Dissertations / Theses: 'Axilla'

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Lambah, P. A. "Lymphatic mapping and the axilla in primary breast cancer." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24804.

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Assessment of axillary lymph node status in breast cancer is a collaborative exercise between surgeons and pathologists that continues to provoke debate. A positive result for lymph node metastases is the primary determinant for subsequent therapy decisions. At present wide variation exists in the surgical approach to the axilla ranging from a complete level III clearance of all axillary nodes to no treatment in some centres. The technique of sentinel node biopsy has recently been suggested as a less invasive method of staging the axilla sparing the morbidity associated with an axillary clearance. Despite existing guidelines for the histological processing and reporting of lymph nodes in the UK, practices continue to demonstrate considerable variation within and out with these guidelines. New ways of staining lymph nodes, such as immunohistochemistry are reported to improve on the sensitivity of conventional haematoxylin and eosin in the detection of lymph node metastases but are not considered standard practice in most pathology laboratories. The optimal surgical and histopathological management of the axilla needs clarifying to allow correct selection of patients for adjuvant treatments. The chapters of this thesis present the results of a group of related studies examining existing and new methods of surgical and histopathological assessment of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. The long-term results of randomised trials of 866 patients comparing a level III axillary node clearance to a non-targeted four-node axillary sample reveal no difference in long-term survival between the two procedures after a median follow up of 8.2 years. Axillary recurrence appears to be more frequent following an axillary node sample than after an axillary clearance. A two-phase, randomised Multicentre trial (the ALMANAC trial) is currently aiming to validate the role of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients in the United Kingdom. The early results of 153 patients recruited into the ALMANAC trial by Edinburgh Breast Unit suggest that sentinel node biopsy is an accurate and reliable method of staging the axilla in T1-2 node-negative breast cancer with minimal morbidity. Accurate intraoperative assessment of sampled lymph nodes allows a surgeon to decide whether or not to proceed immediately to a full axillary clearance in nodepositive patients without the need for a second operation. Imprint cytology is reported to improve upon frozen section histology in the intraoperative detection of lymph node metastases. Imprint cytology of 238 freshly examined lymph nodes from 53 patients with and without immunohistochemistry suggests the technique is at least as accurate as frozen section histology and can be useful in the intraoperative assessment of axillary lymph nodes. The prognostic significance of occult lymph node metastases (or micrometastases) is uncertain. Lymph nodes from 26 node-negative patients who developed axillary recurrence and from 26 patients who developed no axillary recurrence found no clinical significance for axillary lymph node micrometastases after examination by immunohistochemistry.

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Ödborn, Sofia. "The Science of Deodorants." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-255614.

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Deodorants are cosmetic products that are consumed by people regularly and globally. In this thesis, the opportunities to develop a deodorant for the Swedish cosmetics brand IDUN Minerals AB is investigated. The deodorant market in Swedish pharmacies, deodorant formulation and deodorant packaging are studied. Furthermore, controversial ingredients, such as synthetic aluminum compounds, are explored. The scientific aspects of using synthetic aluminum compounds, which are used as antiperspirant in deodorants, are investigated. There is a general fear that they may increasethe risk of developing breast cancer. However, after a full review of exciting scientific evidence, it is clear that there is currently no study that can prove or disprove the suspicions. The use of aluminum-based antiperspirants therefore continues to be a controversial topic. The conclusion of this thesis is that there is a market opening for IDUN Minerals, especially since they aim for a synthetic aluminum-free, unperfumed and preservative-free deodorant. Furthermore, it is concluded that a Nordic Swan Ecolabel would make their product uniquein its product category. Lastly, it is determined that traditional plastic packaging is more accessible and possesses many favorable properties, but that bioplastics should be further researched.
Deodoranter är kosmetiska produkter som dagligen används av människor världen över. I denna rapport undersöks möjligheterna att implementera en deodorant i det svenska kosmetikföretaget IDUN Minerals AB:s produktsortiment. I rapporten kartläggs deodorantsortimentet på svenska apotek, samtidigt som deodoranters innehåll och paketering undersökts. Vidare granskas kontroversiella ingredienser, såsom syntetiska aluminiumföreningar. Syntetiska aluminiumföreningar, vilka används som antiperspiranter i deodoranter, misstänks öka risken för bröstcancer hos människor. Efter en fullständig genomgång av befintliga studier kan det dock fastställas att det inte finns någon studie som kan bevisa eller motbevisa misstankarna. Användningen av aluminiumbaserade antiperspiranter fortsätter därför att vara ett kontroversiellt ämne. Slutsatsen av denna rapport är att det finns en marknadsöppning för IDUN Minerals, särskilt eftersom företaget strävar mot en deodorant utan syntetiska aluminumsalter, parfym eller konserveringsmedel. Dessutom kan slutsatsen dras att en eventuell Svanen-märkning skulle göra deodoranten unik i sin produktkategori. Slutligen har det fastställts att traditionella plastförpackningar är mer tillgängliga och att de erbjuder fördelaktiga egenskaper, men att bioplaster fortfarande bör undersökas ytterligare.

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Устянський, Олег Олексійович, Олег Алексеевич Устянский, Oleh Oleksiiovych Ustianskii, В. В. Богданов, and Є. В. Козік. "Методика препарування пахвової ямки." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31870.

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Пахвова ділянка є об`єктом оперативного втручання під час операцій на грудній залозі, гідрагенітах, проксимальному епіфізі плечової кістки, плечовому суглобі та ін. При відведеній верхній кінцівці вона набуває форму ямки. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31870

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McQueen, Rachel, and n/a. "Axillary odour in apparel textiles." University of Otago. Department of Clothing and Textile Sciences, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070307.120703.

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The axilla is a major source of human body odour from which the characteristic musky, urinous or acidic odours emanate, and are predominantly due to bacterial metabolism of the protein-rich fluid secreted by the apocrine and sebaceous glands located in this area (Senol and Fireman, 1999). Clothing has been implicated in contributing to body odour intensity, possibly even increasing the intensity (Dravnieks, et al., 1968; Shelley, et al., 1953) by the transfer of secretions, skin debris and bacteria from the body to the fabric substrate. Despite much anecdotal evidence indicating that some fibres and fabrics are better at limiting odour intensity than others, there appears to be no published research confirming this. The purpose of this study therefore, was to determine whether fabrics varying in fibre content (cotton, wool, polyester) and fabric knit structure (interlock, single jersey, 1x1 rib) differed in the extent to which they retained and emanated axillary odour following wear, and whether the intensity of odour was linked to the number of bacteria transferred to the fabrics. A procedure for collecting odour on fabrics was developed as was a method for evaluating odour through use of a sensory panel. Total aerobic bacteria and aerobic coryneform bacteria extracted from the fabrics were counted to determine if an association between bacterial counts and fabrics existed. Sensory analysis recognises the unique capability of humans as odour-detecting instruments whereas, instrumental analysis has the potential to offer information on the concentration and identification of axillary compounds, which a human assessor cannot. To investigate a new method for detecting axillary odour on apparel fabrics, proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) was used to analyse volatiles emitted from fabrics differing in fibre type. After removal of garments from the human body, axillary odour can be detected on fabrics, with the intensity of odour being strongly influenced by the fibre type from which the fabrics had been made. Polyester fabrics emanated odour of high intensity, cotton that of mid-low odour intensity, and wool fabrics were low odour. Fabric structural properties such as thickness, mass per unit area and openness of knit structure also had an effect on odour intensity. However, as the principal factor influencing odour intensity was fibre, only fabrics characterised by a high intensity (i.e. polyester) were influenced by structural properties. Differences in odour intensity among fabrics were not necessarily related to bacterial numbers, and no �inherent antimicrobial� properties were evident for any of the fabrics. Bacterial populations persisted in all fabrics up to 28 days. A decline in numbers was apparent for high-odour polyester fabrics, while numbers in low-odour wool fabrics remained relatively stable. PTR-MS detected compounds likely to be short-chain carboxylic acids which increased in the headspace above the polyester fabrics after 7 days. However, this increase was not evident for either the wool or cotton fabrics. Therefore, bacterial numbers per se cannot be a predictor of the odour intensity emanating from fabrics at least on the basis of these fabrics and fibres. The intensity of axillary odour emanating from fabrics was found inversely related to fibre hygroscopicity. Keywords:fibre content, fabric structure, axillary odour, sensory analysis, bacteria, corynebacteria, instrumental analysis, PTR-MS

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Ahlgren, Johan. "Studies on Prediction of Axillary Lymph Node Status in Invasive Breast Cancer." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5221-3/.

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Mohammad, Farid [Verfasser], and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Rübe. "Analyse der Dosisverteilung in der ipsilateralen Axilla bei zwei intensitätsmodulierten Bestrahlungsmethoden der Brust : Sequenzieller Boost versus simultan integrierter Boost / Farid Mohammad ; Betreuer: Christian Rübe." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1205314482/34.

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Matheus, Carolina Nascimben 1980. "Avaliação do fluxo sanguíneo do membro superior de mulheres submetidas a abordagem axilar para tratamento do câncer de mama : Blood flow in the superior limbs of women with breast cancer undergoing a surgical approach to the axilla." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312844.

