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1

Soran, Atilla, and Faina Nakhlis, eds. Management of the Breast and Axilla in the Neoadjuvant Setting. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88020-0.

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2

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ed. Breasts and axillae. 4th ed. [Philadelphia]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.

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3

Gussen, Benjamen. Axial Shift. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6950-6.

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4

Union, American Geophysical, ed. Axial seamount. [Washington, D.C.]: American Geophysical Union, 1990.

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5

Virgin, Lawrence N. Vibration of axially loaded structures. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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6

Hong, Keum-Shik, Li-Qun Chen, Phuong-Tung Pham, and Xiao-Dong Yang. Control of Axially Moving Systems. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2915-0.

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7

Banichuk, Nikolay, Alexander Barsuk, Juha Jeronen, Tero Tuovinen, and Pekka Neittaanmäki. Stability of Axially Moving Materials. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23803-2.

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8

C. A. M. Marcelis-van Acker. Axillary bud development in rose. Wageningen: [s.n.], 1994.

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9

Erro, Luis Enrique. Axioma: El pensamiento matemático contemporáneo. México: Dirección de Difusión Cultural, Departamento Editorial, 1985.

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10

1930-, Borge Tomás, ed. El axioma de la esperanza. Caracas, Venezuela: Ediciones CENTAURO, 1986.

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11

Rikou, Elpida. Axia. Athēna: Nēsos, 2018.

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12

Akcan, Zekai. Uniform flow past a rigid sphere by the spectral numerical methods. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1997.

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13

Nicknam, Mohammad Hossein, ed. Ankylosing Spondylitis - Axial Spondyloarthritis. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4733-8.

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14

Oliveira, Antonella Carvalho de, ed. O Axioma da Escolha e Aplicações: -. Brazil: Atena Editora, 2021.

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15

Marsh. Physical Exam Breasts & Axilla. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

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16

Elsevier's Interactive Anatomy: Shoulder Joint & Axilla. Elsevier, 1996.

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17

Rigan, Matt, and Viktor Aktor. Lisa Lonestar Meets the Axilla Kzin. Independently Published, 2017.

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18

Management of the Breast and Axilla in the Neoadjuvant Setting. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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19

Soran, Atilla, and Faina Nakhlis. Management of the Breast and Axilla in the Neoadjuvant Setting. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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20

Die andere Seite der Schönheit: Die Sammlung Michael Horbach. Frankfurt: Deutsche Fototage, 1995.

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21

Die andere Seite der Schonheit: Die Sammlung Michael Horbach (Fotomuseum). Vertrieb, Rheinland-Verlag, 1995.

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22

Warwick, David, Roderick Dunn, Erman Melikyan, and Jane Vadher. Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199227235.003.0007.

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Principles of reconstruction of upper limb injuries 192Surgical incisions 196Suturing 197Wound care 200Soft tissue healing 203Grafts 204Flaps 208Useful flaps for upper limb reconstruction 212Reconstruction from axilla to hand 218Reconstruction of digits 220Thumb reconstruction 222•...
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23

Apple, Sophia K., and Lawrence W. Bassett. Normal Breast Anatomy and Histology. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0003.

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In this chapter, normal breast anatomy is discussed, with a succinct pictorial summary of breast glandular elements, the chest wall, and the axilla. The locations of breast lesions are often arbitrarily divided into upper outer, upper inner, lower inner, and upper inner quadrants. However, the lobes within a specific quadrant cross over into adjacent quadrants. The terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) is composed of an interlobular duct and associated lobules with multiple grape-like structures where the milk is secreted and drains into the terminal ducts, interlobular ducts, excretory ducts, lactiferous sinus, lactiferous duct, and the nipple. Axillary lymph nodes are divided into three levels, based on their location in relation to the pectoralis minor muscle. Level I axillary lymph nodes are located below the edge of the pectoralis minor; level II lies posterior to the pectoralis minor; and level III lies medial to the pectoralis minor.
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24

Harrison, Mark. Upper limb. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198765875.003.0001.

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This chapter describes the anatomy of the upper limb as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of the muscles, joints, nerves, and movements of the pectoral region, axilla, breast, shoulder, anterior arm, posterior arm, forearm, and wrist and hand. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.
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25

Lavergne, Pascal, and Hélène T. Khuong. Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Edited by Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara, and Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0008.

