Relevant bibliographies by topics / Axle tramp

Academic literature on the topic 'Axle tramp'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Axle tramp"

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Zargartalebi, Ali, and Kourosh Heidari Shirazi. "Dynamic Modelling of Axle Tramp in a Sport Type Car." Shock and Vibration 20, no. 4 (2013): 711–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/213965.

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One of the most significant dynamic aspects of coupled vibration of transmission system and dependent type suspension systems is axle tramp. The tramp is defined as undesirable oscillation of rigid live axle around roll axis. In spite of utilizing powerful engines in some type of sport cars, tramp occurrence causes loss of longitudinal performance. The aim of this paper is to derive a mathematical model for predicting and classifying of the tramp. A parameter study reveals that, some parameters such as engine torque, moving parts moment of inertia, car and wheels weight and the material used in suspension system play important role in controlling the tramp. It is shown that large difference between sprung and unsprung mass moment of inertia around the roll-axis, low vehicle mass, short rear track and medium damping values have significant effects on the severity of tramp.
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Opala, Michał. "Study of the derailment safety index Y/Q of the low-floor tram bogies with different types of guidance of independently rotating wheels." Archives of Transport 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/08669546.1218792.

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Modern tram designs use different conceptions of how to implement the low-floor functionality. The key construction part is the bogie running gear which has to accommodate the lower part of the tram body. To adjust the low-floor level, many low-floor tram bogies have different types of guidance of independently rotating wheels with no central axle between the two wheels. Lack of self-steering mechanism in the form of central axle coupling or an external guiding device creates several inherent problems, such as insufficient guiding and excessive wear. Another important context is the safety against derailment when the vehicle negotiates a curved track. In this study the dynamic behaviour of non-powered bogies with different types of guidance of independently rotating wheels are presented using computer simulation models. The simulation results of the Y/Q index are compared for the two track configurations (curved and tangent sections) and four different kinds of bogie running gear.
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Chyła, Karol, Marcin Urbański, Dominik Sawuła, and Stanisław Rawicki. "Case study of effective current estimation in main circuit of tram vehicle." MATEC Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818002004.

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Currently the trams are experiencing the renaissance and more and more Polish cities decide to renew the fleet. New vehicles are usually characterized by high transport capacity, low floor, climate comfort, crash resistance, low energy consumption and low axle loads. Such requirements can only be achieved through optimization in many areas of the vehicle's construction. One of such tasks is the optimal selection of components of the main circuit installation and traction needs. The paper is oriented on the issue of engineering modelling of the effective values of currents flowing in the main circuit and the tramway traction needs circuits. Due to the non-periodic nature of the vehicle traffic loads in urban traffic, the optimal selection of the performance parameters helps in better selection of conductor cross sections, filters and safeguards. A better selection of these components means a reduction of its weight, which is extremely important for meet basic requirements of modern tram vehicles. The paper is intended to gather the experience of authors in this field of knowledge and compares several modelling strategies that the authors use during designing tram vehicles. The elaboration summarizes the results obtained using different modelling strategies, and shows correlation between effective value and selection of components.
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Perianu, Ion Aurel, Lia Nicoleta Boțilă, Radu Cojocaru, and Emilia Florina Binchiciu. "Reintroduction in the Process of Operation of Worn Metal Assemblies, from the Composition of Public Transport Vehicles, Using Mechanized MIG/MAG (GMA) Welding Reconditioning, in Conditions of Guaranteeing Traffic Safety." Key Engineering Materials 890 (June 23, 2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.890.9.

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Replacing worn or damaged parts implies high material costs and financial expense for public tram transportation services, especially for the imported units and that is why it is preferable to recondition them, taking into consideration the safety requirements. In this paper, ISIM initiatives and achievements are presented in the field of cost reduction and maintenance during operation of trams, by introduction in the operation process of worn parts, within the safety limits. Aspects are presented regarding the possibilities for reconditioning and repair of parts with a circular geometry (e.g. wheel bands, axles, drum brakes). Some of these are being applied and implemented. Also, innovative ideas are presented for increasing the performance of equipment used for reconditioning.
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Hauser, Vladimír, Olena Nozhenko, Kateryna Kravchenko, Mária Loulová, Juraj Gerlici, and Tomáš Lack. "Proposal of a Steering Mechanism for Tram Bogie with Three Axle Boxes." Procedia Engineering 192 (2017): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.050.

