Relevant bibliographies by topics / Axle differentials

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Axle differentials'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Axle differentials"

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Bosomworth, Chris, Maksym Spiryagin, Sanath Alahakoon, and Colin Cole. "MODELLING RAIL THERMAL DIFFERENTIALS DUE TO BENDING AND DEFECTS." Transport 36, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2021.14574.

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Rail foot flaws have the potential to cause broken rails that can lead to derailment. This is not only an extremely costly issue for a rail operator in terms of damage to rolling stock, but has significant flow-on effects for network downtime and a safe working environment. In Australia, heavy haul operators run up to 42.5 t axle loads with trains in excess of 200 wagons and these long trains produce very large cyclic rail stresses. The early detection of foot flaws before a broken rail occurs is of high importance and there are currently no proven techniques for detecting rail foot flaws on trains at normal running speeds. This paper shall focus on the potential use of thermography as a detection technique and begin investigating the components of heat transfer in the rail to determine the viability of thermography for detecting rail foot flaws. The paper commences with an introduction to the sources of heat generation in the rail and modelling approaches for the effects of bending, natural environmental factors and transverse defects. It concludes with two theoretical case studies on heat generated due to these sources and discusses how they may inform the development of a practical thermography detection methodology.
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Klubnichkin, Vladislav, Evgeniy Klubnichkin, Aleksey Gorbunov, and Denis Druchinin. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE FORWARDER ARTICULATION JOINT." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 4 (January 19, 2021): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.4/18.

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The article presents a structural hydraulic diagram of the steering system of the developed forwarder. The main components that make up the steering of the machine are described. The scheme of the articulated joint was selected and the radius and the corridor of the forwarder's turn were determined. In the work, a kinematic analysis of the articulated joint of the forwarder was carried out, which is the determination of the limiting angles of folding of the articulation unit and the stroke of the hydraulic power cylinders according to the developed electronic solid models. The moment of resistance required to fold the car of full weight in place on a solid supporting surface with a high coefficient of adhesion, taking into account the interaction of tires with the supporting surface, was determined using the semi-empirical model of Packa MF-Tire 6.1. Model parameters for tire 750/55-26.5. A dynamic model of a forwarder has been created with the following features: all links of the dynamic system are absolutely rigid; all wheels are not braked and rotate; there is no friction in the hinges; the load (assortments) is modeled absolutely rigid by a single body; the simulation was done for a fully laden forwarder; axle differentials are not locked (free). The vertical loads in the contact patch of the front and rear axles, as well as lateral reactions in the contact patch of the front and rear axles are presented
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KOLATOR, Bronisław, Michał JANULIN, and Oleksandr VRUBLEVSKYI. "EFFECT OF A TORSEN DIFFERENTIAL MECHANISM ON CAR TYRE WEAR." Tribologia 280, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7482.

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4WD systems include various constructions aimed at optimal distribution of torque between drive axles. In these systems, it is necessary to apply mechanisms separating the power provided from the engine to drive wheels. Many systems operate on the basis of wet multi-disc clutch or/and dog clutch control with the use of mechatronic devices. However, in view of their reliability and construction simplicity, the most valuable 4WD systems under field conditions are mechanical solutions. Torsen is an inter-axle differential mechanism, where the emerging internal friction moment of this mechanism causes that all kinematic discrepancies between transmission shafts of the front and rear axle of a vehicle produce a change in the distribution of torque, helping to level the rotational speeds of transmission shafts of the front and rear axles. As a result of the phenomenon described, the drive wheels of both axles of the vehicle move with different peripheral speeds, which causes energy losses and wear of tyres on both vehicle axles. This paper presents an analysis of the results obtained in tests on a vehicle with the Torsen system and describes phenomena occurring in the examined system as a result of emerging kinematic discrepancies, which may be caused by such factors as vertical force acting on the wheels of individual drive axles and tyre pressure.
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Yu, Xiu Yi, Liang Hou, Pi Jing Liu, and Wen Guang Lin. "The Design and Performance Analysis of Friction Disk Type Limited Slip Differential." Advanced Materials Research 422 (December 2011): 570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.422.570.