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Orientador: Luís Otávio Zanatta Sarian
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T18:24:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matheus_CarolinaNascimben_D.pdf: 2850729 bytes, checksum: fd170a425e039c6e8f1324b637393c8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: Objetivo: Esta tese visou avaliar os parâmetros vasculares arteriais e venosos dos vasos axilares e braquiais em mulheres submetidas a tratamento para câncer de mama. Subdividimos estas avaliações conforme os objetivos abordados em duas publicações, respectivamente: 1) Comparar aos parâmetros de circulação venosa e arterial nos vasos axilares e braquiais em função do tipo de abordagem cirúrgica da axila (BLS ou LAT) em até seis meses após a intervenção. 2) Identificar os fatores que influenciam os parâmetros vasculares da veias axilares e braquiais ipsilaterais à cirurgia para tratamento do câncer de mama. Métodos: Foram identificadas 547 pacientes consecutivas, submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico para câncer de mama entre agosto de 2012 e janeiro de 2014. Depois de seguir critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 197 mulheres foram recrutadas. O projeto foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética do hospital e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado. Os critérios de inclusão foram 1) câncer da mama primário operável 2) abordagem axilar cirúrgica; 3) não ter sido submetida a reconstrução da mama. Os critérios de exclusão foram 1) câncer de mama bilateral, 2) história prévia de procedimentos cirúrgicos para um dos membros superiores ou no tórax, 3) comprometimento ortopédico ou neurológico de um dos membros superiores, 4) insuficiência renal ou cardíaca. Todas as pacientes responderam a um breve questionário sobre suas características clínicas e epidemiológicas. Foi então realizada avaliação ultrassonográfica dos vasos braquiais e axilares, bilateralmente, nos seguintes momentos: no dia anterior à cirurgia e 1, 3, 6 e 12 meses após a cirurgia. No primeiro artigo, comparamos os parâmetros arteriais e venosos, até seis meses após a cirurgia, em função da realização de dissecção linfática completa ou linfonodo sentinela; no segundo, restringimos as análises ao sistema venoso e estendemos a avaliação para até 1 ano após a cirurgia, comparando os parâmetros vasculares em função de características clínicas e epidemiológicas das pacientes e das modalidades de tratamentos utilizados. Resultados: Foram encontradas restrições de diâmetro em veias do braço ipsilateral ao câncer de mama de mulheres submetidas à dissecção axilar (LAT), efeito que não foi observado no grupo BLS. A área da secção transversal de veias braquial e axilar diminuiu progressivamente até seis meses, com a redução do fluxo sanguíneo concomitante destes vasos. Encontramos, na mulher sem linfedema, que a área de secção transversal e fluxo venoso do sangue (especialmente veia braquial) são negativamente afetados pela cirurgia e / ou quimioterapia / radioterapia. Este efeito prejudicial parece persistir até um ano. Não houve diferença significativa em nenhum dos parâmetros estudados entre os vasos ipsi e contralaterais ao câncer de mama. Conclusões: De maneira geral, nosso estudo demonstra que os tratamentos cirúrgicos, especialmente LAT, e a radio e quimioterapia, possuem efeitos deletérios sobre a circulação sanguínea dos vasos axilares e braquiais, sobretudo venosos. Esses efeitos são aparentemente permanentes e há necessidade de extensão do tempo de follow-up a fim de avaliar se o desenvolvimento subsequente de linfedema ocorrerá em associação às alterações vasculares
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the arterial and venous vascular parameters of the axillary and brachial vessels in women who underwent treatment for breast cancer. We subdivided these assessments according to the following objectives, in two publications: 1) To compare the venous and arterial vascular parameters in the axillary vessels and brachial depending on the type of axillary surgical approach (SLNB or ALND) within six months after the intervention. 2) To identify which factors influence the vascular parameters of axillary and brachial veins ipsilateral to surgical for treatment of breast cancer. Methods: We identified 547 consecutive patients undergoing surgical treatment for breast cancer between August 2012 and January 2014. After following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 197 women were recruited. The project was approved by the hospital's ethics committee and all patients signed an informed consent form. Inclusion criteria were 1) primary operable breast cancer 2) surgical axillary approach; 3) not having undergone breast reconstruction. Exclusion criteria were 1) bilateral breast cancer, 2) history of previous surgical procedures for one of the upper limbs or breast, 3) orthopedic or neurological impairment of one upper limb, 4) kidney or heart failure. All patients completed a brief questionnaire about their clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Then we performed Doppler ultrasonography evaluation of axillary and brachial vessels, bilaterally, at the following times: the day before surgery and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. In the first article, we compared the arterial and venous parameters, up to six months after surgery, depending on SLNB or ALND; in the second, we restricted the analysis to the venous system and extend the evaluation for up to 1 year after surgery, comparing the vascular parameters with clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients and treatment modalities used. Results: diameter restrictions were found in the ipsilateral veins of the arm in women with breast cancer undergoing ALND, and that effect was not observed in SLNB group. The cross sectional area of brachial and axillary veins progressively decreased up to six months, with concomitant reduction of blood flow to these vessels. In women with no lymphedema, the cross-sectional area and venous blood flow (especially brachial vein) are negatively affected by surgery and / or chemotherapy / radiotherapy. This detrimental effect seems to persist up to one year. There was no significant difference on studied parameters between ipsilateral and contralateral vessels to breast cancer. Conclusions: In essence, our study shows that surgical treatments, especially ALND, and the radiation and chemotherapy, have deleterious effects on blood circulation of the axillary and brachial vessels, especially venous. These effects are apparently permanent, prompting the extension of the follow-up evaluation in order to assess whether subsequent lymphedema formation will be associated with vascular abnormalities
Doutorado
Oncologia Ginecológica e Mamária
Doutora em Ciências da Saúde

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Ishida, Luís Henrique. ""Estudo anatômico comparativo entre o retalho escapular e o retalho perfurante da artéria toracodorsal"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5158/tde-16102006-133859/.

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Desde a primeira descrição do retalho perfurante de artéria toracodorsal (TAP), sua indicação tem sido questionada por se tratar de um retalho de características semelhantes aos retalhos fasciocutâneos escapulares baseados na artéria circunflexa escapular, que são bem conhecidos e reprodutíveis. Este estudo visa comparar características anatômicas destes dois retalhos, distinguindo-os para uma melhor indicação. Adicionalmente o estudo visa estudar o posicionamento do pedículo perfurante do retalho TAP. Vinte e um pares de retalhos (TAP e escapular) foram dissecados simultaneamente em cadáveres frescos. Os músculos latíssimo do dorso e redondo maior foram seccionados e os dois retalhos foram retirados em peça única. O comprimento do pedículo, diâmetro externo da artéria e da veia, espessura da derme e espessura do tecido celular subcutâneo de ambos os retalhos foram avaliados e comparados de forma pareada. A localização dos pedículos dos retalhos foi avaliada em ambos os retalhos. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente através do teste t de Student. O retalho TAP apresentou um pedículo com média de 16,95 cm de comprimento, sendo 50% maior que o do retalho escapular (p<0,05). A espessura média da derme foi 2,12 mm, sendo 42% mais fina do que a do retalho escapular; e a do tecido subcutâneo foi 1,37 cm, sendo 28% mais fina do que a do retalho escapular (p<0,05). O pedículo do retalho TAP apresentou artéria com diâmetro médio de 3,14 mm e veia com diâmetro médio de 3,03 mm, enquanto o pedículo do retalho escapular apresentou artéria com diâmetro médio de 3,33 mm e veia com diâmetro médio de 2,95mm, ambos sem diferenças estatísticas. Nas dissecções estudadas, todos os pedículos dos retalhos escapulares se localizavam no espaço triangular. Já a localização dos pedículos perfurantes do retalho TAP não apresentou nenhum parâmetro constante. O estudo demonstrou que, apesar de se localizarem em sítios anatômicos adjacentes, o retalho TAP possui um pedículo mais longo e sua pele é mais fina do que o retalho escapular. Por outro lado, o posicionamento do pedículo do retalho escapular é constante, enquanto o pedículo perfurante do retalho TAP possui localização variável.
Indication of the thoracodorsal artery perforator (TAP) flap has been questioned because its characteristics are similar to those of scapular flaps based on the scapular circumflex artery. The scope of this study is to compare the anatomic features of these two flaps, differentiating them for a better indication. Twenty-one pairs of flaps (TAP and scapular) were dissected simultaneously in fresh cadavers. The length of the pedicles, thickness of the arteries and veins of the pedicles, and the thickness of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the flaps were assessed and compared. The position of the pedicles of both flaps was evaluated. The average length of the TAP flap pedicle was 16.95 cm, and it was 50% longer than the scapular flap (p<0.05). The mean thickness of the dermis was 2.12 mm and of the subcutaneous tissue 1.37 cm, respectively 42% and 28% thinner than the scapular flaps (p<0.05). No significant difference was evident between the thicknesses of the pedicles. The TAP arterial pedicle was 3.14 mm and the venous one 3.03 mm. The scapular flap demonstrated a 3.33 mm arterial pedicle and 2.95 mm for the venous one. The evaluation of the position of the pedicle of the scapular flap was constant; on the other hand, the perforator pedicle of the TAP flap did not show any constant anatomical parameter. The study revealed that although the TAP flap and the scapular flap lie in adjacent anatomical areas, the TAP flap has a longer pedicle and a thinner skin; their vascular pedicles have similar thickness; though the position of the thoracodorsal perforator pedicle is variable, when compared with the scapular flap.

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Cassarisi, Dina. "Analisar o efeito de diferentes abordagens fisioterapêuticas no tratamento da Axillary Web Syndrome (AWS): revisão bibliográfica." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/10181.

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Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Fisioterapia
Introdução: a Axillary Web Syndrome (AWS) é uma condição comum que ocorre em mulheres submetidas a linfadenectomia axilar ipsilateral de um ou mais nódulos, caracterizada por “cordões” de tecido tenso que impacta na qualidade de vida. Objetivo: analisar o efeito de diferentes abordagens fisioterapêuticas no tratamento da AWS. Metodologia: foi efetuada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados da PubMed, PEDro, Web Of Science e EBSCO para identificar estudos com abordagens fisioterapêuticas na AWS. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi analisada através da Escala de PEDro, obtendo uma média de 5.8/10. Resultados: a presente revisão bibliográfica incluiu 6 artigos, com um total de 688 mulheres adultas. Após a execução de diversas técnicas terapêuticas verificou-se uma melhoria na funcionalidade do ombro, dor e qualidade de vida. Conclusão: a fisioterapia pode atuar na AWS precocemente utilizando técnicas de libertação miofascial, drenagem linfática manual, kinesiotaping e exercício terapêutico, tanto de um modo isolado como combinando técnicas.
Introduction: a Axillary Web Syndrome (AWS) is a common condition that occurs in women undergoing ipsilateral axillary lymphadenectomy of one or more nodules, characterized by tense tissue “cords” that impact life’s quality. Objective: to analyse the effect of different physiotherapeutic approaches on the treatment of AWS. Methodology: A survey was conducted in the databases of PubMed, PEDro Web Of Science to identify and EBSCO studies with physiotherapeutic approaches in AWS. The methodological quality of studies was analysed by PEDro Scale, averaging 5.8/10. Results: this bibliographic review includes 6 articles, with a total of 688 female adults. After the execution of several therapeutic techniques there was an improvement in the functionality of the shoulder, pain and life’s quality. Conclusion: physiotherapy can act in AWS early using myofascial release techniques, manual lymphatic drainage, kinesiotaping and therapeutic exercise, both in isolation and with the combination of these.
N/A

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Filho, José Hernandes Lopes. "Ontogênese do complexo de gemas em Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) e expressão de PasAP1, ortólogo de APETALA1." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-17072015-084101/.

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A axila foliar em Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) apresenta uma estrutura complexa: de um mesmo ponto parecem surgir flores e gavinhas, além de uma gema vegetativa também estar presente. A origem da gavinha foi interpretada de diferentes maneiras ao longo da história, sendo considerada desde modificações de um ramo até uma flor. Além disso, a ontogenia dessas estruturas tem início em um único meristema axilar, que geralmente é descrito como capaz de se dividir em dois ou mais meristemas (chamado de \"complexo de gemas\"), cada qual dando origem a uma estrutura diferente (gavinhas e flores). Estudos de expressão gênica demonstram a presença do ortólogo do gene LEAFY de Arabidopsis, em meristemas axilares, florais e de gavinhas, em duas espécies de Passiflora. Esse gene é tipicamente relacionado à transição de fase vegetativa para reprodutiva em diversas angiospermas. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou descrever em detalhes a ontogenia das diferentes estruturas originadas no meristema axilar de diferentes espécies, focando em diferentes fases de vida da planta, bem como averiguar a expressão de ortólogos de APETALA1 (AP1), um gene tipicamente relacionado à identidade de meristemas florais e na determinação de sépalas e pétalas. Como resultado, propomos uma nova interpretação para a ontogenia do complexo de gemas, baseada na produção de brácteas e seus meristemas associados. Demonstramos também que o ortólogo de AP1 se expressa de maneira mais ampla do que aquela encontrada no modelo Arabidopsis, possivelmente desempenhando diversas funções relacionadas à manutenção da indeterminação celular.
The leaf axil in Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) bears a complex structure: a tendril and one or more flowers seem to arise from the same growing point. In addition, vegetative bud is also present. There are many different interpretations for the origin of the tendril in this group, ranging from modifications of flowers to side shoots. Also, the ontogeny of these structures is often understood as a single meristem which subdivides into a bud complex, comprising the tendril and flower meristems. Recently, the expression of the LEAFY ortholog was demonstrated in the axillary, tendril and floral meristems of two Passiflora species. In Arabidopsis and many angiosperms, this gene is responsible for the shift between vegetative and reproductive phase. Therefore, the present work aimed to describe, in detail, the ontogeny of the bud complex in Passiflora species belonging to different subgenera, including different life stages. The expression of the ortholog of APETALA1, a gene typically related to floral meristem identity and sepal/petal specification was also assessed. As results, we propose a different interpretation for the ontogeny of the bud complex, based on the production of bracts and their associated meristems by the original axillary meristem, which then turns into the tendril meristem. We also demonstrate that expression of AP1 is much broader than that of the Arabidopsis model, and possibly have many other functions related to cell indeterminacy.

