%, and delayed foetal development of grade 1 and 2 in 12%-8% respectively. Asphyxia (27%), newborn hypotrophy (7.5%), prematurity (18%) is characteristic of the newborns of this group of patients. Conclusion. Analysis of the results of a comprehensive study of the health of pregnant refugee women has shown that even in the third generation the stress associated with forced migration of the older generation and adverse socio-medical problems are reflected in the formation and functioning of the reproductive age of the younger generation.
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Fuad Salimova, Valida. "Vətənsizlik davamlı problem kimi və onun aradan qaldırılması yolları." ANCIENT LAND 11, no. 5 (May 27, 2022): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2706-6185/11/53-58.
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The article is about statelessness, international legal documents on statelessness, current statistics regarding apatrides. The article looks at different circumstances in which people can lose their citizenships in different countries. It brings to attention actions United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been undertaking in order to prevent and eliminate statelessness, actions countries have done in past years in this direction. The article also looks at processes determining nationality in Azerbaijan, its work with stateless people and relevant statistics. It also underlines the threat of simplification of removing citizenship and negative effects of this situation. Key words: statelessness, stateless people, revocation of citizenship, status of apatrides, eradication of statelessness, citizenship laws Validə Fuad qızı Səlimova Vətənsizlik davamlı problem kimi və onun aradan qaldırılması yolları Xülasə Məqalədə vətənsizlik anlayışı, vətənsiz şəxslərlə bağlı beynəlxalq sənədlər, apatridlərin sayı ilə bağlı müasir statistikadan bəhs edilir. Məqalə müxtəlif ölkələrdə vətəndaşlığın itirilməsi hallarına nəzər salır. BMT-nin Qaçqınlar üzrə Ali Komissarlığının vətənsizlik hallarının qarşısının alınması üzrə gördüyü tədbirləri, ölkələrin bu sahədə son illərdə həyata keçirdikləri fəaliyyətləri diqqətə çatdırır. Məqalə, həmçinin, Azərbaycanda vətəndaşlığın müəyyən edilməsi, ölkədə vətəndaşlığı olmayanlarla bağlı aparılan tədbirlər və statistikaya da nəzər yetirir. Dünyada vətəndaşlıqdan məhrumetmənin asanlaşdırılma təhlükəsinin artmasına diqqət yetirərək, bu halın mənfiliyini vurğulayır. Açar sözlər: vətənsizlik, vətəndaşlığı olmayan şəxslər, vətəndaşlığın ləğvi, apatridlərin statusu, vətənsizliyin aradan qaldırılması, vətəndaşlıq qanunvericiliyi
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Schulze, Ilona. "Minderheiten in Armenien: Anmerkungen zum Problem ihrer Dokumentation." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 18, no. 1 (2014): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20140102.
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The article addresses both theoretical and methodological issues related to the documentation of ethnic minorities in present-day Armenia. Normally, Armenia is regarded as a prototypical example for a statehood that is marked for a homogenous ethnic composition. In fact, social groups typically referred to as ‘minorities’ constitute only some 2% of the total population. The minority map of Armenia includes fourteen groups two of which (Tats and Udis) represent migrants and refugees from Azerbaijan having arrived in Armenia as late as 1990. The documentation of the minorities in Armenia calls for a reconsideration of parameters of ethnicity and for the corresponding adjustment of methodology and descriptive patterns reflecting the peculiarities of ethnicity in Armenia. Most importantly, we cannot apply a unified, mono-dimensional perspective starting, e.g., from a parameter, such as ‘language’. Rather, we have to set up a weighted network of parameters that include both sociocultural and sociolinguistic features. The paper briefly illustrates this point with the help of preliminary data stemming from fieldwork related to the project “Minorities of Armenia: A Sociocultural and Sociolinguistic Survey”. It will be argued that the social construction of collective identity and ethnicity is controlled by both tendencies of growing self-awareness and likewise trends toward transcultural processes present especially in the diatopic and diastratic periphery of the given minorities.
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Nadjafguliev, Rafig Islam Ogly. "THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF PARLIMENT'S LAWMAKING ACTIVITY IN REFUGEES AND INTERNALLZ DISPLACED PERSONS' RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS PROTECTION (THE CASE OF REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN)." Law Journal of Donbass 72, no. 3 (August 2020): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2020-72-3-38-46.