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Aiming at the ability to adapt to different road conditions of limited-slip differential(LSD) in drive axle, by building the without preloading friction disk type limited slip differential mechanical model, We derive the theoretical formula of the locking differential coefficient of the theoretical formula of limited slip differential without preload friction disk from mathematical theory derivation, and fitted theoretical curves, Which can be used as reference for further studies on other limited slip differential. Experimental verification was applied to the designed drive axle, experimental results shows that, the actual performance parameters of each drive axle design values consistent with the theory, to prove the correctness of the theoretical derivation, proved the correctness of theoretical analysis.
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Левчук, В. І., and С. П. Лихвенко. "ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ НАВАНТАЖЕНОСТІ ТА ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЙНИХ РЕЖИМІВ ТРАНСМІСІЇ ТРАКТОРА КЛАСУ 14 КН З СИСТЕМОЮ МІЖКОЛІСНОГО АВТОБЛОКУВАННЯ." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 1-2 (June 29, 2017): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2017.1-2.28.

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Представлені результати експериментального дослідження роботи орного аґреґату у складі трактора МТЗ-80 з навісним плугом ПН-3-35 на супіщаному ґрунті в Білорусії у випадку диференціального та блокованого міжколісного приводу заднього моста у режимі розгону із заглибленням плуга на ходу та з попередньо заглибленим плугом. За допомогою тензометричних датчиків замірялись обертові моменти на валу зчеплення та півосях заднього моста трактора. В результаті аналізу середніх та пікових значень моментів встановлено, що в разі блокованого приводу сумарні моменти на півосях були на 5,9–31,3 % більші, ніж за диференціального приводу. Більш навантаженою на усіх режимах випробувань була права піввісь. Максимальні моменти на ній були більші, ніж на лівій на 4,6–20,3 % у разі вимкненої блокіровки і 12,1–32,5 % за ввімкненої. Виконані розрахунки на міцність півосей трактора за піковими та середніми навантаженнями. Дослідження навантажень на опори підшипників первинного та вторинного валів коробки передач трактора не виявили значного впливу блокування диференціала на ці навантаження. The results of experimental research work as part of an arable unit MTZ-80 with mounted plow PN-3-35 on sandy loam soil in Belarus in the differential and locked rear axle of cross-axle drive in acceleration mode with a deep plow on the go and pre-recessed plow. Using strain gauges, the torque on the clutch shaft and the axles of the tractor rear axle. An analysis of average and peak values ​​of moments we found that when a blocked drive total points on the semi-axes were 5,9–31,3 % more than the differential drive. Over-loaded on all test conditions was the right half. Maximum points on it were greater than on the left on 4,6–20,3 % at lock off and 12,1–32,5 % when enabled. The calculations of the strength of the semi-axes tractor for peak and average load were completed. Research loads on the primary and secondary shafts of the tractor gearbox bearing blocks have not found a significant effect of the differential lock on the load.
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Hu, Hao, and Ying Min Yan. "Light Bus Drive Axle Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.17.

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In this paper, through the study of traditional light bus, found problems related to screening and using existing methods, bridge drive of light bus was designed. First determine the drive axle transmission ratio and reasonable distribution; secondly on the driving axle main transmission device structure and parameter design, including the design of main reducer, differential, half shaft design; finally completed the design of driving axle housing, in order to design the drive axle complete. And the use of traditional mechanical analysis methods of main parts of the driving axle ( reducer, differential, half shaft, axle and so on) for the strength analysis and calculation, including the gear bending stress calculation, strength check; gear contact stress calculation, strength check; half shaft torsional stress calculation. With the design idea and the design requirements of the rapid development, the three-dimensional design has become a necessary skill for designers, this paper introduces the basic functions of Pro/Engineer software and a simple application, and the design of the parts of the drive axle using the software.
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Xu, Jin Li, Peng Wei, Feng Yun Huang, and Hong Jun Wang. "A Study on Effects of Gear Backlash on Differential Vibration." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 730–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.730.

