Journal articles: 'Axial bending'

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Šnirc, L’uboš, Alžbeta Grmanová, and Ján Ravinger. "Axial force and bending stiffness." MATEC Web of Conferences 107 (2017): 00053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710700053.

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Ye, Jian Feng, Chun Long Zheng, and Xue Shi Yao. "Analysis of Coupled Bending-Axial Vibration of a Rotor." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.608.

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Aiming at a rotor model, the coupled bending-axial vibration is being analyzed.Calculation results show that the prestress relative to rotational centrifugal load may influence bending vibration frequencies of a rotor.The bending vibration frequencies will increase when the prestress increases.The axial vibration frequency has not an influence because the direction of the spinning prestress is perpendicular to axis.When a rotor is applies axial force, a compressional force will tend to increase the axial vibration frequencies while a tensile force will decrease the axial vibration frequencies.The effects of the prestress(centrifugal load )of the spinning rotor and the axial prestress can be accounted by an adjustment of the stiffness matrix for analysis.By use of the stiffness matrix,the changed axial and bending vibration frequencies can be explained.The coupled bending-axial vibration may take place when the bending vibration frequencies have increased in the state of the changed prestress.In the end, the coupled bending-axial vibration frequency can be calculated.On the basis of prestress, the coupled lateral-torsional vibration and the coupled torsional-axial vibration frequency can be analysed,similarly.

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Liang, Feng, Zhen Li, Xiao-Dong Yang, Wei Zhang, and Tian-Zhi Yang. "Coupled Bending–Bending–Axial–Torsional Vibrations of Rotating Blades." Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 32, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 326–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10338-019-00075-w.

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Kim, Ji Hoon, Kil Sung Lee, and In Young Yang. "Axial Compression and Bending Characteristics of CFRP Hat Shaped Member According to Orientation Angle." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.203.

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The strength members, such as front-end side members, are subjected to axial compressive and bending load during collision. Therefore, it is important to consider energy absorption by the axial compression and the bending for design of effective strength members. And at the same time, it also should consider reducing weight of the members. In this study, CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics) side members with single-hat-section shape were manufactured. The axial compression and the bending tests were performed for the members using universal testing machine, and the axial compression and the bending characteristics were analyzed. Stacking condition related to the energy absorption of composite materials is being considered as an issue for the structural efficiency. So the energy absorption of the member under the axial compressive load and the bending load were experimentally investigated.

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Jiang, Zhi Cai, and Wei Lian Qu. "Buckling Analysis of the Tube Compression-Bending Member in Elastic-Plastic State with ANSYS." Advanced Materials Research 327 (September 2011): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.327.143.

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Stability is an important issue in steel structure design.When the steel member is subjected to elastic-plastic instability, the axial compression stiffness reduces with the increasing axial pressure and bending moment at end. Therefore, the authors analyze the process of steel member that is instable in elastic-plastic state in this paper by studying the degradation laws of axial compression stiffness. The eigenvalue buckling and nonlinear buckling analyses of axially compressed member and compression-bending member are carried out by using commercial package ANSYS in this study. The relationship curve between the axial force at end and the axial compression stiffness and the relationship surface among the axial pressure at end, bending moment at end and the axial compression stiffness are determined respectively. The made observations indicate that it is feasible to analyze the process of the steel member that is instable in elastic-plastic state by investigating the degradation properties of axial compression stiffness, which becomes lower with axial pressure at end and bending moment at end.

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Zhang, Zeng Feng, and Jing Pei Li. "Analysis of Piles Subject to Axial Load and Lateral Soil Movement." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 1708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.1708.

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A three-dimensional nonlinear elastic-plastic finite element method had been developed to study the bending behavior of piles subjected to axial load and lateral soil displacement. The influence of the lateral soil displacement, axial load level and the cap of piles were studied and variety law of the bending behavior was presented. The study showed that the bending moment increased with the lateral soil displacement. The displacement at the soil surface and the maximum bending moment of pile also increase with the axial load. The cap of piles has a great influence on bending moment and displacement of pile group.

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Mesquita, Luciane R., Sheila C. Rahal, Camilo Mesquita Neto, Washington T. Kano, Antônio C. Beato, Luís G. Faria, and Maíra S. Castilho. "Development and mechanical properties of a locking T-plate." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 5 (May 2017): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000500012.

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ABSTRACT: This study aimed to develop a locking T-plate and to evaluate its mechanical properties in synthetic models. A titanium 2.7mm T-plate was designed with a shaft containing three locked screw holes and one dynamic compression hole, and a head with two locked screw holes. Forty T-shaped polyurethane blocks, and 20 T-plates were used for mechanical testing. Six bone-plate constructs were tested to failure, three in axial compression and three in cantilever bending. Fourteen bone-plate constructs were tested for failure in fatigue, seven in axial compression and seven in cantilever bending. In static testing higher values of axial compression test than cantilever bending test were observed for all variables. In axial compression fatigue testing all bone-plate constructs withstood 1,000,000 cycles. Four bone-plate constructs failure occurred before 1,000,000 cycles in cantilever bending fatigue testing. In conclusion, the locking T-plate tested has mechanical properties that offer greatest resistance to fracture under axial loading than bending forces.

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Xu, Jiang Wen, Hao Zhang, Yi Hua Dou, and Xiao Zeng Wang. "An Analysis of the Collapse Strength of Down-Hole Tubings Loaded by Axial Compressive Forces and Bending Moment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.733.

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Due to collapses of tubings during well testing and completing in HPHT wells, it is required by Petrochina officially to calculate and analysis the collapse strength of down hole tubings with axial forces and corresponding bending moment being taken into considerations. Based on the 4th strength theorem, formulas were derived and method was present to analyze the collapse strength of down hole tubings loaded by compressive axial forces and bending moment to fulfill the official requirements, which could not be accomplished according to published standards and references. And, influences of axial tensile forces, compressive forces and bending loads on the collapse strengths of down hole tubings were studied. It is found that the collapse strength of down hole tubing loaded by compressive axial force is smaller with compressive axial force and buckling bending moment taking into considerations. The bigger the compressive axial forces, the smaller the collapse strengths.