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Gorji, M., M. Bakhosh, M. Sohrabi, and A. A. Pourbabaei. "Assessing the Function of Biological Soil Crusts on Soil Fertility (Case Study: Kiamaky Wildlife Refuge, East Azerbaijan, Iran)." Eurasian Soil Science 54, no. 3 (March 2021): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064229321030054.
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Mekhamadiev, Evgeniy. "Persians-Khurramites in the Byzantine Military Service During 833–839/840: Military Rank and Functions of Persian Military Units." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 6 (February 2021): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.6.16.
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Introduction. The scope of this paper is 1) to consider the forms of military service of the Persians within the Byzantine army during the first half of the 9th c., 2) to arrange the chronological order of events related to the involvement of the Persians in Byzantine military service as precisely as possible. The author means the Persians called Khurramites who were representatives of the anti-Islamic and anti-Arabic national movement at the north-west of Iran (territories of modern provinces of East Azerbaijan and Khamadan in the Republic of Iran). Methods. The author considers the single events (Byzantine military campaigns, in which the Persians took part, and also the facts of Persians’ arriving in Byzantium) in a more or less strict chronological order. The researcher turns to an analysis of event history and makes a step-by step, consecutive representation of the process of Persians’ arriving to Byzantine military service. The sources were works of Arabic, Armenian, Georgian and Greek authors (chroniclers, geographers, hagiographers) and seals (evidence of sigillography). Analysis. In 833/834 Byzantine Emperor Theophilos received a group of Persian refugees, who escaped from the Arabs and came to Byzantium. These Persians were headed by two chiefs, Theophobos and Naser, obviously, Naser was Theophobos’ father. Part of the Persians with Naser as a chief located in the Byzantine theme (a military-administrative and territorial district) of Anatolikoi, while another part subordinated to Theophobos located in the theme of Armeniakoi. In 837 Theophilos hosted another group of the Persians, who were commanded by Babek. Conclusions. The analysis shows that both in 833/834 and 837 Theophilos established regular military units of the Persians called thourmai, while Persian leaders mentioned above became Byzantine military officials, that are tourmarchoi, i.e. that were those Persian leaders who commanded over Persian ethnic tourmai. These ethnic units continued their existence up to the mid-10th c.
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Gadzhiev, Murtazali S., and Nizami A. Abdulgamidov. "ON LOCALIZATION OF BILISTAN FORTRESS." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 15, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch1518-16.
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Abstract. The article is dedicated to the localization of the fortress Bilistan that was besieged by Arabian forces lead by Marwan ibn Muhammad, deputy of Arminiya and Azerbaijan, in spring 783 A.D. during his military campaigns in the Eastern Caucasus and in which King of Lakz Arbis ibn Basbas took refuge. According to Abu Muhammad Ahmad ibn A’sam al-Kufi’s Kitab al-Futuh (The Book of Conquests), this fortified settlement was located in the «Land of Lakz» at the middle of the river Samur. The authors suggest localizing the Bilistan fortress (from the Persian/Tati – «place, settlement in lowland») in the area of the Lezgin village Quysun that has a second name Quyustan. The village has strategic value in the Samur valley bordering with plains and foothills. The name Quyustan is of Turkic origin and is a Turkic calque of a Persian word for «place, a settlement near the river valley» (Old Turkic quj / qoj – «bottom of the valley», i.e. «lowland»). The other name of this village (Quysun) is of Turkic-Mongolian origin and means «place on the verge of the river valley». The names of these three semantically and geographically interrelated toponyms belong to three different chronological levels and reflect certain political dominants and cultural and linguistic influences during these periods: Persian Bilistan, which is, clearly, relates to the times of Khosrow Anushirwan’s reign (mid. of VI cent.); Turkic-Persian Quyustan, which, supposedly, dates back to the Seljuq Empire (XI-XII cent.); Turkic-Mongolian Quysun, which seemingly appeared in the Mongolian/Golden Horde period (XIII-XIV cent.).
