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Academic literature on the topic 'Axone – Régénération (biologie)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Axone – Régénération (biologie)"
Nemoz-Billet, Laurie, Sandrine Bretaud, and Florence Ruggiero. "Le rôle de la matrice extracellulaire dans la régénération des nerfs moteurs." médecine/sciences 37 (November 2021): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2021183.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Axone – Régénération (biologie)"
Decourt, Boris. "Recherche de molécules impliquées dans l'inhibition de la régénération axonale dans le colliculus inférieur." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21164.
Full textSectionned commissural axons of inferior colliculus (IC) organotypique cultures from 6-day old animals (P6) are able to regenerate. In similar conditions, injured axons of IC from P10 are unable to cross through the lesion site. The purpose of this thesis work was to identify molecules potentially involved in the inhibition of axonal regeneration observed in the IC by P10. In this aim, suppression substractive hybridization was used to construct libraries enriched in P6 and P10 molecules. After a dot-blot screening, six clon,es were selected. Four of them, from P10 library, were known molecules, i. E. Neuroleukin (NLK), calmodulin, Rho7/Rnd2 and cortactin. Two others were of unknown function i. E. A11 and SSTM (short seven transmembrane protein). In situ hybridization experiments have revealed that these molecule messengers are preferentially expressed by neurons in the brain. In addition, their level of expression increases in the brain during post-natal development. Immunohistochemistry showsdifferent patterns of distribution. NLK is observed in axons and neuronal somata. Calmodulin is present in the cell body and dendrites of neurons. Rho7/Rnd2 is detected in axons and in the cerebellar Bergmann glial cells. Cortactin is localized at the intracellular juxta-membrane level in the neuronal somata and dendrites. A11 and SSTM are present both at the cell body plasma membrane level and in dendrites, where they are localized in post-synaptic contacts, and in glial processes. After a mechanical trauma in the cerebral cortex region, NLK, cortactin, A11 and SSTM are overexpressed by reactive astrocytes. Moreover, NLK is observed in the regenerating axons. Calmodulin and Rho7/Rnd2 were not found to be overexpressed after the injury. All these works expend the knowledge of the cerebral expression of the six studied molecules and suggest the implication of some of them in the axonal regeneration process in the central nervous system
Liu, Song. "Repousse axonale de la moe͏̈lle épinière vers la périphérie à travers un tube de collagène ou un greffon de nerf autologue : étude expérimentale après traumatisme de la moe͏̈lle épinière et du plexus brachial chez les rats et les primates adultes." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUE02NR.
Full textBon-Mardion, Nicolas. "Intérêt des cellules gliales olfactives provenant de la muqueuse olfactive pour la réhabilitation des lésions du système nerveux moteur périphérique et central." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUENR01.
Full textContinuous neurogenesis exists in the primary olfactory system, throughout the mammalian life. Specific glial cells — Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) — distinguish the olfactory nerves, guiding the regrowth of the axons from the olfactory mucosa to the olfactory bulb. OECs from the olfactory mucosa (OECs-OM) are a promising cell therapy for rehabilitation of lesions of the central or the peripheral nervous systems. Autologous cell transplantations are feasible as these cells persist on adult and keep their regenerative properties. This work adjusts the characterization of OECs-OM by transcriptomic study, defining three compounds of OEC lineage found in olfactory mucosa cultures: OEC progenitor CD90 positive originating from the neural crest, OEC precursor TrkA positive, and immature OEC p75 positive. We also confirm the therapeutic potential of the OEC precursors, after conditioning, for functional outcome after lesion of the laryngeal motor innervation, and after spinal cord injury, in pre-clinical experimental models
Bizzarri, Elena. "Study of development and regeneration of corneal innervation in transgenic mice." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS175.pdf.