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Raba, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Fatigue behaviour of submerged axially loaded grouted connections : Ermüdungsverhalten unter Wasser liegender axial beanspruchter Grout-Verbindungen / Alexander Raba." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1172414432/34.

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Bosch, Príncep Ramon. "Cel·lularitat immune als ganglis limfàtics axil·lars negatius en pacients amb càncer de mama." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670599.

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Introducció: Les cèl·lules tumorals poden modificar la resposta immune en tumors primaris i en els ganglis limfàtics axil·lars amb metàstasis (GLA+) en el càncer de mama (CM), la qual cosa influeix en l'evolució de la pacient. Investiguem si els patrons de cèl·lules immunes en el tumor primari i en els ganglis limfàtics axil·lars sense metàstasi (GLA-) difereixen entre les pacients diagnosticades sense GLA+ (pdGLA-) i amb GLA+ (pdGLA+) i les implicacions per a l'evolució clínica. Material i mètodes: Es van estudiar 11 marcadors immunes utilitzant immunohistoquímica, matrius multiteixit i anàlisi d'imatges digitals en 141 mostres de pacients amb CM (75 pdGLA+ i 66 pdGLA-). Es van elaborar dos models de regressió logística per identificar les variables clíniques, patològiques i immunològiques associades amb la presència de GLA+ en el moment del diagnòstic. Resultats: Les pdGLA+ van tenir tumors significativament més grans, percentatges més alts d'invasió limfovascular i perineural i un grau histològic més alt que les pdGLA-. Vam trobar diversos patrons immunes al GLA- associats amb la presència de GLA+ en el moment del diagnòstic. Els models de regressió van mostrar un petit subgrup de pdGLA+ amb patrons immunes al GLA- que eren més similars als de GLA- de les pdGLA-. Aquest petit subgrup també va mostrar un comportament clínic similar al de les pdGLA-. Es va trobar un altre petit subgrup de pdGLA- amb patrons immunes al GLA- més similars als del GLA- de les pdGLA+. Aquest petit subgrup va tenir un comportament clínic similar a les pdGLA+. Discussió: Aquestes dades suggereixen que algunes poblacions immunes presents en GLA- en el moment del diagnòstic estan associades a la presència de metàstasi al GLA en el moment de la diagnosi, però també queda palès que podrien influir en l'evolució clínica de les pacients amb CM.
Introducción: Las células tumorales pueden modificar la respuesta inmune en tumores primarios y en los ganglios linfáticos axilares con metástasis (GLA+) en el cáncer de mama (CM), lo que influye en la evolución de la paciente. Investigamos si los patrones de células inmunes en el tumor primario y en los ganglios linfáticos axilares sin metástasis (GLA-) difieren entre las pacientes diagnosticadas sin GLA+ (pdGLA-) y con GLA+ (pdGLA+) y las implicaciones para la evolución clínica. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron once marcadores inmunes utilizando inmunohistoquímica, matrices multitejido y análisis de imágenes digitales en 141 muestras de pacientes con CM (75 pdGLA+ y 66 pdGLA-). Se elaboraron dos modelos de regresión logística para identificar las variables clínicas, patológicas e inmunológicas asociadas con la presencia de GLA+ en el momento del diagnóstico. Resultados: Las pdGLA+ tuvieron tumores significativamente más grandes, porcentajes más altos de invasión linfovascular y perineural y un grado histológico más alto que las pdGLA-. Encontramos varios patrones inmunes en el GLA- asociados con la presencia de GLA+ en el momento del diagnóstico. Los modelos de regresión mostraron un pequeño subgrupo de pdGLA+ con patrones inmunes en el GLA- que eran más similares a los del GLA- de las pdGLA-. Este pequeño subgrupo también mostró un comportamiento clínico similar al de las pdGLA-. Se encontró otro pequeño subgrupo de pdGLA- con patrones inmunes en el GLA- más similares a los del GLA- de las pdGLA+. Este pequeño subgrupo tuvo un comportamiento clínico similar al pdGLA+. Discusión: Estos datos sugieren que algunas poblaciones inmunes presentes en GLA- en el momento del diagnóstico están asociadas a la presencia de metástasis en el GLA en el momento del diagnóstico, pero también queda patente que podrían influir en la evolución clínica de las pacientes con CM.
ntroduction: Tumor cells can modify the immune response in primary tumors and in the axillary lymph nodes with metastasis (ALN+) in breast cancer (BC), influencing patient outcome. We investigated whether patterns of immune cells in the primary tumor and in the axillary lymph nodes without metastasis (ALN-) differed between patients diagnosed without ALN+ ( pdALN-) and with ALN+ (pdALN+) and the implications for clinical outcome. Material and methods: Eleven immune markers were studied using immunohistochemistry, tissue microarray, and digital image analysis in 141 BC patient samples (75 pdALN+ and 66 pdALN-). Two logistic regression models were derived to identify the clinical, pathologic, and immunologic variables associated with the presence of ALN+ at diagnosis. Results: PdALN+ had significantly larger tumors, higher percentages of lymphovascular and perineural invasion and a higher histologic grade than pdALN-. We found several immune patterns in the ALN- associated with the presence of ALN+ at diagnosis. The regression models revealed a small subgroup of pdALN+ with ALN- immune patterns that were more similar to those of the ALN- of the pdALN-. This small subgroup also showed similar clinical behavior to that of the pdALN-. Another small subgroup of pdALN- with ALN- immune patterns was found whose members were more similar to those of the ALN- of the pdALN+. This small subgroup had similar clinical behavior to the pdALN+. Discussion: These data suggest that some immune populations present in ALN- at diagnosis are associated with having metastasis in the ALN at diagnosis but also highlight that they could influence the clinical outcome of BC patients.

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Nilsson, Johan. "Mätning av axiella magnetiska läckflöden i vattenkraftsgeneratorer." Thesis, Uppsala University, Electricity, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122814.

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This thesis describes a method of measuring axial magnetic leakage flux in an operational hydropower generator. Axial magnetic leakage flux is the magnetic flux at the ends of a rotating generator, which goes through the stator parallel to the rotor axis. This flux can cause circulating currents in the stator iron, giving rise to losses, and can in the worst case overheat a generator, causing it to melt down. To measure the axial flux, and how it affects the generator temperature, a measurement system was constructed on behalf of Vattenfall. The system consists of search coil sensors and a signal-processing unit with amplifiers and active filtering. To confirm the behaviour of the axial leakage flux and the functionality of the measurement system, a test installation was made. The result from the measurement shows how the leakage flux increases when the generator runs in underexcited operation.

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Grandcolas, François. "Sequelles des thromboses veineuses axillo-sous-clavieres." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN11100.

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Moreau, Maxime. "Méthodologies pour la caractérisation hydrodynamique et l'extrapolation de réacteurs intensifiés millistructurés." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14498/1/Moreau.pdf.

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L'intérêt croissant pour l'intensification des procédés a conduit à l'avènement d'un nombre conséquent de nouvelles technologies. Le projet ANR PROCIP qui a financé cette thèse a pour but de développer un logiciel d’aide à la décision pour aider l’utilisateur industriel dans son choix de technologie optimale pour une application donnée. La méthodologie globale de discrimination des technologies vis-à-vis d’un système réactif est basée sur l’utilisation d’une base de données technologique et sur le calcul de critères de choix. Elle nécessite une bonne connaissance du comportement hydrodynamique des appareils et de leurs performances en termes de transfert de chaleur et de matière. Dans cet objectif, les travaux présentés ici portent notamment sur l’étude du comportement hydrodynamique de milli-réacteurs échangeurs industriels. Des méthodologies expérimentales et numériques de caractérisation ont été mises au point. Elles ont permis d’obtenir des corrélations pour l’estimation des pertes de charge, des coefficients de dispersion axiale et des temps de mélange pour plusieurs milli-réacteurs en fonction des conditions opératoires et de la géométrie des appareils. En outre, une nouvelle méthode numérique est proposée pour la détermination des coefficients de dispersion axiale et des temps de mélange. Elle est appliquée pour prédire l’effet de l’extrapolation des caractéristiques géométriques des appareils sur ces propriétés. Dans une dernière partie, l’impact de la dispersion axiale sur le taux de conversion et la sélectivité de différents schémas de synthèses chimiques est discuté.

