Journal articles on the topic 'Axioms of adaptation'

Conventional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models are based on a production possibility set (PPS) that satisfies various postulates. Extension or modification of these axioms leads to different DEA models. In this paper, our focus concentrates on the convexity axiom, leaving the other axioms unmodified. Modifying or extending the convexity condition can lead to a different PPS. This adaptation is followed by a two-step procedure to evaluate the efficiency of a unit based on the resulting PPS. The proposed frontier is located between two standard, well-known DEA frontiers. The model presented can differentiate between units more finely than the standard variable return to scale (VRS) model. In order to illustrate the strengths of the proposed model, a real data set describing Iranian banks was employed. The results show that this alternative model outperforms the standard VRS model and increases the discrimination power of (VRS) models.

Abstract One of the most well-known descriptive bargaining models is Raiffa’s Zone of Possible Agreements (ZOPA). We reinterpret Raiffa’s model of a price negotiation in the realm of bounded rationality by applying Simon’s theory of Satisficing. Afterward we refine Raiffa’s negotiation model using Aspiration Adaptation Theory as suggested by Sauermann, Selten, Tietz and others. We offer a model of a concession process that gives precision to the Dance of Concessions in Raiffa’s model by applying axioms of bounded rationality. Raiffa suggests a solution point derived from equity in price dimension, whereas we propose an area solution defined by equity in aspiration levels.

The article discusses the problem of genre hybridity and the play with genres from a comparative perspective on the example of Drive Your Plough Over the Bones of the Dead by Olga Tokarczuk and Dark, Almost Night by Joanna Bator as well as of their fi lm adaptations, directed by Agnieszka Holland and Borys Lankosz, respectively. In both novels, generic and stylistic hybridity does not only fulfi ll a ludic function, but more importantly serves to express a social critique, and their fi lm adaptations refl ect this. Spoor is a creative adaptation which – through the combination of genres and styles – questions ethical norms often regarded as axioms and prompts the viewer to reconsider the relationship between humans and animals. Dark, Almost Night approaches the complex combination of genres in the literary original in a reductive way, which affects its message. The study of adaptations should not focus on the issue of „fi delity”, but rather examine how the change of the medium transforms the original textual structures and their use of social discourses.

Recently, Brafman and Engel (2009) proposed new concepts of marginal and conditional utility that obey additive analogues of the chain rule and Bayes rule, which they employed to obtain a directed graphical model of utility functions that resembles Bayes nets. In this paper we carry this analogy a step farther by showing that the notion of utility independence, built on conditional utility, satisfies identical properties to those of probabilistic independence. This allows us to formalize the construction of graphical models for utility functions, directed and undirected, and place them on the firm foundations of Pearl and Paz's axioms of semi-graphoids. With this strong equivalence in place, we show how algorithms used for probabilistic reasoning such as Belief Propagation (Pearl 1988) can be replicated to reasoning about utilities with the same formal guarantees, and open the way to the adaptation of additional algorithms.

This research aims to open the way to review of the philosophical postulates and ideological pathways that govern the contributions in marketing theory, to reflect the scientific marketing truth. We do not mean by this to trace the history of marketing thought, but rather, a re-investigation of the logic of its existence and being. It is an attempt to re-explore and depart from the axioms that ruled marketing thought. Marketing theory emerged from being a scientific theory that can be true or false, to be an "ideology” defended by its supporters. From this point; this research set the foundation for developing a new general marketing theory based on the relativity concept, has the ability and adaptation to exceed the boundaries of “product, technology, time, place, context and customer”, acquires its being and existence from the verification of the current philosophy of marketing science, and considering the marketing experience

Acceptance of roles in the care of older adults by a family caregiver depends on factors emanating from commitment to familial relationships, widespread cultural expectation, and debt of gratitude. This study aims to develop a theory that explains the acceptance of the role of caregiving of the older adults by the family caregiver necessary to predict behavioral adaptation and control caring phenomenon that favors successful meeting of caring expectation across trajectory phases and transitions. A deductive axiomatic approach to theory generation was utilized, resulting in four axioms that served as bases for four propositions. Acceptance Theory of Family Caregiving implies that older adults who expect their children to take care of them as they age have cultural influence and that the acceptance of the role will determine the caregiver’s acceptance of consequences in the form of physical, economical, psychological, and spiritual aspects. In terms of preparedness, family members who accept the possibility of the decline of their older adults are more likely to be assume caregiving roles efficaciously. In the process that family members face in this so-called trajectory caregiving process, resources play a significant role. The developed theory suggests that the care of the older adult in the family caregiving process is determined by the acceptance of role assumption by the family caregiver across trajectory phases. This study highlights the vital implication of acceptance of role assumption to the outcomes of the caregiving process with respect to older adult care, prevention of family caregiver burden, and establishment of strong familial and social relationships.

Acceptance of roles in the care of older adults by a family caregiver depends on factors emanating from commitment to familial relationships, widespread cultural expectation, and debt of gratitude. This study aims to develop a theory that explains the acceptance of the role of caregiving of the older adults by the family caregiver necessary to predict behavioral adaptation and control caring phenomenon that favors successful meeting of caring expectation across trajectory phases and transitions. A deductive axiomatic approach to theory generation was utilized, resulting in four axioms that served as bases for four propositions. Acceptance Theory of Family Caregiving implies that older adults who expect their children to take care of them as they age have cultural influence and that the acceptance of the role will determine the caregiver’s acceptance of consequences in the form of physical, economical, psychological, and spiritual aspects. In terms of preparedness, family members who accept the possibility of the decline of their older adults are more likely to be assume caregiving roles efficaciously. In the process that family members face in this so-called trajectory caregiving process, resources play a significant role. The developed theory suggests that the care of the older adult in the family caregiving process is determined by the acceptance of role assumption by the family caregiver across trajectory phases. This study highlights the vital implication of acceptance of role assumption to the outcomes of the caregiving process with respect to older adult care, prevention of family caregiver burden, and establishment of strong familial and social relationships.