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Burguete, R. L., and E. A. Patterson. "The Effect of Bending on the Normalized Stress at Roots of Threaded Connectors." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 116, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920145.

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Three-dimensional photoelasticity was used to analyze the effect of bending on the normalized stress at the roots of threaded connectors. Loading was effected by steel cages and a combination of eccentric weights (to provide the bending load) and concentric weights (to provide the axial load). The ratio of the bending stress to the axial stress was determined and various levels of this stress ratio, Rσ, were tested. The connections were analyzed by taking thin slices in the plane of bending and perpendicular to it. The position of the maximum fringe order at the roots was determined using Mesnager’s theorem and the maximum fringe order found by Tardy compensation. The fringe orders were normalized using the nominal axial stress and the total nominal stress (bending plus axial stress), which were calculated from the loads applied. The results, when normalized using the nominal axial stress and compared to those in connections without bending, exhibit a lower and broader peak of normalized stress values plotted against the helix length. The normalized stress values are also periodic in relation to the bending plane due to the variation in stress around the longitudinal axis of the bolt. It was found that bending in connectors will affect the normalized stress and that it is possible to determine this effect in a similar way to the method used for axially loaded connections.

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Hsu, Chien-Jen, Yi-Wen Chang, Wen-Ying Chou, Chou-Ping Chiou, Wei-Ning Chang, and Chi-Yin Wong. "Measurement of spinal range of motion in healthy individuals using an electromagnetic tracking device." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 8, no. 2 (February 2008): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi/2008/8/2/135.

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Object The authors measured the range of motion (ROM) of the spine in healthy individuals by using an electromagnetic tracking device to evaluate the functional performance of the spine. Methods The authors used the Flock of Birds electromagnetic tracking device with 4 receiver units attached to C-7, T-12, S-1, and the midthigh region. Forward/backward bending, bilateral side bending, and axial rotation of the trunk were performed in 18 healthy individuals. Results The average ROM was calculated after 3 consecutive measurements. The thoracic spine generated the greatest angle in axial rotation and smallest angle in backward bending. The lumbar spine generated the greatest angle in forward bending and smallest angle in axial rotation. The hip joints generated the greatest angle in forward bending and smallest angle in backward bending. Additionally, 40% of forward-bending motion occurred in the lumbar spine and 40% occurred in the hip joints. Approximately 60% of backward bending occurred in the lumbar spine; 60% of axial rotation occurred in the thoracic spine; and 45% of side bending occurred in the thoracic spine. Conclusions The Flock of Birds electromagnetic tracking device cannot only measure the ROM of spine but also easily differentiate the 6-degree contributions by different segments.

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SHAABAN, H., G. GIAKAS, M. BOLTON, R. WILLIAMS, P. WICKS, L. R. SCHEKER, and V. C. LEES. "The Load-Bearing Characteristics of the Forearm: Pattern of Axial and Bending Force Transmitted Through Ulna and Radius." Journal of Hand Surgery 31, no. 3 (June 2006): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsb.2005.12.009.

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A biomechanical study was performed on 12 cadaveric arms to define the normal profiles of force transmission through the ulna and radius and demonstrate the effect on these of simulated injury of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). Strain gauges were used to measure the axial and bending forces transmitted through each bone. Axial force transmitted through the ulna is, broadly, reciprocal to that seen in the radius, with the greatest force seen in supination. In all 12 arms, axial loading of the hand created an anterior bending force (to create a posterior convexity) in the distal radius. Axial loading of the hand created an anterior bending force in the distal ulna for half the specimens and a posterior bending force in the remaining half. Division and division with reconstruction of either the volar or the dorsal distal radioulnar ligament (DRUL) had no significant effect on force transmission through the ulna and radius, while excision of the ulnar head significantly disrupted the profiles of the axial and bending forces.

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12

Teng, Fei, Jicai Liang, Shaoqiang Wang, and Qigang Han. "Effect of Axial Normal Stress and Bending Moment between Contact and Non-Contact Zone on Forming Accuracy for Flexible Stretch Bending Formation." Metals 12, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12071168.

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Flexible 3D stretch bending (FSB) is a technology that uses multi-point molds instead of traditional integral molds to bend and deform profiles. Since the position of a multi-point mold can be adjusted in the horizontal and vertical directions, a set of molds can be used to form profile products with different contour structures. Due to the contact area and non-contact area between the multi-point mold and the surface of the profile, the forming accuracy of different areas is different. Thus, the axial normal stress and bending moment of the contact zone and non-contact zone between the profile and roller dies are studied in this article. By simulating the change in axial normal stress at the same position in the middle of a web along the axial direction, it is found that the axial normal stress shows little difference in the contact zone and non-contact zone. The value of axial normal stress in the non-contact zone is relatively stable, and there is a small increase on the side near the clamp. By simulating the axial normal stress of different cross-sections in the middle areas of three groups of webs, it is found that there is a linear relationship between the axial normal stress and the distance from inner curved surface. The bending moment of the profile in the contact zone is obviously greater than that in the non-contact zone, and the bending moment gradually decreases to near zero from the contact zone to the non-contact zone. The bending deformation of the profile in the contact zone is obviously greater than that in the non-contact zone, which results in the deviation between simulated bending displacement and theoretical bending displacement in the contact zone and non-contact zone.

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13

Wright, Howard. "Axial and Bending Behavior of Composite Walls." Journal of Structural Engineering 124, no. 7 (July 1998): 758–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1998)124:7(758).

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14

Buchanan, Andrew H. "Combined Bending and Axial Loading in Lumber." Journal of Structural Engineering 112, no. 12 (December 1986): 2592–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1986)112:12(2592).