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Teixeira, Patricia Akissue de Camargo. "Desempenho da ultrassonografia e da punção aspirativa por agulha fina axilar em pacientes com carcinomas invasivos da mama: correlação com aspectos do linfonodo e características tumorais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5151/tde-14112017-162244/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O status linfonodal da axila ainda permanece como importante fator prognóstico em pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo. Muitos estudos já relataram a importância da ultrassonografia axilar e da punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF) na avaliação pré-operatória das pacientes com câncer de mama. Nossos objetivos foram avaliar as características ultrassonográficas dos linfonodos axilares relacionadas à metástase linfonodal e o papel da PAAF na avaliação pré-operatória de pacientes com câncer de mama. Nosso objetivo secundário foi avaliar se, dependendo das características dos tumores, linfonodos sem alterações na ultrassonografia poderiam ter comprometimento metastático. MÉTODOS: Este estudo foi realizado no Instituto de Radiologia e no Instituto do Câncer do HCFMUSP. Foram incluídas 182 pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo recém-diagnosticado, sendo que, destas, apenas 145 realizaram cirurgia - 74 prosseguiram direto para cirurgia e 71 realizaram tratamento neoadjuvante e após cirurgia. Foi realizada avaliação ultrassonográfica da axila ipsilateral ao tumor e punção aspirativa por agulha fina de um linfonodo selecionado pelo radiologista. Os dados ultrassonográficos dos linfonodos e os achados citológicos da PAAF foram correlacionados com os resultados anatomopatológicos da biópsia do linfonodo sentinela ou do esvaziamento axilar. RESULTADOS: Nas 74 pacientes (75 axilas) que não realizaram tratamento neoadjuvante, as características ultrassonográficas do linfonodo associadas à metástase na análise univariada foram espessamento cortical difuso e a obliteração parcial ou completa do hilo gorduroso. A sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) da ultrassonografia foram, respectivamente, 72,7%, 57,1%, 64,0%, 57,1% e 72,7% (p=0,009), e da PAAF: 36,4%, 97,6%, 70,7%, 92,3% e 66,1% (p < 0,001). Incluindo apenas linfonodos alterados na ultrassonografia, obtivemos, respectivamente, sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia, VPP e VPN de 50%, 94%, 69%, 92% 59% (p=0,001). Nenhuma PAAF de linfonodo classificado como normal na ultrassonografia teve resultado positivo. Obtivemos, nas análises das curvas ROC, um valor de corte da espessura da cortical de 2,65 mm (p < 0,001) e do tamanho do tumor pré-cirúrgico de 2,45 cm (p=0,042). Na análise multivariada, as seguintes características foram associadas à metástase linfonodal: espessura da cortical (p = 0,005), tamanho do tumor pré-cirúrgico (p = 0,030), status pré-menopausa (p = 0,017), tipo histológico não especial (p = 0,034) e localização do tumor no quadrante superolateral (p = 0,011). Construiu-se um modelo de predição de risco de metástase axilar usando estas características. Nas 71 pacientes que realizaram tratamento adjuvante, a única característica do linfonodo associada à metástase linfonodal foi a forma redonda ou irregular. Os demais resultados deste grupo não podem ser generalizados, pois não é possível separar o efeito do tratamento nesta população. CONCLUSÕES: Linfonodos axilares com espessamento cortical difuso e com obliteração parcial ou completa do hilo gorduroso estão associados à malignidade. A PAAF apresentou-se mais útil nos linfonodos alterados, com sensibilidade de 50%. Pacientes com PAAF positivas devem ser encaminhadas para esvaziamento axilar ou quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Não há benefício da realização da PAAF em linfonodos sem alterações na ultrassonografia
BACKGROUND: The lymph node status of the axilla remains an important prognostic factor in patients with invasive breast cancer. Many studies have already reported the importance of axillary ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the preoperative evaluation of patients with breast cancer. Our objectives were to evaluate the ultrasound characteristics of axillary lymph nodes related to lymph node metastasis and the role of FNA in the preoperative evaluation of patients with breast cancer. Our secondary objective was to assess whether, depending on the tumor characteristics, lymph nodes that showed no change on ultrasonography could have metastatic involvement. METHODS: This study was conducted at the Institute of Radiology and the Institute of Cancer of HCFMUSP. A total of 182 patients with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer were included, of whom only 145 had undergone surgery - 74 went straight to surgery and 71 underwent neoadjuvant treatment and after surgery. Ultrasound evaluation of the axilla ipsilateral to the tumor and fine needle aspiration of a lymph node selected by the radiologist were performed. The ultrasound data of the lymph nodes and the cytological findings of FNA were correlated with pathology results from sentinel lymph node biopsy or surgical dissection. RESULTS: In the 74 patients (75 axillae) who did not undergo neoadjuvant treatment, the ultrasound characteristics of the lymph nodes associated with metastasis in the univariate analysis were diffuse cortical thickening and partial or complete fatty hilum obliteration. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of ultrasound were respectively 72.7%, 57.1%, 64.0%, 57.1% and 72.7% (p = 0.009) and of the FNA 36.4%, 97.6%, 70.7%, 92.3% and 66.1% (p <0.001). Including only atypical lymph nodes on ultrasonography, we obtained respectively sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV and NPV of 50%, 94%, 69% 92% and 59% (p = 0.001). No FNA of lymph node classified as normal on ultrasonography had a positive result. With ROC curves analysis we obtained a cut-off value of cortical thickness of 2.65 mm (p <0.001) and pre-surgical tumor size of 2.45 cm (p = 0.042). In the multivariate analysis, the following characteristics were associated with lymph node metastasis: cortical thickness (p = 0.005), preoperative tumor size (p = 0.030), premenopausal status (p = 0.017), non-special histological type and tumor location in the upper outer quadrant (p = 0.011). A predictive model of axillary metastasis risk was constructed using these characteristics. In the 71 patients who underwent adjuvant treatment the only feature of the lymph node associated with lymph node metastasis was the round or irregular shape. The other results of this group cannot be generalized since it is not possible to separate the treatment effect in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Axillary lymph nodes with diffuse cortical thickening and with partial or complete fatty hilum obliteration are associated with malignancy. FNA was more useful in atypical lymph nodes, with a sensitivity of 50%. Patients with positive FNA should be referred for axillary surgical dissection or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. There is no benefit of performing FNA in lymph nodes without changes in ultrasound

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Filho, José Hernandes Lopes. "Desenvolvimento da folha e axila foliar em Portulacaceae e Talinaceae: homologias primárias no clado ACPT." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-02022011-150851/.

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Trabalhos recentes vêm tentando resolver as relações filogenéticas na subordem Portulacineae. A família Portulacaceae, como tradicionalmente circunscrita, não constituía um grupo monofilético e recentemente foi desmembrada em diversas famílias menores. Algumas destas famílias, juntamente à família Cactaceae, formam o clado ACPT (Anacampsetotaceae, Cactaceae, Portulacaceae e Talinaceae), sustentado principalmente por dados moleculares, sendo poucos os caracteres morfológicos e anatômicos reconhecidos como sinapomorfias. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo documentar a anatomia e o desenvolvimento de folhas e da região da axila foliar em espécies de Portulacaceae e Talinaceae, discutindo os resultados com a literatura existente para outros grupos do clado ACPT. Técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal foram usadas para analisar folhas e regiões nodais do ápice e base do caule. Como principais resultados, pudemos observar diversos caracteres presentes na região da axila foliar que representam homologias primárias dentro do clado ACPT. Além disso, descrevemos diferentes padrões de desenvolvimento foliar, relacionados especialmente com a atividade do meristema marginal, levando a diferentes morfologias foliares. Acreditamos que os dados aqui obtidos sejam relevantes para uma melhor compreensão da evolução das diferentes linhagens do clado ACPT, e que futuros estudos, abordando outros grupos com maiores detalhes, poderão testar estas hipóteses de homologias primárias aqui propostas.
Recent works attempt to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within suborder Portulacineae. The family Portulacaceae, as traditionally circunscribed, is not monophyletic, and was recently split into several smaller families. Some of these families, along with Cactaceae, form the ACPT clade (Anacampsetotaceae, Cactaceae, Portulacaceae and Talinaceae), sustained mainly by molecular data. Few morphological and anatomical synapomorphies are known for the group. This dissertation aims to investigate the anatomy and development of leaves and leaf axils in species of Portulacaceae and Talinaceae, discussing the results with existing literature for other groups of the ACPT clade. Usual techniques of plant anatomy were used to examine leaves and nodal regions of apical and basal portions of stems. As main results, we observed several characters present in the region of leaf axil that represent primary homologies within ACPT clade. In addition, we describe different patterns of leaf development, especially related to the activity of the marginal meristem leading to different leaf morphologies. We believe that these data are relevant to a better understanding of the evolution in different lineages of the ACPT clade. Future studies, addressing other groups in greater detail, will be able to test these hypotheses of primary homologies proposed here.

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Vézina, Gabriel. "Aérodynamique d'une turbomachine à architecture concentrique de type SRGT (Supersonic RIM-ROTOR gaz turbine)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5419.

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Le groupe de recherche CAMUS de l'Université de Sherbrooke a conceptualisé et breveté en 2011 une nouvelle architecture de turbine à gaz nommé SRGT (Supersonic Rim-Rotor Gas Turbine). Aucune démonstration expérimentale n’a encore permis d’évaluer ses performances. Ce projet de maitrise consiste donc à l’analyse de la dynamique des gaz d’une turbomachine de type SRGT afin d’évaluer la possibilité de générer de la puissance nette positive en régime permanent. L’objectif de ce projet de recherche est de concevoir les composantes aérodynamiques d’une turbine à gaz SRGT en mode supersonique et de caractériser l’écoulement sur toute la plage d’opération du moteur. Ainsi, on pourra évaluer le potentiel de cette technologie et la pertinence de continuer le développement vers un produit futur. L’évaluation des performances aérodynamiques des composantes du moteur a été effectuée selon un modèle analytique 1D généralisé des écoulements compressibles et selon l’analyse des triangles des vitesses. Des simulations numériques par la méthode de la mécanique des fluides numérique (CFD) ont permis de valider le modèle analytique du moteur. Le point d’opération du moteur (vitesse du moteur de 125 000 rpm, débit massique d’air de 130 g/s, rapport de pression du compresseur de 2.75 et température maximum à l’entrée de la turbine de 1000 K) a été sélectionné afin de produire une puissance nette de plus de 1 kW. Un prototype a été fabriqué et mis en fonction sur un banc de test développé spécialement pour le moteur. L’expérimentation a démontré que le compresseur peut fournir un rapport de pression de plus de 1.35 à 100 krpm pour un débit massique d’air supérieur à 50 g/s. La carte de performance du compresseur a été obtenue expérimentalement ainsi que ses limites d’opérations (limite de blocage et de pompage) pour des vitesses jusqu’à 90 krpm. Des tests d’allumage ont démontré que le moteur avait un gain de puissance de plus de 1 kW durant sa phase d’accélération, bien que la puissance nette du moteur reste négative. La caractérisation de la turbine n’a pas pu révéler si sa conception était adéquate en mode supersonique. L’expérimentation du prototype n’a pas permis de valider si le moteur peut produire une puissance nette positive en régime permanent.

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Augros, David. "Synthèses de biaryles atropoenrichis et de biphénylènes via des arynes substitués." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAF040/document.

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Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit ont eu pour but d’étudier le « couplage aryne », une technique de synthèse qui produit des biaryles sans l’intervention de métaux de transition, grâce à la réaction entre deux intermédiaires réactionnels générés in situ : un aryllithien nucléophile et un aryne électrophile. Les travaux réalisés ont consisté en l’optimisation de la version diastéréosélective du couplage, ensuite appliquée à la synthèse formelle de la (-)-stéganacine. Dans un second temps, les premières études sur la version énantiosélective du couplage ont été réalisées, en introduisant des ligands chiraux à la réaction et en évaluant l’influence de différents paramètres réactionnels. Les premiers excès énantiomériques ont ainsi été obtenus, parfois accompagnés de la formation de divers sous-produits, parmi lesquels des dérivés de biphénylène. Devant l’intérêt que représentent ces composés, une partie des travaux a été consacrée à leur synthèse par dimérisation des arynes
This work consisted in the study of the “aryne coupling”, a transition-metal free process to access biaryl moieties, which involves the reaction between two in situ generated intermediates: a nucleophilic aryllithium derivative and an electrophilic aryne. This work resided in the optimization of the atropoenantioselective version of the aryne coupling and its application to the formal synthesis of (-)-steganacin. We then moved to the atropoenantioselective version of the reaction, by introducing chiral ligands in the reaction mixture, which aim was to coordinate the aryllithium species and to transfer their chiral information to the biaryl axis. After optimization of various reaction parameters, some enantiomeric excesses were obtained as well as various side products in some cases, among which biphenylene derivatives. According to the potential applications of these compounds, another part of this work was dedicated to their synthesis by means of aryne dimerization reactions

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Nordborg, Tobias, and Alexander Lyrbo. "Produktutveckling av skalkonstruktion för 3-axiellt styrt maskinstativ." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54235.