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Orlova-Bienkowskaja, Marina J., and Andrzej O. Bieńkowski. "Southern Range Expansion of the Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis, in Russia Threatens Ash and Olive Trees in the Middle East and Southern Europe." Forests 13, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13040541.
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Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is the most serious invasive pest of ash trees (Fraxinus spp., Oleaceae) in the world. It has not yet reached the range of olive tree plantations, however it has been shown to complete its life cycle in this host tree. This pest is native to East Asia was first found in Europe in Moscow in 2003 and has been spreading ever since. The aims of this study were to determine if the southern border of the range has already reached the Caucasus and to assess the potential range in this region based on host availability and heat availability. In 2021, we surveyed ash trees south to the known range in Russia. We did not find the pest in six cities in the North Caucasus region but found it in the city of Azov close to the Caucasus. Analysis of information about 550 localities of ash trees in the Caucasus showed that Fraxinus spp. is common throughout the region. The calculation of annual growing degree days base 10 °C indicated that the places where Fraxinus spp. grow above 1500 m are too cold for A. planipennis and therefore could potentially become a refuge for ash trees. The spread of A. planipennis to the Caucasus is of concern. First, the forest ecosystems of this region are endangered, since European ash Fraxinus excelsior is much more common there than in the currently infested regions in Russia. Second, the Russian Caucasus can become the gateway to Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey and other countries of the Middle East and Southern Europe. We propose using Fraxinus angustifolia, F. ornus and Olea europaea growing in the Caucasus and adjacent regions as sentinel trees for the monitoring and pest risk assessment of these tree species.
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Dagmara Woźniakowska-Fajst. "Cudzoziemcy jako sprawcy znęcania się i zgwałcenia w kontekście przemocy „honorowej”." Archives of Criminology, no. XXXVIII (January 1, 2016): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2016m.
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The number of foreign nationals convicted of physical abuse in the period spanning 2004–2012 was around a dozen cases a year. The percentage of convicted foreign nationals in comparison with Poles indicted with the offence described in the provisions of Article 207 of the Polish Penal Code, was very low, i.e. 0.1%, throughout all the years studied. In the years 2004–2012, foreign nationals in Poland were convicted of 145 physical abuse offences. The perpetrators originated from 34 countries. Most of them came from Ukraine (24%), followed by Russia (12%) and Germany (7%). In the period under study, 8 convictions were secured for Armenian nationals, and 6 for Rumanian and Turkish, respectively. It should be noted that in the case of physical abuse, the aggrieved parties were mainly family members, spouses, and partners, but also children and the elderly, as well as the persons physically dependent on others for assistance in their activities of daily living (e.g. persons with disabilities). The relevant statistical data may readily be augmented by the materials gathered in the course of analysing the court’s records. Among the persons indicted for physical abuse, women are seldom the perpetrators, as only two were found in the cases analysed (28 offenders were male). The aggrieved parties were not their partners, though, but dependent individuals. The most numerous groups of perpetrators found in the court files included Russians (7 offenders) and Ukrainians (5). 7 offenders were EU citizens. Single cases were represented by other nationalities (2 Armenians, 2 Azerbaijanis, 2 Tunisians, 1 Belarussian, and 1 Iraqi). Much as in the case of other aggressive acts, numerous instances of physical abuse were related to their perpetrators’ inebriation. 18 offenders (i.e. almost 2/3 of the indicted ones) were under the influence of alcohol. The main motive of domestic violence was (besides alcohol abuse which seemed to directly trigger the outbursts of violent behaviour), some sort of conflict between family members in conjunction with an inability to alleviate it or resolve by other means. In the case of persons applying for a refugee status, long-term frustration was also found to be a contributing factor. Immediate family members of, i.e. wife, partner, children, and stepchildren aged 1–17 usually fall victim to domestic violence. In the case files under examination, a majority of the wronged women were of Polish nationality (23), 4 were Chechens, and one was an Azeri woman. In the majority of cases, where the perpetrator came from a country where Islam is the dominant religion (the perpetrator’s religious denomination was not mentioned in all the cases) and the victim was a Polish woman, it was hard to determine whether domestic violence has cultural reasons. These cases