Journal articles: 'Axial loads'

1

Zhang, Ming, Rongmin Jiang, and Hong Nie. "Analysis of axial stiffness characteristics of a mechanism of fluid bag shock absorber under alternative factors." Journal of Vibroengineering 18, no. 2 (March 31, 2016): 682–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/jve.2016.16610.

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A mechanism of fluid bag shock absorber which could provide axial shock protection under small displacement and small deformation was designed. The finite element model of the mechanism was established in ABAQUS, the different types of loads imposed on the bottom of mechanism when the mechanism worked in different environment were described and the load stiffness matrix was obtained when pressure loads were imposed on the mechanism. The effects of the notch in fluid bag on axial stiffness characteristics were discussed. The results indicate that the flip of inner shell occurs as the axial concentrated load is imposed to the bottom of inner shell and the notch in fluid bag has little effects on the increment of pressure and volume variation of bag. The equivalent axial force generated by pressure loads imposed on the inner shell was calculated, the axial displacement of inner shell as well as increment of bag pressure caused by pressure loads is larger than concentrated load. The effects of different factors affecting the axial stiffness characteristics were discussed. The factor of load type has almost no effects on the axial stiffness variation, and has small impact on the increment of pressure variation of bag; Outer shell appears to be one of the crucial factors affecting the axial stiffness and increment of bag pressure variations; Fluid bag is the key factor determining the axial stiffness characteristics of mechanism, both of the axial displacement of inner shell and increment of bag pressure increase with loads when the pressure loads are imposed on the surface of fluid bag.

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Capobianco, G., N. Bohun, M. Gratton, R. Serra, A. Zinbi, and N. Rigollet. "Both radial and axial load distribution measurement on a V-band clamp by a new load cell design." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 64, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2022.64.8.432.

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This paper presents a method for determining the axial and radial load distribution of the moment generated in a V-band clamp and is validated experimentally using finite element analysis (FEA). The method comprises a slotted flange, which is distinguished by having three different profiles for different levels of load symmetrically divided among eight sectors. Each sector is characterised and calibrated. The load cell is analysed using finite element Abaqus software to predict and corroborate the system. In the experimental test, the axial and radial loads are measured using strain gauges for each sector and the total axial load is validated by three button sensors. Tests on the V-band clamp were successfully carried out and indicated a non-uniform distribution of axial and radial loads, with three highlights relating to existing papers: improved results for axial loads, new results for radial loads and an analysis of the moment and its direction, which is consistent with finite element studies.

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Wang, Yan Shuang, Yan Wu, and Hai Feng Zhu. "Quasi-Static Analysis on a Large-Sized Four Contact-Point Slewing Bearing with Negative Axial Play." Applied Mechanics and Materials 307 (February 2013): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.307.219.

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A quasi-static analysis of a large-sized four contact-point slewing bearing with negative axial play is performed. The values of normal contact loads of a slewing ring bearing between balls and inner/outer ring were computed at different negative axial plays without applied load. The results show that the normal loads of the four contact points increase as the absolute value of negative axial play increases. Slightly changing negative axial play makes big change on normal contact load. Startup friction torque can be improved largely by increasing slightly the absolute value of negative axial play.

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4

Yu, Yang, Yi Hua Dou, Fu Xiang Zhang, and Xiang Tong Yang. "Analysis of Premium Connection of Connecting and Sealing Ability Loaded by Axial Tensile Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.737.

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It is necessary to know the connecting and sealing ability of premium connection for appropriate choices of different working conditions. By finite element method, the finite element model of premium connection is established and the stresses of seal section, shoulder zone and thread surface of tubing by axial tensile loads are analyzed. The results show that shoulder zone is subject to most axial stresses at made-up state, which will make distribution of stresses on thread reasonable. With the increase of axial tensile loads, stresses of thread on both ends increase and on seal section and shoulder zone slightly change. The maximum stress on some thread exceed the yield limit of material when axial tensile loads exceed 400KN. Limited axial tensile loads sharply influence the contact pressures on shoulder zone while slightly on seal section. Although the maximum contact pressure on shoulder zone drop to 0 when the axial tensile load is 600KN, the maximum contact pressure on seal section will keep on a high level.

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5

Hansapinyo, Chayanon, Suchart Limkatanyu, Hexin Zhang, and Thanongsak Imjai. "Residual Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams under Sequential Small Impact Loads." Buildings 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110518.

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Sequential small impact loads may not collapse structures directly but could weaken the strength of structures. This study aimed to investigate the impact of these sequential small impact loads on the strength of the reinforced concrete beams. First, six sequential impact loads were applied to the test specimens. Then, the residual static capacity of the impacted specimens was determined by the ultimate static load test, compared with those of undamaged specimens. The experiment was composed of 12 specimens having identical dimensions. The variable parameters were the magnitude of the axial load and shear reinforcement. Under the sequential small impacts, the axial load improves the impact performance. It reduces the tensile strain of the longitudinal reinforcement. Hence, the flexural tensile crack propagation is limited. In addition, the local damage at the impact location is minimized and the shear plug induced diagonal shear crack is prevented. The axial force is also able to diminish the adverse effect of the large spacing stirrups. Large impact load could alter the failure of a designed flexural critical reinforced concrete beam without axial load to the shear failure. Although the axial load improves the impact response, the Residual Resistance Index (RRI) decreases with axial load. For the damaged specimens with axial load, the ultimate static load is lower than the calculated concrete shear capacity and more severe diagonal shear cracks were found. It can be obviously said that the prior impact damage decreases the concrete shear capacity.

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Cui, Hu Wei, Ping Yang, Can Shen, and Liang Zhou. "Research on Load Bearing Behavior of Ship Stiffened Plates under Cyclic Loads." Advanced Materials Research 904 (March 2014): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.904.446.

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This paper adopts nonlinear finite element method to study the load bearing behavior of ship stiffened plates with different dimensions. The research focuses on the compressive ultimate strength, axial rigidity, and residual plastic deflection of the stiffened plates under cyclic compressive and tensile loads. The results indicate that the compressive ultimate strength and axial rigidity of stiffened plates decrease with the incremental cyclic loads significantly, meanwhile, the residual plastic deflection increases with the cyclic loads.

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Alhamati, Abdullah Ali Nasser, Abdul Halim Ghazali, and Jamalodin Norzaie. "Investigation on the behavior of rigid polyvinylchloride pipes subjected to uniaxial compression loads." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 23, no. 3 (November 1, 2017): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.101.