We present two algorithms for learning the structure of a Markov network from data: GSMN* and GSIMN. Both algorithms use statistical independence tests to infer the structure by successively constraining the set of structures consistent with the results of these tests. Until very recently, algorithms for structure learning were based on maximum likelihood estimation, which has been proved to be NP-hard for Markov networks due to the difficulty of estimating the parameters of the network, needed for the computation of the data likelihood. The independence-based approach does not require the computation of the likelihood, and thus both GSMN* and GSIMN can compute the structure efficiently (as shown in our experiments). GSMN* is an adaptation of the Grow-Shrink algorithm of Margaritis and Thrun for learning the structure of Bayesian networks. GSIMN extends GSMN* by additionally exploiting Pearl's well-known properties of the conditional independence relation to infer novel independences from known ones, thus avoiding the performance of statistical tests to estimate them. To accomplish this efficiently GSIMN uses the Triangle theorem, also introduced in this work, which is a simplified version of the set of Markov axioms. Experimental comparisons on artificial and real-world data sets show GSIMN can yield significant savings with respect to GSMN*, while generating a Markov network with comparable or in some cases improved quality. We also compare GSIMN to a forward-chaining implementation, called GSIMN-FCH, that produces all possible conditional independences resulting from repeatedly applying Pearl's theorems on the known conditional independence tests. The results of this comparison show that GSIMN, by the sole use of the Triangle theorem, is nearly optimal in terms of the set of independences tests that it infers.

Introduction. The article presents the foundations of the concept of a digital simulator of pedagogical activity. Its characteristics allow us to see the possibilities of modeling pedagogical activity from the point of view of implementing the principles of the activity approach. The purpose of this research is to create a concept and methodological toolkit as a plot composition for programming a simulator of pedagogical activities for teaching to solve geometric problems. The content of one of the storylines on the topic “Orthocenter of a triangle” is shownMaterials and Methods. The modern system of higher education trains teachers for professional activities in the global information society. The development of information and digital technologies involves active use of distant education tools, which means educational technologies implemented using information and telecommunication networks with the indirect interaction of students and teachers. Due to these requirements, the paper considers the possibilities of simulation in the process of professional training of future school teachers. The following research methods were used: pedagogical experiment, observation and modeling, as well as analysis of existing simulators in the higher education system of the Russian Federation [9, 10, 11, 14] and foreign educational systems as well [20].Results. There has been developed a concept and adaptation of the mathematical content of the simulator [16] to the level of specialized secondary education. To create such a simulator, a bank of pedagogical situations and options for their solution was created, the source of replenishment of which is the pedagogical practice of students at school. We see the prospect that the interaction of the simulator should be built in such a way as to meet the potential user needs and the requirements of the professional standard [19]. The concept of a simulator for teaching to solve geometric problems is based on the theoretical foundations of elementary geometry and methods (techniques) for solving problems of increased complexity in geometry (profile level, Unified State Exam, Olympiad problems), teaching methods for geometric problems, cognitive psychology.Discussion and Conclusions. The article presents a model for simulating the actions of a future mathematics teacher in the process of organizing the solution of a geometric problem from the point of view of didactics, psychology, methods and axioms of geometry. An experimental base has been prepared for a future pedagogical experiment on the introduction of a simulator into the educational process of training mathematics teachers.

AbstractIn spite of the analogies between ℚp and which became evident through the work of Ax and Kochen, an adaptation of the complete recursive axiom system given by them for ℚp, to the case of does not render a complete axiom system. We show the independence of elementary properties which express the action of additive polynomials as maps on . We formulate an elementary property expressing this action and show that it holds for all maximal valued fields. We also derive an example of a rather simple immediate valued function field over a henselian defectless ground field which is not a henselian rational function field. This example is of special interest in connection with the open problem of local uniformization in positive characteristic.

