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Verma, Saurabh, Ravi Shankar Verma, Shyam Sundar, and Amrendra Kumar. "Studies on chemical attributes of guava (Psidium guajava L.) Genotypes in Awadh region." International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research 8, no. 2 (January 1, 2024): 274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26174693.2024.v8.i2d.576.
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Bairwa, Pradeep Kumar, RS Verma, Harvindra Pal, Som Prakash, and Shivendra Kumar. "Studies on chemical characters of different cultivars of aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) in awadh region." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 2950–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i1as.8717.
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Imbert, Isabelle. "Patronage and Productions of Paintings and Albums in 18th-Century Awadh." Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 12, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 174–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878464x-01102002.
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Abstract During the 18th century, Faizābād and Lucknow became strategic centres of painting production in Northern India. Encouraged by the patronage of European collectors, but most probably by unnamed Indian patrons as well, the region experienced an intense period marked by the large number of albums and paintings in circulation. Based on the in-depth analysis of a selection of albums, paintings, and manuscripts, this article aims to highlight the evolution of compilation practices and painting productions. Full-page flower paintings, in particular, became increasingly popular in muraqqaʿ, to the point where calligraphic panels were completely replaced by colourful plants. Floral designs also appear in the margins, and the repetition of motives and patterns on several pages of different dimensions revealed an extensive commercialization based on a standardized production. In addition, the collections of European collectors such as Antoine-Louis Polier and Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gentil bear the traces of commercial transactions between European and Indian collectors, as well as prices and possession marks. Together with their writings, correspondences, and memoirs, they bring new information on previously unknown Indian collectors, and more generally on the dynamism of the 18th-century book market.
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Mehdi, Haider. "A Socio Cultural Study on the Wasiqa Holders among Muslims of Awadh Region, Uttar Pradesh, India." Asian Man (The) - An International Journal 8, no. 2 (2014): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0975-6884.2014.00023.1.
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Aquil, Raziuddin, and Jigar Mohammed. "Revenue Free Land Grants in Mughal India: Awadh Region in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1658-1765)." Sixteenth Century Journal 36, no. 3 (October 1, 2005): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20477551.
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Chandra, Kumar Prafull, Dhirendra Kumar Shukla, and Shiv Nath Singh. "STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES PATIENTS AT A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN THE AWADH REGION OF NORTH INDIA." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 3, no. 22 (March 17, 2016): 992–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2016/227.
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Shiferaw, Wakshum, Sebsebe Demissew, Tamrat Bekele, and Ermias Aynekulu. "Community perceptions towards invasion of Prosopis juliflora, utilization, and its control options in Afar region, Northeast Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): e0261838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261838.
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This study aimed to assess community perceptions towards invasion of Prosopis juliflora, utilization, and its control options in Afar region, Northern Ethiopia. Using purposive sampling and stratified random methods, 20 members of key informants and 154 households from four sites of Awash Fentale and Amibara Districts were selected. For data analysis, we used Kruskal Wallis non-parametric tests of K independent samples. About 30% of respondents in Amibara and 29% in Awash Fentale reported that Prosopis juliflora was largely introduced into their landscape by livestock. It showed that 29% of the respondents in Awash Fentale and 41% in Amibara responded that Prosopis juliflora largely invaded and affected rangelands. Morevover, about 1% of respondents in Awash Fentale and 14% in Amibara argued that Prosopis juliflora hindered movements of livestock. In addition, 30% of respondents in Amibara and 29% in Awash Fentale believe that Prosopis juliflora was largely dispersed by livestock. It showed that 20% of households in Awash Fentale and 41% in Amibara have the notion that Prosopis juliflora majorly impacted rangelands. Whereas 1.3% of respondents in Awash Fentale and 14% in Amibara argued that Prosopis juliflora have hampered the movement of livestock. Thus, the afromentioned findings are implications for management of rangelands. With regard to the control of Prosopis juliflora invasions, 12% of respondents in Awash Fentale and 33% in Amibara District tried control its expansion by fire. About 10% of respondents in Awash Fentale and 9% in Amibara district managed Prosopis juliflora expansion by its utilization, whereas, in Awash Fentale (11%) and Amibara (8%) households indicated that invasion of Prosopis juliflora could be controlled by mechanical methods. It is advisable to do some managerial work to reverse these impacts as perceived by local communities in the study area to avert the aggressive proliferation of Prosopis juliflora in the region.
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Awad, Jessica, Jonathan S. Bremer, Philip T. Butterill, Matthew R. Moore, and Elijah J. Talamas. "A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Förster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87 (December 23, 2021): 5–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563.
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Synopeas from New Guinea is revised, including 16 new species and four previously named species. The concepts for these species were developed in conjunction with a CO1 analysis that includes 16 New Guinean species and 3 Synopeas species from other regions. The molecular analysis determined that the New Guinea fauna does not form a clade, indicating multiple migrations. The following species are described and keyed: S. amandae Awad, sp. nov.; S. anunu Awad, sp. nov.; S. butterilli Buhl; S. codex Awad, sp. nov.; S. csoszi Buhl; S. kalubia Awad, sp. nov.; S. kiki Awad, sp. nov.; S. kira Awad, sp. nov.; S. klingunculum Awad, sp. nov.; S. luli Awad, sp. nov.; S. occultum Awad, sp. nov.; S. pattiae Awad, sp. nov.; S. psychotriae Buhl; S. pterocarpi Buhl; S. pulupulu Awad, sp. nov.; S. roncavei Awad, sp. nov.; S. sanga Awad, sp. nov.; S. toto Awad, sp. nov.; S. valavala Awad, sp. nov.; S. zhangi Awad, sp. nov.Leptacis pleuralis (Buhl), comb. nov. is transferred from Synopeas. Images of 56 holotypes of Synopeas are made publicly available online.
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Sishah, Shimelis, Temesgen Abrahem, Getasew Azene, Amare Dessalew, and Hurgesa Hundera. "Downscaling and validating SMAP soil moisture using a machine learning algorithm over the Awash River basin, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): e0279895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279895.
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Microwave remote sensing instrument like Soil Moisture Active Passive ranging from 1 cm to 1 m has provided spatial soil moisture information over the entire globe. However, Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite soil moisture products have a coarse spatial resolution (36km x 36km), limiting its application at the basin scale. This research, subsequently plans to; (1) Evaluate the capability of SAR for the retrieval of surface roughness variables in the Awash River basin; (2) Measure the performance of Random Forest (RF) regression model to downscale SMAP satellite soil moisture over the Awash River basin; (3) validate downscaled soil moisture data with In-situ measurements in the river basin. Random Forest (RF) based downscaling approach was applied to downscale satellite-based soil moisture product (36km x 36km) to fine resolution (1km x 1km). Fine spatial resolution (1km) soil moisture data for the Awash River basin was generated. The downscaled soil moisture product also has a strong spatial correlation with the original one, allowing it to deliver more soil moisture information than the original one. In-situ soil moisture and downscaled soil moisture had a 0.69 Pearson correlation value, compared to a 0.53 correlation between the original and In-situ soil moisture. In-situ soil moisture measurements were obtained from the Middle and Upper Awash sub-basins for validation purposes. In the case of Upper Awash, downscaled soil moisture shows a variation of 0.07 cm3 /cm3, -0.036 cm3 /cm3, and 0.112 cm3 /cm3 with Root Mean Square Error, Bias error, and Unbiased Root Mean Square Error respectively. Following that, the accuracy of downscaled soil moisture against the Middle Awash Sub-basin reveals a variance of 0.1320 cm3 /cm3, -0.033 cm3 /cm3, and 0.148 cm3 /cm3 with Root Mean Square Error, Bias error, and Unbiased Root Mean Square Error respectively. Future studies should take into account the temporal domain of Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite soil moisture product downscaling over the study region.
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Mekonen, Hana, Kefyalew Amene, Dr Samrawit Bisrat, and Tesfahun Abye. "Cholera outbreak investigation report in Mille woreda, Afar region, Ethiopia, 2019." MOJ Women s Health 11, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojwh.2022.11.00307.
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Introduction: Cholera has remained as one of the important public health problems in Asia and Africa causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Although the burden is greatest in low-income populations with poor access to safe water, and sanitation, cholera is also an important health problem globally. Cholera occurs both as a short outbreak and protracted epidemic/pandemic and when uncontrolled; is devastating to communities and to their prospects for development. To respond quickly and control the outbreak, investigation is crucial; identify risk factors that cause the outbreak, and suggest prevention and control measures. Objective: To identify risk factors and etiology of diarrheal disease outbreak and suggest prevention and control measures in Mille woreda, Afar region Ethiopia, May- June, 2018. Method: Descriptive followed by unmatched case-control study with 1:2 ratio were conducted from May-June 2018. A total of 68 patients and 136 controls were enrolled. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used and medical records and line lists review. Simple random sampling was used to select controls and the first 68 cases. Data were analyzed by SPSS and presented using odd ratio, and tables. Environmental and patient samples were collected for culture and rapid diagnostic test. Result: The investigation identified 229 cholera patients, including 22 rapid diagnostic test confirmed patients and seven culture confirmed patients (attack rate: 8.31%, 229/27,562). Index patient were imported from epi-linked woreda. Diglena geraro kebele were the Epicenter of the outbreak. Epicure trend shows common source infection. Using bifurcation of Awash River for drinking, use untreated/ uncoiled water, poor hand washing practices, and close contact with cholera sick person were found to be associated with cholera. Conclusion: This outbreak was caused by vibrio cholera 01 secondary to drinking water from a bifurcation of Awash River and using untreated water. Contact with diseased person, and use untreated/ uncoiled water was associated with being patients. In order to reduce the risk of cholera, safe drinking water or water treatment chemicals needs to be provided to communities.
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Kahssay, Molla, Lidia Mohamed, and Abel Gebre. "Nutritional Status of School Going Adolescent Girls in Awash Town, Afar Region, Ethiopia." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (February 21, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7367139.