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The objective of this research was to investigate the capability of rigid Polyvinylchloride (PVC-U) pipes to sustain axial loads. The behavior of PVC-U pipes specimens subjected to short-term uniaxial compression loads were experimentally investigated. Results of the load-displacement tests on pipes of different wall thickness, diameter, and specimen heights were recorded. The experimental test results show that the PVC-U pipes are capable of supporting loads greater than the required design load (3.4 kN). Increasing the pipe specimen height decreases the pipe strength for supporting the axial loads. Euler buckling was observed in the pipe specimens with small diameter and long axial height. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to utilize the ANSYS finite element commercial package to model the pipe system using eight noded brick element and the results were compared with those obtained from the experimental tests. Good agreement was found between the two sets of results, within the elastic range of the load-displacement curve.

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8

Flanagan, Dennis, Justin Phillips, Matthew Connor, Timothy Dyer, and Kazem Kazerounian. "Hoop Stress and the Conical Connection." Journal of Oral Implantology 41, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-12-00180.

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Dental implant-abutment connection design has developed into the use of a conical, shank and socket connection between the implant abutment and fixture. The connection between these two elements is, in effect, a conical wedge that may exert lateral forces under load that may result in fracture of the coronal implant socket fixture walls. This study evaluated the axial loading on a conical connection and found that axial loads were well tolerated but off-axial loads were not. Fracture of the implant coronal socket fixture wall occurred under off-axial loading.

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9

Li, Zheming, Malcolm D. Bolton, and Stuart K. Haigh. "Cyclic axial behaviour of piles and pile groups in sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 9 (September 2012): 1074–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-070.

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Piled foundations are often subjected to cyclic axial loads. This is particularly true for the piles of offshore structures, which are subjected to rocking motions caused by wind or wave actions, and for those of transport structures, which are subjected to traffic loads. As a result of these cyclic loads, excessive differential or absolute settlements may be induced during the piles’ service life. In the research presented here, centrifuge modelling of single piles and pile groups was conducted to investigate the influence of cyclic axial loads on the performance of piled foundations. The influence of installation method was investigated and it was found that the cyclic response of a pile whose jacked installation was modelled correctly is much stiffer than that of a bored pile. During displacement-controlled axial load cycling, the pile head stiffness reduces with an increasing number of cycles, but at a decreasing rate; during force-controlled axial load cycling, more permanent settlement is accumulated for a bored pile than for a jacked pile. The performance of individual piles in a pile group subjected to cyclic axial loads is similar to that of a single pile, without any evident group effect. Finally, a numerical analysis of axially loaded piles was validated by centrifuge test results. Cyclic stiffness of soil at the base of pre-jacked piles increases dramatically, while at base of jacked piles it remains almost constant.

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10

Wang, Dong, and Mao See Wu. "Elastic buckling analysis of an embedded infinitely long rod under combined axial and torsional loads." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 24, no. 12 (June 24, 2019): 3779–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286519856062.

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In this paper, expressions for the critical axial–torsional loads are derived for the buckling of an elastic rod embedded in an elastic medium. The derivation is based on the assumption that the deforming rod encounters a response force from the surrounding medium, and a first-order perturbation analysis of the governing equilibrium equations. It is shown that a dimensionless universal buckling relationship, independent of material and geometry, exists between the critical axial load, both in compression and tension, and the critical torsional load. A reducing axial compression, or an increasing axial tension, enhances the critical torsional load. In addition, two different mode shapes are predicted for the same critical combined loads, and the buckled shapes are generally three-dimensional.

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11

Georgiadis, Michael, and Sofia Saflekou. "Piles under axial and torsional loads." Computers and Geotechnics 9, no. 4 (January 1990): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-352x(90)90043-u.

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12

Jorge, Caroline de Freitas, Letícia Cerri Mazza, Marcio Campaner, Abbas Zahoui, Lorena Scaioni Silva, Kevin Henrique Cruz, and Aldiéris Alves Pesqueira. "The biomechanical behavior of single crown implant-supported prosthesis with different types of connections and occlusal loads: Photoelastic and strain gauge analysis." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 9 (July 25, 2021): e26110918035. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.18035.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the biomechanical behavior, through photoelastic (PA) and strain gauge analysis (SA), of single crown implant-supported prosthesis with different implant connections (external hexagon (EH), Morse taper (MT), internal Morse hexagon (IMH), Morse taper hexagon (MTH), and frictional Morse taper (FMT)) and different occlusal loads (axial and oblique (45°)). The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0,05). By photoelasticity, regarding axial load, EH produced more high-intensity fringes (2.784 kPa) than the other connections. For the oblique load, all connections generated the same high-intensity fringes (3.480 kPa), except by MT group, that produced the same amount as axial load (2.088 kPa). For the strain gauge analysis, for the axial load, EH showed the highest microstrains value (158,76) and lowets for MT (59,88). For all other groups, oblique load produced higher microstrains values than axial load. For the oblique load, MT showed the lowest microstrains value (88.79), followed by FMT (391,43), EH (468,47) and IMH (507,65). MTH presented the highest value (621,25) compared to all groups (P <0.05). When comparing both loads of the same connection system, only MT showed similar values (P <0.05). It was possible to conclude that the different connection systems tested directly influenced the stress distribution at both loads. The implants with internal connection present less stress distribution when submitted to axial load than the EH group. However, when the oblique load was applied, all connections presented higher values of stress distribution, except for the MT group.

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13

Titarenko, M. I. "The work of rails under conditions of various average static axial loads of rolling stock." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 77, no. 3 (June 28, 2018): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2018-77-3-172-176.

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The analysis of failure of unhardened and heat-strengthened R65 rails under operating conditions in the tangent sections of the track is presented taking into account the influence of the most important operational factor - the average static axial loads of the rolling stock. Non-reinforced R65 rails in the jointed track on the 12.5 m long wooden sub-rail base were considered based on the results of their single replacement in the entire range of their failures. The work of rails under operating conditions is estimated at average static axial loads of rolling stock as 7.5, 9.5, 16.5 and 19.5 tf (73.55, 93.16, 161.82 and 191.21 kN) at all stages of the tonnage at each load. The influence of the average static axial loads of the rolling stock on rail failure in specific operating conditions has been revealed. The features of the change in the intensity of rail failure are considered at all stages of their operation, both for the specified and for the average network level of the static load. The obtained statistical data on the effect of axial loads of rolling stock on the operation of rails can be used in the practice of track maintenance. In conditions of increasing axial loads up to 25, 27 tf, it is necessary to use rails of the appropriate quality; also it is expedient to create new rails for such operating conditions. It is necessary to perform an evaluation of the real operational qualities of the rails in order to use the rolling stock with the increased axial loads (25, 27 tf) in the transportation process in the most efficient way. In the long term, the results of such studies will be aimed at improving the operation of the systems for running track and railway car complexes.