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Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome is an entrapment neuropathy involving the brachial plexus along its trajectory from the cervical spine to the axilla. Clinical presentation includes cervical and upper extremity pain as well as neurologic signs and symptoms in the lower trunk territory. Radiologic and electrophysiologic studies are helpful adjuncts in correctly identifying the site of compression. Initial management is usually conservative, with medication, physical therapy, nerve blocks, or botulinum toxin injection. Surgery often consists of brachial plexus neurolysis and removal of compression points through the supraclavicular approach. Good outcomes can be expected with careful patient selection, but available literature is of limited quality.
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26

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Amen Sibtain. Colorectal cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0015_update_001.

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Breast cancer reviews the epidemiology and aetiology of this malignancy, with particular attention to the genetics underlying familial breast cancer, its pathology along with its receptors, oestrogen receptor (ER), the growth factor receptor HER2, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the bearing these have on treatment and prognosis. The benefits of breast cancer screening in the population and families at higher risk are discussed. Presenting symptoms and signs are followed by investigation including examination, bilateral mammography, and core biopsy of suspicious lesions. Management of non-invasive in situ disease is considered. Invasive breast cancer is staged according to TNM guidelines. Early breast cancer is defined, managed frequently by breast conserving surgery and sentinel node biopsy from the axilla. A positive sentinel node biopsy requires clearance of the axilla. Larger lesions may require mastectomy. Breast radiotherapy is indicated after breast conserving surgery. Following surgery, the risk of systemic micrometastatic disease is estimated from the primary size, lymph node spread, and tumour grade. Adjuvant chemotherapy improves treatment outcome in all but very good prognosis premenopausal breast cancer, and intermediate or poor prognosis postmenopausal breast cancer. This is combined with trastuzumab in HER2 positive disease. Adjuvant endocrine therapy is recommended for all ER positive breast cancer, tamoxifen in premenopausal, aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal women. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be used in large operable breast cancers to facilitate breast conserving surgery. Locally advanced breast cancer is defined, its high risk of metastatic disease requiring full staging before treatment. Systemic therapy is often best first treatment, according to receptor profile. Metastatic breast cancer although incurable can be controlled for years using endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, trastuzumab, palliative radiotherapy, and bisphosphonates as appropriate. Male breast cancer is uncommon, but management similar.
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27

Stogicza, Agnes, Virtaj Singh, and Andrea Trescot. Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0008.

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Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS) is caused by compression of the brachial plexus as it travels from the exiting nerve roots to the axilla. Its presentation, with varying degrees and distributions of arm and hand pain, paresthesias, and numbness, is often either not recognized or is confused with other conditions. Delay in diagnosis causes ongoing suffering for patients, with a concomitant increased use of healthcare services. Imaging and electrodiagnostic studies are often unremarkable, and therefore the diagnosis is based on a detailed medical history, a thorough physical exam, and diagnostic injections. Treatment options are available and can lead to significantly improved quality of life for the patient. Increased awareness of nTOS will likely contribute to its proper diagnosis and treatment.
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28

Bates. Breasts & Axillae 3e PAL VD. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,US, 1999.

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29

Payne, Russell A., and Elias B. Rizk. Axillary Nerve Injury. Edited by Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara, and Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0024.

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Axillary nerve injury has been associated with sports injuries, especially those involving anterior shoulder dislocation. The nerve injury leads to weakness of the deltoid and teres minor muscles, which impairs abduction and external rotation of the arm at the shoulder. Electrodiagnostic studies are helpful for determining extent of reinnervation and recovery after injury. In the absence of clinical or electrodiagnostic signs of recovery 3 to 6 months after injury, it is appropriate to offer surgical exploration. The options for surgical repair include direct nerve repair, nerve grafting, and nerve transfer. In appropriately selected individuals, outcomes are favorable.
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30

Tan, Bin, ed. Axially Chiral Compounds. Wiley, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527825172.

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31

Flores, Carlos Madrigal. Axioma 0: Panic. Independently Published, 2020.

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32

Sieper, Joachim. Axial spondyloarthropathies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0113_update_003.