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Background. Adolescence is an essential stage in the human life cycle, a transition period between childhood and adulthood that is characterized by rapid growth spurt in which nutritional requirement is high. Adolescents are risk groups for malnutrition, but they are not part of a target in many intervention strategies. Hence, this study was aimed at assessing nutritional status of adolescent girls and its associated factors. Methods. Institutional based cross-sectional study design was employed among randomly selected 348 school going adolescent girls. Data were entered into Epi Info and transported to SPSS version 20 for further analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify predicators of nutritional status of adolescent girls at p value <0.05 and 95% confidence level. Results. This study revealed that 22.9% and 8.82% of school adolescent girls were stunted and thin, respectively. Being at early adolescent age (14-15 years) [AOR = 1.4, 95% CI (1.04–4.28)], ownership of phone [AOR = 3.3, 95% CI (1.55–7.02)], and dietary diversity score of <4 food groups [AOR = 2.2, 95% CI (1.4–4.54)] were some of the potential predictors of stunting. Similarly, dietary diversity score of <4 food groups [AOR = 1.8, 95% CI (1.14–4.38)] and low food consumption [AOR = 3, 95% CI (1.15–7.90)] were some of the potential predictors of thinness. Conclusion and Recommendation. The prevalence of both stunting and thinness is a public health problem in the study area. Early adolescent age (10–14 years), ownership of phone, and dietary diversity score of <4 food groups were independent predictors of stunting. Dietary diversity score of <4 food groups and eating less than usual were independent predictors of thinness. An integrated nutritional intervention and health related services that meet the needs of adolescent girls in the school community have to be established and strengthened. Since adolescent age is period of growth and development in which growth spurt and nutritional requirement are high, adolescents should be provided with enough meals and diversified foods.
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Bussi, Gianbattista, Paul G. Whitehead, Li Jin, Meron T. Taye, Ellen Dyer, Feyera A. Hirpa, Yosef Abebe Yimer, and Katrina J. Charles. "Impacts of Climate Change and Population Growth on River Nutrient Loads in a Data Scarce Region: The Upper Awash River (Ethiopia)." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031254.
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Assessing the impact of climate change and population growth on river water quality is a key issue for many developing countries, where multiple and often conflicting river water uses (water supply, irrigation, wastewater disposal) are placing increasing pressure on limited water resources. However, comprehensive water quality datasets are often lacking, thus impeding a full-scale data-based river water quality assessment. Here we propose a model-based approach, using both global datasets and local data to build an evaluation of the potential impact of climate changes and population growth, as well as to verify the efficiency of mitigation measures to curb river water pollution. The upper Awash River catchment in Ethiopia, which drains the city of Addis Ababa as well as many agricultural areas, is used as a case-study. The results show that while decreases in runoff and increases in temperature due to climate change are expected to result in slightly decreased nutrient concentrations, the largest threat to the water quality of the Awash River is population growth, which is expected to increase nutrient loads by 15 to 20% (nitrate) and 30 to 40% (phosphorus) in the river by the second half of the 21st century. Even larger increases are to be expected downstream of large urban areas, such as Addis Ababa. However, improved wastewater treatment options are shown to be efficient in counteracting the negative impact of population growth and returning water pollution to acceptable levels.
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Frost, Stephen R. "Fossil cercopithecidae from the Middle Pleistocene Dawaitoli formation, Middle Awash valley, Afar region, Ethiopia." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 134, no. 4 (December 2007): 460–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20688.
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Adane, Girma Berhe, Birtukan Abebe Hirpa, Cholho Song, and Woo-Kyun Lee. "Rainfall Characterization and Trend Analysis of Wet Spell Length across Varied Landscapes of the Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 9221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219221.
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Understanding the timing and variability of rainfall is crucial for the effective management of water resources in river basins dominated by rainfed agricultural practices. Our study aimed to characterize rainfall and analyze the trends in the length of wet spells (LWS) in the Upper Awash River Basin—one of the most water-stressed river basins in Ethiopia. We applied statistical descriptors and a Mann–Kendall (MK) test to determine the onset, end, and LWS for the small (Belg) and main (Kiremt) rainy seasons across different landscapes of the basin. We observed highly stable rainfall onsets in all stations during both seasons. However, unlike the Kiremt season, the LWS in the Belg season was too short and unreliable for rainfed agriculture. Based on the MK test, an increasing monotonic trend in LWS during the Kiremt season was detected only in the mountainous landscape of the basin. In contrast, we observed no trends in the remaining stations in the Upper Valley region of the basin, despite the linear regressions inferring an upward or downward pattern. Our findings provide accurate climatological information for the effective development of rainwater management strategies in the Upper Awash River Basin.
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Sishah, Shimelis. "Rainfall runoff estimation using GIS and SCS-CN method for awash river basin, Ethiopia." International Journal of Hydrology 5, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2021.05.00263.
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Understanding hydrological behavior is an important part of effective watershed management and planning. Runoff resulted from rainfall is a component of hydrological behavior that is needed for efficient water resource planning. In this paper, GIS based SCS-CN runoff simulation model was applied to estimate rainfall runoff in Awash river basin. Global Curve Number (GCN250), Maximum Soil Water Retention (S) and Rainfall was used as an input for SCS-CN runoff simulation model. The final surface runoff values for the Awash river basin were generated on the basis of total annual rainfall and maximum soil water retention potential (S) of the year 2020. Accordingly, a runoff variation that range from 83.95 mm/year to a maximum of 1,416.75 mm/year were observed in the study region. Conversely, recently developed Global Curve Number (GCN250) data was tested with Pearson correlation coefficient to be used as an input for SCS-CN runoff simulation model. In doing so, predicted runoff generated in SCS-CN using GCN250 as a model input was validated with observed runoff obtained from station gauges in the study region. The results of validation show that, predicted runoff was well correlated with observed runoff with correlation coefficient of 0.9253. From this stand point, it is observed that the new GCN250 data can be used as an input for SCS-CN model to estimate rainfall runoff at basin level. Furthermore, correlation analysis was performed to explain the relationship between mean annual rainfall and surface runoff. The relationship between these two variables indicates a strong linear relationship with correlation coefficient of 0.9873.
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Englmaier, Gernot K., Daniel S. Hayes, Paul Meulenbroek, Yonas Terefe, Aschalew Lakew, Genanaw Tesfaye, Herwig Waidbacher, et al. "Longitudinal river zonation in the tropics: examples of fish and caddisflies from the endorheic Awash River, Ethiopia." Hydrobiologia 847, no. 19 (September 16, 2020): 4063–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04400-0.
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Abstract Specific concepts of fluvial ecology are well studied in riverine ecosystems of the temperate zone but poorly investigated in the Afrotropical region. Hence, we examined the longitudinal zonation of fish and adult caddisfly (Trichoptera) assemblages in the endorheic Awash River (1,250 km in length), Ethiopia. We expected that species assemblages are structured along environmental gradients, reflecting the pattern of large-scale freshwater ecoregions. We applied multivariate statistical methods to test for differences in spatial species assemblage structure and identified characteristic taxa of the observed biocoenoses by indicator species analyses. Fish and caddisfly assemblages were clustered into highland and lowland communities, following the freshwater ecoregions, but separated by an ecotone with highest biodiversity. Moreover, the caddisfly results suggest separating the heterogeneous highlands into a forested and a deforested zone. Surprisingly, the Awash drainage is rather species-poor: only 11 fish (1 endemic, 2 introduced) and 28 caddisfly species (8 new records for Ethiopia) were recorded from the mainstem and its major tributaries. Nevertheless, specialized species characterize the highland forests, whereas the lowlands primarily host geographically widely distributed species. This study showed that a combined approach of fish and caddisflies is a suitable method for assessing regional characteristics of fluvial ecosystems in the tropics.
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MEKBIB, F. "FARMER PARTICIPATION IN COMMON BEAN GENOTYPE EVALUATION: THE CASE OF EASTERN ETHIOPIA." Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 4 (October 1997): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479797004079.
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Advanced genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were tested on-station and on-farm to evaluate their performance and acceptability under farmers' circumstances. Farmers were given seed of the genotypes to plant a minimum area of 100 m2 to be grown as a sole crop or intercropped with sorghum according to their preference. Yield, seed colour, taste, maturity time, disease reaction, growth habit and many other bean characteristics were assessed by farmers. The promising genotypes were higher yielding than the farmers' genotypes in most testing sites. Pairwise ranking of the genotypes showed that in export-oriented western Hararghe, white pea bean (navy bean) type Awash-1 and food bean G-2816 were preferred. In eastern Hararghe GLP ×92 and G-2816 were highly preferred but white pea beans were not preferred. Genotypes in advanced observation nurseries were also evaluated by the farmers and some of the genotypes have been promoted for further testing in yield trials. Selection criteria have been proposed by the farmers in each region. Future breeding and selection of genotypes will incorporate the proposed selection criteria and priorities of the two regions.
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Bedada, Hailegebrael. "Epidemiology of Small Ruminant Fasciolosis in Arid Areas of Lower Awash River Basin, Afar Region, Ethiopia." Animal and Veterinary Sciences 5, no. 6 (2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20170506.12.
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Parajuli, Sandeep. "An Assessment of Implementation Status of Janata Awash Program in Nepal (Case study Jnata awash program of Rupandehi from F/Y 2073/74 to F/Y 2075/76)." Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology 7, no. 8 (September 6, 2022): 414–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjet.2022.v07i08.002.
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This study's main goal is to evaluate the Janata Awash Program's implementation status in Rupandehi, Nepal, where the program is dispersed among 13 VDCs and 4 Municipalities (before readjustment of local level). Interviews and a questionnaire survey were undertaken with applicants for the program, local leaders, officers in charge of implementation, and the monitoring body in the study region with regard to selected, non-selected, completed, and unstarted construction. In the fiscal year 2073–1974 there were 2214 applicants, which appears to be a relatively high amount. Since there are so many of them and they live in diverse places, it would be foolish to assume that one strategy will work for all low-income groups' housing needs.