in no way differed from those in which the perpetrators were men of European origin. The actual percentage of foreign nationals convicted of rape in relation to the total number of convictions secured in pursuance of the provisions of Article 197 of the Polish Penal Code varies in the respective years of the period under study, ranging from 0.5% (in 2008) to over 2% (in 2012). The number of such convictions with regard to Polish nationals has been steadily decreasing, while remaining fairly stable in the case of foreign nationals (ranging from 4 to 17 per year). In the period spanning 2004–2012, foreign nationals in Poland were convicted of 88 rapes, their perpetrators originating from 29 countries. Over nine years, usually only one or two instances of convictions for rape were related to respective nationalities. Most convictions involved Ukrainians (20%), Bulgarians (17%), and Germans (8%). Romanian citizens were convicted in five cases, while Armenians and Russians 4 times each. A rich source of data on the perpetrators are the court records of criminal cases. In those studied, 18 perpetrators were revealed, all men. It would be rather hard to speculate, though, on any apparent regularity regarding their nationality. In that particular group, the most numerous were the Ukrainians (3). Otherwise, the group comprised single representatives of Russia (Chechen extraction), Tunisia, Morocco, Belarus, Syria, Algeria, Iran, Armenia, and the United States. Six offenders were EU citizens. The reason for a sexual assault was primarily the drive to satisfy one’s sexual desire, which in more than half of the cases was also related to alcohol abuse by the perpetrator. The statistics on the total number of rape offences committed by foreign nationals also differ in terms of the actual location where the rape was perpetrated. The majority (10) of offences described in the records studied took place in apartments and houses (as indeed it usually happens in all cases of reported rape in Poland), but open public spaces (e.g. streets, fields, woodland areas) made up an equally significant category (10 cases). In all cases the aggrieved parties were women, all of them of Polish nationality. They were mostly young or very young women. The youngest victim (of attempted rape) was 11 years old, while the oldest was 32. As with most cases of rape, one rule seemed to prevail throughout, i.e. first and foremost the victims of rape were personally known to the perpetrator. Out of the 20 identified victims, 12 knew the rapist, and 6 of them were members of the perpetrator’s family. In terms of the analysed records, minor victims appeared relatively numerous, also in view of the fact that the two perpetrators raped several girls. In no instance of rape of very young girls was the cultural aspect ever mentioned. In none of those cases was a young girl forced into marriage, or was cultural consent granted to having a sexual intercourse with a minor. Summing up the issue of foreign nationals as the perpetrators of physical abuse and rape, especially in the context of honour based violence, it is clear that currently such acts do not seem to have been committed mainly by the Muslims. Since foreign nationals residing in Poland mostly come from the neighbouring countries (predominantly Ukraine), they are by far the most visible as offenders. As far as the cases of rape are concerned, as referenced in the criminal records under study, the perpetrators’ mode of operation did not differ with respect to their nationality. In the case of foreign offenders, a substantial number of rape victims were very young girls, although this was in no way related to cultures that accept and promote child marriage or forced unions. All the perpetrators originated from our own cultural background.
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MKHITARYAN, ELINA. "THE PROBLEM OF RETURN OF REFUGEES AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE KARABAKH CONFLICT." Scientific Artsakh, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52063/25792652-2021.4-104.
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The prupose of the article is to discuss the issue of the return of forced displaced persons, including refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), in the context of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, combining with the principles of international law. In the negotiation process on Nagorno-Karabakh, the provisions on the “return of refugees”, despite interesting metamorphoses, “bypassed” more than 800,000 Armenian refugees and internally displaced persons of 1988-94, “serving” only the Azerbaijani policy of artificially inflating the number of IDPs. In the course of study of the issues posed within the article, individual (personal) or special methods - legal-comparative, analytical, statistical, systemic, as well as general scientific, such as dialectical, logical, historical methods were used. The result of the research is the conclusion that it is necessary to learn lessons from the “Azerbaijani experience” of the refugee return policy in order to solve the problem of the return of more than 25% of the Artsakh population, who have the IDP status due to the aggression of Azerbaijan in 2020.