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15

Alexandrov, Alexei, Alexander Frolov, and J. Massion. "Axial synergies during human upper trunk bending." Experimental Brain Research 118, no. 2 (January 19, 1998): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050274.

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Mansur, M. A., and P. Paramasivam. "Ferrocement under combined bending and axial loads." International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 7, no. 3 (August 1985): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(85)90002-8.

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Aala, Fardad, Yaghoub Gholipour, and Dana Samadi. "Experimental Investigation of Novel Reinforced Composite Panels Made of Cold-Rolled Galvanized Sheets Filled with Foamed Concrete and Fire-Resistance Polyurethane Foam." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (September 19, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6412974.

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While introducing the novel structural method, this paper compares the behavior of composite panels comprised of cold-rolled galvanized sheets infilled with the foamed concrete and the fire-resistance polyurethane foam. A series of axial and bending tests are carried out on the composite panels with mentioned fillers; also, the function of the wire mesh and surrounding cold-rolled galvanized sheets with different thicknesses and different fillers are investigated in an attempt to know the effects of mentioned sheets on the final strength. The results show that applying the fire-resistance polyurethane foam performs better in enhancing the bending and the axial strength of composite panels in comparison with the foamed concrete filler. By this combined system with foamed concrete as infilling material, the cold-rolled galvanized sheets, which endure low bending and axial tension, have been able to withstand bending and axial load around 1.92–4.08 N/mm2 and 0.98–1.074 N/mm2, respectively. In addition to the aforementioned composite system, those panels with fire-resistance polyurethane foam as infilling material, apart from the greater lightness, around 40% lighter, have been able to withstand more with approximately 50% and 10% higher bending and axial load, respectively.

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Mijalkovic, Marina, Marina Trajkovic, and Bojan Milosevic. "Limit analysis of beams under combined stresses." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 6, no. 1 (2008): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace0801075m.

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The problem of the determination of limit bearing capacity of beam cross section under pure bending, eccentric tension, pure shear, as well as combined stress is considered in this paper. The influence functions of the bending moment and axial force, as well as the bending moment, axial and shear force on the cross section limit bearing capacity in case of rectangular and I beam cross section are derived.

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Nakai, Yoshikazu, Kohei Fujihara, Naoki Sei, and Bok Key Kim. "Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation at a Sharp Notch in Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1659.

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Fatigue strength of notched specimen and smooth specimen of Zr-based bulk metallic glass, Zr55Cu30Ni5Al10, were conducted under either plane-bending or axial-loading. Fatigue notch factor, Kf, for axial-loading was almost equal to the elastic stress concentration factor, Kt, and the value of Kf for plane-bending was 5% lower than the value of Kt. It indicates that the effect of stress gradient around notch root is negligible, and the fatigue limit of notched specimen is determined by the stress at the notch root. On the contrary, the fatigue strength and the fatigue limit were lower for axial-loading than plane-bending either for notched or smooth specimen. It is considered that the fatigue strength of BMG depends on the cooling rate in the casting process of the material, which is different along the thickness direction, and the fatigue strength of plane-bending reflects the strength at the specimen surface while that of axial-loading is determined by the weakest strength in the thickness direction.

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Wang, Jyhwen, and Rohit Agarwal. "Tube Bending Under Axial Force and Internal Pressure." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 128, no. 2 (June 15, 2005): 598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2112987.

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Tube bending is a widely used manufacturing process in the aerospace, automotive, and various other industries. During tube bending, considerable in-plane distortion and thickness variation occurs. Additional loadings such as axial force and internal pressure can be used to achieve better shape control. Based on plasticity theories, analytical models are developed to predict cross-sectional distortion and thickness change of tubes under various loading conditions. The model predictions are in good agreement with finite element simulations and published experimental results. The models can be used to evaluate tooling and process design in tube bending.

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Hsu, H. L., F. J. Jan, and J. L. Juang. "Performance of composite members subjected to axial load and bi-axial bending." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 65, no. 4 (April 2009): 869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.04.006.

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Ritter, D. "Axial muscle function during lizard locomotion." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 2499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.11.2499.

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It was recently reported that the epaxial muscles of a lizard, Varanus salvator, function to stabilize the trunk during locomotion, and it was suggested that this stabilizing role may be a shared derived feature of amniotes. This result was unexpected because it had previously been assumed that the epaxial muscles of lizards function to produce lateral bending during locomotion and that only in mammals and birds were the epaxial muscles active in stabilizing the trunk. These results and the inferences made from them lead to two questions. (1) Is the pattern of epaxial muscle activity observed in V. salvator representative of a basal lizard condition or is it a derived condition that evolved within lizards? (2) If the epaxial muscles do not produce lateral bending, which muscles do carry out this function? These questions were addressed by collecting synchronous electromyographic (EMG) and kinematic data from two lizard species during walking and running. EMG data were collected from the epaxial muscles of a lizard species from a basal clade, Iguana iguana, in order to address the first question. EMG data were collected from the hypaxial muscles of both Iguana iguana and Varanus salvator to address the second question. The timing of epaxial muscle activity in Iguana iguana relative to the kinematics of limb support and lateral trunk bending is similar to that observed in Varanus salvator, a finding that supports the hypothesis that the epaxial muscles stabilize the trunk during locomotion in lizards and that this stabilizing role is a basal feature of lizards. Therefore, a stabilizing function of the epaxial muscles is most parsimoniously interpreted as a basal amniote feature. In both Iguana iguana and Varanus salvator, the activity of two of the hypaxial muscles, the external oblique and rectus abdominis, is appropriately timed for the production of lateral bending. This indicates that elements of the hypaxial musculature, not the epaxial musculature, are the primary lateral bending muscles of lizards.