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Osure, George, Albert Getabu, Christopher Aura, Reuben Omondi, and Evans Basweti. "Longitudinal fish species diversity and distribution in a medium-sized Afro-tropical river in the Lake Victoria Basin." Pan Africa Science Journal 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 246–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47787/pasj.v2i2.18.
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Despite significantly influencing fisheries characteristics of major global basins, medium-sized rivers such as Awach Kibuon remain the least studied. This study evaluated longitudinal fish species diversity, distribution, and environmental influence in Awach Kibuon River, Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya, to inform sustainable management of fisheries resources within the region. Nine sites located in different zones of the river were sampled monthly for eight months in 2019 and 2020. Fish samples were collected for 45 minutes using a backpack electrofisher on a 50-m river reach in every sampling site. Selected physico-chemical parameters (pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, conductivity, and turbidity) were measured in situ using standard methods. Longitudinal river fish diversity was assessed using species richness, Simpson's Index (D), Shannon-Weiner Index (H′), and Pielou's Evenness Index (J). A total of 983 fish specimens belonging to 21 species, 12 genera, seven families, and six orders were caught during sampling. Cyprinidae was the most dominant family, represented by nine species, followed by Claridae, Mochokidae, and Cichlidae, represented by three species each. Longitudinal species richness, abundance, and diversity indices deviated from the expected downstream increase. Upstream stations had no fish, whereas midstream and river mouth stations had moderate and high species diversity, respectively. Pearson's correlation analyses showed that temperature, conductivity, TDS, depth, and velocity influenced fish species richness in the river. The above findings call for the inclusion of medium-sized rivers in fisheries management plans of Great Lakes Basins for sustainability.
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Opara, Chioma. "Buchi Emecheta (1944-2017): Beyond the dingy ditch." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 54, no. 1 (March 24, 2017): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/tvl.v.54i1.17.
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The media have in the past weeks been awash with the sudden demise of a great female writer, activist and publisher—Buchi Emecheta—on 25 January 2017 in London. Nigerians and, indeed, scholars all over the world have not yet recovered from their shock at the loss of two Nigerian literary giants, Elechi Amadi and Isidore Okpewho, only recently in 2016. And now another fatal blow has been dealt on the literary sphere at the dawn of a brand new year. It may be necessary to note that Buchi Emecheta passed on the heels of Isidore Okpewho’s death (an interval of just four months). Both were, incidentally, from Delta State. In fact, the three deceased writers—Amadi, Okpewho and Emecheta came originally from the oil-rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria.
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Balcha, Yonas Abebe, Andreas Malcherek, and Tena Alamirew. "Understanding Future Climate in the Upper Awash Basin (UASB) with Selected Climate Model Outputs under CMIP6." Climate 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10120185.
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Climate change makes the climate system of a given region unpredictable and increases the risk of water-related problems. GCMs (global climate models) help in understanding future climate conditions over a given region. In this study, 12 GCMs from the CMIP6 (coupled model intercomparison project six) were evaluated and ranked based on their abilities to describe the historical observed series. The ensemble mean of bias-adjusted best five models of average annual precipitation showed an increment with an uncertainty range of (2.0–11.9) and change in the mean of 6.4% for SSP2-4.5 and (6.1–16.1) 10.6% for SSP5-8.5 in 2040–2069 relative to the historical period. Similarly, for 2070–2099, increments of (2.2–15.0) 7.9% and (11.8–29.4) 19.7% were predicted for the two scenarios, respectively. The average annual maximum temperature series showed increments of (1.3–2.0) 1.6 °C for SSP2-4.5 and (1.7–2.3) 2.0 °C for SSP5-8.5 in 2040–2069. At the same time, increments of (1.7–2.3) 2.0 °C and (2.8–3.2) 3.0 °C were predicted for 2070–2099. Furthermore, it was predicted that the average annual minimum temperature series will have increments of (1.6–2.3) 2.0 °C and (2.2–2.9) 2.5 °C for 2040–2069 and (2.1–2.7) 2.4 °C and (3.7–4.2) 4.0 °C for 2070–2099 for the two scenarios, respectively. An increase in precipitation with increased land degradation in the sub-basin results in a higher risk of flood events in the future. Improved soil and water conservation practices may minimize the adverse impacts of future climate change on the loss of agricultural productivity.
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Pinder, Adrian M., Stuart A. Halse, Russell J. Shiel, and Jane M. McRae. "An arid zone awash with diversity: patterns in the distribution of aquatic invertebrates in the Pilbara region of Western Australia." Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 78, no. 1 (2010): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.78(1).2010.205-246.
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Camfield, Laura, Jen Leavy, Senait Endale, and Tilahun Tefera. "People Who Once Had 40 Cattle Are Left Only with Fences: Coping with Persistent Drought in Awash, Ethiopia." European Journal of Development Research 32, no. 4 (November 14, 2019): 889–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41287-019-00245-z.
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AbstractHow to support those responding to environmental change in resource-constrained environments is central to literature on climate change adaption. Our research explores a gap in this literature relating to the negotiation of intra-household relations and resource access across different types of household in contexts of social and environmental transition. Using the example of the semi-arid Awash region in North-Eastern Ethiopia, which has experienced drought and alien plant invasion over the past decade, we explore how men and women use changes in household structures and relationships to adapt more effectively. We draw evidence from life histories with 35 pastoralists across three rural, peri-urban and urban communities. Using Dorward et al.’s taxonomy, we find Afar people are not only ‘stepping up’, but also ‘stepping out’: shifting from pastoralism into agriculture and salaried employment. As this often involves splitting households across multiple locations, we look at how these reconfigured households support pastoralists’ wellbeing.
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Getachew Nigatu, Abibual, and Atinkugn Assefa Belete. "Determinants of Business House Rental Income Taxpayers’ Compliance with Tax System in Afar Region, Northeast Ethiopia." Journal of Tax Reform 8, no. 3 (2022): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2022.8.3.121.
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The biggest impediment to the Ethiopian government’s ability to raise revenue by its means to the required level is the lack of taxpayers’ compliance behavior with the tax system. Therefore, this study examines the key determinants of taxpayers’ compliance behavior with the tax system in the Afar regional state. To this end, two purposively selected woredas (Awash and Aba’ala) and one city administration (Samara-logia) were used. Primary data were collected from 404 randomly selected respondents. The ordered logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors that determine tax compliance. Results show that tax knowledge, probability of detection, perception of government spending, organizational strength of the tax authority, fairness of the tax system, and simplicity of the tax system have positive effects on tax compliance, whereas tax rates have a negative effect on tax compliance in the Afar regional state. As a result, it is suggested that the tax authorities launch effective and brief awareness-development and tax education programs for the general public and taxpayers in particular. The tax system, notably the tax return, tax forms, and tax rules, should be simplified by the tax authorities so that they are readily understood by taxpayers. Furthermore, the tax authorities should be powerful enough to effectively and efficiently enforce the tax laws, and to ensure tax fairness, their tax liability must be determined by their ability to pay. Lastly, the government must maintain accountability and transparency in how tax revenue is dispensed, as well as deliver social services to the public efficiently and intelligently so that taxpayers have faith in and a favorable attitude toward the taxes they pay and the tax system.
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Beyene, Samuel Kassa, Abdella Kemal Mohammed, and Santosh Murlidhar Pingale. "Impact of Land Use/Land Cover Change on Watershed Hydrology: A Case Study of Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Water Science and Technology 1 (May 9, 2018): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.59122/13529d1.
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Land use/land cover (LULC) change is one of the important factors which have direct impacts on watershed hydrology. The impact of LULC change on streamflow of Upper Awash watershed was carried out using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The LULC change analysis was performed by using unsupervised classification method using Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS) imagine 8.5 software. The study results showed that the watershed experienced significant LULC change during 1986 to 2009. SWAT model was calibrated for periods 1986 to 1999 and validated for the periods 2000 to 2009. SWAT model was calibrated and validated for the sensitivity of streamflow parameters. Consequently, ten parameters were identified to be sensitive. Further, this model was utilized to assess the impact of LULC change on streamflow for period 1986 to 2009. The result showed that there was a reasonable agreement between observed and simulated streamflow with coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values 0.86 and 0.77 for calibration, and 0.84 and 0.76 for validation, respectively. The evaluation of SWAT hydrologic response unit (HRU) due to LULC change showed that monthly streamflow was increased by 16.13 % in wet months and decreased by 20.8 % in dry months between the years 1986 and 2000. While between the year 2000 and 2009, it was increased by 0.92 % and 5.82 % for wet and dry months, respectively. Similarly, surface runoff was found increased and groundwater decreased during the study period. Further, the calibrated model can be utilized to understand risk and reliability of different structures and analysis of climate change, water quality, and sediment yield. Hence, this type of study can be useful for sustainable development in the Upper Awash basin as well as in other regions of Ethiopia.
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Degebasa, Abebe C. "Participatory Improved Potato Technology Promotion: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in North, West and Southwestern Highlands of Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 7, no. 3 (January 11, 2020): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.007.03.3026.