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Detta examensarbete omfattar produktutvecklingen av ett multiaxiellt styrt maskinstativ, som senare vid en slutlig produkt skall vara ämnad för användning inom additiv tillverkning. Arbetet som utförts har lett fram till konceptframtagning, materialval och tillverkning av en skalkonstruktion för ett 3-axiellt styrt maskinstativ. Tester och simuleringar har gjorts för att se om maskinkonstruktionen går att använda efter de kravspecifikationer som ställts av värdföretaget. Konstruktionen höll sig väl inom sin tolerans på 100 mikrometer vid rumstemperatur men visade vissa felmarginaler vid arbetstemperaturen på 600 grader Celsius. Resultaten som erhållits har analyserats för att kunna ge vidare förslag på förbättringar av konstruktionen då det ännu kvarstår implikationer vid säkerställandet av toleranserna vid arbetstemperaturen.
This thesis covers the product development of a multi-axial driven machine frame, which at a later stage will be intended to be used in additive manufacturing. The work that has been performed has led to concept development, material selection and manufacturing of a shell construction for a 3-axially driven machine construction. Tests and simulations have been done to verify if the machine design can be used by the specifications set by the host company. The construction was well within its tolerance of 100 microns at room temperature but showed some error margins at the operating temperature of 600 degrees Celsius. The results obtained have been analyzed in order to provide further suggestions for improvement of the structure when there still remain implications in ensuring the tolerances at operating temperature.

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Rehren, Felix Gabriel. "Axial algebras." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5948/.

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Axial algebras are nonassociative algebras controlled by fusion rules for idempotents. We have three main results. Firstly, we give a classification of axial algebras with fusion rules of Jordan type, with parameter alpha, in terms of 3-transposition groups. When alpha is 1/2, we also classify the related Jordan algebras. Secondly, we develop a structure theory for Matsuo algebras, especially using large associative subalgebras, and apply it to the special case of the Dynkin diagram of type A\(_n\), which has relations to vertex operator algebras. Thirdly, we generalize dihedral axial algebras of Ising type, with parameters alpha and beta, coming from the Monster sporadic simple group. This also helps determine the role that the parameters play in the larger theory, where indeed the Griess algebra turns out to be a special point.

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Zhang, Lu. "Analytical and experimental studies of instability of an axial compression." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC046/document.

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Cette thèse présente l’étude analytique et expérimentale d’un système de compression axial constitue d’un compresseur, d’un plenum et d’une vanne de régulation du débit. Fondée sur le modèle de Moore-Greitzer, une approche analytique est utilisée par la suite pour interpréter les données expérimentales. Les analyses linéaires et non linéaires sont présentées, ainsi que les résultats obtenus par intégration numérique des équations du modèle non linéaire complet. Un modèle théorique simple pour les modes acoustiques observes est aussi présente. Dans les expériences, les mesures de pression ont été réalisées pour différents taux de rotation et différents vannages. Ceci a permis la détermination de l’augmentation de pression au travers du compresseur et du débit en utilisant un Venturi, ceux qui fournissent la courbe de fonctionnement du compresseur. Les fluctuations de pression sont mesurées par quatre microphones places en amont du compresseur. Nous n’avons pas observé de pompage, mais un décrochage tournant s’est produit quand le système était suffisamment vanne. Avant ceci, des fluctuations correspondant aux modes acoustiques de la conduite ont été trouvées. Au début du décrochage, une cellule de décrochage tournante d’amplitude croissante a été observée. Cependant, la cellule a rapidement éclaté, remplacée par des fluctuations aléatoires. Ainsi, pour le système de compression considéré, la situation de décrochage est mieux décrite comme étant aléatoire plutôt que rotative. Le traitement du signal (spectres en fréquence ainsi que les autocorrélations et corrélations croisées) a permis d’analyser les fluctuations de pression des modes acoustiques et du décrochage développé. Les modes acoustiques montrent des pics spectraux proches des valeurs prédites par la théorie. En présence de décrochage, le spectre est à large bande, et contient un pic de fréquence basse (∼20 Hz) suivi d’une queue s’étendant jusqu’à 1 kHz, bien au-dessus de la fréquence de rotation du rotor (∼150 Hz). Il apparait une gamme fréquentielle située entre le pic à basse fréquence et la chute à haute fréquence, dans laquelle le spectre évolue en loi de puissance. Les autocorrélations et corrélations croisées entre les différents microphones montrent des oscillations à ∼20 Hz. En appliquant un filtre passe-bas aux données, les fonctions de corrélations croisées des signaux filtres des différents microphones suggèrent l’existence d’une cellule rotative qui effectue une rotation complète en ∼0.05 s. Ceci pourrait expliquer le pic spectral a ∼20 Hz et les oscillations des fonctions de corrélation. De ce fait, les fluctuations de pression apparaissent comme contenant une forte composante aléatoire à haute fréquence, et une cellule rotative. La décorrelation du signal filtre quand la séparation en temps augmente indique que la cellule elle-même a un caractère aléatoire, plutôt qu’une forme et une vitesse rotative fixes comme dans une cellule de décrochage classique
This thesis presents an analytical and experimental study of an axial compression system consisting of a compressor, plenum and throttle. The analysis is based on the Moore-Greitzer model, the results being later employed to interpret the experimental ones. Linear and weakly nonlinear analyses are presented, as are some results obtained by numerical integration of the fully nonlinear model equations. A simple theoretical model of the experimentally observed acoustic modes is also presented. In the experiments, pressure measurements were carried out for different rotation rates and throttle settings. This allowed the determination of the pressure rise across the compressor and the flow rate using a Venturi, yielding the compressor characteristic function. Pressure fluctuations were measured using four microphones placed upstream of the compressor. We did not observe surge, but rotating stall occurred when the system was sufficiently throttled. Prior to stall, fluctuations corresponding to acoustic duct modes were found. At stall onset, a rotating stall cell of growing amplitude was observed. However, the cell rapidly broke down and gave way to random fluctuations. Thus, for the given compression system, developed stall is perhaps better described as random, rather than rotating. Signal processing (frequency spectra, as well as auto- and cross-correlations) was used to analyse the pressure fluctuations of the acoustic modes and developed stall. The acoustic modes give spectral peaks located close to the expected theoretical values. In the presence of stall, the spectrum is broadband, having a low frequency (∼20 Hz) peak followed by a tail which extends up to ∼1 kHz, well above the rotation frequency (∼150 Hz) of the rotor. There appears to be a frequency range between the low-frequency peak and the high-frequency fall-off in which the spectrum approximates a power law. The autocorrelations and cross-correlations between different microphones show ∼20 Hz oscillations. Low pass filtering the data, the cross-correlation functions of the filtered signals of different microphones suggest a rotating cell which takes ∼0.05 s for a complete rotation. This could explain the ∼20 Hz spectral peak and oscillations of the correlation functions. Thus, the pressure fluctuations appear to consist of a strong high-frequency, random component and a rotating cell. Decorrelation of the filtered signal as separation time increases indicates that, rather than maintaining form and rotational velocity like a classical stall cell, the cell itself exhibits randomness

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23

Brard, Emmanuel. "La tomographie à émission de positrons à géométrie axiale : de l’imagerie de la souris au cerveau humain." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAE003/document.

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La tomographie par émission de positrons est une technique d’imagerie nucléaire utilisant des noyaux radioactifs. Elle est utilisée dans le domaine clinique et préclinique. Cette dernière nécessite l’utilisation de petits animaux, comme la souris. Comme en imagerie clinique, l’objectif est d’obtenir le meilleur signal avec la meilleure précision spatiale possible. Cependant, un rapport d’échelle homme-souris suggère une résolution inférieure à 1 mm3. Un imageur conventionnel est constitué de modules de détection entourant le patient, orientés radialement. Cette approche lie efficacité et résolution spatiale. Ce travail concerne l’étude de la géométrie axiale. Les éléments de détection sont ici orientés parallèlement à l’objet. Ceci limite la corrélation entre efficacité de détection et résolution spatiale, et ainsi permet d’obtenir une haute résolution et haute sensibilité. La simulation de prototypes a permis d’envisager une résolution spatiale moyenne inférieure au millimètre et une efficacité de 15 ou 40% selon l’extension axiale. Ces résultats permettent de présager de bonnes perspectives en imageries préclinique et clinique
Positrons emission tomography is a nuclear imaging technics using nuclear decays. It is used both in clinical and preclinical studies. The later requires the use of small animals such as the mouse. The objective is to obtain the best signal with the best spatial resolution. Yet, a weight ratio between humans and mice indicates the need of a sub-millimeter resolution. A conventional scanner is based on detection modules surrounding the object to image and arranged perpendicularly. This implies a strong relationship between efficiency and spatial resolution. This work focuses on the axial geometry in which detection modules are arranged parallel to the object. This limits the relationship between the figures of merit, leading to both high spatial resolution and efficiency. The simulations of prototypes showed great perspectives in term of sub-millimeter resolution with efficiencies of 15 or 40% according to the scanner’s axial extension. These results indicate great perspectives for both clinical and preclinical imaging

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24

Vallet, Quentin. "Predicting bone strength with ultrasonic guided waves." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066626.

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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du développement d'une sonde ultrasonore afin d'obtenir des nouveaux biomarqueurs de l'os cortical et améliorer la prédiction du risque de fracture. Notre approche se base sur la mesure des ondes guidées ultrasonores dans l'os cortical. La technique de transmission axiale bidirectionelle a été utilisée pour mesurer les modes guidées se propageant dans l'enveloppe corticale des os longs (i.e., le radius). Les propriétés matérielles et structurelles liées à la résistance osseuse ont été obtenues à partir des courbes de dispersion en utilisant un schéma d'inversion. Ainsi, un problème inverse totalement automatique, basé sur une optimisation par algorithmes génétiques et un modèle 2D de plaque libre transverse isotrope, a été développé. Cette procédure d'inversion a d'abord été testée sur des matériaux contrôlés avec des propriétés connues. Puis, la faisabilité d'obtenir des propriétés corticales sur des radii ex vivo a été montrée. Ces estimations ont été validées par comparaison avec des valeurs de référence obtenues avec des techniques indépendantes telles que la micro-tomodensitométrie par rayons X (épaisseur, porosité) et la spectroscopie par résonance ultrasonore (élasticité). Un bon accord a été trouvé entre les valeurs de référence et les estimations d'épaisseur, de porosité et d'élasticité. Enfin, la méthode a été étendue à des mesures in vivo. La validité du modèle en présence de tissus mous a d'abord été démontrée. Puis, les propriétés osseuses ont été obtenues sur des sujets sains. Un bon accord a été trouvé entre l'épaisseur estimée et les valeurs de référence obtenues par tomodensitométrie périphérique haute résolution
We aimed at developing new ultrasound-based biomarkers of cortical bone to enhance fracture risk prediction in osteoporosis. Our approach was based on the original concept of measuring ultrasonic guided waves in cortical bone. The bi-directional axial transmission technique was used to measure the guided modes propagating in the cortical envelope of long bones (i.e., the radius). Strength-related structural and material properties of bone were recovered from the dispersion curves through an inversion scheme. To this goal, a fully automatic inverse problem based on genetic algorithms optimization, using a 2-D transverse isotropic free plate waveguide model was developed. The proposed inverse procedure was first tested on laboratory-controlled measurements performed on academic samples with known properties. Then, the feasibility of estimating cortical properties of ex vivo radius specimens was assessed. The inferred bone properties were validated by face-to-face comparison with reference values determined by a set of independent state-of-the art technologies, including X-ray micro-computed tomography (thickness, porosity) and resonance ultrasound spectroscopy (stiffness). A good agreement was found between reference values and estimates of thickness, porosity and stiffness. Lastly, the method was extended to in vivo measurements, first, by ensuring the validity of the waveguide model in presence of soft tissues to demonstrate the feasibility of measuring experimental dispersion curves in vivo and infer from them bone properties. Estimated cortical thickness values were consistent with actual values derived from high resolution peripheral computed tomography

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25

Valejo, Fernando Antonio Mourão. "Transição epitélio-mesenquimal e presença de células CD44+/CD24- como fatores de predição de metástase axilar no câncer de mama inicial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17145/tde-18102010-151920/.