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BABAYEVA, Ulviyya. "Rural women in peacebuilding and peacekeeping process: Azerbaijani rural women's perspectives on Nagorno Karabakh conflict." Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi, March 7, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33708/ktc.1144762.
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One of the conflicts that has shaken the region the most and negatively affected the level of life in the South Caucasus, where Russia has always been a hotbed of conflict for centuries (Jafarli, 32-33, Nakhchivan), is the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, which started and continues for more than 30 years, between Azerbaijan and Armenia.
Many narratives and interpretations have been created about the Karabakh conflict, which has been going on between the states of Armenia and Azerbaijan for about 28 years, with more than 30 thousand casualties and hundreds of thousands of refugees . However, most of these discourses approach the events from a political point of view. Undoubtedly, women are among the most affected people in the Karabakh war because of the losing of breadwinner in the family in patriarchal culture discouraged them from building a career . And there is no official assessment of the situation in terms of women who directly or indirectly affected from the conflict in the region. It is essential to reveal the difficulties of conflict-affected women and what should be done from the perspectives of women. Therefore, the main purpose is to understand Karabakh from the views of conflict- affected women by the consequences of the wars between 1988-1994 and 2016-2021. Furthermore, this research seeks to explore what rural women think about the conflict and its solution. Inclusive and sustainable peacebuilding requires the voices of women to be heard and it is important to know the women's perspectives to prepare populations for peace .
This study gives an opportunity to reveal the true thoughts of the women living in the region and how a solution should be founded out according to them. By documenting these perspectives, it will demonstrate how the local and central governments should pay attention to the opinions of the rural women impacted by the conflict.
In the study, theoretical information was given with an overview of the history of the Karabakh Conflict, and in the implementation part, in-depth interviews, which is a technique of qualitative research method, were conducted with 10 rural women who witnessed the war directly or indirectly. In the findings, a general overview has been tried to be put forward.
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MKHITARYAN, ELINA. ""ԱՊԱՍՏԱՆ ՀԱՅՑՈՂՆԵՐ", "ՆԵՐՔԻՆ ՏԵՂԱՀԱՆՎԱԾ ԱՆՁԻՆՔ", "ՀԱՐԿԱԴԻՐ ՎԵՐԱԲՆԱԿՎԱԾ/ՏԵՂԱՀԱՆՎԱԾ ԱՆՁԻՆՔ" ԵԶՐՈՒՅԹՆԵՐԸ, ԿԱՐԳԱՎԻՃԱԿՆԵՐԸ. ԴՐԱՆՑ ԻՄՊԼԵՄԵՆՏԱՑԻԱՅԻ ԱՆՀՐԱԺԵՇՏՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆ ԱՐՑԱԽԻ ԻՐԱՎԱԿԱՆ ԴԱՇՏՈՒՄ." Scientific Artsakh, 2021, 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52063/25792652-2021.2-127.
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The objective of the article is to raise the terms ''asylum seekers'', ''internally dispaced persons'', ''forced resettlement/displaced persons'', consider the legal statuses corresponding to these terms, study international law and legal documents and compare them with national legislation. Study of the problems posed within the article, were used individual (personal) or special methods - legal-comparative, analytical, statistical, systemic, as well as general scientific, such as dialectical, logical, historical methods. Our task is clarify the features of these legal statuses, to present notional /domestic/ legal problems associated with the above statuses. The result of the research is the conclusion that it is necessary to immediatly reflect in the legislation the post-war realities that are associated with the determination of the legal status of displaced persons due to the 44-day aggression of Azerbaijan. The purpose of the article is to highlight the terms "asylum seekers", "internally displaced persons", "internally resettled/displaced persons", to study international legal documents that fix the legal provisions corresponding to them, as well as to compare them with the legislation in force in Artsakh and comment on the real and legal situation of those who have not received these status de jure but de facto are the carriers. The issue of legal consolidation of more than 36,000 persons deported from their place of permanent residence as a result of the Azerbaijani aggression on September 27, 2020, including refugees deported from Azerbaijan in 1988-1992, as well as the issue of legal consolidation of the current situation of internally displaced persons due to the first Artsakh war of 1991-1994, is rightly relevant. Our task is to explain the features of the above-mentioned legal status, to present domestic legal problems related to the above-mentioned statuses, in some cases-problems that have arisen due to their absence in the legal field, to invite the competent circles, the competent authorities to submit for discussion an extension of the above-mentioned concepts, possibly a new status, respectively, the need for their succession for the realization of the rights of persons bearing them. In the course of studying the tasks set in the framework of the article, general scientific, dialectical, logical, historical, as well as private or special methods were used, which are: legal, analytical, statistical, structural methods. As a result of the study, we came to the conclusion that it is necessary to immediately reflect the post-war realities associated with determining the status of displaced persons and consolidating its socio-economic guarantees in the legislative field.