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Utilization of healthy planting material is a key factor to improve potato yields to reduce the dissemination of diseases and pests. Quality seed is one of the major bottlenecks hindering the production and productivity of potato in major potato growing regions of the country. Therefore, participatory on-farm seed production and improved potato technologies promotion have been carried out during the year 2014-2016 at five districts, Jeldu, Dendi, Wolmera Degem and Kersana Malima of central Ethiopia. To produce quality potato seed various rapid multiplication techniques were used. Thus, improved potato technologies were demonstrated using different methodologies such as the farmers’ field schools, the farmers' research group and field days. To supply clean tubers about 138,886 high-quality mini-tubers of improved varieties of Belete, Gudanie, Jalenie and Awash were produced. Moreover, a total of 257.08 tons of seed tubers of 15 released potato varieties were produced and disseminated in different parts of the country for research and developments. The participant farmers produce 442.9 tons of relatively clean seed tubers and sold to different parts of the country. During, this activity positive selection technique was demonstrated and participant farmers applied the techniques that helped them to improve the yield and quality of seed potato. Farmers obtained a 40% yield increase and a 33% vigour improvement when positive selection techniques were applied. Training on improved potato production and postharvest handling technologies have also been given for farmers, development agents, agricultural experts and home agents. Therefore, decentralized quality seed production reduces the movement of dangerous diseases like bacterial wilt and viruses from invading areas with high potential for seed production due to purchase of seed only from within one’s same region.
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Romilly, T. G., and M. Gebremichael. "Evaluation of satellite rainfall estimates over Ethiopian river basins." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 5 (October 5, 2010): 7669–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-7669-2010.
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Abstract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of high resolution satellite-based rainfall estimates (SREs) across six river basins within Ethiopia during the major (Kiremt) and minor (Belg) rainy seasons for the years 2003 to 2007. The six regions, the Awash, Baro Akobo, Blue Nile, Genale Dawa, Rift Valley and Wabi Shebele River Basins surround the Ethiopian Highlands, which produces different topographical features, as well as spatial and temporal rainfall patterns. Precipitation estimates for the six regions were taken from three widely used high resolution SREs: the Climate Prediction Center morphing method (CMORPH), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Neural Networks (PERSIANN) and the real-time version of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42RT. All three SREs show the natural northwest-southeast precipitation gradient, but exhibit different spatial (mean annual total and number of rainy days) and temporal (monthly) totals. When compared to ground based rain gauges throughout the six regions, and for the years of interest, the performance of the three SREs were found to be season independent. The results varied for lower elevations, with CMORPH and TMPA 3B42RT performing better than PERSIANN in the southeast, while PERSIANN provided more accurate results in the northwest. At higher elevations, PERSIANN consistently underestimated while the performance of CMORPH and TMPA 3B42RT varied.
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Degefu, Mekonnen Adnew, Mohammed Assen, Roger Few, and Mark Tebboth. "Performance of Management Interventions to the Impacts of Prosopis juliflora in Arid and Semiarid Regions of the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia." Global Journal of Agricultural Innovation, Research & Development 9 (April 28, 2022): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-9813.2022.09.4.
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The objective of this paper is to provide up-to-date empirical information on the expansion of P. juliflora, its environmental and livelihood impacts, and the performance of past and current management strategies in the Middle Awash Valley (MAV), Ethiopia. This study was based on data collected using focus group discussion, key informant interviews, and field observation. The results show that P. juliflora has expanded rapidly and invaded valuable grazing and croplands, and settlement areas. The rapid expansion of P. juliflora in the study area is attributed to climate change (increased temperature and declined rainfall), its ecological competition, spreading of seeds by wild animals and pastoral (mobile livestock) livelihood system, and recent occurrences of flood and drought-induced pasture scarcity that has forced livestock to eat more P. juliflora seed pods. Also, delays in the use of land cleared for farming activity have created good opportunities for Prosopis expansion. The perception and views of people on the benefits of P. juliflora and management options vary according to livelihood systems and stakeholder types (e.g., environmental managers and pastoralists). The attempted management strategies to eradicate P. juliflora (cutting, burning, and bulldozering or converting into economic utilization by making charcoal, fodder, and furniture) failed to achieve the intended outcomes. These management interventions failed due to many reasons. Some of these were the rapid rate of P. juliflora expansion triggered by the recurrent drought, severe scarcity of pasture that forced livestock to eat P. juliflora’s seed pods and travel into new areas, inadequate technologies to aid utilization and eradication, inability to collect sufficient quantity of pods to produce fodder for livestock, and absence of sufficient and satisfactory markets for the end-product (fodder). The results generally imply the need for urgent policy and management interventions. This study also highlights important issues that should be considered in introducing and implementing management strategies in the future.
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Giday, Mirutse, Nega Alelign, Tilahun Teklehaymanot, and Abebe Animut. "Ethnobotanical survey of antimalarial plants in Awash-Fentale District of Afar Region of Ethiopia and in vivo evaluation of selected ones against Plasmodium berghei." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 8, no. 1 (2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.221141.
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Adane, Girma Berhe, Birtukan Abebe Hirpa, Belay Manjur Gebru, Cholho Song, and Woo-Kyun Lee. "Integrating Satellite Rainfall Estimates with Hydrological Water Balance Model: Rainfall-Runoff Modeling in Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Water 13, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060800.
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Hydrologic models play an indispensable role in managing the scarce water resources of a region, and in developing countries, the availability and distribution of data are challenging. This research aimed to integrate and compare the satellite rainfall products, namely, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B43v7) and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR), with a GR2M hydrological water balance model over a diversified terrain of the Awash River Basin in Ethiopia. Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), percent bias (PBIAS), coefficient of determination (R2), and root mean square error (RMSE) and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) were used to evaluate the satellite rainfall products and hydrologic model performances of the basin. The satellite rainfall estimations of both products showed a higher PCC (above 0.86) with areal observed rainfall in the Uplands, the Western highlands, and the Lower sub-basins. However, it was weakly associated in the Upper valley and the Eastern catchments of the basin ranging from 0.45 to 0.65. The findings of the assimilated satellite rainfall products with the GR2M model exhibited that 80% of the calibrated and 60% of the validated watersheds in a basin had lower magnitude of PBIAS (<±10), which resulted in better accuracy in flow simulation. The poor performance with higher PBIAS (≥±25) of the GR2M model was observed only in the Melka Kuntire (TRMM 3B43v7 and PERSIANN-CDR), Mojo (PERSIANN-CDR), Metehara (in all rainfall data sets), and Kessem (TRMM 3B43v7) watersheds. Therefore, integrating these satellite rainfall data, particularly in the data-scarce basin, with hydrological data, generally appeared to be useful. However, validation with the ground observed data is required for effective water resources planning and management in a basin. Furthermore, it is recommended to make bias corrections for watersheds with poorlyww performing satellite rainfall products of higher PBIAS before assimilating with the hydrologic model.
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Yttergren, M., P. Misquitta, Á. Sánchez-Monge, M. Valencia-S, A. Eckart, A. Zensus, and T. Peitl-Thiesen. "Gas and stellar dynamics in Stephan’s Quintet." Astronomy & Astrophysics 656 (December 2021): A83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202040188.
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In nearby compact galaxy groups we can study the complex processes of galaxy interactions at high resolution and obtain a window into a time in the history of the Universe when the galaxies were closely spaced and the intergalactic medium was awash with gas. Stephan’s Quintet is a nearby compact galaxy group and a perfect laboratory for studying the process of galaxy evolution through galaxy harassment and interaction. By analysing the kinematics of Stephan’s Quintet we aim to provide an increased understanding of the group, the history of the interactions, their cause and effect, and the details regarding the physical processes occurring as galaxies interact. Ionised gas and stellar kinematics have been studied using data from the Large Binocular Telescope, while the molecular gas kinematics have been obtained from CO observations using the IRAM 30m telescope. Large areas of the group have been mapped and analysed. We obtain a total ionised gas mass in the regions chosen for closer analysis of 20.1 ± 0.2 ⋅ 1010 M⊙ and a total H2 gas mass of 21 ± 2 ⋅ 109 M⊙ in the observed area (spectra integrated over the velocity range covering Stephan’s Quintet), while the star-forming clouds show an impressive complexity, with gas congregations at multiple velocities at many locations throughout the group. We map the large-scale nuclear wind in NGC7319 and its decoupled gas and stellar disk. With our high resolution data we can, for the first time, reveal the Seyfert 1 nature of NGC7319 and fit the narrow-line region and broad-line region of the Hα line. While the 12CO (1 − 0) map shows significant emission in the area in or near NGC7319, the bridge, and the star-forming ridge, the 12CO (2 − 1) emission shows a prevalence to the star-forming ridge, an area south of the NGC7318 pair, and shows an extension towards NGC7317 – connecting NGC7317 to the centre of the group, indicating a previous interaction. NGC7317 may also be a prime candidate for studies of the process of galaxy harassment. Furthermore, we connect the kinematical structures in Stephan’s Quintet to the history of the group and the ongoing interaction with NGC7318B. Through our extensive observations of Stephan’s Quintet we trace and present the kinematics and evolution of the complex processes and structures occurring in this nearby interactive group.
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Lemlem, Aregawi, Melkamu Alemayehu, and Mossa Endris. "Date Palm Production Practices and Constraints in the Value Chain in Afar Regional State, Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6469104.
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The study was conducted during 2015/2016 in two districts of Afar Regional State which were purposively selected based on their experiences on date palm production and locations relative to Awash River. Objectives of the study were evaluating the existing production practices and constraints of date palm production to generate baseline information for further researches and extension. A total of 117 household heads were interviewed using structured and semistructured questionnaires. Key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and direct observations of date palm plantations have been also conducted. The study was designed to address date palm production along the value chain. The majority of household heads were male, married, and illiterate. About 94.19% of household heads allocated less than one hectare of land for date palm production and had 21–40 years (77.8%) of experience. Seeds (90.6%) were dominantly used for propagation, which are not appropriate for date palm production. Local varieties with low yielding potential were cultivated using flooding irrigation (76.9%). Date palm production was practiced traditionally and constrained with high incidence of insect pests. Capacity building training sessions and researches on proper agronomic, management, and postharvest handling practices are recommended to improve the production of date palm in the region.
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Maru, Husen, Amare Haileslassie, Tesfaye Zeleke, and Befikadu Esayas. "Analysis of Smallholders’ Livelihood Vulnerability to Drought across Agroecology and Farm Typology in the Upper Awash Sub-Basin, Ethiopia." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 9764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179764.