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Sabemos hoje que os tumores sólidos apresentam uma composição celular heterogênia e que apenas uma pequena parcela dessas células apresenta capacidade de se proliferar e gerar novos tumores. Estudos prévios sobre a formação do câncer de mama têm sido realizados com base na combinação dos marcadores de superfície celular CD44 e CD24. Já foi demonstrado que uma subpopulação de células do câncer de mama com alta expressão de CD44 e baixa expressão de CD24 (CD44+/CD24-) tem maior capacidade de gerar tumores, quando comparadas com a subpopulação de células CD44-/CD24+. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a taxa de células com fenótipo CD44+/CD24- presentes nos tumores mamários e relaciona-la com a taxa de comprometimento dos linfonodos axilares ipsilaterais por neoplasia, além de avaliar também sua relação com outros fatores sabidamente relacionados com mal prognóstico da paciente. Pacientes e métodos: avaliamos prospectivamente 53 amostras cirúrgicas provenientes de 42 pacientes com diagnóstico histopatológico de carcinoma de mama, quantificando as células CD44+/CD24- por citometria de fluxo. Relacionamos a porcentagem destas células encontrada em cada amostra com o comprometimento axilar, os receptores hormonais e Her-2, a idade da paciente, o grau histológico do tumor, o diâmetro patológico do tumor e o tipo histológico. Resultados: verificamos um significante aumento da população de células CD44+/CD24- no grupo de carcinomas ductais invasivos em pacientes que apresentavam metástase axilar [mediana 8,53% (3,6 71,2%)] em relação ao grupo de pacientes sem linfonodos comprometidos pela neoplasia [mediana 1,49% (0,3 17,1%)] (p=0,0002). Conclusão: concluímos então que quando estudamos vários tumores mamários invasivos de mesma classificação histológica, podemos notar que existe uma variação na quantidade de células CD44+/CD24- entre eles. Nosso estudo mostrou que essa variação está relacionada à agressividade tumoral e à sua capacidade de gerar metástases já que, tumores com maior quantidade de células CD44+/CD24- apresentam maior taxa de comprometimento dos linfonodos axilares.
It is known that solid tumors are composed by a heterogeneous combination of cells and only a small portion of these cells has the capacity to proliferate and generate new tumors. Previous studies about the breast cancer initiation have been based on a combination of CD44 and CD24cell surface markers. It has been shown that this subpopulation of breast cancer cells with high expression of CD44 and low expression of CD24 (CD44+/CD24-) has a greater capacity to generate tumors when compared with the subpopulation of cells CD44- /CD24+. The study objective was to identify whether the rate of cells with CD44+/CD24- phenotype present in breast tumors is related with the rate of ipsilateral lymph node metastasis, in addition to evaluate its relationship with other risk factors known to be related with worst prognosis. Patients and methods: we prospectively evaluated 53 surgical specimens from 42 patients with histological diagnosis of breast cancer, quantifying CD44+/CD24- cells through flow cytometry. We list the percentage of these cells found in each sample with axillary lymph node status, hormone receptors and Her-2, patient age, histological grade, pathological tumor diameter and histological tumorclassification. Results: we find a significant increase of CD44+/CD24- population in the invasive ductal carcinomas, in patients with axillary metastasis [median 8.53% (3.6 - 71.2%)] than in the group of patients without lymph nodes metastasis [median 1.49% (0.3 - 17.1%)] (p = 0.0002). Conclusion: when we studied several invasive breast tumors of same histological classification, we note that there is variation in the number of CD44+/CD24- cells. Our study showed that this variation is related to tumor aggressiveness and their ability to generate metastasis, because tumors with high rate of CD44+/CD24- cells have a higher rate of lymph node metastasis.

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Garcia, Jean Rodrigo 1980. "Estudo do comportamento carga VS recalque de estacas raiz carregadas a compressão." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258763.

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Orientador: Paulo Jose Rocha de Albuquerque
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T00:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_JeanRodrigo_M.pdf: 20549074 bytes, checksum: f2026225c4a01801d604ae04aad3497a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: Nesta pesquisa analisa-se o comportamento da curva carga vs recalque de estaca isolada carregada à compressão, através do emprego de métodos de previsão. Foram ensaiadas duas estacas raiz, uma com 23m de comprimento e 31cm de diâmetro, e outra com 12m de comprimento e 41cm de diâmetro, no intuito de atribuir o comportamento da interação solo-estaca, a um ou outro fator característico do elemento de fundação. Para isso, foram realizadas provas de carga do tipo lenta. O subsolo local é composto por solo proveniente de diabásio, constituído basicamente de duas camadas, a primeira de argila silto-arenosa (O a 6,5m de profundidade) e a segunda de silte argilo-arenoso (6,5-23m de profundidade), ambas as camadas são predominantes da região de Campinas (SP) e de grande parte das regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil. A prova de carga foi instrumentada de maneira a se obter os dados do mecanismo de transferência de carga e de deslocamento em profundidade. Dessa forma, obteve-se o valor da carga de ruptura, bem como, da respectiva carga admissível (Qadm),através da completa solicitação por atrito lateral e por resistência de ponta, apresentados pela interação do sistema solo-estaca, ou convencionando-se uma ruptura em função de um recalque limite ou ainda de critérios de ruptura fisica, como o método da rigidez (Décourt), Chin e outros. De maneira geral, analisa-se, de maneira critica, os métodos de previsão de recalque e de curva carga vs recalque, comparando os resultados reais com os previstos, através dos métodos teóricos e empíricos para o recalque do elemento fundação quando submetido à carga admissível estimada (Qadm)e para a curva carga vs recalque. Dessa forma, pretende-se chegar a algum entendimento sobre a interação solo-estrutura e seu modelo de transferência de carga para o solo
Abstract: In this research, the behavior of the curve load versus settlement ofloaded isolated pile to the compression is analyzed, through forecast methods. Two root piles had been assayed, one with 23m oflength and 31 cm of diameter, and the other with length of 12 m and 41 cm of diameter, in order to attribute the behavior of the interaction ground-pile to one or another characteristic factor of the foundation elemento For this, load tests of the slow type had been carrried out. The local subsoil is composed of ground of diabásio, consisting basically of two layers: the first one of silt-sandy clay (6,5m - 23m of depth) and second silt clay-sandy (6,5 - 23m of depth), both layers are predominant in the region ofCampinas (SP) and in a great part ofthe southem and southeastem regions ofBrazil. The load test was instrumented to get the data of the mechanism of transference of load and displacement in depth. Thus, the value of the rupture load was obtained, as well as the respective permissible load (Qadm),through the complete request for lateral attrition and tip resistance, presented by the interaction of the ground-pile system or stipulating a rupture related to a stress limit or still of criteria of physical rupture, as the method of the rigidity (Décourt), Chin and others. In general, the methods of forecast of settlement and curve load versus stresses are analysed in a critical way, by comparing the real results with the foreseen ones, through theoretical by empirical methods for the settlement of the foundation element when. submitted to the esteemed permissible load (Qadm) and for the curve load versus settlement. Therefore, there is the intention to come to an agreement about the groundstructure interaction and its model of load transference to the ground
Mestrado
Geotecnia
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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27

Händestam, Jacob, and Eric Jacobson. "Investigation and Validation of Cooling Loss Models for Axial Gas Turbines." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211696.

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Detta arbete behandlar undersökningen och valideringen av kylförlustmodellen i det nyligen framtagna programmet för endimensionell turbindesign, Mean Line Tool (MLT), skapat av Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB (SIT). Huvudsyftet är att undersöka med vilken noggrannhet MLT kan prediktera de extra aerodynamiska förluster som uppstår vid injektion av kylluft i en turbinpassage. För att validera kylförlustmodellen i MLT, har tidigare resultat från en testrigg på KTH används, där de extra förlusterna på grund av kylinjektion har mätts för ett flertal kylpositioner på en turbinledskena. Lokala flödes- och geometriska parametrar från testriggen ansattes i MLT för att möjliggöra en korrekt jämförelse. Ytterligare validering utfördes mot en testbaserad Siemens-korrelation, som är en sammanställning av ett flertal test från olika turbinkomponenter av SIT. I denna korrelation undersöktes kylning på en ledskenas bladprofil och plattform, samt på skovelns bladprofil, där en ökning av kylmassflöde relaterades till en förändring i stegverkningsgrad. Resultaten, från jämförelsen mellan data från testriggen på KTH samt beräkningar i MLT, visade att MLT predikterar extraförlusterna på grund av kylning på bladprofilen av en ledskena med bra noggrannhet. Däremot visar jämförelsen att MLT beräknar en lägre förlust för bakkantskylning. Således har en modifierad förlustkorrelation för bakkantskylning presenterats, som ger mer överensstämmande resultat mot testriggen. Jämförelsen mellan MLT beräkningar och den testbaserade Siemens-korrelationen visar att MLT inte predikterar förändringen i stegverkningsgrad, på grund av extra kylmassflöde, med bra noggrannhet. På grund av ett flertal osäkerheter har denna jämförelse endast användas för att kvalitativt belysa brister i kylförlustmodellen av MLT. Med detta i åtanke har det fastställts att plattformskylning vid främre delen av en turbinpassage skulle kunna vara mycket överpredikterad av MLT. Den övergripande slutsatsen är att MLT predikterar förändringen i gitterverkningsgrad på grund av kylning på en ledskenas bladprofil med bra noggrannhet, förutom bakkantskylning. Ytterligare jämförelser visar att MLT inte kan prediktera förändringen i stegverkningsgrad, på grund av extra kylmassflöde, med bra noggrannhet för olika kylda komponenter från gasturbinsportfolion av SIT. Således behövs vidare validering av MLT innan programmet kan implementeras i turbindesignsystemet av SIT.
This thesis concerns the investigation and validation of the cooling loss model in newly developed one-dimensional turbine design tool, Mean Line Tool (MLT), of Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB (SIT). The main objective is to investigate how accurately MLT can predict the additional aerodynamic losses due to cooling ejection in a turbine blade passage. To validate the cooling loss model of MLT, existing results from an annular sector cascade rig at KTH were used, where the additional losses due to cooling ejection were presented for several cooling locations on a stator vane profile. Local flow- and geometrical parameters from the cascade rig were set in MLT to enable a fair comparison. Moreover, a Siemens test based correlation was used, which is a data collection based on tests using various cooled components of SIT. Cooling ejection on a stator vane profile, stator vane platform and rotor blade profile was investigated, where an increase in coolant mass-flow was related to a change in stage efficiency. The results, when comparing data from the KTH cascade rig against calculations of MLT, show that MLT is able to accurately predict the additional loss due to cooling ejection on a stator vane profile. However, the comparison presents that the calculated loss for trailing edge cooling by MLT is lower than the results from the cascade rig. Therefore, a modified trailing edge cooling correlation is presented, which predicts the results from the cascade rig with better accuracy. Furthermore, comparisons between MLT calculations and the Siemens correlation present that MLT cannot predict the change in stage efficiency, due to added coolant mass-flow, accurately. However, due to several uncertainties, these results are qualitatively used to understand sources of prediction error in the cooling loss model of MLT. Having this in mind, it is established that hub platform cooling at the front part of a blade passage might be greatly overpredicted by MLT. The general conclusion is that MLT predicts the change in cascade efficiency due to coolant ejection with good accuracy for a stator vane profile, except for cooling at the trailing edge. However, MLT is not able to predict the change in stage efficiency, due to added coolant mass-flow, with good accuracy for various cooled components from the SIT gas turbine product portfolio. Thus, MLT needs further validation before it can be implemented into the SIT design system.