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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and the spine. It starts normally in the second decade of life and has a slight male predominance. The prevalence is between 0.2% and 0.8% and is strongly dependent on the prevalence of HLA-B27 in a given population. AxSpA can be split in patients with radiographic axSpA (also termed ankylosing spondylitis (AS)) and in patients with non-radiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA). For the diagnosis of AS, the presence of radiographic sacroiliitis is mandatory. However, radiographs do not detect active inflammation but only structural bony damage. Most recently new classification criteria for axSpA have been developed by the Assessment of Spondylo-Arthritis International Society (ASAS) which cover AS but also the earlier form of nr-axSpA. MRI has become an important new tool for the detection of subchondral bone marrow inflammation in SIJ and spine and has become increasingly important for an early diagnosis. HLA-B27 plays a central role in the pathogenesis but its exact interaction with the immune system has not yet been clarified. Besides pain and stiffness in the axial skeleton patients suffer also from periods of peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, and uveitis. New bone formation as a reaction to inflammation and subsequent ankylosis of the spine determine long-term outcome in a subgroup of patients. Currently only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers have been proven to be effective in the medical treatment of axial SpA, and international ASAS recommendations for the structured management of axial SpA have been published based on these two types of drugs. Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate are not effective.
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33

Lubrano, Ennio. Axial disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0013.

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This chapter summarizes the state of the art for axial involvement in psoriatic arthritis (axial PsA). The definition and measurement of axial PsA still remain problematic and this, in turn, could affect the best approach of recognition and treatment of this intriguing subset of the psoriatic disease. Axial PsA has been studied over the last few years looking at the difference in function and radiological findings compared mainly to Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), trying to differentiate it from a coincidental AS with psoriasis. Moreover, an assessment on a possible Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) in PsA patients and clinical-radiological differences to axial PsA has been evaluated. The role of potential new imaging techniques, such as MRI, in the assessment of axial PsA has been considered in this chapter. The diagnosis and treatment of axial PsA has been reported by using the data obtained from the literature.
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34

Siebert, Stefan, Raj Sengupta, and Alexander Tsoukas, eds. Axial Spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.001.0001.

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Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis affecting mainly the sacroiliac joints and spine, resulting in pain, stiffness, and reduced movement. Over the past decade there have been major advances in many aspects of the disease, including a broadening of the disease description to axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). While the many advances have transformed the lives of patients with axSpA, they have also increased complexity for non-specialists in this area. This handbook contains a timely update of the key developments and current state of play in axSpA. It is intended primarily for the many healthcare professionals who encounter patients with this condition, in both primary and secondary care settings. It will also be of interest to the wider medical and research community.The handbook is written by rheumatologists with active research programmes and clinical expertise in these conditions. The topics covered include: • the clinical features • extra-articular manifestations and complications • the impact on patients’ lives • the major advances in genetics and pathogenesis • imaging advances • classification criteria and diagnosis (and the important differences between these) • treatment advances (particularly TNF inhibitors and upcoming biologics)
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35

Axial Spondyloarthritis. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2017-0-01005-4.

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36

Khan, Muhammad Asim, and Philip Mease. Axial Spondyloarthritis. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, 2019.

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37

Axial techniques. Sheffield, Eng: University of Sheffield, [distributed by Learning Media Unit], 2000.

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38

Axial Spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016.

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39

Zepeda, Jorge. Axial Management. Trafford Publishing, 2006.

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40

Malik, Stefan. Axial Age. Stefan Malik, 2021.

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41

Conciencia Axial. Indigo, 1999.

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42

Colomà, Elisabeth, Anna Nadal, and Anna Sarrà. Axioma. Matemàtiques P3. Cofre. BARCANOVA, 2018.

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43

Colomà, Elisabeth, Anna Nadal, and Anna Sarrà. Axioma. Matemàtiques P4. Cofre. BARCANOVA, 2018.

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44

Colomà, Elisabeth, Anna Nadal, and Anna Sarrà. Axioma. Matemàtiques P5. Cofre. BARCANOVA, 2018.

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45

The Open The Open Courses Library. Axial Skeleton: Anatomy. Independently Published, 2019.

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46

Aungier, Ronald H. Axial-Flow Compressors. ASME Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.801926.

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47

Eckert, Bruno. Axial- und Radialkompressoren. Springer, 2013.

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48

Hunter, W. Axial Curve Rotator. Natl Council of Teachers of, 1986.

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49

Virgin, Lawrence. Vibration of Axially-Loaded Structures. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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50

Colomà, Elisabeth, Anna Nadal, Anna Sarrà, and Pep Rius. Quadern estiu Axioma 4 anys. Barcanova, 2017.

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