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Assessing the magnitude of smallholder farmers’ livelihood vulnerability to drought is an initial step in identifying the causal factors and proposing interventions that mitigate the impacts of drought. This study aimed to assess smallholders’ livelihood vulnerability to the drought in the upper Awash sub-basin, Ethiopia. Household (HH) and climate data were used for indicators related to sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity that define vulnerability to drought. The vulnerability of farmers’ livelihood to drought was compared among the studies agroecological zone (AEZ) and farm typologies. The result illustrated a diverse magnitude of vulnerability index (VI) ranging from −1.956 to −4.253 for AEZ. The highest magnitude of VI was estimated for livelihood in the lowland AEZ, while the lowest magnitude of VI was estimated in midland AEZ. This could be accounted for by the fact that lowland farmers shown the highest exposure (0.432) and sensitivity (0.420) and the lowest adaptive capacity (0.288). A closer look at farmers’ livelihood typology, in each of the AEZ, showed substantial diversity of farmers’ livelihood vulnerability to drought, implying potential aggregations at AEZ. Accordingly, the vulnerability index for livestock and on-farm-income-based livelihood and marginal and off-farm-income-based livelihood typologies were higher than the intensive-irrigation-farming-based smallholders’ livelihood typology. Based on the result, we concluded that procedures for smallholders’ livelihood resilience-building efforts should better target AEZ to prioritize the focus region and farmers’ livelihood typology to tailor technologies to farms. Although the result emphasizes the importance of irrigation-based livelihood strategy, the overall enhancement of farmers adaptive capacity needs to focus on action areas such as reducing the sensitivity and exposure of the households, improving farmers usage of technologies, diversify farmers’ livelihood options, and, hence, long-term wealth accumulation to strengthen farmers’ adaptive capacity toward drought impacts.
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Dinka, Megersa Olumana, Willibald Loiskandl, and Julius Musyoka Ndambuki. "Status of Groundwater Table Depth Under Long-Term Irrigation in Wonji Plain: Concerns for Sustainability of Wonji-Shoa Sugar Estate, Upper Awash Valley, Ethiopia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 3, no. 3 (May 18, 2014): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v3n3p16.
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<p>The present study attempted to highlight the concerns of shallow groundwater table depth (GWTD) to the sustainability of Wonji-Shoa Sugar Estate (WSSE), Upper Awash Valley of Ethiopia. The recent magnitude and fluctuation of GWTD is mapped in ArcView GIS (using universal kriging technique) from the monthly GWTD monitoring data (2007-2009) using piezometer tubes. The study result clearly showed that the GWTD at WSSE was extremely shallow, showed great spatio-seasonal variability and rising trend; thus, threatening the sustainability of WSSE significantly. About 90% of the plantation fields have GWTD above the critical depth of 1.5 m below the soil surface and, hence, critically waterlogged. As a result, the estate is recently achieving only 55% of the production potential realized in the 1960s. Past trends indicate that the GW has the potential to inundate Wonji plain and is anticipated to devastate production during the next 10-15 years. Therefore, in order to sustain production system in the region, there is an urgent need to identify the possible causes of waterlogging and investigate the feasible remedial measures to combat its problems. The spatial mapping of GWTD with identified problematic areas, indicated in the current study, is believed to provide a tool for water management and, hence, crucial for the decision making and actions taking processes.</p>
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SINTAYEHU, DEJENE W., IGNAS M. A. HEITKÖNIG, HERBERT H. T. PRINS, ZEWDU K. TESSEMA, and WILLEM F. DE BOER. "Effect of host diversity and species assemblage composition on bovine tuberculosis (bTB) risk in Ethiopian cattle." Parasitology 144, no. 6 (January 30, 2017): 783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016002511.
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SUMMARYCurrent theories on diversity–disease relationships describe host species diversity and species identity as important factors influencing disease risk, either diluting or amplifying disease prevalence in a community. Whereas the simple term ‘diversity’ embodies a set of animal community characteristics, it is not clear how different measures of species diversity are correlated with disease risk. We therefore tested the effects of species richness, Pielou's evenness and Shannon's diversity on bovine tuberculosis (bTB) risk in cattle in the Afar Region and Awash National Park between November 2013 and April 2015. We also analysed the identity effect of a particular species and the effect of host habitat use overlap on bTB risk. We used the comparative intradermal tuberculin test to assess the number of bTB-infected cattle. Our results suggested a dilution effect through species evenness. We found that the identity effect of greater kudu – a maintenance host – confounded the dilution effect of species diversity on bTB risk. bTB infection was positively correlated with habitat use overlap between greater kudu and cattle. Different diversity indices have to be considered together for assessing diversity–disease relationships, for understanding the underlying causal mechanisms. We posit that unpacking diversity metrics is also relevant for formulating disease control strategies to manage cattle in ecosystems characterized by seasonally limited resources and intense wildlife–livestock interactions.
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Bergey, Christina M., Jane E. Phillips-Conroy, Todd R. Disotell, and Clifford J. Jolly. "Dopamine pathway is highly diverged in primate species that differ markedly in social behavior." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 22 (May 2, 2016): 6178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1525530113.
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In the endeavor to associate genetic variation with complex traits, closely related taxa are particularly fruitful for understanding the neurophysiological and genetic underpinnings of species-specific attributes. Similarity to humans has motivated research into nonhuman primate models, yet few studies of wild primates have investigated immediate causal factors of evolutionarily diverged social behaviors. Neurotransmitter differences have been invoked to explain the distinct behavioral suites of two baboon species in Awash, Ethiopia, which differ markedly in social behavior despite evolutionary propinquity. With this natural experiment, we test the hypothesis that genomic regions associated with monoamine neurotransmitters would be highly differentiated, and we identify a dopamine pathway as an outlier, highlighting the system as a potential cause of species-specific social behaviors. Dopamine levels and resultant variation in impulsivity were likely under differential selection in the species due to social system structure differences, with either brash or circumspect social behavior advantageous to secure mating opportunities depending on the social backdrop. Such comparative studies into the causes of the behavioral agendas that create and interact with social systems are of particular interest, and differences in temperament related to boldness and associated with dopamine variation likely played important roles in the evolution of all social, behaviorally complex animals, including baboons and humans.
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Dinka, Megersa Olumana. "Groundwater property and composition variability under long-term irrigated area of Wonji Plain, Ethiopia." Journal of Water and Land Development 41, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0025.
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Abstract Wonji Shoa Sugar Estate (WSSE), located in the flood plain of the Awash River (Ethiopia), has been under long-term (>60 years) irrigation, industrial activities and agro-chemical usage. In this study, the hydrochemical properties of groundwater bodies available at WSSE have been characterized for quality compositions. Water samples were collected from groundwater monitoring piezometers distributed in the sugarcane plantation and then analysed for physico-chemical quality parameters (pH, EC, major cations and anions) following standard procedures. Other chemical indices (e.g., total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), magnesium absorption ratio (MAR), base exchange (r1), meteoric genesis (r2)) were derived from the measured water quality parameters. The compositional variability and groundwater classification has been presented using the Box and Piper plots. The potential sources of minerals were suggested for each of the considered water sources based on their quality characteristics. Both trilinear Piper plot and meteoric genesis index revealed that groundwater of the area is shallow meteoric water percolation type with a changing of hydrochemical facies and mixing trend. Groundwater of the area, is group 1 (Ca-Mg-HCO3) type, with no dominant cations and HCO3 are the dominant anions. Overall, the study result elucidates that the chemical composition of GW of the area showed spatial variability depending upon the variations in hydrochemical inputs from natural processes and/or anthropogenic activities within the region. The local anthropogenic processes could be discharges from sugar factory, domestic sewage and agricultural activities.
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Yesuf, Nurhussein Seid, Sileshi Getahun, Shiferaw Hassen, Yoseph Alemayehu, Kitessa Gutu Danu, Zemedkun Alemu, Tsegaab Tesfaye, Netsanet Bacha Hei, and Gerald Blasch. "Distribution, dynamics, and physiological races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) on irrigated wheat in the Awash River Basin of Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 23, 2021): e0249507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249507.
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Wheat is one of the high-value major crops in the world. However, wheat stem rust is considered one of the determinant threats to wheat production in Ethiopia and the world. So this study was conducted to assess the disease intensity, seasonal distribution dynamics pattern, the genetic variability of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, and to determine the virulence spectrum in the irrigated ecology of the Awash River Basin. Totally 137 wheat farms were evaluated, from 2014/15–2019/20 in six districts representing the Upper, Middle, and Lower Awash River Basin. Farm plots were assessed, in every 5–10 km intervals, with ’X’ fashion, and data on disease incidence, severity, healthy plants were counted and recorded. Diseased samples were collected from the diseased wheat stem by Puccinia graminis physiological and genetic race analysis. The seasonal trend of stem rust disease progress showed its importance to infer the future progresses of the disease for the country’s potential production plan of irrigated wheat. The result revealed that the disease prevalence, disease incidence, and severity were significantly varied; among the different districts and seasons in the two regions. The survey results also indicated that about 71.7% of the wheat fields were affected by stem rust during the 2018/19 growing period. The disease’s overall incidence and mean severity during the same season were 49.02% and 29.27%, respectively. In 2019/20, about 63.7% of the wheat fields were affected by stem rust, disease incidence 30.97%, and severity 17.22% were lower than the previous season. In 2019/20, even though seasonal disease distribution decreased, the spatial distribution was expanding in Afambo and Dubti districts. Four, stem rust dominant races were identified (TTTTF, TKTTF TKKTF, and TTKTF) by physiological and genetic race analysis during 2018/19 and one additional race (TKPTF) in 2019/20, production year. The result indicated that the races are highly virulent and affect most Sr genes except Sr31 and Sr24. From the race analysis result, TTTTF, and TKKTF have the broadest virulence spectrum race, which affects 90% of the Sr genes. Generally, we can conclude that the spatial and seasonal distribution of the disease is expanding. Most of the races in the irrigated areas in the Basin were similar to that of rain-fed wheat production belts in Ethiopia, so care must be given, to effective management of the diseases, in both production ecologies towards controlling the spore pressure than race variability. Therefore, these findings provide inputs for wheat producers to reduce the spread and disease’ damage in the irrigated ecologies of Ethiopia. Also, it gives an insight for breeders to think about the breeding program in their crossing lines.