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Han, Shou Hong, Zhen Hua Lu, and Yong Jin Liu. "Study on Multi-Axial Mechanical Properties of a Polyurethane Foam and Experimental Verification." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.301.

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In order to investigate the multi-axial mechanical properties of a kind of PU (polyurethane) foam, some experiments in different loading conditions including uni-axial tension, uni-axial compression, hydrostatic compression and three-point bending were conducted. It is shown that the hydrostatic component influences yield behavior of PU foam, the yield strength and degree of strain hardening in hydrostatic compression exceed those for uni-axial compression. In terms of the differential hardening constitutive model, the evolution of PU foam yield surface and plastic hardening laws were fitted from experimental data. A finite element method was applied to analyze the quasi-static responses of the PU foam sandwich beam subjected to three-point bending, and good agreement was observed between experimental load-displacement responses and computational predictions, which validated the multi-axial loading methods and stress-strain constitutive model parameters. Moreover, effects of two foam models applied to uni-axial loading and multi-axial loading conditions were analyzed and compared with three-point bending tests and simulations. It is found that the multi-axial constitutive model can bring more accurate prediction whose parameters are obtained from the tests above mentioned.

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Wang, Zhi Yun, and Shou Ju Li. "Analytical Computational Models for Relationship between Ultimate Bending Moment of Concrete Segments and Axial Force." Key Engineering Materials 853 (July 2020): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.853.177.

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Concrete segments are widely used to support soil and water loadings in shield-excavated tunnels. Concrete segments burden simultaneously to the loadings of bending moments and axial forces. Based on plane deformation assumption of material mechanics, in which plane section before bending remains plane after bending, ultimate bending moment model is proposed to compute ultimate bearing capacity of concrete segments. Ultimate bending moments of concrete segments computed by analytical models agree well with numerical simulation results by FEM. The accuracy of proposed analytical computational model for ultimate bending moment of concrete segments is numerically verified. The analytical computational model and numerical simulation for a practical engineering case indicate that the ultimate bending moment of concrete segments increases with increase of axial force on concrete segment in the case of large eccentricity compressive state.

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Gonzalez-Blohm, Sabrina A., James J. Doulgeris, Kamran Aghayev, William E. Lee, Andrey Volkov, and Frank D. Vrionis. "Biomechanical analysis of an interspinous fusion device as a stand-alone and as supplemental fixation to posterior expandable interbody cages in the lumbar spine." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 20, no. 2 (February 2014): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.10.spine13612.

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Object In this paper the authors evaluate through in vitro biomechanical testing the performance of an interspinous fusion device as a stand-alone device, after lumbar decompression surgery, and as supplemental fixation to expandable cages in a posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) construct. Methods Nine L3–4 human cadaveric spines were biomechanically tested under the following conditions: 1) intact/control; 2) L3–4 left hemilaminotomy with partial discectomy (injury); 3) interspinous spacer (ISS); 4) bilateral pedicle screw system (BPSS); 5) bilateral hemilaminectomy, discectomy, and expandable posterior interbody cages with ISS (PLIF-ISS); and 6) PLIF-BPSS. Each test consisted of 100 N of axial preload with ± 7.5 Nm of torque in flexion-extension, right/left lateral bending, and right/left axial rotation. Significant changes in range of motion (ROM), neutral zone stiffness (NZS), elastic zone stiffness (EZS), and energy loss (EL) were explored among conditions using nonparametric Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed-rank comparisons (p ≤ 0.05). Results The injury increased ROM in flexion (p = 0.01), left bending (p = 0.03), and right/left rotation (p < 0.01) and also decreased NZS in flexion (p = 0.01) and extension (p < 0.01). Both the ISS and BPSS reduced flexion-extension ROM and increased flexion-extension stiffness (NZS and EZS) with respect to the injury and intact conditions (p < 0.05), but the ISS condition provided greater resistance than BPSS in extension for ROM, NZS, and EZS (p < 0.01). The BPSS increased the rigidity (ROM, NZS, and EZS) of the intact model in lateral bending and axial rotation (p ≤ 0.01), except in EZS for left rotation (p = 0.23, Friedman test). The incorporation of posterior cages marginally increased (p = 0.05) the EZS of the BPSS construct in flexion but these interbody devices provided significant stability to the ISS construct in lateral bending and axial rotation for ROM (p = 0.02), in lateral bending for NZS (p = 0.02), and in flexion/axial rotation for EZS (p ≤ 0.03); however, both PLIF constructs demonstrated equivalent ROM and stiffness (p ≥ 0.16), except in lateral bending where the PLIF-BPSS was more stable (p = 0.02). In terms of EL, the injury increased EL in flexion-extension (p = 0.02), the ISS increased EL for lateral bending and axial rotation (p ≤ 0.03), and the BPSS decreased EL in lateral bending (p = 0.02), with respect to the intact condition. The PLIF-ISS decreased lateral bending EL with respect to the ISS condition (p = 0.02), but not enough to be smaller or, at least, equivalent, to that of the PLIF-BPSS construct (p = 0.02). Conclusions The ISS may be a suitable device to provide immediate flexion-extension balance after a unilateral laminotomy, but the BPSS provides greater immediate stability in lateral bending and axial rotation motions. Both PLIF constructs performed equivalently in flexion-extension and axial rotation, but the PLIF-BPSS construct is more resistant to lateral bending motions. Further biomechanical and clinical evidence is required to strongly support the recommendation of a stand-alone interspinous fusion device or as supplemental fixation to expandable posterior interbody cages.

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Lu, Da Gang, Yan Jun Li, Zhen Yu Wang, and Guang Yuan Wang. "Simulation of Seismic Behavior for RC Columns under Bidirectional Compression-Bending." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.727.