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14

Turvey, G. J., and Y. Zhang. "Local Buckling of Axially Compressed, Pultruded GRP, WF-Section, Short Columns - Comparison of Experimental and FE Analysis Buckling Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 1-2 (September 2004): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.1-2.87.

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The results of axial compression tests carried out on four pultruded GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic) WF (Wide Flange) short columns are presented. The longitudinal elastic modulus, buckling loads and collapse loads have been obtained. The experimental buckling loads have been evaluated from the load versus end shortening (axial displacement) relationship and Southwell plots of deflection and bending strain test data. FE (Finite Element) buckling analyses of the short column buckling tests have also been carried out. It is shown that a two-dimensional model is able to predict local buckling modes accurately and buckling loads reasonably accurately.

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15

Sharma, Mamta R., Arbind K. Singh, and Gurmail S. Benipal. "Elastic Stability of Concrete Beam-Columns." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 17, no. 01 (January 2017): 1750094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455417500948.

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Following the empirical-computational methodology, the contemporary investigations deal with inelastic stability and dynamics of concrete beam-columns. Even under service loads, the concrete structures exhibit physical nonlinearity due to presence of axio-flexural cracks. The objective of the present paper is to analyze the static and dynamic stability of conservative physically nonlinear fully cracked flanged concrete beam–columns. In this paper, using proper reference frames, analytical expressions are developed for the lateral displacement and stiffness of a flanged concrete cantilever under axial compressive and lateral forces. Two critical values of both the axial and lateral loads are identified. For constant lateral force smaller than its first critical value, the concrete beam–columns exhibit brittle buckling mode. Higher lateral forces lesser than the second critical value introduce alternate stable and unstable domains with increase in axial force. The lateral stiffness is predicted to vanish when the axial loads reach the critical values and when the limiting displacement is reached for axial load exceeding its second critical value. The load-space is partitioned into stable and unstable regions. Accessibility of these equilibrium states in the load space has been investigated. Such distinguishing aspects of the predicted behavior of elastic concrete beam–columns are discussed. Their dynamic stability is investigated in second part of the paper.

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Aksar, Bora, Selcuk Dogru, Bulent Akbas, Jay Shen, Onur Seker, and Rou Wen. "Amplified Seismic Loads in Steel Moment Frames." Applied Mechanics and Materials 847 (July 2016): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.847.222.

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This study focuses on exploring the seismic axial loads for columns in steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs) under strong ground motions. For this purpose, the increases in axial loads are investigated at the maximum lateral load level and the corresponding lateral displacement. The results are presented in terms of maximum amplification factors (Ω0) of all frame columns under the selected ground motions and axial load-moment levels in columns. four typical steel moment resisting frames representing typical low, medium and high rise steel buildings are designed based on the seismic design requirement in ASCE 7-10 and AISC 341-10 . An ensemble of ground motions range from moderate to severe are selected to identify the seismic response of each frames. Two sets of ground motions corresponding to 10% and 2% probability of exceedance are used in nonlinear dynamic time history analyses.

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17

Briaud, Jean-Louis, and Guy Y. Felio. "Cyclic axial loads on piles: Analysis of existing data." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t86-051.

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A data base is collected to study the behavior of piles in clay under cyclic axial loads generated by ocean waves. The data base includes 9 studies on the cyclic behavior of clay samples in laboratory tests, 10 studies on cyclic model pile load tests in clay, and 16 studies on cyclic full-scale pile load tests in clay of which 4 studies are proprietary. First, general conclusions are drawn from inspection of these studies. Then a power law model is used to quantify the soil stiffness degradation as the number of cycles increases. The parameter for the model is back-figured for each case of the data base and general trends are observed. Key words: pile load tests, cyclic loads, laboratory tests, clay.

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18

Wang, Zhe, Si Fa Xu, Guo Cai Wang, and Yong Zhang. "The Analytical Solution of Single Pipe Piles under Axially and Laterally Free Loads." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 1701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.1701.

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The analytical solution of a single pipe piles under axially and laterally loads is presented, when the laterally loads is optional free load. As piles foundations are becoming a preferred foundation type, piles usually work under simultaneous axial and lateral loads in engineering. To analyze the function of free loads to pipe piles under inclined loads conditions, in the basis of ‘m’ method, deformation differential equation of elastic piles under inclined loads is established first in the paper with analytical method. Differential equation has two parts in according to the piles in the earth or in the air, and lateral deformation, obliquity, moment; shearing force of the piles can be gotten respectively by soluting equations. In the end of the paper, influences of several parameters is analyzed of the top axial loads, the top lateral loads and the free loads, and their influence curves are given.

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Song, Jung Han, and Hoon Huh. "Influence of Tensile Speeds on the Failure Loads of the DP590 Spot Weld under Various Combined Loading Conditions." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/297915.

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This paper is concerned with the evaluation of the dynamic failure load of the spot weld under combined axial and shear loading conditions. The testing fixture is designed to impose the combined axial and shear load on the spot weld. Using the proposed testing fixtures and specimens, quasi-static and dynamic failure tests of the spot weld are conducted with seven different combined loading conditions. The failure load and failure behavior of the spot weld are investigated with different loading conditions. Effect of tensile speeds on the failure load of the spot weld, which is critical for structural crashworthiness, is also examined based on the experimental data. The failure loads measured from the experiment are decomposed into the two components along the axial and shear directions and failure contours are plotted with different loading speeds. Dynamic sensitivities of failure loads with various combined loading conditions were also analyzed. Experimental results indicate that the failure contour is expanded with increasing loading speeds and failure loads show similar dynamic sensitivity with respect to the loading angles.

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20

Li, Yan, Bingjun Gao, Shuo Liu, Kaiming Lin, and Juncai Ding. "Finite Element Analysis of the Limit Load of Straight Pipes with Local Wall-Thinning Defects under Complex Loads." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 4850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12104850.

