Relevant bibliographies by topics / Avoidance of traps

Academic literature on the topic 'Avoidance of traps'

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Published: 1 June 2024

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Journal articles on the topic "Avoidance of traps":

1

Borkar, V. S. "Avoidance of traps in stochastic approximation." Systems & Control Letters 50, no. 1 (September 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6911(03)00118-x.

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Stapp, Paul, and Beatrice Van Horne. "Do olfactory cues mediate interactions between rodents on northern shortgrass prairie?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-028.

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We counted captures of free-ranging deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in odor-baited traps to determine whether deer mice use olfactory cues to detect and evade grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster), a predator and possible competitor on northern shortgrass prairie. Avoidance was measured using the frequency of captures in traps containing grasshopper mouse odors compared with that in traps containing odors of an innocuous rodent (Reithrodontomys megalotis) and in clean traps. We predicted that deer mice would be most deterred by odors in areas where grasshopper mice were common, and during winter, when alternative prey for grasshopper mice are less abundant. We also expected reproductive females to show greater avoidance because of the vulnerability of litters in burrows. Surprisingly, deer mice showed no evidence of avoidance in any experiments. These results are consistent with trapping records from capture–recapture studies on our site. We assert that the presence of grasshopper mice may affect the surface activity of deer mice, but that deer mice apparently do not use olfactory cues to avoid grasshopper mice. Taken with other studies noting the lack of avoidance of predator odors by deer mice and similar species, our results suggest that the response of rodents to predator odors is more variable than was previously appreciated.
3

Musiani, M., and E. Visalberghi. "Wolves’ avoidance of flag barriers and management implications." Animal Welfare 9, no. 1 (February 2000): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600022430.

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Sir, Leg-hold traps are the devices most commonly used by researchers to capture wolves. These traps can cause injury, as they cannot usually be monitored closely enough to prevent captured animals from struggling in them. In areas where guard dogs are not used, typical methods for controlling wolf predation on livestock are culling and building substantial or electric fences to exclude wolves. These methods have two major drawbacks - culling can threaten the population, and conventional fences are expensive and difficult to maintain.
4

Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Sebastian Demtröder, Claire Fuchs, Diana Petrich, Friedrich Pfisterer, Andreas Richter, Clemens Stolpe, et al. "Does intraspecific and intersexual attraction or avoidance influence newt abundance estimates based on fish funnel trap records?" Amphibia-Reptilia 35, no. 1 (2014): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002932.

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We experimentally investigated whether intraspecific and intersexual attraction (or avoidance) by chemical signals may bias newt trapping success. We installed commercially available fish funnel traps which are often used in newt monitoring studies. We tested if capture rates differed between traps with or without newts. One experimental trap set comprised five traps, one trap being empty and four traps containing one male or female Lissotriton vulgaris or Ichthyosaura alpestris, respectively. Capture rates of newts of neither species nor sex was significantly affected by the presence of a particular newt species or sex in the traps, compared to control traps without newts. Trapping success thus seems not to be biased beyond random effects.
5

Berry, Nicholas, Will O'connor, Marc W. Holderied, and Gareth Jones. "Detection and Avoidance of Harp Traps by Echolocating Bats." Acta Chiropterologica 6, no. 2 (December 2004): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/001.006.0211.

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Mathis, Alicia, and R. Jan F. Smith. "Avoidance of areas marked with a chemical alarm substance by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in a natural habitat." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-203.

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If chemical alarm pheromones warn individuals of nearby predation on conspecifics, then individuals should avoid areas where alarm pheromone is present. This hypothesis was tested in a natural stream habitat by exposing fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to minnow traps that had been marked with either conspecific alarm pheromone or with a control substance (glass-distilled water). The minnows exhibited significant avoidance of traps marked with the alarm pheromone: less than 4% of the minnows that were captured were found in the experimental traps. There was a nonsignificant tendency for minnows in control traps to be larger than those caught in experimental traps, suggesting a possible role of experience or developmental factors in determining the response to alarm pheromone. There was no apparent difference in overall body condition (i.e., length-specific mass) between the minnows that were caught in control versus experimental traps. Detection of the alarm pheromone may allow receivers to avoid areas where risk of predation is high.
7

Smith, Michael Timothy, and Evelyn T. Bruner. "Pitfalls and Traps in Neuropathology." AJSP: Reviews and Reports 25, no. 2 (March 2020): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pcr.0000000000000365.