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AVETISYAN, Samvel. "PROCESS OF INTEGRATING INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE FROM ARTSAKH INTO ARMENIA: POSSIBLE SCENARIOS." AMBERD BULLETIN, 2023, 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52174/2579-2989_2023.5-5.
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Since December 2022, the Azerbaijani authorities have illegally closed the Lachin Corridor, the only corridor connecting the people of Artsakh with the outside world. Moreover, the situation of this emergency became critical after June 15, 2023, when Azerbaijan completely closed this vital road, hindering the movement of 120 thousand people of the Republic of Artsakh along with essential goods. Finally, on September 19, 2023, as a result of Azerbaijan's military aggression, the entire population of Artsakh was forcibly displaced from their permanent residences, lost their property and found refuge in the territory of the Republic of Armenia. This paper presents the current situation of forcibly displaced people from Artsakh and possible options for their integration. At the current stage, the most important thing for the forcibly displaced people is the satisfaction of basic needs of security, food, livelihood, while the needs of the next levels are more individual and their realization requires a longer timeframe.
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Najafguliyev, Rafig. "Some aspects of the legislative activity of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan in ensuring the implementation of the administrative-legal status of refugees and internally displaced persons." Legal Science and Practice: Journal of Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, April 28, 2021, 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36511/2078-5356-2021-1-20-27.
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In the article examines the theoretical and practical issues of the rule-making activities of the head of state in ensuring the implementation of the administrative-legal status of refugees and internally displaced persons in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Considerable attention is given to the structure and legal nature of the rule-making activities of the head of state.
The study argued that in the content of the Decrees of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the administrative-legal status of refugees and internally displaced persons it is mainly possible to meet rulemaking. According to the author, it is through him that the daily executive and administrative activities of executive authorities are organized in order to exercise the rights and obligations that are an element of the administrative-legal status of refugees and internally displaced persons in the Republic of Azerbaijan.
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"Jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court of 2020." Law and World 8, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 178–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.36475/8.1.10.
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The Article concerns the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights of 2020. It does not have an ambitious objective to give an exhaustive analysis of the Court’s Case – Law, it only tries to show several important issues, which reflect current approaches of the Court and tendencies or directions of its Case-Law development. The following issues and cases will be discussed in the Article: jurisdiction of a State (art.1) and its interconnection with the admissibility of the application (inter-state case Slovenia v. Croatia, concerning an alleged violation of convention rights of a legal entity, which could not be classified as a “non-governmental organization” in the meaning of the art. 34); refusal by the Court to acknowledge extra-territorial jurisdiction in respect of the foreign nationals who apply for a visa at an embassy or consulate abroad ( M.N and Others v. Belgium); extra-territorial effect of a refugee status within the EU (SHIKSAITOV v. Slovakia); just satisfaction in respect of property outside of a respondent state territory and indirect binding nature of the Court’s judgment for a State, which was not a party in convention proceedings (MOLLA v. Greece ); issue of a state responsibility (in the meaning of violation of negative or positive obligations) for acts committed by a state agent in his private capacity, and the issue of whether and under what circumstances the approval by a state of a committed act raises its responsibility before the Convention; obligations in the context of extradition and arbitrary release from serving a prison sentence for a racially motivated hate crime (MAKUCHYAN and Minasyan v. Azerbaijan and Hungary); importance of the freedom of expression of a member of Parliament from the opposition political party (SELAHATTINDEMIRTA v. Turkey,); and of an accused person during his case hearing in the context of the statements for self-defense that resulted in his conviction for defamation (MILJEVI v. Croatia); compatibility of an organized calling for boycott with the art. 10 and the threshold, that should never be overstepped while exercising freedom of speech (BALDASSI and Others v. France), etc. It is emphasized in the Article that the Court has developed a number of new approaches and principles in order to protect VULNERBE groups (Roma community, asylum seekers, homosexuals, victims of domestic violence or trafficking, children (from ill-treatment by their parents)), as well as to introduce more detailed criteria to estimate the foreseeability of criminal provisions, concept of “tribunal established by law” (within the meaning of art.6) or more guarantees for personal data protection, etc. The Author is of an opinion that ECHR does follow its way of harmonious interpretation of the Convention with the other International law instruments and, in later cases, extends the application of the principle of subsidiarity including making its judgments indirectly binding for a State, which was not a party in the convention proceedings.