The modern terms of existential development of man and society are characterized by a brindle and dynamics of variations for possibilities and risks, influences and situations, in what take place social co-operating of person with her vital environment. Such influences and situations contain powerful potentials of personality development, but does not promise his lightness, safety, simplicity and unambiguity. Such terms are investigation of features of psycho-cultural development in the period of postmodern which begins more to answer game modus. On this basis a social subject almost always appears before the existential necessity of conscious choice of game (playing) mechanics of the life – to stick to simple, pleasant, however insidious facilities which often conduct in a trap, in particular to pathological playing dependence, gambling, or to elect the heavy, but interesting, difficult, but useful invariant of game as a functional attribute of lines of personality and public development. The ontological brindle of influences of environment, ponderability of cultural risks which are contained by postmodern, pulls out before scientific psychology the task of sound research of adaptive-developing potential of game as a psycho-social program of human vital functions in the conditions of his existential development. This task it is expedient to execute on methodological basis of integration phenomenological, formally-ontological (ontological modeling) and systemgenesis approaches. The corresponding model of manifestation of adaptive-developing potential of game it is expedient to construct as an ontogenetic signature. This signature has universal character and gives possibility to analyse any social events, situations and to design (to forecast) their forming and development in a prospect. The table of contents of ontogenetic signature of game is based on conformities to law of systemgenesis of psychical human activity, taxonomical system of types of leading activity, general conformities to law of development of higher psychical human functions and conformities to law of cyclic-canonical act. Architectonics the signature over brought in research, formulations and structure of her components, answer methodological terms phenomenological, formally-ontological and системогенетичного approaches. It allows to position a signature the canonical method of the pragmatic use of game as a subject program of vital functions of man. It is suggested to choose a logical-semantic triplet – elementary ontological abstract system бA subject (S) is Object (О) is Relation/Action (R)с the universal cellular structure of any forms of game action. A triplet is an universal psychological mechanism due to which the display of any game structure gets organized on any stage or phase of motion of such display. A key mechanism, matrix modus of subjects existence, is a game (playing), social role. It is systemgenesis appears and takes place as activity of Subject (S) in relation to Object (О) with Relation/by Action (R). The action (R) of subject will be realized through: а) thought activity in form deductions, b) verbal and c) kinematics praxis. In realization of social role it is expedient to distinguish: а) maximin motivation and b) minimax motivation. Within the limits of scientific psychology game-theoretical principle of minimax-maximin and usefulness principle as a general system-forming factor of situation is acquired fundamental multidisciplinary value. Qualificatory character for stability of mechanisms of development of subject potential is acquired by age of early youth (from 15 to 17-18 years). Such age contains terminal importance of ability of subject for co-operative mutually beneficial activity from application by him game (playing) program. This stage determines the prevailing orientation of further vital functions – adaptive or developing. The vital situations of subject it is expedient to profile on criteria: «usual – unique», «difficult – dynamic – uncertainty»; on the degree of vagueness «unstable – risky – full uncertainty». The game program of actions of subject in the situation of certain type can carry or stereotype, or unique character. The stereotype game (playing) program answers signs adaptive, finitary, iterative, with obvious rules is in basis of adaptation. The unique game (playing) program has subject-developing character because the terms of her realization compel a subject not only to adapt oneself but also initiative to influence on a situation, create or modify her under own aims and necessities. Coming from the rich in content features of two fundamental classes of playing forms are games as forms of adaptation and game as active programs of vital human functions, objective differentiation of game situations on the basis of their finitary and iterativeness, level of evidence of terms of situation for a subject, the class of games which take place as finitary and iterative forms of subject adaptation is offered, to determine igroid or game similar form. The game forms of unique genesis it is suggested to determine an existential game. Igroid is the optimal mean of generalization, transferrableness and translation of cultural experience. It is a class of game and playing simulation, which is characterized by the fixed functional, rules, scenarios, strategies, limitations, by axioms set to beginning of game. Prevailing of igroid forms of behavior can conduce to development of playing dependence. An existential game is the phenomenon, rules and scenario of which for a subject appear in the process of his motion. Ontological, systemgenesis descriptions (by attributes) of existential game are signs of the canonically accomplished act. Igroid is a separable or simplified existential game. Igroid is orientated on gaining experience of social co-operation, adaptation of subject. An existential game is orientated on development of creative attitude toward reality. Due to probabilistic character of the real life adaptive-developing potential of game gets the aspect-tensor of ontogenetic existential complication as an attributive condition of phylogenesis and ontogenetic evolutional development of man. Ontogenetic the signature of game answers essence and functionals of such development. Topological ontosignature of games are embraced by six levels: a 1) level of the phenomena of game; 2) level of game specieses, in a civilized manner withstand mechanic and scenarios; 3) level of genuses of game (branch on the criterion of public, social specific of game); 4) level of families of game (appears on the game-theoretical criteria of classification and on the unicity of tool of game); 5) level of types of game (differentiation on the criterion of connection of game with a kind leading activity); 6) the greatest level of domens (appears two separate classes of game – igroid and existential game and differentiated on the basis of type of strategic complication of terms. For today there is possibility empiric to investigate the phenomena of game only. The conceptual levels of ontosignature are intended for the sound and comprehensive theoretical design of corresponding games manifestation.

AbstractWe assume that every element of a matrix has a small, individual error, and model it by an external number, which is the sum of a nonstandard real number and a neutrix, the latter being a convex (external) additive group. The algebraic properties of external numbers formalize common error analysis, with rules for calculation which are a sort of mellowed form of the axioms for real numbers.We model the propagation of errors in matrix calculus by the calculus of matrices with external numbers, and study its algebraic properties. Many classical properties continue to hold, sometimes stated in terms of inclusion instead of equality. There are notable exceptions, for which we give counterexamples and investigate suitable adaptations. In particular we study addition and multiplication of matrices, determinants, near inverses, and generalized notions of linear independence and rank.

Gestation and lactation form a biologic continuum during which nutrients, protective factors, and growth modulators are transferred from mother to offspring. Because placental transfer ceases at birth, these placental functions must be maintained by feeding. It has become accepted as axiomatic that breast-feeding by a healthy mother for some time after birth is the biologic norm for the healthy term infant. However, the apparent success of modern commercially prepared formulas in the Western world has raised questions in the minds of some pediatricians and infant nutritionists about this axiom. Certainly, it cannot be argued on teleological grounds alone that because a particular constituent is present in human milk that it is, therefore, needed by the infant. Scientific questions about human milk can be formulated, and the evidence should be subjected to the same scrutiny as any other such question. During this first year of postnatal life, many biochemical adaptations are taking place. Those in the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system are especially important in bridging the transition between gestation and lactation, on the one hand, and independent postnatal life, on the other. In early infancy we must consider the role of human milk v formula and of whey-predominant v caseinpredominant formulas in the light of our newer knowledge of these adaptations. Both in the human and in animals, biochemical adaptations during the fetal and perinatal periods have been more extensively studied than those during the weaning period. Indeed, the data on which to make nutritional judgments during the later periods of infancy are scant.

В обзоре с точки зрения эпигенетики рассмотрены адаптационные возможности организма при патологии и старении. Апаптация организма к внутренним и внешним факторам осуществляется единой гуморальной защитной системой организма, включающей гипоталамо-гипофизарно-эпифизарную и гипоталамогипофизарно-тимусную оси. Короткие пептиды AEDG, AEDP, EDR, KED, EW, KE являются эпигенетическими регуляторами экспрессии генов и синтеза белков, которые могут быть вовлечены в адаптацию при стрессе и активацию гипоталамо-гипофизарно-эпифизарной и гипоталамогипофизарно-тимусной осей. Указанные короткие пептиды регулируют синтез белков теплового шока, стресспротекторных белков, цитокинов, факторов фибринолиза и гемостаза. Эти пептиды могут участвовать в первичной и отсроченной эпигенетической регуляции адаптивного ответа при стрессе, патологии и старении. Ранняя функциональная диагностика нарушения сопряжения звеньев единой гуморальной защитной системы организма при возраст-ассоциированных заболеваниях позволит выявить недостаточную синхронность эпигенетических механизмов, при которой наступает истощение и снижение резервных возможностей организма. Применение пептидов может нивелировать проявления адаптационного синдрома при стрессе и возрастной патологии. The organism adaptive possibilities by pathology and aging are discussed in account of the epigenetic. The organism adaptation to inner and external factors is carried out by organism unite humoral protective system, inclusive hypothalamus-hypophysis-pineal and hypothalamus-hypophysis-thymus axises. AEDG, AEDP, EDR, KED, EW, KE short peptides are the epigenetic regulators of gene expression and protein synthesis, which can be involve to the adaptation by stress and in the activation of hypothalamus-hypophysispineal and hypothalamus-hypophysis-thymus axises. These short peptides regulate the synthesis of proteins of heat shock, stress-protective proteins, cytocines, fibrinolysis and hemostasis factors and can participate in primary and tardive epigenetic regulation of adaptive response by stress, pathology and aging. The early functional diagnostic of element disturbances of organism unite humoral protective system by age-associative pathology can be usefull for the detection of deficient synchronization of epigenetic mechanisms, by wich the depletion and decrease of organism reserve possibilities occurs. The use of peptide can grade the adaptive syndrome manifestation by the stress and age pathology.