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Based on UG and Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical System (ADAMS), the 3D model of differential was constructed and the real-time dynamic simulation of differential was achieved. The effects of gear backlash between half axle gears and planetary gears on the vibration of differential are studied. To increase the credibility of simulation results , the contact forces between half axle gears and planetary gears were calculated based on the Hertz elasticity impact theory.
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Sun, Hong, and Wei Gang Deng. "Research on the Virtual Assembly-Disassembly and Repair of the Automobile Drive Axle." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.646.

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The article made a research on the automobile drive axle, established its three-dimensional model in SolidWorks, and virtually simulated the assembly, disassembly and repair process of the axle shaft, final drive and differential in 3DVIA Composer software. A dedicated virtual simulation platform for automobile drive axle was developed, and the simulation process was controlled individually by the program codes. The virtual simulation platform effectively reproduced the assembly-disassembly and repair process of the automobile drive axle, which provided a good technical documentation for the production practice and teaching practice.
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Wang, Ying. "ADAMS-Based Dynamic Simulation on Driving Axle Gear Meshing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 128-129 (October 2011): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.128-129.38.

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In the transmission system of drive axle, the gears' transmission performance of final drive and differential is the key to transmission system. Based on Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical System (ADAMS), the virtual gear meshing prototype of final drive and differential were established. Based on the Hertz elasticity impact theory, the contact forces between gears were built. The real-time dynamic simulation of gear meshing was achieved. The gears’ transmission of final drive and differential in drive axle was simulated under limit conditions by imposing different torque in driving gear of final drive and differential gears. The curves of meshing force and angular speed of differential gears and driving gears of final drive are obtained. The theoretical reference is provided to the study of the dynamic characteristics in gear transmission system.
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Li, Jianying, Tunglung Wu, Weimin Chi, Qingchun Hu, and Teenhang Meen. "Integrated Analysis of Influence of Multiple Factors on Transmission Efficiency of Loader Drive Axle." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 4540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234540.

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In this study, a loader drive axle digital model was built using 3D commercial software. On the basis of this model, the transmission efficiency of the main reducing gear, the differential planetary mechanism, and the wheel planetary reducing gear of the loader drive axle were studied. The functional relationship of the transmission efficiency of the loader drive axle was obtained, including multiple factors: the mesh friction coefficient, the mesh power loss coefficient, the normal pressure angle, the helix angle, the offset amount, the speed ratio, the gear ratio, and the characteristic parameters. This revealed the influence law of the loader drive axle by the mesh friction coefficient, mesh power loss coefficient, and speed ratio. The research results showed that the transmission efficiency of the loader drive axle increased with the speed ratio, decreased when the mesh friction coefficient and the mesh power loss coefficient increased, and that there was a greater influence difference on the transmission efficiency of the loader drive axle.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Axle differentials"

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Odložilík, Daniel. "Zařízení pro testování diferenciálů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445172.

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This master’s thesis deals with the design of equipment for testing differentials. The aim of the thesis is therefore the design of a special device that will be able to measure the steady and transient characteristics of differentials. Master’s thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter points out the disadvantages of fully open and closed differentials, the second deals with a basic overview of the structures and design of self-locking differentials. The third chapter deals with research of existing devices that test and measure the characteristics of differentials. The fourth chapter then discusses the possible drives of the tested unit. The fifth chapter focuses on the actual construction design of the test equipment. The subsequent sixth chapter then solves the strength calculations of the chosen structural elements of this device.
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Koronias, George. "Elastomultibody dynamics of RWD axle whine phenomena." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9721.