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To investigate the seismic behavior of RC columns under bidirectional lateral loading, numerical analysis for tests of RC columns under biaxial loading were performed using fiber model. The simulation results agreed well with test results. The effect of axial compression ratio on the seismic behavior of RC columns under biaxial lateral load was analyzed. The analytical results showed that biaxial lateral loading had little effect on critical axial compression ratio, and the value of critical axial compression ratio was between 0.4~0.5. Bevel carrying capacity under bidirectional lateral loading was a little greater than that under principal axial loading when axial compression ratio was less than 0.1. There had been about 10 percent decrease in bevel carrying capacity at critical axial compression ratio but principal axial bearing capacity declined about 35 percent. Moreover, ultimate displacement angle and accumulative hysteretic dissipation energy decreased observably with increase of axial compression ratio. The adverse influence of special effect on principal axis should be considered in the actual design.

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Gao, Xiaoping, Danxi Li, Wei Wu, and Si Chen. "Experimental investigation of the tensile and bending behavior of multi-axial warp-knitted fabric composites." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 3 (November 13, 2016): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516679155.

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An experimental study was carried out on the tensile and bending behavior of multi-axial warp-knitted fabric composites. Five specimens reinforced with multi-axial warp-knitted fabric/epoxy were manufactured by a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding method. Quasi-static tensile and three-point bending tests were carried out in a number of orientations relative to the stitching direction: quadriaxial, triaxial, biaxial (±45° and 0/90°) and unidirectional. The results of the tests revealed that the quadriaxial and biaxial (±45°) samples showed quasi-isotropic behavior, whereas the other laminates showed anisotropic behavior. The influence of fiber volume fraction and the orientation distribution of the constituent material on the tensile and bending behavior were also analyzed. The relationships between the stress and strain and the tensile and bending behavior of different multi-axial warp-knitted fabric composite were obtained by polynomial fitting.

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Wang, Yan, Zu Tian Cheng, Yi Liang Peng, Xin Gu, and Tao Zhang. "Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Bolt Pretension on Rigid Flange Joint Rigidity in Substation Steel Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 3186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.3186.

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in order to research the influence of bolt pretension on the rigid flange joints stiffness further, ANSYS finite element model was built on the basis of experimental investigations, and was used to research the influence of bolt pretension on the axial rigidity, shear rigidity and bending rigidity. The calculation results indicated that the axial rigidity, shear rigidity and bending rigidity were all increased along with the increase of bolt pretension, and the increase of axial rigidity was most obvious.

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Song, Jun Shan, Hai Tao Liu, Chun Hao Du, Dong Po Hong, and Tao Zhang. "Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Bolt Pretension on Flexible Flange Joint Rigidity in Substation Steel Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 3192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.3192.

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In order to research the influence of bolt pretension on the flexible flange joints stiffness further, ANSYS finite element model was built on the basis of experimental investigations, and was used to research the influence of bolt pretension on the axial rigidity, shear rigidity and bending rigidity. The calculation results indicated that the axial rigidity, shear rigidity and bending rigidity were all increased along with the increase of bolt pretension, and the increase of axial rigidity was most obvious.

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Górski, Marcin. "Calculation of column bases under biaxial bending." Budownictwo i Architektura 13, no. 3 (September 11, 2014): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1825.

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Columns are structural elements subjected to compression and sometimes bending. The way of their anchorages in foundations usually allows to withstand bending only in one plane, while in another plane connection is assumed to be hinged. Sometimes column need to be fixed in both planes, for example in steel sheds, which causes biaxial bending with additional axial force in column bases. Both codes [1] and available literature (ex. [2], [3], [4]) give procedures only to calculate column bases under bending in one axial. This paper shows the proposal of the procedure to calculate column bases under compression and biaxial bending. This iterative procedure is based on component method. Obtained results were compared with results from finite element analysis.

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LI, C., C. W. LIM, J. L. YU, and Q. C. ZENG. "ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR VIBRATION OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED NONLOCAL NANOBEAMS WITH AN AXIAL FORCE." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 11, no. 02 (April 2011): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455411004087.

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This paper presents exact, analytical solutions for the transverse vibration of simply supported nanobeams subjected to an initial axial force based on nonlocal elasticity theory. Classical continuum theory is inherently size independent while nonlocal elasticity exhibits size dependence. The latter has significant effects on bending moment, which results in a conceptually different definition of a new effective nonlocal bending moment with respect to the corresponding classical bending moment. A sixth-order partial differential governing equation is subsequently obtained. The effects of nonlocal nanoscale on the vibration frequencies and mode shapes are considered and analytical solutions are solved. Effects of the nonlocal nanoscale and dimensionless axial force including axial tension and axial compression on the first three mode frequencies are presented and discussed. It is found that the nonlocal nanoscale induces higher natural frequencies and stiffness of the nano structures.

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Jalan, S. K., B. Nageswara Rao, and S. Gopalakrishnan. "Vibrational Characteristics of Zigzag, Armchair and Chiral Cantilever Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." Advanced Composites Letters 22, no. 6 (November 2013): 096369351302200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369351302200602.

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Finite element analysis has been performed to study vibrational characteristics of cantilever single walled carbon nanotubes. Finite element models are generated by specifying the C-C bond rigidities, which are estimated by equating energies from molecular mechanics and continuum mechanics. Bending, torsion, and axial modes are identified based on effective mass for armchair, zigzag and chiral cantilever single walled carbon nanotubes, whose Young's modulus is evaluated from the bending frequency. Empirical relations are provided for frequencies of bending, torsion, and axial modes.

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Poulos, H. G. "Effect of pile driving on adjacent piles in clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 31, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 856–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t94-102.