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Abstract Impediments to making a correct diagnosis are avoided, and complex administrative efforts are used to make those impediments less frequent. There are quality control procedures, patient safety initiatives, and endless meetings attempting to lessen medical errors. Pitfalls and traps are encountered daily by pathologists, and most are avoided. Artifacts produce traps created by cautery, physical crush, thick sections, and drying and are well known. Appropriate deferral, recuts, stains, and collegial consultations aid in error avoidance in these instances. Neuropathology has some pitfalls and traps that are encountered infrequently especially in the low neuropathology case load environment. Those traps are unfamiliar and treacherous for the unwary pathologist. This review describes five cases each with its special trap.
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Young, Julie, Jeffrey Schultz, Buck Jolley, Nekol Basili, and John Draper. "Social Learning of Avoidance Behaviors: Trap Aversion in Captive Coyotes." Animal Behavior and Cognition 9, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.09.03.06.2022.

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Social learning can help animals gain knowledge rapidly and may enhance survival. In species that are subjected to capture in foothold traps and then lethally removed, such as the coyote (Canis latrans), learning to avoid traps is critical to survival. Here, we tested social learning of trap avoidance behavior in three experimental scenarios with captive coyotes. In the first experiment, coyotes observed an unfamiliar coyote get captured in a foothold trap (i.e., demonstrator) or did not observe a demonstrator and were therefore naïve to traps. The coyotes that observed a demonstrator showed similar latencies to approach the trap and be captured as coyotes without a demonstrator. In the second experiment, coyotes observed their trap-naïve mate get captured in a foothold trap while housed together. These coyotes had longer latencies to approach the trap and be captured than their mates. In the third experiment, demonstrator coyotes were housed separately in an enclosure adjacent to two other enclosures – one housing their mate and one housing an unfamiliar coyote. Here, unfamiliar coyotes had longer latencies to approach the trap and get captured than the mates of the demonstrator coyotes. These results suggest that coyotes have limited ability to socially learn avoidance behavior, with familiarity and proximity of the demonstrator influencing the ability of coyotes to use social learning. Thus, the different results emerging from this study may reflect behaviors related to territoriality and pair-bonds.
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Foot, G., S. P. Rice, and J. Millett. "Red trap colour of the carnivorous plant Drosera rotundifolia does not serve a prey attraction or camouflage function." Biology Letters 10, no. 4 (April 2014): 20131024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.1024.

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The traps of many carnivorous plants are red in colour. This has been widely hypothesized to serve a prey attraction function; colour has also been hypothesized to function as camouflage, preventing prey avoidance. We tested these two hypotheses in situ for the carnivorous plant Drosera rotundifolia . We conducted three separate studies: (i) prey attraction to artificial traps to isolate the influence of colour; (ii) prey attraction to artificial traps on artificial backgrounds to control the degree of contrast and (iii) observation of prey capture by D. rotundifolia to determine the effects of colour on prey capture. Prey were not attracted to green traps and were deterred from red traps. There was no evidence that camouflaged traps caught more prey. For D. rotundifolia , there was a relationship between trap colour and prey capture. However, trap colour may be confounded with other leaf traits. Thus, we conclude that for D. rotundifolia , red trap colour does not serve a prey attraction or camouflage function.
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Harding, G. C., W. P. Vass, B. T. Hargrave, and S. Pearre Jr. "Diel Vertical Movements and Feeding Activity of Zooplankton in St. Georges Bay, N.S., Using Net Tows and a Newly Developed Passive Trap." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 952–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-118.