This paper examines the phenomenon of “presupposition” based on Howard Phillips Lovecraft’s horror story “Herbert West – Reanimator” and provides several different concepts that will help to separate the meanings of “soft” and “hard” triggers of presupposition. The general idea of the presupposition, as such, allows the reader of any work of art to obtain additional data as part of the information layer, which either does not require further explanation in general or is a common socio-cultural or template-axiom concept that annihilates the need for clarification as such.The work aims to demonstrate the fundamentally different concepts of soft and hard presupposition in the key of the three main classes and the level of accommodation of the recipient to each of the structures. The result of differentiation was obtained by isolating textual structures from the general layer of the work, as a combination of semantic and pragmatic understanding of the expression and demonstration of the importance of each element as a whole and highlighting a more significant component in each example. The work of scientists who have already studied a similar phenomenon on the example of other intertextual formations and expressed their opinion on the significance of the considered aspects and the significance of the difference between them was taken as a basis. In particular, not only the fundamental difference between soft and hard triggers but also ignoring the difference between them at the level of suspension of the specified value in the context of the formation to which a certain structure is embedded.Results. The paper reveals several problems that prevent a clear distinction between triggers that indicate presupposition. Among them are the wide functionality of lexical units within the context-meaningful information message and the diversity of translation in the adaptation to the understanding of foreign recipients. Thus, the phenomenon of the inconsistency of trigger behavior is considered, which significantly prevents the error-free identification of the presupposition. Ultimately, this leads to emphasizing the urgency of the formation of a single concept of presupposition and the creation of a systematic empirical interlinguistic theory of methods for verifying presuppositions.Conclusions. As a result, the work demonstrates examples of soft acceptance of alternative constructions as a logical consequence of the contextual influence of certain structures on the overall picture described in the work. Conditions are considered that do not affect the integral functioning of individual structures in the text, showing a direct dependence on the context. All these constructions are an integral part of the formation of the overall picture perceived by the recipient (listener or reader), and this emphasizes the fact that the contextual load of each trigger depends on the means of their implementation and functioning not only within the text but also the genre.Key words: presupposition, soft trigger, hard trigger, accommodation, semantic models, pragmatic models. Дана робота розглядає таке явище, як «пресупозиція», на основі твору жахів Говарда Філіпса Лавкрафта «Herbert West – Reanimator» та дає ряд диференційних понять, що допоможуть відокремити значення «м’яких» та «жорстких» тригерів пре-супозиції. Загальне уявлення пресупозиції як такої дає читачеві будь-якого художнього твору можливість отримати додатковий об’єм даних як частину інформаційного пласту, який або не потребує додаткових роз’яснень в цілому, або ж є загальноприйня-тим соціокультурним чи шаблонно–аксіомним поняттям, що анігелює потребу в уточненнях як таку.Метою роботи є демонстрація принципово відмінних понять «м’якої» та «жорсткої» пресупозиції у ключі трьох осно-вних класів та рівня акомодації реципієнта до кожної із структур. Результат диференціації було отримано методом вичленення текстових структур із загального пласту твору, як комбінацію семантичного та прагматичного розуміння вислову та демонстрації значимості кожного з елементів в цілому й виокремлення більш значущої складової частини в кожному прикладі. За основу було взято праці наукових діячів, що вже досліджували подібне явище на прикладі інших інтертекстуальних формацій та висловили свою думку із приводу значимості розглянутих аспектів та суттєвості різниці між такими. Зокрема, не лише принципову різницю між «м’якими» та «жорсткими» тригерами, а й ігнорування різниці між ними на рівні призупинення функціонування вказаного значення в контексті формації до якого вбудовано певну структуру.Результати. У роботі розкрито ряд проблем, що перешкоджають проведенню чіткого розмежування між тригерами, які вказують на пресупозицію. Серед них широка функціональність лексичних одиниць у межах контекстно-значимого інформаційного посилу та різноманіття перекладу в адаптації до розуміння іншомовних реципієнтів. Таким чином, розглядається явище непослідовності поведінки тригерів, що значною мірою перешкоджає безпомилковій ідентифікації пресупозиції. Зрештою це призводить до підкреслення актуальності питання формування єдиного поняття пресупозиції та створення систематичної емпіричної міжлінгвістичної теорії методів перевірки пресупозицій.Висновки. Робота демонструє приклади м’якого прийняття альтернативних конструкцій як логічного наслідку контекстного впливу певних структур на загальну картину описану у творі. Розглядаються умови, які не впливають на цілісне функціону-вання окремих конструкцій у тексті, проявляючи пряму залежність від контексту. Всі ці конструкції є невід’ємною частиною формування загальної картини сприйнятої реципієнтом (слухачем чи читачем), а це підкреслює факт залежності контекстного навантаження кожного окремого тригера від засобів їх реалізації й функціонування не лише в рамках тексту, а й жанру твору.Ключові слова: пресупозиція, м’який тригер, жорсткий тригер, акомодація, семантичні моделі, прагматичні моделі.

This article is devoted to the critical revision of interlinguistic constants and regularities (axioms) at the beginning of the 21st century in the context of language globalization. Axioms of interlinguistics are analyzed on the example of international vocabulary in modern languages. Authors explains the high speed of lexico-semantic adaptation of globalisms. Special attention is paid to the integration of terminology from global English into subglobal Russian.