Full textThe cornea, a transparent and avascular structure located in the anterior segment of the eye, is the most innervated tissue in the human body. It mainly receives sensory inputs from the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. Corneal axons distribute from the deepest layer (stroma) to the superficial layer (epithelium), and they exhibit a distinct spiral-like organization. Moreover, corneal nerves are essential in maintaining tissue homeostasis by interacting with epithelial cells releasing neuropeptides.Although standard immunostaining techniques have previously provided insights into corneal nerve patterning, the dynamic organization of corneal axons over time and their response to corneal injuries in live mice is still elusive. Here, we take advantage of CGRP:GFP mouse transgenic line (Bouheraoua et al., 2019), in which the corneal nociceptive C-fibers are labeled, and perform longitudinal live imaging on corneal nerves using 2-Photon (2P) and confocal spinning disk microscopy. By tracking the same area of the cornea over weeks to months, we found that single axons are highly dynamic. They become more centrally organized and exhibit higher branching complexity from the postnatal period (P25) to adulthood. Moreover, we were able to track the corneal nerves in mice from the third postnatal week until aging. We observed that the deep stromal nerves remain constant over time, while the most superficial nerves are remodeled, suggesting a highly dynamic behavior of corneal nerves in space and time.In case of lesion to the corneal epithelium, corneal nerves regenerate already 24 hours post-lesion, followed by subsequent degeneration after 3-4 days. Approximately 6 days post-lesion, axons regenerate from the underlying stromal nerve gradually returning to their initial distribution. Furthermore, we developed a 2P laser ablation protocol to perform axotomy in the stromal nerves and investigate the cross-talk between neuronal and immune cells in the cornea. We were able to follow the dynamics of the interactions between axons and immune cells in Cx3cr1CreER;RosaTomCGRP:GFP mice. After axotomy, immune cells specifically interacted with the corneal nerves, remaining in contact in the following days. In summary, our findings provide new insights into the plasticity of corneal axons and their regenerative potential, suggesting the importance of immune cells in case of lesion. Future studies are necessary to better understand the fundamental mechanism in pathological conditions
Jin, Olivier. "Etude expérimentale de la repousse axonale du nerf périphérique au travers d'un cylindre de collagène : effet du b-FGF sur la repousse axonale." Rouen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ROUE01NR.
Full textRichard, Vaea. "Etude de protéines impliquées dans l'inhibition de la régénération axonale du système nerveux central, Nogo-A, NgR, Lingo-1 et de leur voie d'action intracellulaire : les Rho-GTPases Rho-A et Rac1." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21391.
Full textUnlike the immature central nervous system (CNS), the adult mammalian CNS is unable to regenerate axons following injury. Sectioning the inferior colliculus (IC) commissure in gerbil organotypic cultures at postnatal day P6 is followed by extensive axonal regeneration. By contrast, commissural axons sectioned at P12 fail to regenerate through the lesion site. The present study characterize the expression of proteins implicated in axonal regeneration failure. The immunohistochemical techniques show that Nogo-A, NgR, Lingo-1, and the Rho-GTPases Rho-A and Rac1 are widely expressed at P0, P6, P12 and adult stages in gerbil auditory structures (cochlear nucleus, superior olive and IC). Moreover, the western-blot technique reveal an increase in Rho-A expression between P6 and P12, and a decrease in Rac1. Finally, inhibition of Rho-A effector increase sectioned commissural fibers regeneration. TThese results suggest that Rho-GTPases are implicated in IC axonal regeneration failure at P12
Sénépart, Océane. "Challenges in surface energy modulations for (moto)neurons axonal growth." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS455.