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When a pile is driven into clay, horizontal and vertical movements are developed in the soil surrounding the pile. These movements will tend to develop axial forces and bending moments in adjacent piles that have already been installed. Possible consequences for these piles are (i) structural damage or cracking (of concrete piles) arising from the induced bending moments, (ii) tensile failure of the piles due to the induced axial forces, and (iii) lifting-off of the pile tip from the bearing stratum due to the axial induced movements. This paper describes the results of a theoretical analysis of the bending moments and axial forces developed in a pile due to driving of an adjacent pile in clay. The analysis uses approximate distributions of horizontal and vertical soil movements caused by pile driving, developed from a "strain-path" analysis, together with inferences from model pile test data. An examination is made of various factors that may influence the induced bending moments and forces, including pile spacing, depth of penetration of the adjacent pile, and number of piles driven. For a number of published case histories comparisons are made between theoretical and measured axial and lateral pile movements. In general, satisfactory agreement is found. Key words : foundations, lateral movements, pile driving, settlement, soil displacement.

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Setiawan, A. E., Ashury, M. Z. M. Alie, and A. Amin. "Analyses on helicopter deck under axial and bending." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 343 (November 6, 2019): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012079.

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Bourne, Jonathan W., Lei Shi, and Peter A. Torzilli. "Collagen peptide simulated bending after applied axial deformation." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 108 (August 2020): 103835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103835.

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Mäkinen, Jari, Keijo Fränti, Matti Korhonen, Joshua Fillion, and Markku Heinisuo. "End-Plate Connections in Bi-Axial Bending - Measurements." Key Engineering Materials 710 (September 2016): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.710.275.

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In this paper we consider the measurements of bolted end-plate connections of tubular beams with cold-formed hollow rectangular aluminium sections. The motivation for these measurements originates from the fact that the aluminium standard (EN 1999-1-1) [1] does not cover the design of this very frequently used type of connection, where the bolts are located outside the edge-lines of the cross-section, i.e. corner bolts. Many tests and studies regarding this area have been conducted, but this paper brings value to the case where bi-axial bending is applied. The measurements have been carried out and the detailed results shall be shown. In this paper, we will focus on the six measurements where the tubular beams were bent uniaxially and biaxially to these limit points. The tests were stopped when the ultimate limit state was reached. In this case the connection never actually broke, but effectively the joint had lost its load bearing capacity. Some residual capacity still remained, but the displacements were too great resulting in a totally different behavior of the connection. The behavior of this connection is highly non-linear, since aluminium (AW 5754) as a material is strain hardening and the mechanism in the connection changes as the displacements increase.

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Li, Bin, Qi Lu, Boyan Jiang, Jinwen Yang, Jun Wang, and Junlong Xie. "Effects of Outer Edge Bending on the Aerodynamic and Noise Characters of Axial Fan for Air Conditioners." Processes 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10040686.

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Outer edge bending is already used on the axial fan blades of air conditioners, reducing the leakage flow loss at the blade tip and suppressing the tip vortex development, thereby improving fan aerodynamic and acoustic performance. However, there are few studies on the multi-parameter design and optimization of this complicated structure, and most studies only focus on the overall sound pressure level rather than the sound quality when evaluating the fan noise. This study investigated the effects of outer edge bending structure on the aerodynamic performance and sound quality of air conditioners’ axial fans by experiments and numerical methods. Based on the orthogonal design method, the effects of three bending parameters, the circumferential starting angle, radial relative position, and the bending degree effects on the performance of the axial flow fan blade were analyzed, and the best efficiency scheme was selected. A comparative analysis of the preferred and the original bending schemes shows that the bending towards the blade suction surface successfully inhibits the development of tip leakage vortex at the blade tip, thereby achieving efficiency enhancement and noise reduction. The experimental results show that the preferred bending scheme with a 10° circumferential starting angle, 90% radial relative position, and 8% bending degree can effectively reduce the fan’s broadband noise within 200~1000 Hz by 0.54~2.68 dB (A) at different operating conditions. Additionally, the preferred bending blade with reasonably designed bending effectively reduced the loudness and roughness of the fan noise in the rated conditions, and the sound quality of the studied fan was correspondingly improved.

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Senouci, M., D. FitzPatrick, J. F. Quinlan, H. Mullett, L. Coffey, and D. McCormack. "Quantification of the coupled motion that occurs with axial rotation and lateral bending of the head-neck complex: An experimental examination." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 221, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119jeim265.

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The vertebrae of the cervical spine exhibit out-of-plane or coupled motion during axial rotation and lateral bending. Quantifying the range of motion (ROM) of this occurrence can aid the understanding of cervical spine injury mechanisms and disorders, as well as the development of new treatment methods. Previous studies have formulated ratios to describe coupled motion obtained from in-vitro examinations. The aim of the present study was to use in-vivo test data to develop mathematical relationships to quantify the coupled motion that occurs with axial rotation and lateral bending of the head-neck complex. Using a three-dimensional motion analyser it was possible to trace the coupling effect throughout the full range of unrestricted head-neck motion. Values for primary and coupled ROMs were obtained, showing no significant difference between male and female primary ROMs but a small disparity between male and female coupled ROMs. Regression equations were found to quantify coupled motion throughout the range of axial rotation and lateral bending. The present experimental study also examines the range of horizontally fixed axial rotation of the head to determine the minimum amount of coupled lateral bending that takes place, which has not been measured previously.

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Huh, Nam-Su, Yun-Jae Kim, and Young-Jin Kim. "Limit Load Solutions for Pipes With Through-Wall Crack Under Single and Combined Loading Based on Finite Element Analyses." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 3 (November 16, 2006): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2748828.

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The present paper provides plastic limit load solutions for axial and circumferential through-wall cracked pipes based on detailed three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) limit analysis using elastic-perfectly plastic behavior. As a loading condition, axial tension, global bending moment, internal pressure, combined tension and bending, and combined internal pressure and bending are considered for circumferential through-wall cracked pipes, while only internal pressure is considered for axial through-wall cracked pipes. In particular, more emphasis is given for through-wall cracked pipes subject to combined loading. Comparisons with existing solutions show a large discrepancy in short through-wall crack (both axial and circumferential) for internal pressure. In the case of combined loading, the FE limit analyses results show the thickness effect on limit load solutions. Furthermore, the plastic limit load solution for circumferential through-wall cracked pipes under bending is applied to derive plastic η and γ factor of testing circumferential through-wall cracked pipes to estimate fracture toughness. Being based on detailed 3D FE limit analysis, the present solutions are believed to be meaningful for structural integrity assessment of through-wall cracked pipes.