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Automotive industry is faced with numerous power train Noise, Vibration and Harshness issues. Particularly, in the driveline area of vehicles a noise commonly referred as differential axle whine which is a tonal response and becomes apparent under cruising conditions. This is one of the key concerns in rear wheel drive commercial vehicles. Although not a failure state, it is regarded as a quality issue and a source of annoyance, which can lead to warranty concerns. The associated cost of palliation to Ford Motor Company was estimated to be $25,000,000 in 2003. There have been several ways of studying axle whine through experimentation and numerical analysis. In this thesis, a new approach for investigating axle whine is highlighted, which is more integrative and detailed. Multi-body dynamics model of a light truck s driveline is developed with all the appropriate components, using constrained Lagrangian dynamics. Component flexibility is included for driveshaft pieces, rear axle half-shafts and the suspension elements. The connectivity of the components is accurately modelled such as the floating effect of rear half-shafts, linear bushings between driveline components to chassis connections, as well as the non-linear effect of tapered roller bearings, supporting the wheel hubs and gears. Furthermore, integrated to the previously described large scale model a detailed hypoid gear pair model is devised. This incorporates micro-scale physics for tooth contact analysis to predict geometric properties and deflections for the gear pair. At the same time thermo-elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory with non-Newtonian friction is applied. All these phenomena at different physical scales, such as large displacement rigid body dynamics and analytical equations for the detailed model are solved simultaneously, all within the same modelling environment. This multi-physics, multi-scale approach has not hitherto been reported in the literature, and constitutes a significant contribution to knowledge. Comparative studies of the model predictions and detailed vehicle tests are carried out, the combination of which points to resonant conditions in system responses and flexible component behaviour, coincident with the adverse conditions in the hypoid gear meshing. It is shown that vehicle drive and coast conditions, promoting teeth pair separations lead to irregular (improper) meshing of the differential gears. Such conditions induce impulsive actions that promote the axle whine phenomenon. This is a major finding of the research and contributes to a better understanding of the axle whine problem.
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Hurley, Joshua Daniel. "AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF AN AUTOMOTIVE REAR AXLE." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1244483779.

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Tovaryš, Miroslav. "Hnací ústrojí formule SAE." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229456.

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The diploma thesis deals with the design process of Formula SAE drivetrain. Different design possibilities were described and after that were the suitable designs chosen to be used in the team car. Then were the design parameters determined. The design of the differential gear mounting was created and it’s stress analysis was done.
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Surianarayanan, Sangeetha [Verfasser], Axel [Akademischer Betreuer] Roers, and Rolf [Akademischer Betreuer] Jessberger. "Differential functions of Interleukin-10 derived from different cell types in the regulation of immune responses / Sangeetha Surianarayanan. Gutachter: Axel Roers ; Rolf Jessberger. Betreuer: Axel Roers." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1067729798/34.

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Khan, M. R. "The differential modulation of receptor tyrosine kinase Axl in human mesenchymal stromal cell responses to modified titanium surfaces." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1346458/.

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Osseointegration is the process of de novo bone regeneration on the surface of an endosseous titanium (Ti) implant in vivo. This neo formation of bone underlies the physical integration of a Ti implant in bone at a level sufficient to restore loss of function; for example, of mastication due to absent teeth. The outer atoms of a bulk of Ti metal form a stable and passive surface oxide layer that serves as a substrate for the amalgamation of tissue reparative components, which entail the formation of an osseous bond between tissue and fixture. This interaction was empirically demonstrated to be highly affected by the characteristics of the surface an implant in experimental studies querying the varied effects of additive or subtractive physical modifications, as well as altered chemical compositions, of Ti implant surfaces on osseointegration. Subsequent clinical and experimental practices have demonstrated that rough surfaced implants perform comparatively ‘better’ than their smooth surfaced counterparts by promoting bone growth on the fixture. Moreover, a particular surface modification that yields high surface energy combined with a widely tested micron scaled topographical roughness (modSLA) has been shown to further promote the timely enhancement of osseointegration compared to its hydrophobic rough counterpart (SLA). The biological mechanisms underlying this apparent enhancement of osseointegration by modified Ti implant surfaces are still subject to intense study due to the materials’ implications in bone related tissue engineering applications. Amongst the several views being opined is a proposition mainly arising from in vitro experimentation, which suggests modified Ti implant surfaces possess an ‘intrinsic’ osteoinductive potential that affects uncommitted reparative cells by inducing a temporal and magnitudinal enhancement in cellular differentiation and function; in turn, implying the early formation of functional osteoblasts and bone tissue matrix in an in vivo scenario. The observations of differential cellular behavior include the apparent modulation by the modified surfaces, of a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase Axl in human osteoblasts. The proposed role of the receptor in negatively regulating osteogenic mineralisation in uncommitted pericytic cells suggests an association with the altered response of cells to these substrates. The aim of this project was to examine and test the hypothesised differential modulation of Axl in the responses of human marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells to modified Ti implant substrates.
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Sprondel, Volker [Verfasser], and Axel [Akademischer Betreuer] Mecklinger. "Age-related differences in episodic memory retrieval : ERP evidence for differential developmental changes in item and source recognition memory / Volker Sprondel. Betreuer: Axel Mecklinger." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1051432707/34.