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Kalina, Tomáš, Petr Heller, Zdeněk Chval, František Sedláček, Michal Křížek, and Lukáš Bartoň. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Testing of Two-axle Chassis of Low-floor Trams." Manufacturing Technology 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/86.2018/a/1213-2489/mt/18/2/248.

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Kalcounis, Matina C., Ryan D. Csada, and R. Mark Brigham. "AXLE GREASE AS AN ALTERNATIVE ADHESIVE FOR USE ON STICKY TRAPS." Canadian Entomologist 124, no. 3 (June 1992): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent124561-3.

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One of the more frequently used methods of sampling flying insects is the sticky trap. These traps are often used to evaluate the type and size of prey available for aerial insectivores, such as bats and birds (e.g. Barclay 1991; Brigham 1992). Non-attractant sticky traps are favoured because they are considered relatively bias-free, yielding a more representative sample than attractant traps (Service 1976). Sticky traps are versatile in that they are simple to construct and operate, portable, and relatively inexpensive. When using these traps, it is possible to sample insects economically in similar or different habitats and at various heights within habitats (Kunz 1988).
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Kim, Yeon Su, Se Ky Chang, Kyeong Ho Moon, and Jai Kyun Mok. "Dynamic Characteristics of Composite Materials Body for Bi-Modal Tram." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.81.

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The car body of the bi-modal tram has been designed and built to have low floor to provide the old and the handicapped with easy access considering Korean physical standard, passenger capacity (standee, seated, handicapped), and bus and urban railway regulations in Korea. The car body has been composed of composite materials (light-weight sandwich constructions) with glass epoxy skins, aluminum honeycomb cores and aluminum inner-frames. This paper was aimed to evaluate dynamic characteristics of the car body while the bi-modal tram was running in the test track. Based on the results from vibration accelerations measured on the floor level of centers of car bodies and axle, dynamic characteristics of the composite materials car body were discussed in this paper.
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SHPACHUK, Vladimir, Aleksandr CHUPRYNIN, Tatiana SUPRUN, and Andriy KOVALENKO. "MECHANICAL INTERACTION OF THE RAIL TRANSPORT CAR AND JOINT IRREGULARITY." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 113 (December 1, 2021): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.113.14.

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Mechanical models of a transport system “carriage - track” while crossing a joint irregularity are proposed. An investigation was conducted on the peculiarities of static, shock and dynamic interaction between the four-axle car and the track, considering tram wheelsets motion features over joint irregularity. A method to solve the equations of a mathematical model of static, shock and dynamic interaction is developed. Numerical analysis is used to determine deflections of the facing rail under the first sleeper for each phase of motion depending on motion phases, and car load and speed.
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Gould, Weston R., Sangita Baxi, Lisa A. Perrin, and Robert J. Leadley. "The Gas6 Receptor Axl Enhances Platelet Activation Responses through Stimulation of PI3kinase- and PLC-Dependent Signaling Pathways." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.630.630.