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Strutt, Ian. "New axially chiral amine organocatalysts." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/53435/.

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Organocatalysis has become one of the most popular areas of research within organic chemistry over the past 15 years. This is due to the fact that, usually under mild conditions, it is possible to access either highly functionalized or previously inaccessible structural motifs using this relatively new type of catalysis. Firstly, methodology is reported for the synthesis and use of tertiary amine organocatalysts based on the now ubiquitous binaphthyl backbone. The tertiary amines synthesized were shown to be effective nitrogen transfer reagents in the asymmetric aziridination of chalcone substrates, with enantiomeric excesses of up to 37% seen. The first example of an isolated chiral hydrazinium salt being used as a nitrogen transfer reagent for the aziridination of enones is also described. Secondly, a range of α-substituted secondary amines based on the binaphthyl backbone has been synthesized from easily accessible iminium salts. Preliminary catalyst testing showed them to be interesting alternatives to the more commonly seen proline-derived catalysts for asymmetric conjugate additions reactions between cyclic enones and malonates, with enantiomeric excesses of 24% seen using optimized conditions.

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Yeadon, Alan (Alan John Welsford) Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Mechanical and Aerospace. "Axially compressible fracture fixation plates." Ottawa, 1996.

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Almenara, Díaz Carlos. "Tomografía Axial Computarizada." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2007. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/urp/2007/almenara_c/html/index-frames.html.

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31

DAVERAT, ISABELLE. "Pontages axillo-bifemoraux : indications, technique, resultats : a propos de 15 cas originaux." Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR25051.

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Solá, Suárez Montserrat. "Micrometástasis en el ganglio centinela axilar por cáncer de mama. ¿Es necesaria la linfadenectomía axilar completa?" Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117266.

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El significado de la micrometástasis en el ganglio centinela en el control de la enfermedad en las pacientes con cáncer de mama en estadio inicial se plantea como cuestión emergente desde finales de los años 90. Varios estudios observacionales permiten adivinar un escaso valor de la micrometástasis en la evolución de la enfermedad loco-regional y a distancia y más dudoso en la supervivencia de las pacientes. La pregunta de investigación permanece y parece necesario un enfoque experimental para darle respuesta. OBJETIVO: Determinar si es necesaria la práctica de una linfadenectomía axilar completa en las pacientes con cáncer de mama en estadio inicial a las que se determina la presencia de una micrometástasis en el ganglio centinela axilar. MÉTODOS: Ensayo clínico prospectivo aleatorizado en dos grupos, uno con pacientes con micrometástasis en el ganglio centinela sometidas a observación clínica (grupo experimental) y otro similar pero con linfadenectomía en un segundo tiempo quirúrgico (grupo control). Las pacientes fueron seguidas detalladamente durante cinco años. Para valorar la calidad de vida se estudió la morbilidad postquirúrgica durante el primer año tras la cirugía. RESULTADOS: Se reclutaron un total de 247 pacientes (14 abandonos): 112 pacientes en el grupo control y 121 en el experimental. En el grupo control, 15 pacientes (13%) resultaron positivas tras la linfadenectomía axilar. El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 62 meses. Se observó recurrencia de la enfermedad en 4 pacientes: 1/108 (1%) en el grupo control y 3/119 (2.5%) en el experimental (diferencia en supervivencia libre de enfermedad y riesgo relativo calculados no significativos). No se observaron muertes por enfermedad. Se constataron peores parámetros de morbilidad postquirúrgica en el grupo control. CONCLUSIONES: 1. En las pacientes con cáncer de mama en estadio inicial la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela tras hallazgo de una micrometástasis es suficiente para el control de la enfermedad axilar no precisando de una linfadenectomía completa en la mayoría de los casos. 2. Los parámetros de supervivencia global y de supervivencia libre de enfermedad en el grupo de pacientes con biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela, en comparación con el grupo de pacientes sometidas a linfadenectomía axilar completa, son iguales. 3. La incidencia de enfermedad axilar residual tras el hallazgo de una micrometástasis es baja. 4. La biopsia del ganglio centinela se asocia a una menor morbilidad en la extremidad ipsilateral y a una mejor calidad de vida de las pacientes, en comparación con la disección axilar completa.
To date, many reports have suggested that selective Sentinel Node (SN) biopsy only could be used to manage early breast cancer. However, definitive prove is lacking. AIM: To prove that in early breast cancer patients with a SN biopsy showing micrometastases, refraining from completion axillary lymph-node dissection (ALND) is enough to produce the same prognostic information and disease control as proceeding with completion ALND. METHODS: A randomized prospective clinical trial was devised with two arms. In one arm, patients with SN micrometastases were subject to clinical follow-up (experimental arm). In the other arm, patients were submitted for completion ALND (control arm). All patients were evaluated for recurrence and survival. RESULTS: A total of 247 patients were entered (14 withdrawals): 112 patients in the control arm and 121 in the experimental arm. In the control arm, 15 (13%) completion ALND turned out positive (low burden). Mean time follow-up was 62 months. Four patients recurred: 1/108 (1%) in the control arm and 3/119 (2.5%) in the experimental arm. No differences in disease-free survival were found (p=0.325). No cancer related deaths were seen. Morbidity was more common in the control arm. CONCLUSIONS: Our results strongly suggest that in early breast cancer patients with micrometastasis, selective SN biopsy is enough to provide for loco-regional and distant disease control, without significant deleterious effects on survival.

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Parmenter, Kathleen S. "Developmental regulation of axillary meristem initiation /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe.pdf.

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Jaramillo, Fulvio E. "Axially loaded stainless steel compression members." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07102006-144943/.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Leroy Z. Emkin, Committee Member ; Lawrence F. Kahn, Committee Member ; Abdul-Hamid Zureick, Committee Chair.

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Kinsey, Francesca. "Novel axially chiral amines as organocatalysts." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/67099/.

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Novel axially chiral amines as organocatalysts Keywords: Axial chirality, asymmetric organocatalysis, Reformatsky reaction, Diels- Alder reaction, amino acid. This body of research describes the recent developments our group has contributed towards the synthesis of novel axially chiral α- and β-functionalized amino acids and their application in asymmetric catalysis. This thesis is divided into three sections. The first chapter contains a review of the discovery and development of organocatalysis and includes key examples of its progression in terms of widening applications and improving selectivities. The second chapter consists of the results and discussion section of this thesis and it is divided into two parts. Part one contains works relating to the synthesis of a series of binaphthyl and biphenyl organocatalysts and describes key selective synthetic steps: a diastereoselective Reformatsky addition and asymmetric lithiation and chloroformate/carboxylation addition steps. Part two focuses on the observed enantio- and diastereoselectivity of these catalysts in the aldol, Michael and Diels- Alder reactions. Key steps: i) 10 mol% 239.HCl, MeOH:H2O, 0 °C ii) LiAlH4 reduction Section three contains the experimental data for the compounds described in chapter two.

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Hunter, Lauren Patrice. "MEASUREMENT OF AXILLARY TEMPERATURES IN NEONATES." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276378.

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Delherm, Catherine. "Reconstruction volumique dense par stéréovision axiale." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF21754.

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Cette these presente une etude sur la reconstruction volumique dense a partir d'une sequence d'images acquises a l'aide d'une camera immobile equipee d'un objectif a focale variable, ou zoom. La translation virtuelle, engendree par un tel systeme, du centre optique le long de l'axe optique, permet de classer la vision par zoom dans le domaine de la stereovision axiale. L'algorithme de modelisation ne necessite aucun modele explicite de calibrage et met en uvre plusieurs images de grilles regulieres et precises formant un espace metrique. Une transformation locale permet d'etablir une relation entre l'image distordue d'une grille detectee sur la matrice ccd et une grille reelle situee devant la camera. Cette relation prend automatiquement en compte les phenomenes de distorsion optique. Une etude statistique portant sur la reconstruction d'une grille parfaitement connue prouve qu'il est possible de retrouver l'information tridimensionnelle a partir d'une sequence d'images de zoom meme si ces donnees sont proches de l'axe optique. Nous presentons egalement une methode de mise en correspondance de points entre les differentes images de la sequence, permettant ainsi d'envisager une reconstruction dense de tout type d'objets sous la forme d'un nuage de points 3d. L'algorithme, base sur une technique de correlation surfacique, se scinde en deux etapes. La premiere etape dite correlation simple permet d'apparier les points homologues de la sequence avec une precision egale au pixel, par une technique multi-resolutions. La seconde etape consiste, a partir des donnees fournies par la premiere etape, a affiner la recherche des points apparies par une correlation sous-pixel. La mise en correspondance etant etablie, l'agorithme de modelisation permet de reconstruire les points 3d dans l'espace metrique des grilles. Une experimentation sur differents types d'objets reels permet de valider la methode globale et montre qu'il est possible d'inferer des informations tridimensionnelles denses a partir d'une camera immobile equipee d'un zoom

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Kumarasamy, Elango. "Stereospecitic Phototransformations of Axially Chiral Chromaphores." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/24765.

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Aloui, Fethi. "Étude des écoulements monophasiques et diphasiques dans les élargissements brusques axisymétrique et bidimensionnel." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL055N.

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Ce travail traite d'une étude théorique et expérimentale sur les écoulements monophasiques et diphasiques (à bulles) dans les élargissements brusques. Deux configurations d'élargissement ont été étudiées: l'une est axisymétrique verticale et l'autre bidimensionnelle horizontale. À travers ces singularités, une approche globale qui détermine la chute de pression singulière a été développée, et une étude expérimentale a été réalisée sur la dynamique des phases liquide et gazeuse. Dans l'élargissement brusque vertical axisymétrique, l'écoulement est symétrique. Les grandeurs mesurées concernent la vitesse axiale du liquide en écoulement monophasique et le taux de vide, la vitesse axiale des bulles et la granulométrie des bulles en écoulement diphasique. Au voisinage immédiat de la singularité, ces résultats expérimentaux locaux ont permis de donner la tendance générale de la réorganisation de l'écoulement monophasique et diphasique. Pour l'élargissement brusque bidimensionnel horizontal, la visualisation de l'écoulement a joué un rôle important dans la compréhension des phénomènes de transition d'un écoulement complètement dissymétrique vers un écoulement symétrique. En écoulement monophasique, l'étude expérimentale a concerné la pression et la vitesse axiale du liquide mesurée par un film chaud. Dans cet écoulement, la dissymétrie de l'écoulement n'a pas de cote préférentiel pour son orientation. En écoulement diphasique, la transition vers un écoulement symétrique se fait par augmentation progressive du débit de gaz pour un débit de liquide fixe. Les résultats expérimentaux relatifs à ce type de singularité en écoulement à bulles concernent le taux de vide, les vitesses axiales de chacune des phases et la granulométrie des bulles. Ces grandeurs nous ont permis de décrire d'une part les structures locales de l'écoulement diphasique et d'autre part de vérifier ce qui a été obtenu par la visualisation

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Brito, Luiz Gustavo Oliveira. "Expressão imunohistoquímica do fator indutor de hipóxia 1-alfa (HIF-1?) em pacientes com câncer de mama localmente avançado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17145/tde-16112011-195436/.