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Kraft, Axel E. [Verfasser], and Nikolaev O. [Akademischer Betreuer] Viacheslav. "Phosphodiesterases 4B and 4D Differentially Regulate cAMP Signaling in Calcium Handling Microdomains of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes / Axel E. Kraft ; Betreuer: Nikolaev O. Viacheslav." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1186892293/34.

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Vaughn, James Roy. "A fundamental approximation in MATLAB of the efficiency of an automotive differential in transmitting rotational kinetic energy." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-05-4980.

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The VCOST budgeting tool uses a drive cycle simulator to improve fuel economy predictions for vehicle fleets. This drive cycle simulator needs to predict the efficiency of various components of the vehicle's powertrain including any differentials. Existing differential efficiency models either lack accuracy over the operating conditions considered or require too great an investment. A fundamental model for differential efficiency is a cost-effective solution for predicting the odd behaviors unique to a differential. The differential efficiency model itself combines the torque balance equation and the Navier-Stokes equations with models for gear pair, bearing, and seal efficiencies under a set of appropriate assumptions. Comparison of the model with existing data has shown that observable trends in differential efficiency are reproducible in some cases to within 10% of the accepted efficiency value over a range of torques and speeds that represents the operating conditions of the differential. Though the model is generally an improvement over existing curve fits, the potential exists for further improvement to the accuracy of the model. When the model performs correctly, it represents an immense savings over collecting data with comparable accuracy.
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Hermosillo, Jorje. "Planification et exécution de mouvements pour un robot bi-guidable: une approche basée sur la platitude différentielle." Phd thesis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00147377.

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Books on the topic "Axle differentials"

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High-performance differentials, axles & drivelines. North Branch, MN: CarTech, 2009.

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Palazzolo, Joseph. High-performance differentials, axles, and drivetrains. North Branch, MN: CarTech, 2009.

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Ford differentials: How to rebuild the 8.8 and 9 inch. North Branch, MN: CarTech, 2013.

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Differentials: Identification, Restoration & Repair. Ring & Pinion Services, 2006.

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The World Market for Drive Axles with Differential for Tractors, Motor Cars, and Other Motor Vehicles: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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Parker, Philip M. The World Market for Drive Axles with Differential for Tractors, Motor Cars, and Other Motor Vehicles: A 2007 Global Trade Perspective. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007 Import and Export Market for Drive Axles with Differential for Tractors, Motor Cars, and Other Motor Vehicles in France. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Elbe, Martin, ed. Die Gesundheit des Militärs. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748907459.

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The health of the military is of central importance both from an internal perspective as well as in terms of a state’s response capacities. This anthology looks at these issues in five chapters: Starting from the basics of health in the military (saluto genesis, differential health promotion, the instrumentality of military medicine), the various contributions it contains deal with the daily challenges of staying healthy in the military (the function and expectations of the members of the organisation, concepts to ensure one’s health, food in the military, inclusivity and aspects of sexual harassment). Health during missions is particularly important (the preservation of mental health, palliative medical care, rehabilitation after a mission). The book also looks at the INVICTUS Games and, in the end, explores questions relating to healthy leadership by examining problem-solving concepts in sports, referring to an empirical study and comparing leadership practices and health in business and the military. With contributions by Maria Augstein, Martin Elbe, Erwin Hoffmann, Gilava Hamuni, Wolfgang Kaiser, Axel Olaf Kern, Mara Kotlow, Gerhard Kümmel, Christian Lusch, Gregor Richter, Jörg Ruff, Stefan Sammito, Sebastian Schiel, Rainer Schubmann, Yvonne Scherrer, Ralf Vollmuth, Meike Wanner
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Book chapters on the topic "Axle differentials"

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Awari, G. K., V. S. Kumbhar, and R. B. Tirpude. "Propeller Shaft, Differential and Rear Axles." In Automotive Systems, 125–38. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2021.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003047636-7.