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Abstract At the site of vascular injury, platelet activation is paramount in supporting formation of a platelet plug and generating a functional surface for the protein elements of coagulation. Recently, we demonstrated that the receptors for the α-granule constituent Gas6, support and enhance platelet aggregation and dense-granule release. The current study examined additional affects of Gas6 signaling in human platelets and sought to decipher intracellular signaling mechanisms initiated by stimulation of Axl, a Gas6 platelet receptor. Flow cytometry analyses indicated that all three Gas6 receptors, Axl, Sky, and Mer were present on the platelet surface. Blockade of Gas6, Sky, or Mer by specific antibodies not only inhibited TRAP- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation and dense granule release, but also prevented thrombin mediated clot retraction by as much as 55%. Furthermore, intracellular calcium mobilization in response to TRAP activation was greater than 80% inhibited in the presence of each of these blocking antibodies. A highly specific antibody directed toward Axl (< 2% cross reactivity with Sky and Mer) activated Axl leading to an enhancement of TRAP and ADP induced aggregation and degranulation. Stimulation of human platelets by this Axl agonist led to a modest, but sustained increase in calcium mobilization suggesting that Axl signaling incorporated activation of PLC. The increase in calcium mobilization was sensitive to wortmannin, demonstrating that PLC activation occurred concurrent with or downstream of PI3K. Indeed, additional experiments to ascertain the intracellular mediators of Axl activity identified a two-fold increase in specific phosphorylation of Akt downstream of PI3K as well as a similar increase in phosphorylation of PLCγ. TRAP stimulation of human platelets also increased the phosphorylation levels of Akt and PLCγ in a Gas6 dependent manner as a Gas6 blocking antibody reduced the levels of Akt and PLCγ phosphorylation by 50%. Overall, these studies suggest that Gas6 enhancement of human platelet activation occurs through the low-level stimulation of the intracellular signaling molecules Akt and PLCγ, serving at the juncture of several mediators of platelet activation. These events also increase levels of cytoplasmic calcium, further supporting an enhancement of activation observed in response to low levels of known platelet agonists. Thus, platelet Gas6 functions to support platelet activation at the very early stages of the hemostatic response to injury.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Axle tramp"

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Friedenauer, Axel [Verfasser]. "Simulation of the quantum ising model in an ion trap / von Axel Friedenauer." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003615147/34.

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Books on the topic "Axle tramp"

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Prima. Official Sega Genesis: Power Tips Book, Volume 3. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1994.

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Sandler, Corey. Ultimate Sega Game Strategies, for the Master and Genesis Systems. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1990.

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Sandler, Corey. Official Sega Genesis and Game Gear strategies, 3RD Edition. New York: Bantam Books, 1992.

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Tom, Badgett, ed. Official Sega Genesis and Game Gear strategies, 2ND Edition. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1991.

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Eveleigh, Jackie. Tender trap is sprung on tenants with mandarins' vow to axe veto. 1992.

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Official Sega Genesis and Game Gear Strategies, '94 Edition. New York, NY: Random House, Electronic Publishing, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Axle tramp"

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Liu, Qingwei, Timothy Gordon, Sheng Zhou, Shammi Rahman, Peng Jin, Xiaocong Liu, and Lei Xiao. "Lateral Control of a Trackless Road Tram ‘ART’ Using Multi-axle Steering." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 783–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07305-2_73.

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Conference papers on the topic "Axle tramp"

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Semones, Paul T., H. Alex Roberts, and David A. Renfroe. "Vehicle Evaluation During Sustained Solid Axle Tramp: Part 2 — Application of Methodology to Shock Absorber Design Strategies." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51833.