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Local wall thinning is a common defect on the surface of pipelines, which can cause damage to the pipeline under complex pipeline loads. Based on the study on the limit load of straight pipes with defects, the nonlinear finite element method was used to analyze the limit load of straight pipes with local wall-thinning defects under internal pressure, bending moment, torque, axial force, and their combinations, and the empirical limit-load equations of straight pipes with local wall-thinning defects under single and complex loads were fitted. Based on the allowable load on the equipment nozzles, the influences of torque and axial force on the load-bearing capacity of straight pipes with local wall-thinning defects were quantitatively analyzed. For medium and low-pressure equipment, the load-bearing capacity was reduced by 0.59~1.44% under the influence of torque, and by 0.83~1.80% under the influence of axial force. For high-pressure equipment, the load-bearing capacity was reduced by 10.07~20.90% under the influence of torque, and by 2.01~12.40% under the influence of axial force.

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21

Zheng, Xigui, Jinbo Hua, Nong Zhang, Xiaowei Feng, and Lei Zhang. "Simulation of the Load Evolution of an Anchoring System under a Blasting Impulse Load Using FLAC3D." Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/972720.

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A limitation in research on bolt anchoring is the unknown relationship between dynamic perturbation and mechanical characteristics. This paper divides dynamic impulse loads into engineering loads and blasting loads and then employs numerical calculation software FLAC3Dto analyze the stability of an anchoring system perturbed by an impulse load. The evolution of the dynamic response of the axial force/shear stress in the anchoring system is thus obtained. It is revealed that the corners and middle of the anchoring system are strongly affected by the dynamic load, and the dynamic response of shear stress is distinctly stronger than that of the axial force in the anchoring system. Additionally, the perturbation of the impulse load reduces stress in the anchored rock mass and induces repeated tension and loosening of the rods in the anchoring system, thus reducing the stability of the anchoring system. The oscillation amplitude of the axial force in the anchored segment is mitigated far more than that in the free segment, demonstrating that extended/full-length anchoring is extremely stable and surpasses simple anchors with free ends.

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Pinarbasi, Seval, Fuad Okay, Erkan Akpinar, and Hakan Erdogan. "Stability Analysis of Two-Segment Stepped Columns with Different End Conditions and Internal Axial Loads." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/858906.

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Members with varying geometrical and/or material properties are commonly used in many engineering applications. Stepped columns with internal axial loads constitute a special case of such nonuniform columns. Crane columns in industrial buildings or structural columns supporting intermediate floors are important applications of stepped members in civil engineering. Since neither axial load nor stiffness is constant along the column height, the stability analysis of a stepped column is usually more complicated than that of a uniform column. Determination of exact buckling loads for stepped columns with different end conditions is not always practical. This paper shows that variational iteration method (VIM), a kind of analytical technique recently proposed for solution of nonlinear differential equations, can satisfactorily be used to obtain approximate solutions for buckling loads of stepped columns with internal axial loads. VIM solutions perfectly match with the exact solutions available in the literature for some special cases of two-segment stepped columns. For many other cases, that is, for various values of three design parameters, namely, (i) load ratio, (ii) stiffness ratio, and (iii) length ratio, approximate buckling loads for two-segment stepped columns are determined using VIM and presented in tabular form which can easily be used by design engineers.

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Korochkin, A. "Standard Axle Loads in the Design of Motorway Pavements." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 5 (February 1, 2022): 052028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/5/052028.

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Abstract The paper considers issues of standard axle load, which is among the main design parameters when designing motorway pavements. Changing standard axle loads over time due to changes in the traffic flow composition is shown. Standard axial loads recommended for the design by the currently valid regulatory documents are given. Also, axle loads are given for trucks most widespread on domestic highways. Attention is drawn to the axle loads of modern vehicles, significantly exceeding the standard values. Also, the paper provides research data showing that more than 75 % of freight vehicles are overloaded, which also increases axle loads. These two factors – axle loads exceeding the standard values and overloaded vehicles lead to additional loads on the motorway pavement, for which it has not been designed. This, in turn, leads to the premature destruction of road pavements, the loss of their service quality, and additional costs for repairs. The paper justifies the need to increase the standard axle load when designing the motorway pavements since the use of the currently adopted value of 115 kN in the pavement design leads to insufficient strength of the pavement designed and its inability to withstand the existing loads. It is proposed to use an axial load of 150 kN as a design parameter when designing the motorway pavements.

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Baragetti, S., and A. Baryshnikov. "Rotary Shouldered Thread Connections: Working Limits Under Combined Static Loading." Journal of Mechanical Design 123, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1371476.

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Rotary shouldered connections (RSC), used in the oil and gas industries, are probably the most stressed components of the drill string because they are subjected both to make-up torque and to axial and bending loads. Since loads can vary and can result in fatigue crack initiation and propagation, there is often severe damage to the first threads engaged. Such damage leads to shoulder load reduction and discontinuity in the drill string. Once we know the geometric dimensions and the materials of the pin and box elements composing the RSCs, API standards make it possible to evaluate the working limits of RSCs when they are subjected to make-up torque, torsion and tension. It is not, however, possible to establish the stress state of the connection for extreme working limits. The aim of this paper is to propose a numerical procedure, confirmed by full-scale experimental tests, which enables the evaluation both of the working limits, combined make-up and axial tensile loads, and of the stress state of RSCs for any load condition and, in particular, when RSCs are subjected to extreme combinations of make-up, torsion and axial tensile loads.

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SONG, JUNG-HAN, HOON HUH, JI-HO LIM, and SUNG-HO PARK. "EFFECT OF TENSILE SPEED ON THE FAILURE LOAD OF A SPOT WELD UNDER COMBINED LOADING CONDITIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 09n11 (April 30, 2008): 1469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208046943.

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This paper is concerned with the evaluation of the dynamic failure load of the spot weld under combined axial and shear loading conditions. The testing fixture are designed to impose the combined axial and shear load on the spot weld. Using the proposed testing fixtures and specimens, quasi-static and dynamic failure tests of the spot weld are conducted with seven different combined loading conditions. The failure load and failure behavior of the spot weld are investigated with different loading conditions. Dynamic effects on the failure load of the spot weld, which is critical for structural crashworthiness, are also examined based on the experimental data. In order to evaluate the effect of the strain rate on the failure contour of the spot weld under combined axial and shear loads, the failure loads measured from the experiment are decomposed into the two components along the axial and shear directions. Experimental results indicate that the failure contour is expanded with increasing strain rates according to the rate sensitivity of the ultimate stress for welded material.