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Daba, Mekonnen H., and Songcai You. "Quantitatively Assessing the Future Land-Use/Land-Cover Changes and Their Driving Factors in the Upper Stream of the Awash River Based on the CA–Markov Model and Their Implications for Water Resources Management." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031538.
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Despite the rapid economic and population growth, the risks related to the current dynamics of land use and land cover (LULC) have attracted a lot of attention in Ethiopia. Therefore, a complete investigation of past and future LULC changes is essential for sustainable water resources and land-use planning and management. Since the 1980s, LULC change has been detected in the upper stream of the Awash River basin. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the current dynamics of LULC and use the combined application of the cellular automata and the Markov chain (CA–Markov) model to simulate the year 2038 LULC in the future; key informant interviews, household surveys, focus group discussions, and field observations were used to assess the consequences and drivers of LULC changes in the upstream Awash basin (USAB). This research highlighted the importance of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques for analyzing the LULC changes in the USAB. Multi-temporal cloud-free Landsat images of three sequential data sets for the periods (1984, 2000, and 2019) were employed to classify based on supervised classification and map LULC changes. Satellite imagery enhancement techniques were performed to improve and visualize the image for interpretation. ArcGIS10.4 and IDRISI software was used for LULC classification, data processing, and analyses. Based on Landsat 5 TM-GLS 1984, Landsat 7 ETM-GLS 2000, and Landsat 8 2019 OLI-TIRS, the supervised maximum likelihood image classification method was used to map the LULC dynamics. Landsat images from 1984, 2000, and 2019 were classified to simulate possible LULC in 2019 and 2038. The result reveals that the maximum area is covered by agricultural land and shrubland. It showed, to the areal extent, a substantial increase in agricultural land and urbanization and a decrease in shrubland, forest, grassland, and water. The LULC dynamics showed that those larger change rates were observed from forest and shrubland to agricultural areas. The results of the study show the radical changes in LULC during 1984–2019; the main reasons for this were agricultural expansion and urbanization. From 1984 to 2019, agriculture increased by 62%, urban area increased by 570.5%, and forest decreased by 88.7%. In the same year, the area of shrubland decreased by 68.6%, the area of water decreased by 65.5%, and the area of grassland decreased by 57.7%. In view of the greater increase in agricultural land and urbanization, as well as the decrease in shrubland, it means that the LULC of the region has changed. This research provides valuable information for water resources managers and land-use planners to make changes in the improvement of future LULC policies and development of sub-basin management strategies in the context of sustainable water resources and land-use planning and management.
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Sisay, Kindineh, Ketema Bekele, Jema Haji, and Urs Schaffner. "Rural Households’ Demand Status for Mitigation of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC Invasion and Its Determinant Factors in Ethiopia: Empirical Evidence from Afar National Regional State." Scientific World Journal 2024 (April 26, 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/5521245.
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Ethiopia is among the world’s poorest nations, and its economy is growing extremely slowly; thus, the government’s budget to manage environmental amenities is not always sufficient. Thus, for the provision of environmental management services such as the eradication of Prosopis juliflora, the participation of local households and other stakeholders is crucial. This study is therefore initiated with the objective of assessing rural households’ demands for mitigating Prosopis juliflora invasion in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was employed to obtain the 313 sample rural households that were used in the analysis, and those sample households were selected randomly and independently from the Amibara and Awash Fentale districts of Afar National Regional State, Ethiopia. In doing this, a seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model was used to determine factors affecting rural households’ demands for mitigating Prosopis juliflora invasion. Consequently, as per the inferential statistical results, there was a significant mean/percentage difference between willing and nonwilling households for the hypothesized variables, except for some variables such as farm experience; years lived in the area, distance from the market, and dependency ratio. Furthermore, the seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model result indicates that sex, family size, tenure security, livestock holding, frequency of extension contact, and years lived in the area were important factors influencing the willingness to participate in Prosopis juliflora management practices positively, whereas age, off-farm/nonincome, and bid value affected willingness to pay negatively and significantly. Hence, to improve the participation level of households, policymakers should target these variables.
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Fayyadh, Mohamad Amer, and Lina Awad. "Evaluation Efficiency of Different Isolate of Actinomycetes for Control of Cucumber Seedling Damping-off Disease Caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Khun)." Arab Journal of Plant Protection 39, no. 4 (December 2021): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-39.4.281288.
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Fayyadh, M.A. and L.K. Awad. 2021. Evaluation Efficiency of Different Isolate of Actinomycetes for Control of Cucumber Seedling Damping-off Disease Caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Khun). Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 39(4): 281-288. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-39.4.281288 This study was conducted in Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah during the period 2017-2018 aimed to isolate and identify Actinomycetes from different environmental sources and evaluate their efficiency to control cucumber damping off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. 28 isolates of Actinomycetes were isolated from different sources from the Basrah region. All such isolates were gram positive, amylase and catalase positive and they had branched hyphae. Molecular identification following amplification of 16sRNA confirmed that Actinomycetes isolate No 6 isolated from soil had a similarity of 99% with Streptomyces griseus, whereas the isolate No 66 isolated from date palm roots had a similarity of 99% with Brevibacterium celere. The nucleotide sequence of the two isolates has been deposited at NCBI with Genbank accession number LC501385.1 for S. griseus and LC501386.1 for B. celere. The dual culture technique showed that Actinomycetes isolates S. griseus and B. celere had high antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani, which produced inhibition zones of 7 and 15 mm in dimeter, respectively. On the other hand, volatile compoundsreleased from S. griseus and B. celere inhibited the growth of R. solani by 68 and 81.5%, respectively. Pot experiment showed that all actinomycetes isolates significantly reduced cucumber seedling damping–off incidence caused by R. solani. Keywords: Actinomycetes, Rhizoctonia solani, Cucumber, Biological Control
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Adugna, Asfaw, and Endashaw Bekele. "Assessment of recent bottlenecks and estimation of effective population size in the Ethiopian wild sorghum using simple sequence repeat allele diversity and mutation models." Plant Genetic Resources 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2015): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262115000015.
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Since the immediate wild relatives ofSorghum bicolor(L.) Moench are indigenous to Ethiopia, studying their population biology is timely for undertaking conservation measures. A study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of population bottlenecks and to estimate the long-term effective population size (Ne) in wild relatives of sorghum. For this, 40 samples of wild sorghum were collected from two remotely located populations that were allopatric to the cultivated sorghum. The presence of bottlenecks was investigated using heterozygosity excess/deficiency, mode shift and allelic diversity based on nine polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. We also estimated theNeof the studied populations using two different methods employing SSR mutation models. The expected heterozygosity was found to be 0.41 and 0.71 and allelic richness was 3.0 and 4.9, in Awash and Gibe populations, respectively. Neither the heterozygosity excess nor the mode-shift methods detected signatures of bottlenecks in the studied populations. The effective size of the two wild sorghum populations studied also showed no risk of population reduction in these regions of Ethiopia. Therefore, these allopatric wild sorghum populations can survive by occupying patches by the roadsides and fences, areas within abandoned farm lands, forests, etc., which shows that their wild characteristics of adaptation have been adequate for them to survive from extinction despite extensive deforestation of their habitat for modern agriculture and frequent grazing by livestock. However, this does not guarantee the survival of these species for the future andex situconservation measures or policies could help maintain their diversity.
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Awah, Chidiebere U., Joo Sun Mun, Baris Boylu, Alooka Paragodaarachchi, Chika Ochu, Junfei Zhang, Hiroshi Matsui, and Olorunseun O. Ogunwobi. "Abstract 3417: Nanocage delivered engineered destabilized HER2 3UTR ARE reduced growth of primary EGFR T790M HER2 overexpressing osimertinib and trastuzumab resistant non small cell lung cancer and inhibited liver and lung metastasis in vivo." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (April 4, 2023): 3417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3417.
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Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) caused more deaths in 2017 than breast cancer, prostate cancer and brain cancers combined. This is primarily due to its metastatic abilities to organs such brain, liver, bones, and adrenal glands leading to death of the patient. And there are no clinically approved drugs that can target metastasis. NSCLC with EGFR T790M overexpressing HER2 shows resistance to osimertinib and trastuzumab starting 10-18 months after therapy. For these patients, prospects are grim. To address the challenge of HER2+ drug resistant NSCLC, we have developed an innovative approach based on genome engineering of the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) of the HER2 gene to destabilize and degrade HER2 transcript, protein expression, HER2 dependent kinases and interactome. We report the development of two very effective HER2 destabilizing constructs which when transfected into cells lead to the specific loss of HER2 transcript, protein, downstream kinases, and loss of cell viability. In vivo, we administered the constructs complexed with a nanocage to mice bearing NSCLC. We achieved very significant control of primary tumors p=0.0001 and inhibited liver and lung metastasis and prevented hepatomegaly in mice bearing tumors that received our engineered constructs. Mechanistically, the destabilized mRNA creates premature termination codon which triggers the upregulation of nonsense mediated decay proteins UPF3B and then there is subsequent uncapping of the mRNA and the exonucleases XRN1 and CNOT1 degrades the transcript specifically and the proteins are not made available. The exogenous destabilized constructs are continuously transcriptionally active dominant negative which outcompetes the native endogenous HER2 and co-opts its mRNA for degradation. The loss of HER2 leads to loss of WNK1 and YES1 leading to activation of caspase 3,9 mediated cell death. The migration and invasion of the tumor is impaired. The constructs safely integrated into non-coding regions of the genome and caused no genome rearrangements, and we found no blood, renal, liver or electrolytes toxicities in the animals that received them. Taken together, we have developed a novel therapeutic agent that inhibits the growth of primary NSCLC and metastasis to the liver and lung. Citation Format: Chidiebere U. Awah, Joo Sun Mun, Baris Boylu, Alooka Paragodaarachchi, Chika Ochu, Junfei Zhang, Hiroshi Matsui, Olorunseun O. Ogunwobi. Nanocage delivered engineered destabilized HER2 3UTR ARE reduced growth of primary EGFR T790M HER2 overexpressing osimertinib and trastuzumab resistant non small cell lung cancer and inhibited liver and lung metastasis in vivo [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3417.