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EI Consultants (formerly The Engineering Institute) has, for over a decade, researched and tested methods of mitigating the controllability effects of solid rear axle tramp by optimizing rear axle rotational damping. This optimization has explored the balance between increasing the damping forces of the shock absorbers and increasing the distance between the shock absorbers positioned along the axle. Axle tramp is detrimental to vehicle handling and stability, since the reduction in normal force at the rear tires can lead to a total loss of control situation. On solid rear axles such as those common on SUVs and light trucks, underdamped tramp motion will result in an oversteer characteristic of the vehicle as the rear lateral capacity is compromised due to the tires alternately bouncing out of firm contact with the road surface. In severe cases of axle tramp, the alternating normal forces at both the input tire and the opposite tire will go to zero when each tire fully leaves contact with the ground. EI Consultants has tested numerous SUVs and light trucks and their responses to axle tramp. In order to excite the tramp mode in a sustained fashion for close study of suspension design alternatives, the test methodology utilizes one rear tire with three vulcanized rubber lumps, placed equidistant about the circumference of the tire. Throughout this research, increased effective rotational damping has been repeatedly demonstrated to have a direct relationship to increased controllability. The most recent testing included maneuvers modeled after those recommended in test standard SAE J266: Steady-State Directional Control Characteristics for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks. This testing included multiple shock absorber configurations, and the data was analyzed in multiple domains to provide insight on the effectiveness of various shock absorber design strategies. Several shock absorber design variables were evaluated, with the most significant of these being the lateral distance between the shock mounts along the axle. Other variables that were able to be observed and evaluated in the latest testing included the balance between shock absorber rebound and compression forces, and the relative effect of “staggered” shocks in side-view angle, where one shock is positioned with a rearward angle, and the other shock is positioned with a forward angle. The effectiveness of placing shocks further apart along the length of the axle was unmatched. This paper is the second of two companion papers presenting theory and results on EI Consultants’ most recent axle tramp testing. Where the first paper focused on new understandings of test data analysis theory, this paper will summarize the results of numerous tests and their application to various design strategies for improving solid rear axle tramp damping, with a motivation for enhancing vehicle controllability and highway safety.
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Semones, Paul T., and David A. Renfroe. "Magnitude of Axle Tramp Response to Partially Detreaded Tire Imbalance in Highway-Speed Driving." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70287.

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Tire tread separations on light trucks and SUVs have resulted in numerous catastrophic highway accidents over the past two decades in the United States. These accidents frequently involve single-vehicle rollovers or deviations of the impaired vehicle into oncoming traffic, where high speed frontal collisions may ensue. On light trucks and SUVs equipped with a Hotchkiss rear suspension, one explanation for the loss of driver control during an in-process rear tire tread separation is solid axle tramp response to the imbalanced separating tire. This explanation has met with some controversy. The present study will demonstrate that the imbalance forces generated at highway speeds from a partially detreaded tire are sufficient to induce continuous cyclical axle tramp, and can even be sufficient to completely elevate rear-axle tires out of contact with the paved roadway. This imbalance-induced tramping action may be exacerbated during braking and the vehicle’s terminal yaw, when rear traction is crucial to avoiding a catastrophic accident. In addition to test data, several field examples of such events are presented. A key metric of solid axle response to an imbalanced, partially detreaded tire is shock absorber motion. In the present study, shock absorber displacement on the test vehicles, as measured during highway speed tread separation axle tramp events, is found to oscillate through a stroke generally less than one inch (2.5 cm) in length at a frequency in excess of 10 Hz. Peak instantaneous velocities of the shock absorber have been observed as high as 40 in/s (16 cm/s) or more during straight driving under axle tramp conditions. Confirming several previously published findings, the present study shows that increasing shock damping force at the higher operational velocities of the shock absorber reduces the magnitude of axle tramp and assists in keeping the rear axle tires in contact with the ground. Additionally, increasing the distance between the shock absorbers by moving them closer to the wheels provides the same advantage.
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Semones, Paul T., H. Alex Roberts, and David A. Renfroe. "Vehicle Evaluation During Sustained Solid Axle Tramp: Part 1 — New Testing Methods and Novel Approaches to Data Analysis." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51822.