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Objetivos: Determinar a expressão imunohistoquímica do fator indutor de hipóxia 1-alfa (HIF-1-alfa) e suas variáveis associadas em pacientes com câncer de mama localmente avançado. Pacientes e método: Vinte e sete mulheres foram biopsiadas para diagnóstico histopatológico do carcinoma mamário e submetidas a tratamento quimioterápico pré-cirúrgico. Analisou-se a associação do HIF-1-alfa com idade, tamanho tumoral, grau histológico, estadio clínico, status hormonal e axilar, resposta clínica e patológica após tratamento quimioterápico, expressão do receptor de estrogênio, progesterona e cerbB2. Resultados: A expressão de HIF-1-alfa foi presente em 66,7% das pacientes. O único fator associado à sua presença foi o status axilar positivo (p=0,02), tendo permanecido durante a análise univariada. As demais variáveis não apresentaram associação estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: Existe uma associação estatisticamente significante entre o acometimento linfonodal e a presença de HIF-1-alfa em pacientes com câncer de mama localmente avançado.
Objectives: To assess the expression of HIF-1 and its associated variables with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) patients. Methods: Twenty-seven women were submitted to incisional biopsy for histopathological diagnosis of breast carcinoma and undertaken to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). It was studied the association of HIF-1 with age, tumoral size, histological grade, clinical stage, hormonal and axillary status, clinical and pathological response after NACT, expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors, as well as the presence of cerbB2 antigen. Results: HIF-1-alpha expression was found in 66.7% of patients. Only axillary status was the associated factor with its presence (p=0.02), and remained after univariate analysis. The others did not present any significant statistically difference. Conclusion: There is a significant statistically association between axillary status and HIF-1-alpha expression in LABC patients.

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Santos, Ligia Keiko dos. "Ontogênese das estruturas axilares em Anacampserotaceae (Caryophyllales)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-09032016-091030/.

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Anacampserotaceae pertence à ordem Caryophyllales, subordem Portulacineae, atualmente constituída por três gêneros (Anacampseros L., Grahamia Gill ex Hook e Talinopsis A. Gray) antes pertencentes à família Portulacaceae. Os representantes de Anacampserotaceae apresentam estruturas axilares lignificadas muito características, como tricomas, escamas (scales) e cerdas (bristles) e também apresentam células do tipo WBT que ocorre somente em mais outras duas famílias de Caryophyllales, Aizoaceae e Cactaceae. Os caracteres axilares são muito informativos para o clado ACPT (Anacampserotaceae, Cactaceae, Portulacaceae e Talinaceae) e vêm revelando importantes dados aos estudos filogenéticos da subordem Portulacineae, no entanto, há uma controvérsia quanto a origem ontogenética das estruturas axilares de Anacampserotaceae, o que pode levar a interpretações equivocadas das relações filogenéticas do grupo. Diante disso, este trabalho realizou um estudo ontogenético das estruturas presentes na região da axila foliar de oito espécies de Anacampserotaceae e analisou as WBTs do caule e de folhas quanto seu tipo de espessamento e medidas quantitativas de seis espécies. Os resultados apontam a 1) origem estipular das escamas e não protodérmica, como mencionado na literatura; 2) primeiro relato de profilos na família e 3) WBTs ocorrem em Anacampseros e estão ausente em Talinopsis, grupo considerado basal na família.
Anacampserotaceae belongs to the order Caryophyllales, suborder Portulacineae, currently consists of three genus (Anacampseros L., Grahamia Gill ex Hook and Talinopsis A. Gray) formerly circumscribed to the family Portulacaceae. Anacampserotaceae\'s representative presents lignified axillary structures very distinctive, like trichomes, scales and bristles and also WBT cells that is presented only by two other families of Caryophyllales, Aizoaceae e Cactaceae. The axillary characters are very informative for the ACPT clade (Anacampserotaceae, Cactaceae, Portulacaceae and Talinaceae) and has been revealing important data for the phylogenetic studies on the Portulacineae suborder, nevertheless, there is a controversy regarding the Anacampserotaceae axillary structures ontogenetic origin, what may lead to misguided interpretations for the ACPT phylogenetic relationships. Before it, this research have accomplished the ontogenetic study of the structures present on the leaf axil of eight Anacampserotaceae species and examined stem and leaf WBTs, as for its secondary thickening type and quantitative measurements of six species. The results points 1) that at least one structure (scale) has leaf origin instead of protodermic origin, as stated by some authors; 2) first report of prophylls for the family and 3) WBTs occur in Anacampseros but they are absent in Talinopsis, a basal group of Anacampserotaceae.

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Houghton, Timothy Oliver. "Axial compressor stability enhancement." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252194.

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Aircraft jet engines must operate in a stable manner at all times. One source of instability is compressor stall. Stall problems can be reduced by machining cavities into the compressor casing adjacent to the rotor blades. This ?casing treatment? is the focus of the present work. Two treatment configurations are tested: circumferential grooves cut into the casing above the rotor blades, and axial slots cut into the casing adjacent to the rotor blade leading edges. The performance of a single casing groove is measured at different axial locations over the blade tips. For the first time, it is shown that there are two locations where compressor stability is maximised; near the leading edge and near mid-chord. The interaction between the groove and the compressor flow field is then studied. It is found that when located near the leading edge, the groove has a strong interaction with the near-casing flow and tip leakage vortex, but when located near mid-chord, the interaction is more subtle and less damaging to efficiency. Since the groove works well in both locations, it is concluded that manipulating the tip leakage vortex is not critical for improving compressor stability. Different groove numbers and cross-sections are then tested. For multiple grooves, the effi- ciency reduction is the sum of the constituent grooves, while the stall margin improvement is less than this sum. A simple square-section groove is found difficult to improve on, although in certain circumstances, a new ?intermittent groove? geometry is beneficial. The performance of axial slots is then investigated. Different slot shapes are tested and the results added to previous work to suggest an optimum slot geometry. A computational flow study shows that large variations in blade loading occur as the blades pass the slots, which could cause noise and vibration. It is found that while the flow inside the slot is principally a quasi-steady recirculation, the interaction between the slots and blades is highly unsteady, and this unsteadiness should not be neglected in design. In general, it is found that casing treatments that generate large stability improvements cause large efficiency losses. It is shown for the first time that the performance of casing grooves can be seriously reduced by changes in the stall inception mechanism. Maximum performance is achieved when the treated compressor stalls with a spike inception. Models from the literature are tested, but do not predict the stall inception mechanism well, which makes predicting the performance of casing grooves in a given compressor hard. Finally, it is shown that designing the blades and casing treatment as a unit may improve compressor performance.

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Nguyen, Nhung Phuong. "Axial ligand mutant H229A /." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08082008-134926/.

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Thesis (honors)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Title from file title page. Under the direction of Dabney White Dixon. Electronic text (88 p. : col. ill.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Sept. 30, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 46-47).

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Nguyen, Nhung Phuong. "Axial Ligand Mutant: H229A." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/honors_theses/1.

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Many pathogenic bacteria use their iron acquisition mechanisms to live inside hosts. Streptococcus pyogenes is a pathogenic bacterium that uses streptococcal iron acquisition ABC transporter to obtain heme. SiaA (HtsA, spy1795), a lipoprotein located on the cell surface, serves as a heme binding protein. To understand the iron-uptake mechanism, histidine 229, one of the two proposed axial ligands in SiaA, was mutated to alanine. SiaA H229A was expressed in E. coli, lysed by French Press, and purified by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). SDS-PAGE indicated that pure protein was isolated. Nickel affinity FPLC gave purer H229A when 0.5 M imidazole was added to the binding buffer. Overall, histidine 229 is likely to be an axial ligand in wild type SiaA, as shown by the fact the mutant readily lost heme as evidenced by UV-vis spectra.

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Li, Yan Sheng. "Mixing in axial compressors." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334235.

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Grimshaw, Samuel David. "Bleed in axial compressors." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707970.

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El, Haffar Ismat. "Physical modeling and study of the behavior of deep foundations of offshore wind turbines in sand." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0021/document.

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La capacité axiale et latérale des pieux foncés dans du sable de Fontainebleau NE34 ont été étudié à l’aide d’essais sur modèles réduits centrifugés. L’effet de la méthode d’installation, de la densité et de la saturation du sable, du diamètre du pieu, de la géométrie de sa pointe (ouvert /fermé) et de sa rugosité sur la capacité axiale a été étudié. Une augmentation significative de la capacité en traction est observée dans les pieux foncés cycliquement, contrairement aux pieux foncés d’une manière monotone à 100 × g. La saturation du sable dense accélère la formation du bouchon lors de l'installation du pieu. L'augmentation de la rugosité du pieu et de la densité du sable accroissent significativement le frottement latéral des pieux testés. Dans tous les cas, les capacités de pieux sont comparées aux codes de dimensionnement des éoliennes offshore. Une étude paramétrique de l'effet de la méthode d'installation, de l'excentricité de la charge et de la saturation du sable sur la réponse latérale des pieux foncés est ensuite réalisée grâce à l'utilisation d'un pieu instrumentée. Le pieu est chargé d’une manière monotone puis un millier de cycles sont appliqués. Une nouvelle méthode a été développée pour la détermination des constantes d'intégration pour déterminer le profil de déplacement latéral du pieu. La méthode d'installation influence directement le comportement global (moment maximum et déplacement latéral) et local (courbes p-y) des pieux. L'effet de l'excentricité de la charge et de la saturation du sable sur le comportement des pieux est également présenté. Dans chaque cas, une comparaison avec les courbes p-y extraites du code DNVGL est réalisée
The axial and lateral capacity of piles jacked in Fontainebleau sand NE34 are studied using centrifuge modelling at 100×g. The effect of the installation method, sand density and saturation, pile diameter and pile tip geometry (open or closed-ended) and pile roughness on the axial capacity of piles are firstly studied. A significant increase in the tension capacity is observed in cyclically-jacked piles unlike piles monotonically jacked at 100×g. The saturation of dense sand accelerates plug formation during pile installation. The increase in pile roughness and sand density increases significantly the shaft resistance of the piles tested here. For all the cases, pile capacities are compared with the current design codes for offshore wind turbines. A parametric study of the effect of the installation method, load eccentricity and sand saturation on the lateral response of jacked piles is then realized using of an instrumented pile. The pile is loaded monotonically, then a thousand cycles are applied. A new methodology has been developed for determining of the constants needed in the integration procedure to identify the lateral displacement profile of the pile. The installation method influences directly the global (maximum moment and lateral displacement) and local behaviour (p-y curves) of the piles. The effect of the load eccentricity and sand saturation on the behaviour of the piles is also presented. In each case a comparison with the p-y curves extracted from the DNVGL code is realized

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Pira, Silvan L. "New Axially Chiral Non-Metallic Ocidation Catalysts." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525993.

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Hurst, Craig A. "Locomotor-respiratory coupling during axillary-crutch ambulation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ36472.pdf.

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Scola, Sandro. "Behaviour of axially loaded tubular V-joints." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61802.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Axilla'

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