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Newly developed plankton traps, designed to passively collect vertically mobile plankters, sampled ascending plankton but failed to collect many species during descent. This discrepancy may be behavioral with passively sinking organisms reacting to the trap surface with an upward avoidance reaction. Simultaneous use of conventional net tows and semiautomated traps allowed us to interpret the vertical movements of plankton more fully than by either method alone. Asynchronous vertical movement of the Pseudocalanus population is suspected because the percentage of trapped animals with food in their guts was usually higher in the downward moving fraction of the population. Migratory behaviors ranged from dusk and dawn ascent with midnight sinking to reverse migrations where the night level inhabited is deeper than the day depth. Noctural dispersal of herbivore and omnivore populations over depth probably reflects predator avoidance by presenting less dense aggregations to vertically mobile predators. Sightless predators reside in deeper waters than their prey during daylight presumably because they are larger and more vulnerable themselves to visual predation. Visual predators descend to greater depths than their prey at night. All the migration patterns observed can be explained in evolutionary terms simply by competition for food and avoidance of predators.
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Journal articles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Avoidance of traps":

1

Barakat, Anas. "Contributions to non-convex stochastic optimization and reinforcement learning." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021IPPAT030.

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Cette thèse est centrée autour de l'analyse de convergence de certains algorithmes d'approximation stochastiques utilisés en machine learning appliqués à l'optimisation et à l'apprentissage par renforcement. La première partie de la thèse est dédiée à un célèbre algorithme en apprentissage profond appelé ADAM, utilisé pour entraîner des réseaux de neurones. Cette célèbre variante de la descente de gradient stochastique est plus généralement utilisée pour la recherche d'un minimiseur local d'une fonction. En supposant que la fonction objective est différentiable et non convexe, nous établissons la convergence des itérées au temps long vers l'ensemble des points critiques sous une hypothèse de stabilité dans le régime des pas constants. Ensuite, nous introduisons une nouvelle variante de l'algorithme ADAM à pas décroissants. Nous montrons alors sous certaines hypothèses réalistes que les itérées sont presque sûrement bornées et convergent presque sûrement vers des points critiques de la fonction objective. Enfin, nous analysons les fluctuations de l'algorithme par le truchement d'un théorème central limite conditionnel. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, dans le régime des pas décroissants, nous généralisons nos résultats de convergence et de fluctuations à une procédure d'optimisation stochastique unifiant plusieurs variantes de descente de gradient stochastique comme la méthode de la boule pesante, l'algorithme stochastique de Nesterov accéléré ou encore le célèbre algorithme ADAM, parmi d'autres. Nous concluons cette partie par un résultat d'évitement de pièges qui établit la non convergence de l'algorithme général vers des points critiques indésirables comme les maxima locaux ou les points-selles. Ici, le principal ingrédient est un nouveau résultat indépendant d'évitement de pièges pour un contexte non-autonome. Enfin, la dernière partie de cette thèse qui est indépendante des deux premières parties est dédiée à l'analyse d'un algorithme d'approximation stochastique pour l'apprentissage par renforcement. Dans cette dernière partie, dans le cadre des processus décisionnels de Markov avec critère de récompense gamma-pondéré, nous proposons une analyse d'un algorithme acteur-critique en ligne intégrant un réseau cible et avec approximation de fonction linéraire. Notre algorithme utilise trois échelles de temps distinctes: une échelle pour l'acteur et deux autres pour la critique. Au lieu d'utiliser l'algorithme de différence temporelle (TD) standard à une échelle de temps, nous utilisons une version de l'algorithme TD à deux échelles de temps intégrant un réseau cible inspiré des algorithmes acteur-critique utilisés en pratique. Tout d'abord, nous établissons des résultats de convergence pour la critique et l'acteur sous échantillonnage Markovien. Ensuite, nous menons une analyse à temps fini montrant l'impact de l'utilisation d'un réseau cible sur les méthodes acteur-critique
This thesis is focused on the convergence analysis of some popular stochastic approximation methods in use in the machine learning community with applications to optimization and reinforcement learning.The first part of the thesis is devoted to a popular algorithm in deep learning called ADAM used for training neural networks. This variant of stochastic gradient descent is more generally useful for finding a local minimizer of a function. Assuming that the objective function is differentiable and non-convex, we establish the convergence of the iterates in the long run to the set of critical points under a stability condition in the constant stepsize regime. Then, we introduce a novel decreasing stepsize version of ADAM. Under mild assumptions, it is shown that the iterates are almost surely bounded and converge almost surely to critical points of the objective function. Finally, we analyze the fluctuations of the algorithm by means of a conditional central limit theorem.In the second part of the thesis, in the vanishing stepsizes regime, we generalize our convergence and fluctuations results to a stochastic optimization procedure unifying several variants of the stochastic gradient descent such as, among others, the stochastic heavy ball method, the Stochastic Nesterov Accelerated Gradient algorithm, and the widely used ADAM algorithm. We conclude this second part by an avoidance of traps result establishing the non-convergence of the general algorithm to undesired critical points, such as local maxima or saddle points. Here, the main ingredient is a new avoidance of traps result for non-autonomous settings, which is of independent interest.Finally, the last part of this thesis which is independent from the two previous parts, is concerned with the analysis of a stochastic approximation algorithm for reinforcement learning. In this last part, we propose an analysis of an online target-based actor-critic algorithm with linear function approximation in the discounted reward setting. Our algorithm uses three different timescales: one for the actor and two for the critic. Instead of using the standard single timescale temporal difference (TD) learning algorithm as a critic, we use a two timescales target-based version of TD learning closely inspired from practical actor-critic algorithms implementing target networks. First, we establish asymptotic convergence results for both the critic and the actor under Markovian sampling. Then, we provide a finite-time analysis showing the impact of incorporating a target network into actor-critic methods