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Cavallino, Carlo, Sergio De Santis, and Peter Riemer. "HRAM: Hybrid Rear Axle Module, an Innovative Hybrid Differential for P3 and P4 Applications." In CTI SYMPOSIUM 2018, 73–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58866-6_4.

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Shelepov, A. A., D. I. Istomin, and E. E. Rikhter. "Efficiency of Application Self-blocked Cross Axle Screwball Differential at Car 4 × 4 Movement on Not Deformable Base Surface." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Industrial Engineering, 2045–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95630-5_220.

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"Differential operators in Cartesian and curvilinear coordinates." In Introduction to Plasma Physics, 482–84. Taylor & Francis, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439822074.axe.

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"Symmetries of Kamke‚Äôs Collection." In Algorithmic Lie Theory for Solving Ordinary Differential Equations, 403–15. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781584888901.axe.

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Conference papers on the topic "Axle differentials"

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Shyrokau, B. N., G. S. Happawana, and V. V. Vantsevich. "Generalized Model and Computational Algorithm for Modeling Passive Driveline Systems of AWD Automobiles." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66228.

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The stability of motion and handling, mobility and fuel consumption of an all-wheel drive automobile depend on how the engine power is distributed among the front and rear axles and then between the left and right wheels of each axle. This power distribution is dependent on the properties of the driveline system and its power-dividing units (PDU) located between the drive axles and between the wheels of each drive axle. This paper presents a generalized driveline model and a computer algorithm. This model provides a way to model the power distribution among the four drive wheels of the automobile when using any of the existent passive power dividing units: open differentials, locked units, limited slip differentials with different locker properties and other mechanisms. The computer computational algorithm allows transferring each PDU from one state to another as a function of i) changes in the driving conditions, ii) the properties of the power-dividing unit, iii) variations in the mass and geometry parameters of the vehicle, and iv) its other systems (tires, suspension, transmission and engine). Using this generalized model and the computational algorithm in a MATLAB/Simulink environment, a program package is developed to embed into a computer model (user interested in investigating the effect of various driveline types on the dynamics of an all-wheel drive automobile). The paper presents examples of utilization of the above program package in investigating the features of curvilinear motion of an all-wheel drive automobile.
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Cheli, Federico, Paolo Dellacha`, and Andrea Zorzutti. "Development of the Control Strategy for an Innovative 4WD Device." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95399.

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The potentialities shown by controlled differentials are making the automotive industry to explore this field. While VDC systems can only guarantee a safe behaviour at limit, a controlled differential can also increase the handling performance. The system derives from a rear wheel drive architecture with a semi-active differential, to which has been added a controlled wet clutch that directly connects the front axle and the engine crankshaft. This device allows distributing the drive torque between the two axles, according to the constraints due to kinematics and thermal problems. It can be easily understood that in this device the torque distribution doesn’t depend only from the central clutch action, but also from the engaged gear. Because of that the central clutch controller has to consider the gear position too. The control algorithms development was carried on using a vehicle model which can precisely simulate the handling response, the powertrain dynamic and the actuation system behaviour. A right powertrain response required the development of a customize library in Simulink. The approach chosen to carry on this research was the one used in automotive industry nowadays: an intensive simulation campaign was executed to realize an initial controller design and tuning.
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Cheli, Federico, Leonidas Kakalis, and Andrea Zorzutti. "A Torque Vectoring Control Logic for Active High Performance Vehicle Handling Improvement." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34806.