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Wei, Yi, Ying Zhu, and Jing Ni. "Experimental Study on the Combined Effect of Cyclic and Static Loads on the Mechanical Properties of the Saturated Soft Clay Material." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.843.

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The combined effect of cyclic and static loads on the mechanical properties of the soft clay was experimentally investigated by conducting undrained cyclic triaxial tests on Shanghai clay. The results show that an increment in either static or cyclic load increases excess pore pressures and axial strains. For a given value of combined cyclic and static loads, the mechanical properties of the soft clay are more sensitive to the cyclic load. Furthermore, the accumulated excess pore pressure and axial strain for a larger cyclic stress ratio and a lower combined stress ratio might overcome that for a lower cyclic stress ratio and a higher combined stress ratio. The mechanical properties of the soft clay after the cyclic load was unloaded were also discussed. It was observed that the excess pore pressure and axial strain under the static load alone decrease gradually with time. The trend of them largely depends on the ratio of cyclic load to static load.

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Cao, Xin Ming, Xian Wu Huang, Zhi Gang Mo, and Hong Yuan Tian. "Introduction of Regional Confined Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 697–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.697.

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Based on the research of normal confined concrete (NCC), regional confined concrete (RCC) was proposed years ago by authors. With the introduction of regional confinement concept, different mechanical properties, failure mode and energy dispatching property developed in the regional confined concrete elements. Experimental researches have been carried out during the past years on the elements under various loads, including beams under moments, short beams under shears, short columns under axial loads, middle long columns under eccentric loads, middle long columns under axial loads and columns under cycling loads. Experimental results indicated that RCC elements are more ductile, have better load carrying capacity and larger energy dispatch capacity than that of NCC elements. Stress-strain relationship of RCC, integrated confinement factor and some computation expressions for elements under various loads are proposed. Pilot projects have been conducted and regional confined concrete structures are ready for service.

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NAKAMURA, Tsuneta. "Axial Loads of Strings in Directional Wells." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 56, no. 3 (1991): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.56.241.

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Thambiratnam, David P., and P. Paramasivam. "Base Plates Under Axial Loads and Moments." Journal of Structural Engineering 112, no. 5 (May 1986): 1166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1986)112:5(1166).

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Mansur, M. A., and P. Paramasivam. "Ferrocement under combined bending and axial loads." International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 7, no. 3 (August 1985): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(85)90002-8.

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Mohammadzadeh, R., M. M. Najafizadeh, and M. Nejati. "Buckling of 2D-FG Cylindrical Shells under Combined External Pressure and Axial Compression." Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 5, no. 03 (June 2013): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/aamm.2012.m39.

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AbstractThis paper presents the stability of two-dimensional functionally graded (2D-FG) cylindrical shells subjected to combined external pressure and axial compression loads, based on classical shell theory. The material properties of functionally graded cylindrical shell are graded in two directional (radial and axial) and determined by the rule of mixture. The Euler’s equation is employed to derive the stability equations, which are solved by GDQ method to obtain the critical mechanical buckling loads of the 2D-FG cylindrical shells. The effects of shell geometry, the mechanical properties distribution in radial and axial direction on the critical buckling load are studied and compared with a cylindrical shell made of 1D-FGM. The numerical results reveal that the 2D-FGM has a significant effect on the critical buckling load.

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Cao, Ying Chun, Ming Liu, Yuan Qing Wang, and Yan Nian Zhang. "Reliability Assessment under Combinations of Snow Load Effect: The Lightweight Steel Structures with Gabled Frames and Components Designs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1954.

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Purpose: to assess reliability factor of Gable Framed Lightweight Steel Structural and Components, under combination of load effect of permanent loads and snow loads. Method: JC method is adopted in the calculations. From reliability of geometrical meaning, transform the solving of reliability problem into the finding of minimum constraints, and calculate reliability indicators by using a non-linear programming called ‘Lingo’ software. Results: based on dead load plus snow load, and combination of dead load plus snow load and wind load, to calculate reliability indicator of structural components under axial tension, axial compression, and eccentric compression. Conclusion: when combined with snow load, reliability indicator (of Gable Framed Lightweight Steel Structures and Components) is less than the standard permitted reliability indicator, which is beta=3.2.

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Li, Yun Feng. "Loads Calculation of Pitch Bearing of Wind Turbine." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.479.

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Loads calculation process for pitch bearing of wind turbine was presented. The aerodynamic of the rotor was analyzed by using momentum theory and blade element theory firstly; then the aerodynamic loads, the gravitational loads and the centrifugal loads of the pitch bearing were calculated along each axis of the bearing coordinate system; thirdly, all the loads of each direction of the pitch bearing load were composed into three loads, they are radial, axial and tilting moment loads. A calculation example was given at last.

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Yan, Junbo, Yan Liu, and Fenglei Huang. "Improved SDOF Approach to Incorporate the Effects of Axial Loads on the Dynamic Responses of Steel Columns Subjected to Blast Loads." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (February 12, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7810542.

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In this paper, a complicated single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) approach was developed to determine the global response of steel columns under combined axial and blast-induced transverse loads. Nonlinear section and member analyses were incorporated into the suggested SDOF method to account for the complex features of the material behavior, the high strain rate effect, and the column geometry. The SDOF technique was validated through comparisons with available finite element and experimental data, and a good consistency was obtained. Then, the validated SDOF approach was utilized to derive the pressure-impulse curves under various levels of axial loading. The level of the axial load was shown to have a significant influence on the dynamic behavior of a steel column subjected to a blast load.

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Satar, M. H. Mohd, A. Marto, and B. A. Othman. "Settlement behaviour of geothermal energy pile under cyclic thermo-axial loads." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1103, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1103/1/012030.