Full textTo create functional neuronal circuit units, axons during nervous system development and/or regeneration are subjected to guidance signals. Their expressions occur in spatio-temporal variation and are translated by the growth cone into a pathway to reach the connecting target. Their targets can be a neuron or a muscle cell, depending on the type of neuron. This path is generated by interactions with the surrounding environment such as cells or other substrates of which are the extracellular matrices. Understanding these interactions with the substrate would allow us to mimic them in innovative biomaterials and/or implants. We chose to focus on motoneuron axonal repair after trauma in this study. Indeed, after a nerve injury or cut, the axon that was cut will undergo a non-targeted and slow regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. The specificity of this nervous system part is the size of its axons that will slow the recovery speed down and multiply the possible uneffective regrowth routes because they are usually very long. Thus, a solution must be found to accelerate and guide the axonal regeneration. We propose to study the effect of an exogenous electric field on axonal regrowth as a preliminary study to the creation of an electroactive neuro-implant. The originality of the project lies in the contactless stimulation method : the cells are not in direct contact with the electrodes, and the innovative electrode geometry : the global field is null, with no conduction to prevent electrolysis and pH increase. This configuration gives access to the direct electric field impact on the cells without parasitic interactions. To start, understanding the mechanisms underlying the interactions between the cells and the electric field is necessary and the choice is made to start with in-vitro tests in 2D cell culture. After evaluating the motoneuron mechanical properties, a contactless stimulation device is designed and a protocol to stimulate PC12 cells is determined. The protocol is tested on two motoneurons cell lines : MN1 and NSC34 to improve its parameters, such as stimulation voltage and duration, and the electric field effect on the adhesion surface is assessed with CST simulation and contact angle measurements. The stimulation impact on MN1 and NSC34 cell lines is evaluated with several tests such as neurite size, neurite orientation and surface occupied by the cells and the results are observed thanks to immunohistochemistry. A conclusion is made on the capacity of the EF to influence different motoneuron cell lines by increasing their neurite sizes, orientate them and improve their adhesion to the substrate. This work illustrates the possibility to use a contactless electric field to accelerate and guide the axon growth and allows us to elucidate the mechanisms behind the impact of it on the cells and the substrate
Dinis, Tony Mickael. "Prothèse nerveuse artificielle à partir de fibroïne de soie pour la réparation et la régénération de nerfs périphériques." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2152/document.
Full textPeripheral nerve injury causes sensory and/or motor functions deficits. Despite technological advances over the past 25 years, a complete recovery from these injuries remains unsatisfactory today. The autograft still considered the "gold standard" in clinical practice. This is the only technique able to offer complete functional recovery. However, the occurrence of postoperative complications in autologous nerve and the limited amount of available nerves lead to develop alternatives strategy.In this context, development of nerve graft substitutes becomes by far a clinical necessity. Despite research efforts, these artificial prostheses design based on biomaterial doesn’t allow nerve regeneration as found in autograft nerve procedures. The biomaterial used must have the physical and chemical properties similar to that of the native nerve. Silk, well known for its unique mechanical properties, proposes a good alternative to develop these prostheses. Indeed, the silk protein is commonly used in the biomedical field and regenerative medicine. This protein biocompatibility may be improved through chemical modifications to promote adhesion and cell growth by the incorporation of growth factors or other molecules of interest. Therefore, this thesis proposes to develop a new type of functionalized silk biomaterial based on two growth factors : Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Ciliary NeuroTrophic Factor (CNTF). Given the complex architecture that consists of nerve structure, a matrix which is able to support and manage the outgrowth of tissue becomes essential. We demonstrate the power of these aligned nanofibers (produced by electrospinning) to guide and manage tissue regeneration from different organ explants culture. Aligned silk nanofibers, were biocompatible and bio-activated by adding NGF involved for nerve regeneration. This matrix has been created with a concentration gradient of NGF to guide neuritis outgrowth in only one direction. The presence of this gradient demonstrated a better axonal growth in one direction versus the uniform concentration conditions. Nerve cells consist essentially of two cell populations which are neurons and Schwann cells. To optimize the culture and growth of these two populations, in addition to NGF, we incorporated CNTF to produce bifunctionalized nanofibers. These biofunctionalised nanofibers led to a length 3 times larger on contact with neurites. The glial cells growth, alignment and migration were stimulated by CNTF. Thus, we produced bi-functionalized nerve guidance conduits for rat implantation. The physico-chemical analyzes demonstrate the biomimetic of our guide tubes. Early studies of locomotion and observing histological sections of rat sciatic nerve, following the implementation of our conduits gave very promising results.These studies demonstrate the relevance of our nervous guides’ silk-based developed as an effective alternative to nerve autograft performed in the clinic
Barrette, Benoit. "Facteurs cellulaires et moléculaires influençant la régénération axonale dans les systèmes nerveux central et périphérique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20332.