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The most common automotive drivelines transmit the engine torque to the driven axle through the differential. Semi-active versions of such device ([10], [11], [12]) have been recently conceived to improve vehicle handling at limit and in particular maneuvers. All these differentials are based on the same structural hypothesis of the passive one but they try to manipulate the vehicle dynamics controlling a quantity which was fixed in the passive mechanisms. In this way it’s possible to control the amount of the stabilizing torque but it’s not possible to apply it in both directions. This fact is a great draw drawback of the semi-active differential because a complete yaw control can’t be developed. On the other hand, active differentials [17] can both apply the best yaw moment (in terms of amplitude) and do this with the right sign. Although classic active differentials are greatly versatile, they can’t (or hardly can) reproduce an extreme torque distribution as 0–100% when there is not a μ-split condition. That is because there is always a bias value due to the presence of a gear that has to be decreased by active clutch action. And these clutches are often not able to do that. The most innovative device presented in the last years is the Super Handling-All Wheel Drive (SH-AWD) by Honda ([2], [3], [4], [5]). It can freely distribute the drive torque to the desired wheel, maintaining one of them in free rolling condition, if this is necessary. This flexibility in the lateral torque distribution can hugely increase the vehicle manoeuvrability. Author has carried out a feasibility study to evaluate the handling improvement due to such a device on a high performance rear wheel drive vehicle normally equipped with a semi-active differential.
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Macedo, Gabriel Figlie, and Fabio Nonato. "Analysis of the Influence of Pre-Loading in the Rating Life Calculation of Tapered Roller Bearings Applied to Lightweight Front-Axle Differentials." In 21st SAE Brasil International Congress and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-36-0230.

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Delorenzis, Damon, and Beshah Ayalew. "Modeling and Analysis of a Self-Steering Axle for Heavy Vehicles." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85440.

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Self-steering axles installed on commercial (heavy) vehicles offer important benefits, including improvements to vehicle performance such as off-tracking reduction and improved maneuverability, as well as reduction in pavement wear and damage that otherwise can result from the operation of heavy vehicles on the roadway. Traditional design methods for self-steering axles include empirical and trial-and-error methods to set steering mechanism design parameters based on known design baselines and prior experience. While the design of self-steering axles has not changed very much since their introduction, increasingly regulations and competitive market pressures have promoted the need for new designs to improve the performance of self-steering axles and differentiate new product offerings such as a new integrated steering knuckle concept which provides steering return stiffness and damping using a non-traditional design. This paper introduces models useful in the analysis of the steering return stiffness and damping performance of self-steering axle systems and shows how to identify the steering stiffness and damping characteristics that provide acceptable performance for these systems. The paper offers reduced order models that capture the self-steering axle’s shimmy behavior and discusses how to arrive at acceptable steering and damping characteristics. It presents results of the evaluations of the steering system performance including with comparisons between physical testing and simulations with a self-steering axle installed on a commercial vehicle.
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Sreedhar, S., D. Marla, and D. Guo. "Fatigue Analysis for Axle Differential Cases." In SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0779.

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Spindler, Dirk, and Georg Von Petery. "Angular Contact Ball Bearings for a Rear Axle Differential." In SAE Brasil 2003 Congress and Exhibit. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-3743.

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Dawar, Deepak, and Simone A. Ludwig. "A differential evolution based axle detector for robust vehicle classification." In 2015 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cec.2015.7257272.

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Chen, Hao, Da Xu, Peng Du, Yanhua Jiang, and Xiaomin Lian. "Differential steering control algorithm of 6-wheel fixed-axle drive vehicle." In 2018 Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2018.8407715.

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Park, Sung-Moon, Tae-Won Park, Soo-Ho Lee, Kab-Jin Jun, Sung-Pil Jung, and Joong-Soon Park. "Numerical Simulation of the Power Shift Drive (PSD)-Axle in the Forklift." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67250.

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In this study, a new concept of power delivery system is developed. Power Shift Drive (PSD)-Axle vehicle modeling and dynamic movement analysis are performed by simulation. The dynamic vehicle model is constructed from data obtained from the derived equation, considering the specific characteristic of each part. The model is composed of a torque converter, a gear box, a differential, hub reduction and an engine, which is the power source of the 1st forward and reverse PSD-Axle, as the principle parts. By unifying the mathematical equation of each component, a mathematical model of the 1st forward gear is derived. The system dynamic model is created using Matlab/Simulink based on the mathematical model. Simulation is carried out using simulink to estimate the dynamic behavior of the PSD-Axle. Also, the dynamo test result is used to verify the reliability of the system dynamic model. This study can be used to establish the basic design concept for the forward and reverse PSD-Axle multi gear system.
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