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Geothermal energy pile (GEP) foundation is a new type of sustainable geostructure that can be used as an alternative solution to the energy demand for heating and cooling of built structures. However, due to limited information of this system, the installed piles have generally been over-designed to lower the risk of the system failing. This paper presents the findings of the research carried out to evaluate the performance of laboratory scaled GEP model (model pile) under the effects of the cyclic thermal loads on the settlement behaviour of the model pile with and without the application of axial load. A small-scale model pile of 19 mm diameter and 300 mm length (150 mm embedded length) was used in the experimental work while kaolin was chosen as the model soil. The model soil was compacted at 90% maximum dry density (1.4625 Mg/m3) with optimum moisture content (17%) to obtain ‘firm’ consistency, in a container of 450 mm height and 270 mm diameter. Strain gauges were installed along the pile to monitor the temperature. The ultimate load, Qu of model pile was determined as 480 N. It is found that two cycles of thermal load decreased the settlement; the higher the values, the lower the settlement due to pile expansion and soil heaves. For thermo-axially loaded pile with two cycles of thermal load, the reduction was not significant as the effect of settlement due to axial load had caused much more settlement. For the thermo-axial loads of 50°C-100 N, 17% of the settlement at failure, sf occurred after the application of axial load. When two cycles of thermal load were applied from 29°C to 50°C, the settlement occurred reduced to 16%sf. From this study it can be concluded that the effect of two cycles of cyclic thermal loads from 29°C to 50°C on pile subjected to 21% of Qu in firm clay, is negligible. The pile could function satisfactorily as designed. However, the application of higher axial loads and cycles of thermal load may need to be studied as it could potentially cause hazard to the building due to the excessive pile settlement.

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Stepanov, Mykhailo, and Maryna Ivanova. "POWER LOADS WHEN PROCESSING HOLES WITH COMBINED AXIAL INSTRUMENT." Bulletin of the National technical university "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" Series: Techniques in a machine industry, no. 1 (October 5, 2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-004x.2021.1(3).02.

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The axial component of cutting force and torque at the series-parallel scheme of cutting by thecombined axial tool are investigated. The influence of the number of stages of the combined axial toolon the total power loads and the nature of their change with increasing number of simultaneouslyworking stages of the tool is studied. The conclusion about the expedient quantity of simultaneouslyworking stages of the combined axial tool is made

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Grosse, I. R., and L. D. Mitchell. "Nonlinear Axial Stiffness Characteristics of Axisymmetric Bolted Joints." Journal of Mechanical Design 112, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912628.

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A critical assessment of the current design theory for bolted joints which is based on a linear, one-dimensional stiffness analysis is presented. A detailed nonlinear finite element analysis of a bolted joint conforming to ANSI standards was performed. The finite element results revealed that the joint stiffness is highly dependent on the magnitude of the applied load. The joint stiffness changes continuously from extremely high for small applied loads to the bolt stiffness during large applied loads, contrary to the constant joint stiffness of the linear theory. The linear theory is shown to be inadequate in characterizing the joint stiffness. The significance of the results in terms of the failure of bolted joints is discussed. A number of sensitivity studies were carried out to assess the effect of various parameters on the axial joint stiffness. The results revealed that bending and rotation of the joint members, interfacial friction, and the bolt/nut threading significantly influence the axial stiffness characteristics of the bolted joint. The two-dimensional, axisymmetric finite element model includes bilinear gap elements to model the interfaces. Special orthotropic elements were used to model the bolt/nut thread interaction. A free-body-diagram approach was taken by applying loads to the outer diameter of the joint model which correspond to internal, uniformly distributed line-shear and line-moment loads in the joint. A number of convergence studies were performed to validate the solution.

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Zheng, Xinqian, Chuang Ding, and Yangjun Zhang. "Influence of different loads on the stresses of multistage axial compressor rotors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, no. 5 (April 19, 2016): 787–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016642461.

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Multistage axial compressors are widely used in the gas turbine engines. The strength of rotors is one of the key factors for the reliability of multistage axial compressors. The stresses of rotors at real working conditions can be caused by the centrifugal load, thermal load, and aerodynamic load. It is important to figure out the roles and the mechanism of the three kinds of loads in the stresses generating process. In this paper, the stresses of rotors in a typical five-stage axial compressor are calculated with different kinds of loads by solid–fluid coupling method. The results show that the proportion of the stress caused by centrifugal load is more than 80% of the total stress, which is dominant. The maximum proportion of the stress caused by thermal load is about 20% of the total stress at the front stages. However, the influence of thermal load is quite different from the first stage to the last stage. It is surprising that thermal load can decrease the stresses of the last stage rotor, which is mainly because of the variation of radial temperature gradient at disks for different stages. The proportion of the stress caused by aerodynamic load is usually less than 4%, and it tends to make the stresses at the suction side of the blades lower and enlarge it at the pressure side. According to the above results, centrifugal load is necessary of consideration at the conceptual design phase for the multistage axial compressor rotors. At preliminary three-dimensional design phase, centrifugal load and thermal load should be considered together. At optimized three-dimensional design phase, aerodynamic load cannot be neglected and all the three loads should be considered.

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Hameed, Rashid, Saba Mahmood, M. Rizwan Riaz, S. Asad Ali Gillani, and Muhammad Tahir. "Strengthening of Un-Reinforced Brick Masonry Walls Using Epoxy Mortar." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2021-0013.

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Abstract This study is carried out to investigate the effectiveness of using externally applied epoxy mortar on joints of masonry wall panels to enhance their load carrying capacity under axial compressive and lateral loads. A total of six 113 mm thick masonry wall panels of size 1200 x 1200 mm were constructed for this study. Four out of six walls were strengthened using locally available CHEMDUR-31 epoxy mortar on joints. The remaining two walls were tested as control specimens. The control and strengthened wall panels were tested under axial compression and lateral loads. In axial compression test, out of plane central deflection and vertical strain at the center of wall panel were recorded while in lateral load test, in-plane lateral displacement of wall and horizontal strain at the center were recorded at each load increment. Failure pattern of each wall panel is also studied to notice its structural behavior. The results of this experimental study showed an increase of 45% and 60% in load carrying capacity under axial compression and lateral bending, respectively by the use of strengthening technique employed in this study.

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Capanni, Felix, Kirk Hansen, Daniel C. Fitzpatrick, Steven M. Madey, and Michael Bottlang. "Elastically Suspending the Screw Holes of a Locked Osteosynthesis Plate Can Dampen Impact Loads." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 31, no. 3 (June 2015): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2014-0193.