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Ko, Hee Jung, Ji Ho Moon, and Hak Eun Lee. "Simulation of Accordion Effect of I-Girder with Corrugated Steel Webs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1416.

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The axial stiffness of the corrugated steel plate is negligible by nature of unique geometric characteristics of the plate called as the accordion effect. This unique effect results in high efficiency on post-tensioning. Thus, corrugated steel plate is very suitable for a web of PC-box girder. Recent researches show that strain and stress in sub-panel of corrugated steel webs, that are induced by local bending of the sub-panel, exist even if the axial stiffness is negligible. These strain and stress in sub-panel are important since it might cause fatigue failure of the structure under repeated loading. This study presents the analytical simulation of the accordion effect of the I-girder with corrugated steel webs under pure axial load or bending including the effect of local bending of sub-panel of the corrugated steel webs. Theoretical study and numerical results were combined to develop the simplified equation to evaluate the accordion effect including the effect of local bending of the sub-panel.

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Wu, Ya Ping, Jia Wei Zhang, Yu Ru Zhao, and Yin Hui Wang. "Numerical Analysis for Geometry Nonlinear Characters of Laminated Box Beam Columns." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.718.

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In the action of bending load and axial compression, the deflection of the beam presents character of geometry nonlinear. For the thin-walled carbon fiber laminated box beam column, the beam deflections not only relate with load but also with the ply angle of layer, span width ratio. By using the method of numerical, this paper analyzed and summarized the beam deflection variation with the span width ratio, ply angle, the axial compression ratio for the simply supported laminated box beam column under the axial compression and bending load.

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42

WU, XIAO-GANG, TENG ZHAO, XIAO-HONG WU, JIANG-LAN XIE, KUI-JUN CHEN, HONG-MEI GUO, CHAO-XIN LI, YAN-QIN WANG, and WEI-YI CHEN. "INTERSTITIAL FLUID FLOW BEHAVIOR IN OSTEON WALL UNDER NON-AXISYMMETRIC LOADING: A FINITE ELEMENT STUDY." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 18, no. 07 (November 2018): 1840007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519418400079.

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Physiological loads are non-axisymmetric and can lead to interstitial bone fluid flow, particularly in osteon. According to research, interstitial bone fluid flow plays a key role in bone mechanotransduction. To evaluate the poroelastic responses of a non-axisymmetric loaded osteon, this paper presents a finite element osteon model that is bulit by using the Comsol Multiphysics software. Obtained results show that under the same loading amplitude, the generated pressure and velocity amplitudes in the axial compression loading case are the largest, followed by that in the compressive bending loading, and smallest in the bending case. Moreover, the induced pressure and velocity amplitudes in axial compression loading exhibit an axial symmetrical distribution and axial centrosymmetric distribution in the compressive bending. In the bend loading case, the pressure amplitude presents an antisymmetric distribution, but the velocity amplitude is axially symmetrically distributed. Therefore, the distributions of pressure and velocity are definitely affected by load types, which lead to different bone fluid stimuli in mechanotransduction.

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Zhu, Xiujie, Chao Xiong, Junhui Yin, Dejun Yin, and Huiyong Deng. "Transverse Bending and Axial Compressing Mechanical Characteristics of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Sandwich Laminated Square Tubes." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3765.

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The transverse bending and axial compressing mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sandwich laminated square tubes with two kinds of cores, aluminum honeycomb and aluminum foam, respectively, were studied. The failure mechanism and damage processes of the two different CFRP sandwich laminated square tubes were studied by three-point bending and axial compressing experiments, comparing to CFRP hollow laminated square tube. The three-point bending process of CFRP sandwich laminated square tubes were also simulated in ABAQUS/Explicit and the failure mechanism and modes were deeply analyzed. The analytical model of composite laminated box beam using shear-deformable beam theory was extended to calculate the stiffness characteristics of CFRP sandwich laminated square tubes. The variation of bending, axial and shear stiffness in the linear elastic range were predicted. The results show that, after reaching the peak of three-point bending load, the bearing capacity of CFRP hollow laminated square tube reduced greatly due to the buckling instability of the two vertical sides, while that of the CFRP sandwich laminated square tubes were still considerable. A sudden strength damage occurred in the CFRP sandwich laminated tubes under the axial load, and the sandwich panels could slow down the drop of bearing capacity and increase the energy absorption. The load–displacement histories of numerical simulation and experimental result were in good agreement. The differences between analytically calculated and experimental measured stiffness characteristics were within 6.5%. The bending stiffness and axial stiffness of CFRP sandwich laminated tubes are large when the ply angle in the range from 0 to 45 degrees. Compared with the CFRP aluminum foam sandwich square tube, the specific stiffness and specific energy absorption of CFRP aluminum honeycomb sandwich square tube were higher but the energy absorbed was inferior.

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Chen, Lei. "Nonlinear Stability Analysis of Elastic Cylinders under Global Bending." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 1754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.1754.

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The cylindrical shells under global bending with different geometric parameters display different failure behavior. The size of typical buckles under axial compressive stress regimes is rather small and extends over a very small zone, with the axial compressive stress reaching the critical value. The first estimate of the elastic buckling strength in bending is the condition in which the most compressed fiber reaches the buckling stress for uniform axial compression. For short cylinders, local bifurcation buckling occurs at the middle of the most compressed side of the shell, and geometric nonlinearity has a little effect on the buckling strength, while for medium-length and long cylinders, the geometric nonlinearity and the ovalization of the cross-section should be considered. This paper explores the failure behavior in elastic cylinders in pure bending.