Books on the topic "Avoidance of traps":

1

Preston, Thomas. Pandora's trap: Presidential decision making and blame avoidance in Vietnam and Iraq. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2014.

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Thomas, Preston. Pandora's trap: Presidential decision making and blame avoidance in Vietnam and Iraq. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2011.

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Harding, Roger D. Abundance and length, trap avoidance, and short-term spatial movement of cutthroat trout at McKinney Lake, southeast Alaska, 1996. Anchorage: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, 1999.

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Preston, Thomas. Pandora's Trap: Presidential Decision Making and Blame Avoidance in Vietnam and Iraq. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2011.

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Auty, Richard M., and Haydn I. Furlonge. The Rent Curse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828860.001.0001.

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This book analyses the political economy of economic development using two stylized facts models of rent-driven growth. The models show that: (i) the resource curse is a variant of a wider rent curse that can be driven by geopolitical rent (foreign aid), labour rent (worker remittances), or regulatory rent (government manipulation of relative prices); (ii) the rent curse is caused by policy failure and is avoidable; (iii) the global incidence of the rent curse varies over time, which reflects development policy fashions; and (iv) the intensity of the rent curse also varies with rent linkages. Rent cycling theory posits that low rent incentivizes the elite to grow the economy to become wealthy, whereas high rent encourages siphoning rent for immediate enrichment at the expense of sustainable and diversified economic growth. The contrasting incentives trigger divergent policies and structural change. Low rent motivates the efficient allocation of inputs in line with the economy’s comparative advantage in labour-intensive exports, which drives: structural change; rapid egalitarian economic growth; and incremental democratization. High rent, however, elicits contests to capture rent for immediate enrichment so the economy absorbs rent too quickly. The economy experiences Dutch disease effects that expand a subsidized urban sector whose rent demands outstrip supply, resulting in a staple trap and a protracted growth collapse. The economy fails to diversify competitively and depends for growth on expanding rent rather than on competitive diversification that boosts productivity. The book uses the models to explain why many developing countries in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Gulf followed a staple trap trajectory and draws on East Asia and South Asia for reform.

Book chapters on the topic "Avoidance of traps":

1

Miles, Chris, Sushil J. Louis, and Rich Drewes. "Trap Avoidance in Strategic Computer Game Playing with Case Injected Genetic Algorithms." In Genetic and Evolutionary Computation – GECCO 2004, 1365–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24854-5_130.

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Kumar, Anup, Sandeep Rai, and Rajesh Boghey. "A Novel Approach for SQL Injection Avoidance Using Two-Level Restricted Application Prevention (TRAP) Technique." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 227–38. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5113-0_17.