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Impact damping by elastic fixation is a principal engineering strategy to increase the durability of load-bearing structures exposed to prolonged dynamic loading. This biomechanical study evaluated axial impact damping provided by a novel dynamic locking plate. In this design, locking screw holes are elastically suspended within a silicone envelope inside the locking plate. Axial impact damping was assessed for 3 distinct fixation constructs applied to bridge a 10-mm fracture gap of a femoral diaphysis surrogate: a standard locking plate, a dynamic locking plate, and an Ilizarov ring fixator. First, the 3 fixation constructs were characterized by determining their axial stiffness. Subsequently, constructs were subjected to a range of axial impact loads to quantify damping of force transmission. Compared with standard locked plating constructs, dynamic plating constructs were 58% less stiff (P < .01) and Ilizarov constructs were 88% less stiff (P < .01). Impact damping correlated inversely with construct stiffness. Compared with standard plating, dynamic plating constructs and Ilizarov constructs dampened the transmission of impact loads by up to 48% (P < .01) and 74% (P < .01), respectively. In conclusion, lower construct stiffness correlated with superior damping of axial impact loads. Dynamic locking plates provide significantly greater impact damping compared with standard locking plates.

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Wang, Yi, Jun Wang, Donghui Zhao, Gangarao Hota, Ruifeng Liang, and David Hui. "Flexural Behavior of Insulated Concrete Sandwich Panels using FRP-Jacketed Steel-Composite Connectors." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (November 2, 2022): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6160841.

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This study presented the experimental and theoretical results of insulated concrete Sandwich panels with innovative dumbbell-shaped steel fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bar (SFCB) connectors under flexural load. The influences of FRP thickness and raised thickness of dumbbell ends of connectors, axial compression ratio, the content of vitrified microspheres in the wythes, and loading direction were discussed. The increase in thickness of a glass FRP (GFRP) jacket on the hybrid bar from 2 to 3 mm led to increased initial cracking load, ultimate load, and flexural stiffness of the Sandwich panels by 75, 49, and 16%, respectively. The increase in the thickness of dumbbell ends from 4 to 6 mm led to increased initial cracking load, ultimate load, and flexural stiffness of the Sandwich panels of 18, 46, and 9%, respectively. The incorporation of vitrified microspheres in concrete wythes resulted in a significant increase in the load-carrying capacity of Sandwich panels but decreased ductility. Increased axial compression ratio from 0/1 to 0.2/1 contributed in improving the crack resistance and ultimate loads of Sandwich panels. Further increase of the axial compression ratio to 0.4/1 led to crushing failure of concrete wythe ends. Specimens under negative loads had higher ultimate loads than the counterparts under positive loads. Three-dimensional finite-element (FE) models were developed to simulate Sandwich panel flexural behavior and numerical results compared with the test data. Then, the verified FE model was used to analyze the influence of the arrangement of dumbbell-shaped SFCB connectors. Increased connector spacing from 550 to 650 mm was found to have an insignificant influence on load-deflection responses. Moreover, analytical solutions for deflection of Sandwich panels under combined axial-flexural load were obtained, in which the effect of slipping between the facade and structural wythes and shear deflection were considered. The predicted deflection at the ultimate load agreed well with the test results. This study provided a theoretical basis and design reference for FRP-jacketed steel-composite connectors in applications of Sandwich wall panels with large insulation layer thickness.

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Granata, Kevin P., and William S. Marras. "A Biomechanical Assessment of Axial Twisting Exertions." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 10 (October 1995): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901013.

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Axial twisting of the torso has been identified as a significant risk factor for occupationally related low-back disorders. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of dynamic twisting parameters upon spinal load. Measured trunk moments and muscle activities were employed in a biomechanical model to determine loads on the lumbar spine. Spinal loads were examined as a function of dynamic torsional exertions under various conditions of force, velocity, position, and direction. Results demonstrate significant flexion-extension and lateral moments were generated during the twisting exertions. Muscle coactivity was significantly greater than equivalent levels measured during sagittal lifting exertions. Relative spinal compression during dynamic twisting exertions was twice that of static exertions. Spine loading also varied as a function of whether the trunk was twisted to the left or right, and the direction of applied torsion, i.e. clockwise versus counter-clockwise. The results may help explain, biomechanically, why epidemiological findings have repeatedly identified twisting as a risk factor for low-back disorder

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Polio, F. E., W. A. Hyman, and D. A. Hulse. "The Role of the External Bar in a 6-Pin Type 1 External Skeletal Fixation Device." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 06, no. 02 (1993): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633023.

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SummaryExternal skeletal fixation devices are commonly used in human and veterinary orthopedics. Although external fixators have proven useful over the years, their use is still associated with complications. The most frequently encountered complication is premature pin loosening with or without pin tract infection. Occasionally, implant failure involving the transla tion pins, pin clamps or external bar is seen. Each of these complications can contribute to patient morbidity through poor limb use, pain, loss of fracture reduction, and delayed unions or nonunions. A more thorough understanding of the biomechanics of external fixation devices may reduce the incidence of complications and associated patient morbidity. The objective of this study was to determine the role of the external connecting bar in a 6-pin type 1 external skeletal fixation device with respect to the forces transmitted to the surrounding bone for an axial load on the bone.The methods used were finite element computer analysis and in vitro experimentation using a bone analog. The results obtained in both the FEA and in the in vitro experiments was that the middle pins on each bone segment experienced axial tension while the remainder of the pins experienced axial compression. Furthermore, increasing the stiffness of the external bar decreased the axial loads on all the pins, and more evenly distributed the end shear load and end moment on the pins.The role of the external bar in a 6-pin type 1 ESF device was investigated using finite element computer analysis and in vitro experimentation. The results show that increasing the stiffness of the external bar decreases the axial loads and more equally distributes the end shear loads on the pins. Therefore, increasing the stiffness of the external bar may reduce the chance of complications related to excessive pin loads, such as pin loosening, pin breakage, and pin tract infection.

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Darenskiy, Oleksandr, Eduard Bielikov, Olexii Dudin, Alina Zvierieva, and Anatolii Oleshchenko. "Results of theoretical and experimental studies on determining the coefficient of subgrade reaction of sleepers for the conditions of main railways with axial loads of 30-35 tons per axle." MATEC Web of Conferences 230 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823001003.