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LEE, C. S., N. L. WONG, S. SRIGRAROM, and N. T. NGUYEN. "DEVELOPMENT OF 3-COMPONENT FORCE-MOMENT BALANCE FOR LOW SPEED WATER TUNNEL." Modern Physics Letters B 19, no. 28n29 (December 20, 2005): 1575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984905009948.

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An effort is made to develop a new 3-component force-moment balance, which is capable of measuring lift force, drag force and pitching moment of a model mounted in the water tunnel. The concept used in the balance design is the bending- beam principle. The forces acting on the spring element cause strains on its surface, which are measured by strain gauges. Since strain yielded by the axial force is usually very small, therefore it is not practical to measure axial force using strain gauge directly to sense the strain in axial direction. The main idea of the new balance design is to translate all desired forces (lift and drag) in such a way that they yield bending strain at selected strain-gauge station. This is done by using a bending balance geometry. Under this apparatus, the model wing is mounted at one of its end to the bending balance. The corresponding Lift, Drag forces and Pitching moment are translated into moments at the other end of the balance, and can be measured from sets of strain gauges in bending mode (twisting mode for pitching moment). Example readings are presented in this paper.

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Wu, Ning, Shanshan Zheng, Jie Yang, Yang Gao, Jing Wang, and Li Chen. "Three-dimensional orthogonal nonwoven single polymer composite." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 36, no. 12 (March 1, 2017): 889–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684417694752.

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This paper describes the production and bending properties of three-dimensional orthogonal single polymer composites made from axial–braider commingling yarns where the braider yarns are completely melted to produce the matrix phase. The research was demonstrated using poly(lactic acid) yarn as an example. The optimum linear density ratio of braider and axial yarn was prescreened. The effects of consolidation temperature, pressure, and preform thickness on the bending properties were investigated by Environment Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) observations and mechanical bending tests. The results showed that the best bending properties of single poly(lactic acid) composite were detected in the braider–axial yarns ratio of 5/6. At this ratio, the increase of the consolidation temperature was to improve the bending properties (from 145 to 160℃), while it markedly decreased at 165℃. As the processing pressure increased, a remarkable improvement in the interfacial bonding between fibers and matrix occurred at a pressure of around 8 MPa. The increase of preform thickness gave rise to higher fiber volume fraction in the single poly(lactic acid) composite, with the result that the peak values of maximum stress and modulus were obtained at the preform thickness of 9 mm.

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Zhao, Guowei, and Zhigang Wu. "Effects of steady-state axial deformation on bending frequency of rotating cantilever beam." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 24 (September 19, 2016): 4521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216669534.

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A coupling dynamic model of a rotating cantilever beam is established by considering the effect of steady-state axial deformation on transverse bending deformation. The present method uses fully nonlinear Green strain–displacement relationship to derive the coupling terms in the equations of motion. The steady-state axial deformation is derived by analysing the equation of axial motion. An expression of the rotational speed limit is also obtained. The numerical results indicate that the steady-state axial deformation has a considerable effect on the transverse bending frequencies. A comparison of the present model with the absolute nodal coordinate formulation indicates that the two models are in good agreement, which proves the effectiveness and rationality of the present model.

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Ouyang, Huajiang, and Minjie Wang. "Dynamics of a Rotating Shaft Subject to a Three-Directional Moving Load." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 129, no. 3 (January 5, 2007): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2731402.

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This paper presents a dynamic model for the vibration of a rotating Rayleigh beam subjected to a three-directional load acting on the surface of the beam and moving in the axial direction. The model takes into account the axial movement of the axial force component. More significantly, the bending moment produced by this force component is included in the model. Lagrange’s equations of motion for the modal coordinates are derived based on the assumed mode method and then solved by a fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm. It is found that the bending moment induced by the axial force component has a significant influence on the dynamic response of the shaft, even when the axial force and speed are low and, hence, must be considered in such problems as turning operations.

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Geng, De Xu, Ji Zhao, Lei Zhang, and Yun Wei Zhao. "Study on Bidirectional Controllable Flexible Bending Joints Based on Elongation Artificial Muscles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2877.

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Flexible joint plays an important role in compliant motion of robot and bionic function and so on. We developed a new type bidirectional controllable flexible bending joint based on elongation artificial muscles, and which can axial elongate and bend two-dimensional two-way control in space. Furthermore, we had theoretical and experimental analysis on both axial elongation and bending deformation of joint, and get the pressure-elongation relationship and bending moment-angle properties. And this study could be valuable for the dynamic analysis and motion accuracy control of the robots driven by this type flexible joint.

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Husain, Nurulakmar Abu, and Chi Loog Pang. "Experimental Analysis of Bending and Axial Crush Behaviour of Single Hat Longitudinal Rail." Key Engineering Materials 569-570 (July 2013): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.569-570.398.

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This paper deals with experimental investigations of single hat longitudinal rail under quasi-static crush loading. A set of identical specimen which was simplified from actual automotive longitudinal rail was fabricated, and quasi-static testing (i.e., compression and bending test) were conducted. The main objective of this research was to study the failure mode, bending and tensile behaviour of the structure under bending and axial compression. In order to get the compressive load-displacement response and its corresponding deformation pattern, the compression test was carried out using a Universal Testing Machine. Stress-strain curve and energy absorption of the specimen were derived from the compressive load-displacement response. It was found that the quasi-static response of the specimen in compression case was affected by the number and position of spot welds. For the bending test, the bending load was found to be fluctuated with the displacement in a way analogous to the folding behaviour and deformation of the cross-section of the specimen. Bending moment-rotation characteristic was derived from bending load-displacement curve to investigate the energy absorption of the specimen in bending case. Lastly, the von Mises stress at the top and bottom surface of the specimen is increased with increment of the punch head travel distance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Axial bending'

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