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Flood, Julee T., and Terry L. Leap. "Risk, Biases, and Logical Fallacies." In Managing Risk in High-Stakes Faculty Employment Decisions, 52–79. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501728952.003.0003.

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The wide array of risks facing institutions of higher learning is presented. Risk is a multi-faceted concept that can be addressed through avoidance, assumption, reduction, transfer, and sharing using a variety of institutional arrangements. A key contribution of the book is the analysis of social and psychological traps that confront decision makers in academia.
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Butler, Gillian, and Freda McManus. "Guided Discovery with Anxiety." In Dialogues for Discovery, 145–94. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199586981.003.0004.

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Abstract Chapter 4, “Guided Discovery with Anxiety,” identifies a number of common traps that therapists can easily fall into when working with clients suffering from anxiety (e.g., social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and phobias) and related disorders in which anxiety is often a predominant feature (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder). Common traps addressed include colluding with client avoidance, providing reassurance, and succumbing to therapist’s beliefs about client vulnerabilities. Use of guided discovery methods such as Socratic dialogue and behavioral experiments are illustrated via case examples with extended therapist–client dialogues. “Keep in Mind” principles are summarized throughout to remind readers of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) guiding principles that can help therapy stay on track when clients “need to be sure,” experience endless worry, hesitate to take risks, or struggle with letting go of attempts to be “in control.” At the end of the chapter, questions to promote reader learning are offered as a guide for individual therapists or instructors in classroom settings. These questions are designed to help consolidate and individualize therapists’ application of the skills taught.
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Jaywant, Abhishek, Lauren E. Oberlin, Stephanie Cherestal, Christina Bueno Castellano, Victoria M. Wilkins, and Dora Kanellopoulos. "Module 7: Reframing Unhelpful Thoughts." In Coping After COVID-19: Cognitive Behavioral Skills for Anxiety, Depression, and Adjusting to Chronic Illness, edited by Abhishek Jaywant, Lauren E. Oberlin, Stephanie Cherestal, Christina Bueno Castellano, Victoria M. Wilkins, and Dora Kanellopoulos, 125–36. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780197699379.003.0008.

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Abstract This chapter discusses how clients can learn how to observe and reframe unhelpful thoughts so that they can respond more efficiently. Unhelpful thoughts primarily refer to thoughts, interpretations, and beliefs that may be accurate to varying degrees but that perpetuate negative emotions and avoidance behaviors, holding clients back from full recovery. Clients’ emotional distress can include the presence of “thinking traps” or uncertainty about their COVID-19 symptoms, functioning, and prognosis. Three sessions should be spent working on unhelpful thoughts, which also includes the self-report symptom questionnaires to track symptoms of depression and anxiety. Verbalizing may help clients to practice helpful self-talk and deal with unhelpful thoughts in the long term.
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Carter, Bryan D., William G. Kronenberger, and Eric L. Scott. "Session 7: Assertiveness and Relationships." In Children's Health and Illness Recovery Program (CHIRP), 73–84. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190070472.003.0008.

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In Session 7 you are introduced to the concept of avoidant coping. We all use avoidance at times in dealing with stressful, unpleasant and uncomfortable situations. However, if we use avoidance as the major way to cope with these challenges, it will have a negative impact on our ability to function physically, emotionally, and in school and social situations. In order to make sure we don’t fall into the trap of over-using avoidance in dealing with the challenges of a chronic medical problem, CHIRP uses activities that teach you strategies that can disrupt this cycle by improving your skills and confidence in dealing with stressful situations you may encounter socially and in your daily life. Key skills you will learn include improving interpersonal communication and assertive behaviors. Increasing your skills and comfort in communicating and asserting your wants and needs with others is a primary goal of this session.
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Preston, Thomas. "Chapter 05. Opening Pandora’s Box: Blame Avoidance during the Iraq War." In Pandora's Trap, 149–92. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9781442212152-149.

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Preston, Thomas. "Chapter 03. The Politics of Blame Avoidance: Presidential Strategies for Surviving the Washington “Blame Game”." In Pandora's Trap, 69–104. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9781442212152-69.