Abstract Theorists acknowledge that conspiracy beliefs represent an established psychological construct. The study of conspiracy beliefs is important because allied ideation potentially influences everyday attitudes and behaviors across a range of domains (i.e., cognitive, social, cross-cultural, and political psychology). In this article, we analyze the internal structure and construct validity of the Spanish adaptation of the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCBS). Correlational and confirmatory factor analyses using an international sample of 732 Spanish-speakers revealed a five-factor structure equivalent to the original instrument. Convergent validity was demonstrated using educational level, political orientation, need for uniqueness, and four social axioms (social cynicism, religiosity, reward for application, and fate control). In comparison to two English samples (N = 794 and N = 421), the adaptation demonstrated satisfactory, although restricted, levels of invariance. Accordingly, findings support the use of this translated form of the GCBS with Spanish speakers.

Drawing on multidisciplinary research focusing on a spectrum ranging from individual experience to structural system-level risk response and resilience, this article develops a rationale for a Unified Model of Resilience and Aging (UMRA). In response to a broad range of adversities associated with aging, it details the ways in which some individuals are able to bounce back better than others, or adapt better than expected, termed resilience. However, resilience and aging theoretical models have developed out of different disciplinary developments, ranging from individual levels to structural level complex systems, including several gerontological theoretical models addressing adaptation to life course and aging processes. The article reviews and synthesizes prior conceptual and theoretical work, and their empirical groundings, in order to develop an integrated resilience model with wide applications to aging-related problems including chronic illness, mental health, widowhood, poverty, caregiving burden, etc. The article focuses specifically on COVID-19 pandemic risk, response and resilience in order to specify applications of the UMRA, and to suggest avenues for future research and testing of theoretical axioms.

Resiliency for older people represents the capacity to return to equilibrium when difficulties arise and was found as integral predictor of their health status. This study aims to develop a theory that attempts to explain the older adults’ resiliency perspectives during crisis and how it has affected their well-being and quality of life as population group. Deductive theory generation using axiomatic approach was adopted resulting to five axioms that served as basis for the generation of three propositions such as: (1) An older person’s health needs have tendencies to develop into a health threat, (2) when the threat is perceived, older persons developed a sense of internal control and adaptation to the changes it creates known as internal resiliency, and (3) internal resiliency can influence the quality of life in old age. The evolved theory suggests that in times of crisis (e.g., COVID-19 pandemic), health needs develop into a health threat that compels older persons to develop internal resiliency in order to preserve their integrity, wellbeing and quality of life. This study widens the nursing perspectives in addressing older persons’ resiliency by the unique condition at which older clients are placed affecting both the pathological nature of the illness as well as the preventive interventions which the society is forced to implement.

Abstract Background Adherence and motivation are key factors for successful treatment of patients with chronic diseases, especially in long-term care processes like rehabilitation. However, only a few patients achieve good treatment adherence. The causes are manifold. Adherence-influencing factors vary depending on indications, therapies, and individuals. Positive and negative effects are rarely confirmed or even contradictory. An ontology seems to be convenient to represent existing knowledge in this domain and to make it available for information retrieval. Methods First, a manual data extraction of current knowledge in the domain of treatment adherence in rehabilitation was conducted. Data was retrieved from various sources, including basic literature, scientific publications, and health behavior models. Second, all adherence and motivation factors identified were formalized according to the ontology development methodology METHONTOLOGY. This comprises the specification, conceptualization, formalization, and implementation of the ontology “Ontology for factors influencing therapy adherence to rehabilitation” (OnTARi) in Protégé. A taxonomy-oriented evaluation was conducted by two domain experts. Results OnTARi includes 281 classes implemented in ontology web language, ten object properties, 22 data properties, 1440 logical axioms, 244 individuals, and 1023 annotations. Six higher-level classes are differentiated: (1) Adherence, (2) AdherenceFactors, (3) AdherenceFactorCategory, (4) Rehabilitation, (5) RehabilitationForm, and (6) RehabilitationType. By means of the class AdherenceFactors 227 adherence factors, thereof 49 hard factors, are represented. Each factor involves a proper description, synonyms, possibly existing acronyms, and a German translation. OnTARi illustrates links between adherence factors through 160 influences-relations. Description logic queries implemented in Protégé allow multiple targeted requests, e.g., for the extraction of adherence factors in a specific rehabilitation area. Conclusions With OnTARi, a generic reference model was built to represent potential adherence and motivation factors and their interrelations in rehabilitation of patients with chronic diseases. In terms of information retrieval, this formalization can serve as a basis for implementation and adaptation of conventional rehabilitative measures, taking into account (patient-specific) adherence factors. OnTARi also enables the development of medical assistance systems to increase motivation and adherence in rehabilitation processes.

Aims: Different chaotic APSO-based algorithms are developed to deal with high non-linear optimization problems. Then, considering the difficulty of the problem, an adaptation of these algorithms is presented to enhance the algorithm. Background: : Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population-based stochastic optimization technique suitable for global optimization with no need for direct evaluation of gradients. The method mimics the social behavior of flocks of birds and swarms of insects and satisfies the five axioms of swarm intelligence, namely proximity, quality, diverse response, stability, and adaptability. There are some advantages to using the PSO consisting of easy implementation and a smaller number of parameters to be adjusted; however, it is known that the original PSO had difficulties in controlling the balance between exploration and exploitation. In order to improve this character of the PSO, recently, an improved PSO algorithm, called the accelerated PSO (APSO), was proposed, and preliminary studies show that the APSO can perform superiorly. Objective: This paper presents several chaos-enhanced accelerated particle swarm optimization methods for high non-linear optimization problems. Method: Some modifications to the APSO-based algorithms are performed to enhance their performance. Then, the algorithms are employed to find the optimal parameters of the various types of hysteretic Bouc-Wen models. The problems are solved by the standard PSO, APSO, different CAPSO, and adaptive CAPSO, and the results provide the most useful method. The sub-optimization mechanism is added to these methods to enhance the performance of the algorithm. Result: Seven different chaotic maps have been investigated to tune the main parameter of the APSO. The main advantage of the CAPSO is that there is a fewer number of parameters compared with other PSO variants. In CAPSO, there is only one parameter to be tuned using chaos theory. Conclusion: To adapt the new algorithm for susceptible parameter identification algorithm, two series of Bouc-Wen model parameters containing standard and modified Bouc-Wen models are used. Performances are assessed on the basis of the best fitness values and the statistical results of the new approaches from 20 runs with different seeds. Simulation results show that the CAPSO method with Gauss/mouse, Liebovitch, Tent, and Sinusoidal maps performs satisfactorily.