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Ngange, Kingsley Lyonga, and Moki Stephen Mokondo. "Understanding Social Media’s Role in Propagating Falsehood in Conflict Situations: Case of the Cameroon Anglophone Crisis." Studies in Media and Communication 7, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v7i2.4525.
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Social media have been welcomed as important tools that contribute to satisfying the daily information needs of citizens in today’s global society. To many, they serve as an open and alternative source of information especially where the conventional media fail to play their role of serving the public’s interest first. Notwithstanding, there have been serious and legitimate concerns about the spread of fake news over social media especially during the 2016 US presidential elections (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017). This coincided with the Cameroon Anglophone Crisis (CAC) in which the Cameroon government blamed social media users for spreading false information about the crisis to the extent that government shut down the Internet in the two affected Anglophone regions of the country for 93 days in 2017. This article therefore, examines the content of information (graphics, audios, videos, texts) posted on two widely used social media platforms (WhatsApp and Facebook) during the Anglophone Crisis, in order to understand how falsehood is propagated especially during crisis situations. A qualitative approach to analyse data of falsehood during the crisis was used and three major ways were identified through which falsehood was propagated. Principally, social media activists used computer software to distort pictures and superimpose content that depict the messages they wanted to pass across. They also spread rumours using texts, audio clips and distorted videos. The conclusion is that social media have been awash with falsehood in the Cameroon Anglophone Crisis. The major recommendation therefore, is that users of social media should make efforts to verify the authenticity of information obtained from such media before consuming and disseminating to others. The December 2014 Law on Terrorism in Cameroon treats such offences seriously and defaulters are severely punished with heavy jail sentences and fines.
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Taravat, A., G. Abebe, B. Gessesse, and T. Tadesse. "ESTIMATION OF SUGARCANE YIELD USING MULTI-TEMPORAL SENTINEL 2 SATELLITE IMAGERY AND RANDOM FOREST REGRESSION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W9-2024 (March 8, 2024): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w9-2024-357-2024.
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Abstract. Advancements in remote sensing techniques have greatly enhanced crop monitoring and yield estimation, with spectral vegetation indices (VIs) serving as a key component. Our study investigates the use of Sentinel-2 data, notable for its red-edge bands, in estimating sugarcane yield in Ethiopia's Awash Basin. Utilizing 22 VIs from S2 imagery, our approach combines Random Forest (RF) regression with the Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) algorithm to improve the accuracy of sugarcane yield predictions. The results demonstrate the superior performance of the RF-RFE method over traditional RF with full datasets and Stepwise Multiple Regression (SMR). Particularly, VIs focusing on the red-edge spectral bands of S2 - such as NDVIre1n, NDVIre2n, NDVIre3n, NDRE1 and NDRE2 - were crucial in enhancing prediction precision. These indices from the red-edge and NIR narrow bands consistently influenced yield estimations in both the Wonji-Shoa and Metehara estates. The study underscores the critical role of the RFE algorithm in optimal variable selection, reinforcing earlier findings that precise variable choice can substantially boost model accuracy. The enhanced performance of the RF model when paired with the RFE algorithm was evident, emphasizing the importance of variable selection in accurate yield predictions. Employing the Out-of-Bag RMSE (OOB_RMSE) error estimate for evaluation, we observed variations in OOB_RMSE performance with different RF parameters, identifying the ntree value of 500 as optimal for the studied regions. The RF-RFE model’s estimations showed lower errors and higher correlation coefficients, proving its efficacy over a full dataset approach, which faced challenges with traditional VIs' saturation. Our findings align with earlier studies, highlighting the efficiency of S2’s red-edge bands in diverse estimation tasks and a shift towards using freely available broadband images like S2, over hyperspectral imagery, due to reduced data redundancy and processing costs. In conclusion, our findings reveal that RF regression, particularly when integrated with the RFE algorithm, is a powerful tool in remote sensing applications. The S2 imagery is optimal VIs, predominantly from the red-edge bands, exhibit significant potential for sugarcane yield estimations. The impressive results of the RF-RFE method, evident in metrics like MAE, MAPE, RMSE, Mean percentage, and R2, advocate its invaluable role in sugarcane yield prediction, highlighting its potential for optimizing irrigation management strategies and broad-spectrum agricultural planning.
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Alessi, Joao Victor, Zihan Wei, Biagio Ricciuti, James Lindsay, Victor R. Vaz, Adriana Barrichello, Bijaya Sharma, et al. "Abstract 506: Dissecting the genomic and tumor immune microenvironment factors associated with disease recurrence in resected stage I NSCLC." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-506.
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Abstract Background: Patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are at substantial risk for disease recurrence after surgical resection, and the discovery of biomarkers that predict disease recurrence has been challenging. We sought to identify genomic and immunologic factors associated with recurrence after surgery in stage I NSCLC. Methods: We collected clinicopathologic data from patients with resected stage I NSCLC (AJCC 8th Edition) which underwent multiplexed immunofluorescence for CD8+, FOXP3+, PD-1+, and PD-L1. A subset of these samples also had next-generation sequencing performed to identify genomic alterations and tumor mutational burden (TMB). A bidirectional stepwise elimination was applied on variables with a univariable disease-free survival (DFS) p-value <0.25. The final multivariable Cox model was validated with internal bootstrapping (B=300). Results: A total of 252 cases were included. After a median follow-up of 25.6 months from the time of surgery, 47 cases (18.7%) experienced recurrence, with a 2-year DFS rate of 82.9%, and a 2-year overall survival (OS) rate of 97.9%. Shorter DFS was associated with higher TMB, increased PD-L1 expression, and greater numbers of intratumoral (IT) CD8+, PD-1+, and PD-1+CD8+ immune cells, as well as increased CD8+ and FOXP3+ T cells at the tumor stroma interface (TSI) in univariable analyses (p<0.05). Multivariable analysis showed that shorter DFS was associated with increasing TMB and higher PD-L1 tumor cell expression. We observed a difference by immune cell localization and risk of recurrence: shorter DFS was associated with higher IT but lower TSI PD-1+ immune cells, and higher IT but lower TSI FOXP3+ T cells (Table). Internal bootstrap validation showed good model performance (C-index = 0.74). Conclusion: Genomic analysis and immunophenotyping of stage I NSCLCs can identify cases at greatest risk of disease recurrence after surgical resection. Table. Univariable and multivariable analysis Disease-free survival Univariable HR [95%CI] p-value Multivariable HR [95%CI] p-value Stage at diagnosis - 0.10 – – IA1 1.52 [0.58, 3.97] IA2 2.61 [0.95, 7.20] IA3 2.61 [1.03, 6.63] IB Histology - 0.42 Adenocarcinoma 1.38 [0.65, 2.97] Squamous Age* 1.02 [0.99, 1.06] 0.19 – – TMB* 1.09 [1.05, 1.12] <0.001 1.09 [1.05, 1.13] <0.001 Smoking* (pack-years) 1.01 [1.00, 1.02] 0.008 – – Smoking history - 0.012 – – Never 5.24 [1.27, 21.7] Former Current 4.92 [0.82, 29.5] Surgical treatment - 0.084 - 0.074 Lobectomy 1.80 [0.89, 3.62] 2.18 [0.93, 5.14] Sublobar Intratumoral** 1.09 [1.03, 1.16] 0.015 - – CD8+ 1.22 [1.10, 1.36] 0.002 1.80 [1.13, 2.87] 0.014 PD-1+ 1.51 [1.20, 1.90] 0.004 - – 0.004 PD-1+ CD8+ 1.22 [1.04, 1.44] 0.053 0.15 [0.04, 0.55] FOXP3+ Tumor-Stroma Interface** 1.06 [1.01, 1.11] 0.033 - - CD8+ 1.10 [1.01,1.20] 0.056 0.71 [0.56, 0.91] 0.007 PD-1+ 1.21 [0.99, 1.48] 0.100 - - PD-1+ CD8+ 1.28 [1.03, 1.59] 0.037 2.42 [1.49, 3.95] <0.001 FOXP3+ PD-L1 expression* 1.02 [1.01, 1.03] <0.001 1.03 [1.01, 1.04] <0.001 Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) 1.02 [1.01, 1.04] - - Immune cells 0.011 *Per unit increase. ** Per 100 units increase. Intratumoral, is defined as the region of the slide consisting of tumor beyond the tumor-stroma interface. Tumor-Stroma Interface is defined as the region within 40 microns to either side of the defined border between tumor and stroma. Citation Format: Joao Victor Alessi, Zihan Wei, Biagio Ricciuti, James Lindsay, Victor R. Vaz, Adriana Barrichello, Bijaya Sharma, Kristen D. Felt, Fangxin Hong, Lynette M. Sholl, Scott J. Rodig, Mark M. Awad. Dissecting the genomic and tumor immune microenvironment factors associated with disease recurrence in resected stage I NSCLC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 506.
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Al-Habishi, Rasha Abdul Rauf, and Wafa Alayan Elias Al-Shudayfat. "The Semiotics of the Title in the Diwan (Qadas Jasad) By the writer: Mona Bint Mohammed." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 1 (January 24, 2024): 460–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/4j5zng63.