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Preston, Thomas. "Chapter 04. Opening Pandora’s Box: Blame Avoidance, 9/11, and the Push for War with Iraq." In Pandora's Trap, 105–48. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9781442212152-105.

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Bajo, Claudia Sanchez. "Is the Debt Trap Avoidable?" In Co-Operatives in a Post-Growth Era. Zed Books, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350219380.ch-014.

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Conference papers on the topic "Avoidance of traps":

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Katz, Roman, and Raymond Schulz. "Towards the development of a laserscanner-based collision avoidance system for trams." In 2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2013.6629553.

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Reynolds, John. "The Vital Role of the Corrosion/Materials Engineer in the Life Cycle Management of Pressure Equipment." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57012.

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In my 40 years of experience I’ve come to firmly believe that nearly every operating site processing hydrocarbons needs the services, to some extent, of a competent, experienced corrosion/materials (C/M) engineer in order to achieve excellence in pressure equipment integrity and reliability (PEI&R). Without such services there are many PEI traps to fall into caused by lack of knowledge of corrosion and materials degradation issues. This paper outlines those traps that can lead not only to avoidable cost issues, but unanticipated breaches of containment and the ensuing undesirable safety and environmental consequences. The most well rounded C/M engineer should be knowledgeable, not just in metallurgy and materials selection, but also in process chemistry, corrosion and degradation mechanisms, corrosion barriers, materials degradation prevention, repair and replacement decisions and cost-effective mitigation practices. In this paper, I will indicate how a competent C/M engineer could easily save the company the cost of his/her services ten times over while recognizing that not all small sites may need a full time C/M engineer on staff, but should at least have access to one through contractual agreements. I will show how proactive corrosion control activities in the top ten vital C/M engineering aspects are necessary to achieve excellence (and avoid pressure equipment failures) in PEI&R.
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Yagi, Masahiro, Sho Takahashi, and Toru Hagiwara. "A Study on Avoidance Behavior on Bicycle Trips Detection Using Multiple Features for Improvement Road Management." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-Taiwan). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-taiwan49838.2020.9258113.

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Krainak, Michael A., and Frederic M. Davidson. "Two-wave Mixing Gain in BSO with Applied Alternating Electric Fields." In Nonlinear Optical Properties of Materials. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlopm.1988.mf11.

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Image amplification using photorefractive two-wave mixing is attractive since high gain and high signal-to-noise ratios are achievable using relatively low-power lasers. Huignard et. al. have achieved high gains in Bi12SiO20 (BSO) using the DC field and moving grating technique1. The disadvantages of this technique are the uniform illumination and external frequency shift requirements. Another option is the use of alternating electric fields as suggested by Stepanov and Petrov2. This technique has been demonstrated in BTO2 and GaAs3. It maintains the 90o phase shift between the incident fringe pattern and holographic grating required for image amplification, while allowing enhancement of the refractive index change via the external field. Other advantages include increased stability, no requirement for uniform illumination, and the avoidance of the electrode "shadowing" problem. In addition, the trap saturation regime (i. e. the maximum possible grating amplitude for a given material) can be reached at very high fields. The application of this technique to BSO has been suggested previously2,3,4, and preliminary results are presented here.
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Clayton, Luke Michael, Ming Hwa Lee, and Alireza Salmachi. "Alleviating Directional Well Trajectory Problems via Data Analytics." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210766-ms.