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Կատվալյան, Վիկտոր. "Հադրութի բարբառի մասին." Historical-Philological Journal, December 2, 2022, 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-144.
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Гадрут расположен на юге Республики Арцах, был одним из районных центров НКАО. До оккупации Азербайджаном в Гадрутском районе была 1 городская и 28 сельских общин с 41 сельским поселением. В настоящее время гадрутцы нашли убежище в разных населенных пунктах Республики Армения и лишены возможности вернуться на родину: еще один из уникальных диалектов армянского языка находится под угрозой исчезновения. По морфологической классификации гадрутский диалект относится к Ս (S) ветви армянских диалектов, по фонологической классификации – к Гадрут расположен на юге Республики Арцах, был одним из районных центров НКАО. До оккупации Азербайджаном в Гадрутском районе была 1 городская и 28 сельских общин с 41 сельским поселением. В настоящее время гадрутцы нашли убежище в разных населенных пунктах Республики Армения и лишены возможности вернуться на родину: еще один из уникальных диалектов армянского языка находится под угрозой исчезновения. По морфологической классификации гадрутский диалект относится к Ս (S) ветви армянских диалектов, по фонологической классификации – к двухрядной группе, не имеющей ряда звонких, по многопризнаковой классификации Г. Джаукян включил эту диалектную единицу в Карабахский диалект. Хотя Гадрутский диалект относится к той же ветви, что и Мегринский диалект, он имеет больше общего с Карабахским диалектом. Однако отличие от Карабахского диалекта по структуре презенса, а также ряд других существенных отличий, на наш взгляд, не позволяют считать Гадрутский диалект вариантом Карабахского диалекта. Не исключено, что в данном случае мы имеем дело с интердиалектом, сочетающим в себе черты Мегринского, Кейван-Шагахского диалектов ветви Ս и черты Карабахского диалекта ветви Ում. Корни Гадрутского, Карабахского и Мегринского диалектов уходят в глубь веков. Языковые факты свидетельствуют об их многовековом соседстве и общем процессе развития. Hadrut is located in the south of the Republic of Artsakh, it was one of the regional centers of the NKAO. Before the occupation by Azerbaijan, the Hadrut region had 1 urban and 28 rural communities with 41 rural settlements. At present, the people of Hadrut have found refuge in different settlements of the Republic of Armenia deprived of the opportunity to return to their homeland: another unique dialect of Armenian is in danger of extinction. According to the morphological classification, the Hadrut dialect belongs to the Ս(S) branch of the Armenian dialects; according to the phonological classification, to a two-level group with no voiced consonants; according to the multi-feature classification, G. Jaukyan included this dialect as a unit in the Karabakh dialect. It is true that although the Hadrut dialect belongs to the same branch as the Meghri dialect, it has more in common with the Karabakh dialect. However, in our opinion, the difference from the Karabakh dialect in terms of the formation of the present tense, as well as a number of other significant differences, do not allow us to consider the Hadrut dialect as a variant of the Karabakh dialect. It is possible that in this case we are dealing with an inter-dialect that combines the features of the Meghri, Kayvan-Shagakh dialects of the Ս branch and the features of the Karabakh dialect of the Ում branch. The roots of the Hadrut, Karabakh and Meghri dialects trace back centuries. Linguistic facts testify to their centuries-old neighborhood and the general process of development.