As Earth heats up and water vapourises, “Adapt” is a word that is frequently invoked right now, in a world seething with change and challenge. Its Oxford English Dictionary definitions—“to fit, to make suitable; to alter so as to fit for a new use”—give little hint of the strangely divergent moral values associated with its use. There is, of course, the word’s unavoidable Darwinian connotations which, in spite of creationist controversy, communicate a cluster of positive values linked with progress. By contrast, the literary use of adapt is frequently linked with negative moral values. Even in our current “hyper-adaptive environment” (Rizzo)—in which a novel can become a theme park ride can become a film can become a computer game can become a novelisation—an adaptation is seen as a debasement of an original, inauthentic, inferior, parasitic (Hutcheon, 2-3). A starting point from which to explore the word’s “positive”—that is, evolutionary—use is the recently released Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change, which argues the necessity of adapting in order to survive. Indeed, an entire section is titled “Policy responses for adaptation,” outlining—among other things—“an economic framework for adaptation”; “barriers and constraints to adaptation”; and “how developing countries can adapt to climate change” (403). Although evolution is not directly mentioned, it is evoked through the review’s analysis of a dire situation which compels humans to change in response to their changing environment. Yet the mere existence of the review, and its enumeration of problems and solutions, suggests that human adaptive abilities are up to the task, drawing on positive traits such as resilience, flexibility, agility, innovation, creativity, progressiveness, appropriateness, and so on. These values, and their connection to the evolutionary use of “adapt”, infuse 21st-century life. “Adapt,” “evolution”, and that cluster of values are entwined so closely that recalling effort is required to remind oneself that “adapt” existed before evolutionary theory. And whether or not one accepts the premise of evolution—or even understands it beyond the level of reductive popular science—it provides an irresistible metaphor that underlies areas as diverse as education, business, organisational culture, politics, and law. For example, Judith Robinson’s article “Education as the Foundation of the New Economy” quotes Canada’s former deputy prime minister John Manley: “The future holds nothing but change. … Charles Darwin said, ‘It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the most responsive to change.’” Robinson adds: “Education is how we equip our people with the ability to adapt to change.” Further examples show “adapt” as a positive metaphor for government. A study into towns in rural Queensland discovered that while some towns “have reinvented themselves and are thriving,” others “that are not innovative or adaptable” are in decline (Plowman, Ashkanasy, Gardner and Letts, 8). The Queensland Government’s Smart State Strategy also refers to the desirability of adapting: “The pace of change in the world is now so rapid—and sometimes so unpredictable—that our best prospects for maintaining our lead lie in our agility, flexibility and adaptability.” The Australian Government Department of Education, Science and Training, in setting national research priorities, identifies “An Environmentally Sustainable Australia” and in that context specifically mentions the need to adapt: “there needs to be an increased understanding of the contributions of human behaviour to environmental and climate change, and on [sic] appropriate adaptive responses and strategies.” In the corporate world, the Darwinian allusion is explicit in book titles such as Geoffrey Moore’s 2005 Dealing with Darwin: How Great Companies Innovate at Every Phase of their Evolution: “Moore’s theme is innovation, which he sees as being necessary to the survival of business as a plant or animal adapting to changes in habitat” (Johnson). Within organisations, the metaphor is also useful, for instance in D. Keith Denton’s article, “What Darwin Can Teach Us about Success:” “In order to understand how to create and manage adaptability, we need to look first at how nature uses it. … Species that fail to adapt have only one option left.” That option is extinction, which is the fate of “over 99% of all species that have ever existed.” However, any understanding of “adapt” as wholly positive and forward-moving is too simplistic. It ignores, for example, aspects of adaptation that are dangerous to people (such as the way the avian influenza virus or simian AIDS can adapt so that humans can become their hosts). Bacteria rapidly adapt to antibiotics; insects rapidly adapt to pesticides. Furthermore, an organism that is exquisitely adapted to a specific niche becomes vulnerable with even a small disturbance in its environment. The high attrition rate of species is breathtakingly “wasteful” and points to the limitations of the evolutionary metaphor. Although corporations and education have embraced the image, it is unthinkable that any corporation or educational system would countenance either evolution’s tiny adaptive adjustments over a long period of time, or the high “failure” rate. Furthermore, evolution can only be considered “progress” if there is an ultimate goal towards which evolution is progressing: the anthropocentric viewpoint that holds that “the logical and inevitable endpoint of the evolutionary process is the human individual,” as Rizzo puts it. This suggests that the “positive” values connected with this notion of “adapt” are a form of self-congratulation among those who consider themselves the “survivors”. A hierarchy of evolution-thought places “agile,” “flexible” “adaptors” at the top, while at the bottom of the hierarchy are “stagnant,” “atrophied” “non-adaptors”. The “positive” values then form the basis for exclusionary prejudices directed at those human and non-human beings seen as being “lower” on the evolutionary scale. Here we have arrived at Social Darwinism, the Great-Chain-of-Being perspective, Manifest Destiny—all of which still justify many kinds of unjust treatment of humans, animals, and ecosystems. Literary or artistic meanings of “adapt”—although similarly based on hierarchical thinking (Shiloh)—are, as mentioned earlier, frequently laden with negative moral values. Directly contrasting with the evolutionary adaptation we have just discussed, value in literary adaptation is attached to “being first” rather than to the success of successors. Invidious dichotomies that actually reverse the moral polarity of Darwinian adaptation come into play: “authentic” versus “fake”, “original” versus “copy”, “strong” versus “weak”, “superior” versus “inferior”. But, as the authors collected in this issue demonstrate, the assignment of a moral value to evolutionary “adapt”, and another to literary “adapt”, is too simplistic. The film Adaptation (Spike Jonze, 2002)—discussed in three articles in this issue—deals with both these uses of the word, and provides the impetus to these authors’ explorations of possible connections and contrasts between them. Evidence of the pervasiveness of the concept is seen in the work of other writers, who explore the same issues in a range of cultural phenomena, such as graffiti, music sampling, a range of activities in and around the film industry, and several forms of identity formation. A common theme is the utter inadequacy of a single moral value being assigned to “adapt”. For example, McMerrin quotes Ghandi in her paper: “Adaptability is not imitation. It means power of resistance and assimilation.” Shiloh argues: “If all texts quote or embed fragments of earlier texts, the notion of an authoritative literary source, which the cinematic version should faithfully reproduce, is no longer valid.” Furnica, citing Rudolf Arnheim, points out that an adaptation “increases our understanding of the adapted work.” All of which suggests that the application of “adapt” to circumstances of culture and nature suggests an “infinite onion” both of adaptations and of the “core samples of difference” that are the inevitable corollary of this issue’s theme. To drill down into the products of culture, to peel back the “facts” of nature, is only ever to encounter additional and increasingly minute variations of the activity of “adapt”. One never hits the bottom of difference and adaptation. Still, why would you want to, when the stakes of “adapt” might be little different from the stakes of life itself? At least, this is the insight that the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze—in all its rhizomatic variations—seems constantly to be leading us towards: “Life” (capitalised) is a continual germination that feeds on a thousand tiny adaptations of open-ended desire and of a ceaselessly productive mode of difference. Besides everything else that they do, all of the articles in this issue participate—in one way or another—in this notion of “adapt” as a constant impetus towards new configurations of culture and of nature. They are the proof (if such proof were to be requested or required) that the “infinite onion” of adaptation and difference, while certainly a mise en abyme, is much more a positive “placing into infinity” than a negative “placing into the abyss.” Adaptation is nothing to be feared; stasis alone spells death. What this suggests, furthermore, is that a contemporary ethics of difference and alterity might not go far wrong if it were to adopt “adapt” as its signature experience. To be ever more sensitive to the subtle nuances, to the evanescences on the cusp of nothingness … of adaptation … is perhaps to place oneself at the leading edge of cultural activity, where the boundaries of self and other have, arguably, never been more fraught. Again, all of the contributors to this issue dive—“Alice-like”—down their own particular rabbit holes, in order to bring back to the surface something previously unthought or unrecognised. However, two recent trends in the sciences and humanities—or rather at the complex intersection of these disciplines—might serve as useful, generalised frameworks for the work on “adapt” that this issue pursues. The first of these is the upwelling of interest (contra Darwinism) in the theories of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829). For Lamarck, adaptation takes a deviation from the Darwinian view of Natural Selection. Lamarckism holds, in distinction from Darwin, that the characteristics acquired by individuals in the course of their (culturally produced) lifetimes can be transmitted down the generations. If your bandy-legged great-grandfather learnt to bend it like Beckham, for example, then Manchester United would do well to sign you up in the cradle. Lamarck’s ideas are an encouragement to gather up, for cultural purposes, ever more refined understandings of “adapt”. What this pro-Lamarckian movement also implies is a new “crossing-over point” of the natural/biological with the cultural/acquired. The second trend to be highlighted here, however, does more than merely imply such a refreshed configuration of nature and culture. Elizabeth Grosz’s recent work directly calls the bluff of the traditional Darwinian (not to mention Freudian) understanding of “biology as destiny”. In outline form, we propose that she does this by running together notions of biological difference (the male/female split) with the “ungrounded” difference of Deleuzean thinking and its derivatives. Adaptation thus shakes free, on Grosz’s reading, from the (Darwinian and Freudian) vestiges of biological determinism and becomes, rather, a productive mode of (cultural) difference. Grosz makes the further move of transporting such a “shaken and stirred” version of biological difference into the domains of artistic “excess”, on the basis that “excessive” display (as in the courting rituals of the male peacock) is fundamentally crucial to those Darwinian axioms centred on the survival of the species. By a long route, therefore, we are returned, through Grosz, to the interest in art and adaptation that has, for better or for worse, tended to dominate studies of “adapt”, and which this issue also touches upon. But Grosz returns us to art very differently, which points the way, perhaps, to as yet barely recognised new directions in the field of adaptation studies. We ask, then, where to from here? Responding to this question, we—the editors of this issue—are keen to build upon the groundswell of interest in 21st-century adaptation studies with an international conference, entitled “Adaptation & Application”, to be held on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia in early 2009. The “Application” part of this title reflects, among other things, the fact that our conference will be, perhaps uniquely, itself an example of “adapt”, to the extent that it will have two parallel but also interlocking strands: adaptation; application. Forward-thinking architects Arakawa and Gins have expressed an interest in being part of this event. (We also observe, in passing, that “application”, or “apply”, may be an excellent theme for a future issue of M/C Journal…) Those interested in knowing more about the “Adaptation and Application” conference may contact either of us on the email addresses given in our biographical notes. There are several groups and individuals that deserve public acknowledgement here. Of course, we thank the authors of these fourteen articles for their stimulating and reflective contributions to the various debates around “adapt”. We would also like to acknowledge the hugely supportive efforts of our hard-pressed referees. Equally, our gratitude goes out to those respondents to our call for papers whose submissions could not be fitted into this already overflowing issue. What they sent us kept the standard high, and many of the articles rejected for publication on this occasion will, we feel sure, soon find a wider audience in another venue (the excellent advice provided by our referees has an influence, in this way, beyond the life of this issue). We also wish to offer a very special note of thanks to Linda Hutcheon, who took time out from her exceptionally busy schedule to contribute the feature article for this issue. Her recent monograph A Theory of Adaptation is essential reading for all serious scholars of “adapt”, as is her contribution here. We are honoured to have Professor Hutcheon’s input into our project. Special thanks are also due to Gold-Coast based visual artist Judy Anderson for her “adaptation of adaptation” into a visual motif for our cover image. This inspiring piece is entitled “Between Two” (2005; digital image on cotton paper). Accessing experiences perhaps not accessible through words alone, Anderson’s image nevertheless “speaks adaptation”, as her Artist’s Statement suggests: The surface for me is a sensual encounter; an event, shifting form. As an eroticised site, it evokes memories of touch. … Body, object, place are woven together with memory; forgetting and remembering. The tactility and materiality of touching the surface is offered back to the viewer. These images are transitions themselves. As places of slippage and adaptation, they embody intervals on many levels; between the material and the immaterial, the familiar and the strange. Their source remains obscure so that they might represent spaces in-between—overlooked places that open up unexpectedly. If we have learned just one thing from the experience of editing the M/C Journal ‘adapt’ issue, it is that our theme richly rewards the sort of intellectual and creative activity demonstrated by our contributors. Much has been done here; much remains to be done. Some of this work will take place, no doubt, at the “Adaptation and Application” conference, and we hope to see many of you on the Gold Coast in 2009. But for now, it’s over to you, to engage with what you might encounter here, and to work new “adaptations” upon it. References Australian Government Department of Education, Science and Training. Environmentally Sustainable Australia. 2005. 28 Apr. 2007 http://www.dest.gov.au/sectors/research_sector/policies_issues_reviews /key_issues/national_research_priorities/priority_goals /environmentally_sustainable_australia.htm>. Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaux. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987. Denton, D Keith. “What Darwin Can Teach Us about Success.” Development and Learning in Organizations 20.1 (2006): 7ff. Furnica, Ioana. “Subverting the ‘Good, Old Tune’: Carlos Saura’s Carmen Adaptation.” M/C Journal 10.2 (2007). 28 Apr. 2007 . Grosz, Elizabeth. In the Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution and the Untimely. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. Grosz, Elizabeth. “Sensation”. Plenary III Session. 9th Annual Comparative Literature Conference. Gilles Deleuze: Texts and Images: An International Conference. University of South Carolina, Columbia. 7 April 2007. Grosz, Elizabeth. Time Travels: Feminism, Nature, Power. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005. Hutcheon, Linda. A Theory of Adaptation. New York and London: Routledge, 2006. Johnson, Cecil. “Darwinian Notions of Corporate Innovation,” Boston Globe, 15 Jan. 2006: L.2. McMerrin, Michelle. “Agency in Adaptation.” M/C Journal 10.2 (2007). 28 Apr. 2007 http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/03 mcmerrin.php mcmerrin.php>. Neimanis, Astrida. “A Feminist Deleuzian Politics? It’s About Time.” TOPIA: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies 16 (2006): 154-8. Plowman, Ian, Neal M. Ashkanasy, John Gardner, and Malcolm Letts. Innovation in Rural Queensland: Why Some Towns Thrive while Others Languish: Main Report. University of Queensland/Department of Primary Industries. Queensland, Dec. 2003. 28 Apr. 2007 http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/business/14778.html>. Queensland Government. Smart State Strategy 2005-2015 Timeframe. 2007. 28 Apr. 2007 http://www.smartstate.qld.gov.au/strategy/strategy05_15/timeframes.shtm>. Rizzo, Sergio. “Adaptation and the Art of Survival.” M/C Journal 10.2 (2007). 28 Apr. 2007 http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/02-rizzo.php>. Shiloh, Ilana. “Adaptation, Intertextuality, and the Endless Deferral of Meaning: Memento.” M/C Journal 10.2 (2007). 28 Apr. 2007 http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/08-shiloh.php>. Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. 2006. 28 Apr. 2007 http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_ economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm>. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Delamoir, Jeannette, and Patrick West. "Editorial." M/C Journal 10.2 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/00-editorial.php>. APA Style Delamoir, J., and P. West. (May 2007) "Editorial," M/C Journal, 10(2). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/00-editorial.php>.