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Abstract A consistent leading cause of drilling non-productive time (NPT) is the inability to steer the planned well trajectory trouble-free. Separate from downhole tool and drill bit failures, an unplanned trip to change the Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) is required for up to one in every seven drilling runs. Root cause analyses indicate potentially a quarter of all drilling NPT has poor planning or field execution as the failure mechanism, signifying scope for improvement. This paper aims to help guide optimal selection of RSS/motor and bit, to ensure challenging wellpaths will be achieved with minimal NPT associated with BHA trips. Directional drilling analysis typically compares dogleg severity (DLS) for planned and actual trajectory. This metric is fundamentally direction-blind; absolute tortuosity is represented whether planned or unintentional. Without full context, DLS analysis can mask many steering issues. Typically, industry software does not measure how closely the steering inputs match their anticipated responses during a run. Strategic management and identification of zones with erratic toolface control, or strong formation/BHA tendencies is critical. The proposed ‘derived steering’ analytics method was applied to plan demanding 3D trajectories for an Extended Reach offshore campaign in Australia. Existing minimum curvature equations were repurposed to plot previous runs steering inputs and then infer efficiencies for each formation. Supervision was essential to counteract strong consistent right-hand BHA walk tendency for all the variety of wells studied. Multiple NPT events on previous campaigns had resulted from poor steering response in the shallow interbedded geology. In view of quantifiable field-specific risks, wellplans were refined to minimize tortuosity and maximize the design safety factor. The combination of highest anticipated dogleg response rotary steerable technology and bit selection was selected for steering assurance. Modelled tendencies per lithology were shared with wellsite supervisors, and recent drilling results essentially mimicked data analytics. Others operating in this field in the 21st century had drilled total meterage of 36,740m MD from 83 runs. Bit Gradings showed two ‘Lost in Holes’, one ‘Drill String Failure’, six trips for ‘Downhole Tool Failures’, seven for ‘Penetration Rate’, six to ‘Change BHA’, two for ‘Hole Problems’ and one for ‘Downhole Motor Failure’. The current campaign's improved directional drilling offset analysis contributed towards significant avoidance of well delivery NPT to drill 28,061m in 34 runs. No trips were required to change BHA or bit because of inability to follow the trajectory, and field teams were able to pre-empt lithology-specific challenges.
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Nordin, Mohamad Haikal, Lai Keng Looi, Pete Slagel, Mohamad Hafiz Othman, Abdul Razak Affandi, and Mohamad Syahmi Zurhan. "Minimising Torsional Vibration Due to Stick Slip Using Z Technology for Drilling Energy Efficiency in Multiple Hard Stringers Field in Offshore Malaysia." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21841-ms.

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Abstract Field T is well known with its multiple layers of hard stringers that can go up to 25 ksi UCS at certain intervals, predominantly in 12-1/4" and 8-1/2" hole section. This can lead to stick-slip problem whereby the drill bit momentarily stalls due to high static friction, while the drill string keeps rotating. As a result, torque will buildup in pipe until it overcomes the friction at the bit, resulting in the drill pipe unwinding itself. Over time, this issue results in reduced drilling efficiency (i.e. lower ROP), eventually causing damage to the bit or worse, twisting off the BHA, which translates into high cost exposure to the Operator. During the exploration phase, the Operator required on average, 4 to 7 bit trips to drill 12-1/4" hole section and 2 to 4 trips were required to drill 8-1/2" hole section. The most reported reason to pull out of the hole were, BHA change out, downhole tool failure (DTF) and low rate of penetration (ROP). The bits’ inner & outer cutters were also reported to be damaged with dull grading as high as wear value of 7 or 8. Z technology is a torsional vibration mitigation system that uses wide band impedance (Z) matching concept that aims to absorb all torque waves arriving at top drive by overcoming inertia of motor & gearbox. The Z Technology changes the conventional hard boundary condition of a standard top drive (TD) RPM controller that is "stiff" (constant RPM) which results in full reflection of all torsional waves. A "stiff" TD control system leads to growth of standing waves (A combination of TD constant RPM & stick-slip "unwind" RPM) in the string which eventually may lead to torsional vibrations to the drill bit and/or motor housing/BHA. While drilling Development Phase 1B, Z Technology was seen to be effective in mitigating stick-slip. As a result, more mechanical specific energy (MSE) was available to be transmitted to the bit for formation rock removal. All three wells in the Phase 1B campaign managed to achieve the highest ROP in T field. This translated into cost savings in rig time and cost avoidance to Operator due to BHA damage. The paper will discuss the details of the Z Technology mechanism, its implementation and evaluating its effectiveness in minimizing torsional vibration due to the stick-slip issue.
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Jain, Nitish Kumar, and Sameer Surendra Narsapur. "Enhancing Plant Reliability Through Risk Management of Single Point of Failures (SPoF) in Sour Gas Facility." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211201-ms.