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The article considers obtaining numerical values of the coefficient of subgrade reaction of wooden and reinforced concrete sleepers with axial loads up to 30-35 tons per axle. It has been concluded that using the rolling stock with axial loads of up to 35 tons per axle is necessary in order to ensure sustainable development of the railway complex. The performance of the railway track thus should be investigated in order to predict its operation in such conditions. Generally, such studies are performed using numerical methods. One of the parameters that are required for such calculations is the parameter which is commonly called the coefficient of subgrade reaction. Empirical dependencies of the coefficient of subgrade reaction of wooden and reinforced concrete sleepers on the axial load and on the operating conditions of the track have been obtained. The obtained results can be used in studies of the interaction dynamics of the track of main railways with rolling stock with axial loads of 30-35 tons per axle, which will give an opportunity to provide well-grounded recommendations on the rules for the arrangement and maintenance of the track in such conditions.

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Robinson, Mouafo Teifouet Armand, and Sarp Adali. "Buckling of nonuniform carbon nanotubes under concentrated and distributed axial loads." Mechanical Sciences 8, no. 2 (October 9, 2017): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-8-299-2017.

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Abstract. Buckling of nonuniform carbon nanotubes are studied with the axial load taken as a combination of concentrated and axially distributed loads. Constitutive modelling of the nanotubes is implemented via nonlocal continuum mechanics. Problem solutions are obtained by employing a weak formulation of the problem and the Rayleigh-Ritz method which is implemented by using orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials. The accuracy of the method of solution is verified against available results. Solutions are obtained for the cases of uniformly distributed and triangularly distributed axial loads. Contour plots are given to assess the effect of nonuniform cross-sections and the small-scale parameter on the buckling load for a combination of simply supported, clamped and free boundary conditions.

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Doghman, Mirna, Hussein Mroueh, and Sébastien Burlon. "Piles in chalk under axial loading." MATEC Web of Conferences 281 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928101002.

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Chalk exhibits a viscous behavior depending on time and it presents a noticeable creep under constant load. Consequently, piles founded in chalk media may have their design greatly affected. However, the different standards of the design of deep foundations don’t take into account this viscous behavior and its effect on the pile settlement in the long term. This paper deals with the case of piles under monotonic axial loads in chalk. Two methods of predicting pile settlement are developed: the transfer curves method tz, taking into account the viscosity, and the macroelement technique.

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Tani, J. "Buckling of Truncated Conical Shells Under Combined Axial Load, Pressure, and Heating." Journal of Applied Mechanics 52, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3169061.

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On the basis of the Donnell-type shell equations with the effect of nonlinear prebuckling deformations taken into consideration, a theoretical analysis is performed on the buckling of clamped truncated conical shells under two loads combined out of uniform pressure, axial load, and uniform heating. The problem is solved by a finite difference method. It is found that the interaction curves of buckling loads are changed remarkably by the difference in the shape of conical shells. This is due to the large nonlinear prebuckling deformation and the difference in the buckling mode between two cases of single load.

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Van Dung, Dao, Nguyen Thi Nga, and Pham Minh Vuong. "Nonlinear stability analysis of stiffened functionally graded material sandwich cylindrical shells with general Sigmoid law and power law in thermal environment using third-order shear deformation theory." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 21, no. 3 (April 18, 2017): 938–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636217704863.

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This paper investigates analytically nonlinear buckling and postbuckling of functionally graded sandwich circular thick cylindrical shells filled inside by Pasternak two-parameter elastic foundations under thermal loads and axial compression loads. Shells are reinforced by closely spaced functionally graded material (FGM) rings and stringers. The temperature field is taken into account. Two general Sigmoid law and general power law, with four models of stiffened FGM sandwich cylindrical shell, are proposed. Using the Reddy’s third-order shear deformation shell theory (TSDT), stress function, and Lekhnitsky’s smeared stiffeners technique, the governing equations are derived. The closed form to determine critical axial load and postbuckling load-deflection curves are obtained by the Galerkin method. The effects of the face sheet thickness to total thickness ratio, stiffener, foundation, material, and dimensional parameters on critical thermal loads, critical mechanical loads and postbuckling behavior of shells are analyzed. In addition, this paper shows that for thin shells we can use the classical shell theory to investigate stability behavior of shell, but for thicker shells the use of TSDT for analyzing nonlinear stability of shell is necessary and suitable.

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Dong, Xuelian, Haiyan Zhu, Qingyou Liu, Qiaozhu Wang, and Xingming Wang. "Design of Downhole Robot Actuator System and Mechanical Behavior Analyses of the PRSM by Considering Elastic Errors and Radial Loads." Processes 10, no. 8 (August 2, 2022): 1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10081520.

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This paper designs a new class of actuators for the downhole traction robot system to achieve high-accuracy transmission, which is realized by the planetary roller screw mechanism (PRSM). As the downhole environment is a non-structure one, which increases the difficulty of the load analyses and distributions of the downhole robot system to complete a predesigned mission. Traditional achievements about the mechanical behavior analyses of PRSM ignore the effects of radial loads and torque elastic deformation errors, which are inevitable for the downhole robot actuator, and the results of which would affect the load distribution and fatigue life of the PRSM-aided actuator. To assist the complex task, in this study the mechanical behavior analyses of PRSM for the downhole robot system are investigated by considering axial loads, torque elastic deformation errors, and radial loads. Moreover, the calculation models for contact load distribution and fatigue life are established by utilizing the equivalent contact load and Hertz contact theory. Two cases for the robot actuator in the downhole environment are addressed, the results of which indicate that the contact load change and decrease with the thread growth direction of the PRSM, the first several threads bore most of the loads, and the last several threads only took a few loads. Additionally, the fatigue life reduces sharply under the condition that the axial loads, radial loads, and rotation speeds increase. Compared with the other two effectors, the fatigue life is more sensitive to the radial loads. The results show the sustainability of the presented screw–roller–nut and provide a potential reference for the downhole robot actuator motion analyses.

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Yang, Wen Gang, Bo Wen Zhu, and Zhang Qi Wang. "Wind-Induced Response of UHV Guyed Single-Mast Transmission Tower-Line System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.533.

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Ultra-high voltage guyed tower is typical structure of tall and slender, with the character of nonlinear and more sensitive to wind loads. Wind load is one of the most important control loads during design phase. A single-mast guyed tower recommended by a UHV DC transmission line was set as an example in this paper. The finite-element model of transmission tower-line system was built, based on Davenport, fluctuating wind velocity time-history was simulated, the result of wind-induced response was analyzed. The result indicates that, as for displacements of the nodes on guyed tower, the mean values of wind-induced response are greater than the displacements under the static equivalent wind loads. As for axial forces of the leg members on guyed tower, the axial forces under the static equivalent wind loads are less than the max values of wind-induced response.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Axial loads'

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