Abstract The application of high throughput genotyping or sequencing data helps us to understand the genomic response to natural and artificial selection. In this study, we scanned the genomes of five indigenous buffalo populations belong to three recognized breeds, adapted to different geographical and agro-ecological zones in Iran, to unravel the extent of genomic diversity and to localize genomic regions and genes underwent past selection. A total of 46 river buffalo whole genomes, from West and East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Mazandaran and Khuzestan provinces, were re-sequenced. Our sequencing data reached to a coverage above 99% of the river buffalo reference genome and an average read depth around 9.2X per sample. We identified 20.55 million SNPs, including 63,097 missense, 707 stop-gain and 159 stop-loss mutations that might have functional consequences. Genomic diversity analyses showed modest structuring among Iranian buffalo populations following frequent gene flow or admixture in the recent past. Evidence of positive selection was investigated using both differentiation (Fst) and fixation (Pi) metrics. Analysis of fixation revealed three genomic regions in all three breeds with aberrant polymorphism contents on BBU2, 20 and 21. Fixation signal on BBU2 overlapped with the OCA2-HERC2 genes, suggestive of adaptation to UV exposure through pigmentation mechanism. Further validation using re-sequencing data from other five bovine species as well as the Axiom® Buffalo Genotyping Array 90 K data of river and swamp buffaloes indicated that these fixation signals persisted across river and swamp buffaloes and extended to taurine cattle, implying an ancient evolutionary event occurred before the speciation of buffalo and taurine cattle. These results contributed to our understanding of major genetic switches that took place during the evolution of modern buffaloes.