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The title is considered an essential element of literary text; it is the first threshold through which the reader enters the text. The title has evolved in literary text to become an independent science itself, and the first way to decipher the text and interpret it. It is considered a sign among the semiotic signs that appear at the beginning of the text, indicating its content as a whole. It is like a key that refers to the world of the text and becomes a reference for it. Given the importance of the title in literary texts, my study is dedicated to discussing the semiotics of the title in the collection "Qadas Jasad" by the writer (Mona Bint Mohammed), in an attempt to answer the following questions: - What is the semiotics of the title? To what extent does the semiotic approach apply to the collection "Qadas Jasad"? - What is the referential significance of the semiotics of the title in the collection? - Has the semiotic approach achieved different literary critical results? Research Objectives: My research study aims to achieve a set of objectives, the most important of which are: - Clarifying the nature of semiotics and the principles of modern semiotic methodology. - Presenting the most important contemporary semiotic trends and their characteristics. - Conducting a semiotic study of the title in the collection of poems "Qadas Jasad" and explaining the important dimensions included in the titles of the collection. - Explaining the semantic structure of the title by presenting the structural and semantic aspects of the title and revealing the relationship between the titles of the poems and their contents. Research Literature: The idea of the project came to support the connection between literature and society, as specialized studies in Najrani literature are very few, including: - The poetry movement in Najran during the Jahiliyyah and the early Islamic period, by Faiza Raddad Al-Otaibi, published by Najran Literary Club in 1430 AH (published master's thesis). - Games for boys in ancient Arabic poetry and their connection to games in the Najran region in modern times, Dr. Essam Mohammed Qubaisi, Dr. Zuhair bin Hassan Al-Amri, Journal of the Faculty of Dar Al-Uloom at Al-Fayoum University, 2014. - Folk proverbs in the Najran region: An objective study, Dr. Zuhair bin Hassan Al-Amri, Journal of the Faculty of Dar Al-Uloom at Cairo University, 2016. - Yazid bin Abdul Madaan Al-Najrani: His political role and literary heritage between two eras, Dr. Awad bin Abdullah bin Nahi, Dr. Essam Mohammed Qubaisi, Journal of Bisha University for Humanities, 2022. Methodology of Research: In my research, I have adopted the semiotic approach; because the title is a semiotic sign that needs to be explored in terms of its dimensions and meanings; through: deconstruction, interpretation, and analysis. Therefore, I have relied on both: the analytical method in analyzing the structural and semantic composition of the title, and the inductive method in extracting the relationship between the content of the poem and the title. Research Plan: I have divided my study into: - The first topic: The nature of semiotic methodology, its direction, and its origin. - The first subtopic: Definition of semiotic methodology in language and terminology. - The second subtopic: Semiotic directions. - The third subtopic: The emergence of semiotics in contemporary critical studies. - The second topic: The title and its functions. - The first subtopic: Definition of "title" in language and terminology. - The second subtopic: The importance, types, and functions of the title. - The third topic: The semiotics of the title in the Diwan (Qadas Jasad). - The first subtopic: The structural organization of the title in the Diwan (Qadas Jasad). - The second subtopic: The semantic structure of the title in the Diwan (Qadas Jasad). - Then the conclusion, which includes the most important results. Then the books and references. - The first topic: The nature of semiotic methodology, direction, and origin.
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Twelves, Chris, Peter A. Kaufman, Ahmad Awada, Seock-Ah Im, Bagrat Lalayan, Ran Xie, Linda T. Vahdat, and Javier Cortés. "Abstract P1-03-02: Efficacy of eribulin mesylate in HER2-low and HER2-0 metastatic breast cancer (MBC): Results from an analysis of two phase 3 studies." Cancer Research 83, no. 5_Supplement (March 1, 2023): P1–03–02—P1–03–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs22-p1-03-02.
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Abstract Background: Breast cancer (BC) with low-level HER2 expression (HER2-low) is defined by an immunohistochemistry (IHC) score of 1+ or 2+ without HER2 gene amplification or excess HER2 gene copy number, as measured by in situ hybridization (ISH). This represents approximately half of patients with BC overall (estimated as 55% for hormone-receptor positive [HR+] BC and 38% for triple-negative breast cancer [TNBC]; Scott, ASCO, 2021). Some data suggest that patients with HER2-low BC may respond differently to treatment than those whose BC has no HER2 expression (HER2-0). In this post hoc unplanned analysis, we analyzed data from two pivotal phase 3 studies (Studies 305 and 301) comparing eribulin with other chemotherapeutic agents (treatment of physician’s choice and capecitabine, respectively [“control”]) in patients with both HER2-low and HER2-0 MBC. Methods: Patients with MBC, 2–5 (Study 305) or < 2 (Study 301) prior lines of chemotherapy for advanced/metastatic disease, and who had received an anthracycline and a taxane, were analyzed. HER2-expression status was determined by IHC and/or ISH assays. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method adjusted by study; comparisons of PFS and OS between treatment groups were performed using stratified (by prior capecitabine use, geographic region, and study) log-rank tests. Hazard ratios were estimated by a stratified Cox model. For each study, median PFS and OS were also calculated for HR+ and TNBC subgroups. Results: Baseline characteristics were generally balanced between treatment groups among patients with HER2-low (n=427) and HER2-0 (n=824) BC. Patients with HER2-low or HER2-0 BC showed trends toward benefit with eribulin treatment. In patients with HER2-low and HER2-0 BC, median OS was longer with eribulin vs control (15.1 vs 12.0 months and 15.2 vs 12.5 months, respectively); median PFS by independent imaging review (IIR) was also longer with eribulin vs control (4.0 vs 3.1 months and 3.9 vs 3.1 months, respectively). Objective response rate (ORR) by IIR was also higher with eribulin vs control in patients with HER2-low and HER2-0 BC (13.7% vs 9.2% and 10.2% vs 7.4%, respectively). In a separate analysis, median OS was longer with eribulin vs capecitabine in patients with TNBC and HER2-low and HER2-0 (15.4 vs 10.3 months and 14.4 vs 8.9 months, respectively). Conclusions: In this post hoc analysis, treatment with eribulin demonstrated trends toward improved OS, PFS, and ORR compared with chemotherapy controls in patients with HER2-low or HER2-0 MBC. Funding source: This trial was sponsored by Eisai Inc., Nutley, NJ, USA. Medical writing support was provided by Oxford PharmaGenesis Inc., Newtown, PA, USA, and was funded by Eisai Inc., Nutley, NJ, USA. Citation Format: Chris Twelves, Peter A. Kaufman, Ahmad Awada, Seock-Ah Im, Bagrat Lalayan, Ran Xie, Linda T. Vahdat, Javier Cortés. Efficacy of eribulin mesylate in HER2-low and HER2-0 metastatic breast cancer (MBC): Results from an analysis of two phase 3 studies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-03-02.
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Al-Amri, Zuhair Hassan, and Wafa Alayan Elias Al-Shudayfat. "A Reading of the Narrative Language in Diwan (For whom the Birds Sing - Leman Toghany Al Toyoor)." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 1 (January 24, 2024): 429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/5r0dvc06.
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This study is concerned with the search for narrative language in the Diwan (for whom the birds sing); the idea of research based on the study of the mechanisms and elements of the narrative, used by the poet in the poems of the Diwan, and the extent of the poeticty of the narrative structures in the Diwan? The study's underlying approach is the analytical descriptive approach; to reveal narrative language in the Diwan, and to clarify the elements and mechanisms of the narrative: (time, place, events, characters, dramatic conflict). Through this study, I have tried to answer the following problems: What buildings and linguistic phenomena did the poet rely on to build her narrative poetry language? What narrative mechanisms did the poet use in shaping their texts? To what extent is the Najrani dialect used in the Diwan? Was the poet able to reach her narrative language into poetry? Research goals: By answering research problems; at the end, I aim to: Study Diwan (For whom the birds sing) narrative study. - Disclosure of the poet's use of narrative language; Through the extrapolation of narrative mechanisms in the Diwan's poems. Illustrate the extent of narrative language poeticity in narrative structures in the Diwan. Research literature: The idea of the project has come to support the link between literature and society, where studies specializing in the Najrani literature are almost too few, and from it: Najran Poetry Movement in Pre- Islamic times and the beginning of Islam, Fayza Radad al-Uteibi, Najran Literary Club 1430 AH (Master's thesis published). Boys' games in ancient Arabic poetry and the extent to which they are associated with Najran games in modern times, Dr. Essam Muhammad Qabisi, Dr. Zuhair bin Hassan Al-Amri, Journal of the Faculty of Dar Al-Ulum of the University of Fayoum, 2014. Folk proverbs in the Najran region: an objective study, Dr. Zuhair bin Hassan Al-Omari, Journal of the Faculty of Dar Al-Ulum, Cairo University, 2016. Zaid bin Abdul Madan Al-Najrani: His political role and literary heritage between two times, Dr. Awad bin Abdullah bin Nahi, d. Essam Muhammad Qubaisi, Journal of the University of Pesha for Humanities, 2022. Research methodology: In my research, I relied on the descriptive approach to the definition of narrative poetry and the analytical approach to clarifying elements of the narrative in the poems of the Diwan; through analysis of narrative structures in the Diwan. Search Plan: Introduction: A brief overview of the writer, Noha Ali. The first section: Definition of narrative, and the poetic mechanisms of narrative structures. The second topic: the poetic mechanisms of narrative in the self-presence, and the movement of characters in the poems of the Diwan. Third topic: The mechanisms of narrative poetry in (time, space) in the Diwan. Fourth topic: Poetry Mechanisms of Dramatic Attendance in (Conflict, Dramatic Monologue) in the Diwan. The conclusion: with the most important findings and recommendations, then books and references.