Full textLes réponses cellulaires et moléculaires qui sont mises en place après une lésion de la moelle épinière et des nerfs périphériques diffèrent. Les processus de réparation qui veillent à rétablir l’intégrité tissulaire favorisent la régénération axonale seulement dans le système nerveux périphérique (SNP) lésé. Des inhibiteurs associés aux débris de myéline exerceraient un blocage de la repousse axonale dans le système nerveux central (SNC) lésé. L’objectif de cette étude visait, dans un premier temps, à répertorier et à mesurer l’expression génique des récepteurs connus de ces inhibiteurs dans toutes les régions encéphaliques de la souris avant et à la suite d’une contusion de la moelle épinère. Les résultats démontrent que les expressions des récepteurs NGR1, NGR2 et LINGO-1 sont les plus importantes et disséminées dans tout le cerveau. L’expression du co-récepteur p75NTR est plus restreinte, mais détectable dans certaines voies surpra-spinales, tandis que l’expression de TROY est presque inexistante. L’expression de ces récepteurs ne varie pas suivant un traumatisme de la moelle épinière au niveau thoracique. À l’opposé, les débris de myéline sont rapidement neutralisés par les cellules immunitaires dans le SNP lésé, ouvrant la voie à la régénération axonale. Pour évaluer la corrélation possible entre la régénération axonale et le recrutement des cellules immunitaires, nous avons étudié la repousse des axones du nerf sciatique chez la souris transgénique CD11b-TKmt-30 dans laquelle des traitements au ganciclovir entraînent la mort des cellules myéloïdes, normalement recrutées au site de lésion et dans le segment nerveux distal. Les résultats indiquent qu’en diminuant l’apport en cellules immunitaires myéloïdes (CD11b+), le rétablissement des fonctions sensori-motrices est compromis et associé à une absence de régénération axonale, une accumulation des débris de myéline, une déprivation en neurotrophines et à une déstablilisation de la vasculature et/ou une inhibition de l’angiogénèse. Ainsi, les cellules immunitaires (CD11b+) sont requises pour supporter la régénération axonale par de multiples mécanismes. En contrepartie, les cellules immunitaires ont un accès restreint au SNC ce qui abrogerait la régénération des voies supra-spinales lésées par l’action des inhibiteurs associés à la myéline reconnaissant leur récepteur à la surface des cônes de à croisssance.
The cellular and molecular responses that are activated after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injuries are quite distinct. These processes help restore tissue integrity and facilitate axonal regeneration in the injured peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the injured central nervous system (CNS), axonal regrowth is believed to be prevented by several myelin-associated inhibitors. The goal of this study is to examine and measure mRNA expression for the most studied myelin-associated inhibitors in the brain before and after a spinal cord contusion. Results show that NGR1, NGR2 and LINGO-1 are widely expressed throughout the mouse brain. In contrast, the co-receptor p75NTR is more specifically expressed in neuronal descending pathways from the brainstem, whereas TROY mRNA expression is absent. Notably, expression for these receptors was not modulated after trauma. Because myelin debris are efficiently cleared by immune cells after PNS lesion, axonal regeneration can proceed. To prove the link between axonal regeneration and the recruitment of immune cells, we have studied sciatic nerve regeneration in the CD11b-TKmt-30 transgenic mouse model in which the recruitment of myeloid cells is severely impeded by ganciclovir treatments. Results demonstrate that depletion of myeloid CD11b+ cells leads to severe deficits in recovery of sensory-motor functions that are associated with axonal regeneration failure, myelin debris accumulation, decrease of neurotrophin expression, and vascular destabilization and/or angiogenesis inhibition. Thus, CD11b+ myeloid cells are required to stimulate axonal regeneration via multiple mechanims. These results also suggest that the limited access of immune cells in the injured CNS could be, at least partly, responsible for the lack of regeneration of central axons.
Davarpanah, Seyed-Yousef. "Régénération des axones des neurones cortico-spinaux et spinaux du rat adulte dans des autogreffons de nerf périphérique." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112324.
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