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EI Consultants (formerly The Engineering Institute) has been studying solid rear axle tramp for well over a decade, and contributed several publications to the literature outlining recommended test methods and their results. Throughout the history of EI’s research, sustained tramp inputs have been achieved by use of a tire featuring affixed lumps of rubber to induce wheel hop at one end of the axle. The principal methodological guide for studying the vehicle response to this input has been the test methods and data analysis recommendations of test standard SAE J266: Steady-State Directional Control Characteristics for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks. More specifically, past testing has been patterned almost exclusively on the circle test (constant-radius/slowly-increasing-speed) method discussed in J266. Historically, the J266 recommendation for data analysis and presentation, i.e. understeer/oversteer gradients derived from a wheel angle versus lateral acceleration plot, were principally used. Recent research, along with fresh analysis of previous testing results, revealed limitations of the circle test and the J266 recommended manner of data analysis in the context of tramp resonance testing. During a constant-radius/slowly-increasing-speed test, a single control variable (speed) has the effect of changing both the lateral acceleration and the tramp input frequency simultaneously. This effect results in a non-steady-state test event where only a narrow portion of each test run expresses the resonant axle tramp phenomenon that is the intended object of the observation. To provide a wider view of vehicle response characteristics during sustained axle tramp, EI Consultants selected and evaluated expanded test methods in a recent testing project. These methods included performing circle tests at multiple radii, performing continuous tests modeled after the J266 constant-speed/variable-radius method, and performing path-following tests modeled after the slowly increasing steer method. Expanded data analysis and presentation methods were developed to quantify and understand the vehicle oversteer response in more effective ways than those recommended by J266. Due to the abrupt discontinuity in the vehicle’s response upon reaching the resonant tramp frequency, novel methods of data presentation were shown to be more useful in assessing vehicle characteristics during resonant tramp. Of particular value was examining the steering input delta in the vehicle speed and tramp input frequency domains during the phase of resonant axle response; and examining the difference between the actual yaw rate and the theoretical Ackerman yaw rate derived from the measured steer angle. This paper will detail the data analysis techniques that were developed to overcome the limitations of the J266 standard’s steer gradient methodology, and thus introduce a more useful approach to evaluating understeer/oversteer characteristics during non-steady-state test events. This paper is the first of two companion papers presenting theory and results from EI Consultants’ most recent axle tramp testing. This paper focuses on new understandings of test data analysis theory, while the second paper will summarize the results of numerous tests and their application to various suspension design strategies for improving solid rear axle tramp control, with a motivation for enhancing vehicle controllability and highway safety.
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Renfroe, David A., and Alex Roberts. "Designing for Vehicle Stability During Rear Tire Tread Separation Events." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13600.

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Rear tire separation or delamination events affect the rear wheel adhesion and thus the vehicle stability. Maintenance of the lateral force of the tires on the rear axle of a vehicle is paramount to vehicle control. Tire tread separation events are, unfortunately, a foreseeable event for which allowance in the design of the vehicle must be made. Testing of vehicles illustrates how loss of control of a vehicle can occur if, during the process of delamination, the excitation of the rear wheel due to the delaminating tread causes tramp on the rear axle of the vehicle. This tramp occurs if the excitation is at the natural frequency of the rear axle. For solid rear axle vehicles, this natural frequency coincides with the rotational frequency of the wheel when traveling at highway speed. The tramp motion can be so severe to cause the tires to alternately leave the ground. Testing of the vehicle with excitation within the natural frequency of the axle/tire combination during an SAE J266 circle test, showed an oversteer gradient of 12 to 19 degrees per g, resulting in a critical speed of approximately 28 mph (45 kph), a highly unstable situation while traveling at highway speed. This paper reports from testing results how the vehicle may, be designed to eliminate the dangerous tramp mode by proper installation of the shock absorbers and proper shock damping characteristics. The test results show that the vehicle can maintain a continuous understeer characteristic during the rear wheel excitation at the natural frequency.
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Arndt, Mark W., Michael Rosenfield, and Stephen M. Arndt. "Measurement of Changes to Vehicle Handling Due to Tread-Separation-Induced Axle Tramp." In SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-1680.

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Tandy, Donald F., Joseph Neal, Robert Pascarella, and Eric Kalis. "A Technical Analysis of a Proposed Theory on Tire Tread Belt Separation-Induced Axle Tramp." In SAE 2011 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0967.

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Ipser, James R., David A. Renfroe, and Alex Roberts. "Solid Axle Tramp Response Near The Natural Frequency and its Effect on Vehicle Longitudinal Stability." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0583.

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