Abstract Background In Iran, river buffalo is of great importance. It plays an important role in the economy of the Country, because its adaptation to harsh climate conditions and long productive lifespan permitting its farming across the Country and to convert low-quality feed into valuable milk. The genetic variability in Iranian buffalo breeds have been recently studied using SNPs genotyping data, but a whole genome Copy Number Variants (CNVs) mapping was not available. The aim of this study was to perform a genome wide CNV scan in 361 buffaloes of the three Iranian river breeds (Azeri, Khuzestani and Mazandarani) through the analysis of data obtained using the Axiom® Buffalo Genotyping Array 90 K. Results CNVs detection resulted in a total of 9550 CNVs and 302 CNVRs identified in at least 5% of samples within breed, covering around 1.97% of the buffalo genome. and A total of 22 CNVRs were identified in all breeds and a different proportion of regions were in common among the three populations. Within the more represented CNVRs (n = 302) mapped a total of 409 buffalo genes, some of which resulted associated with morphological, healthy, milk, meat and reproductive traits, according to Animal Genome Cattle database. Conclusions This work provides a step forward in the interpretation of genomic variation within and among the buffalo populations, releasing a first map of CNVs and providing insights about their recent selection and adaptation to environment. The presence of the set of genes and QTL traits harbored in the CNVRs could be possibly linked with the buffalo’s natural adaptive history together to a recent selection for milk used as primary food source from this species.