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Abstract ADNOC Sour Gas has experienced plant trips in the past, production loss as a result of avoidable actions resulting from component failures. These trips, in many instances were a result of a single point of failure. Single point of failures (SPoF) are specific common sections of piping and equipment which if failed or leaked in service can immediately shutdown the entire operating unit or the production facility as a direct impact or cascaded effect without giving the operator adequate time to respond and control the situation. Large size gas processing plants such as ADNOC Sour Gas Facility with two gas trains operating simultaneously are designed to run uninterrupted for 4 to 5 years between 2 planned major turnaround cycles. By design and per specification, there are number of sections in the plant that have no stand by or any redundancy available in design. Due to this design of common sections or often defined as single components, it is not feasible to repair equipment, piping or instrumentation due to integrity issues while they are in operation. Any rectification work on these common systems (mechanical, electrical, instrumentation or structural) can lead to shutting down the entire gas plant & facilities. This planned or unplanned shutdown can lead to enormous production loss. To alleviate or minimize the consequences from these single common plant section events and improve the reliability and availability of the overall facility, management of these common sections is paramount for the business. ADNOC Sour Gas has successfully utilized the lesson learnt and identified all potential SPoF in the facility and developed SPoF management plan. In order to ensure higher reliability of Operations, it is important that SPoFs are minimized or managed to avoid downtime. The concept of SPoF is very effectively utilized in IT industries, Networking and supply chain. Sour gas has successfully applied the concept for Oil & Gas Operations.
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Cecio, Francesco de, Marco Asperti, Andrea Babato, Elia Bassetto, Lorenzo Beccari, Lorenzo Capra, Rosario Iaccarino, et al. "TEASPOON: a once in a lifetime opportunity to Sedna." In Symposium on Space Educational Activities (SSAE). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788419184405.083.

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In the challenge of unveiling the enigmas that still surround the origin and early evolution of the Solar System, the study of trans-Neptunian objects plays a crucial role. For this purpose, Sedna is probably the most intriguing candidate for a space mission. A better understanding of its highly elliptical orbit could improve our knowledge of the evolution of the Solar System and could potentially lead to the discovery of an unknown planet. Moreover, the planetoid is expected to host a significant amount of tholins and probably a subsurface ocean of liquid water, making the analysis of its composition extremely interesting. In 2076, Sedna will reach its minimum distance of 76 AU from the Sun. This is a scientific opportunity that will not happen again in the next 11400 years. Exploiting this instance, TransnEptuniAn Sedna PrObe for Outer exploratioN (TEASPOON) is a mission proposal to send a probe to Sedna, featuring a payload suite to perform an optical characterization, study the particle environment and conduct a radio-science experiment. Moreover, the long travel will be an opportunity to explore the Kuiper Belt looking for observations or, hopefully, discover new objects. The harsh environment, characterized by objects with unknown trajectories, requires Collision Avoidance strategies, while long-term radiation exposition demands electronics shielding and the preference for rad-hard components. More generally, the 77 AU distance and 30 years duration of the mission makes the design even more demanding. Therefore, solving those challenges would inaugurate a new generation of space missions to the edges of the Solar System and beyond. This proposal has been developed in the framework of a Space Mission Analysis and Design course by a team of students at the master level in Space Engineering at Politecnico di Milano. A concurrent engineering approach has been followed, leading the study through its phase 0/A. This enabled them to practice in actual working conditions of a space agency’s mission study, and underlined the importance of this kind of experience at a Master’s level course.
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Zeng, D., Z. Wang, Z. Tian, and K. Fan. "A Comprehensive Overview On Inefficient Events and Key Technologies of Multi-branched Well Drilling and Completion: Cases in the S region." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-24267-ms.

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Abstract Multi-lateral wells are widely utilized by exhibiting enhanced productivity and reduced drilling costs in comparison to traditional vertical well technology, due to the shared upper casing section and production process equipment. Nevertheless, a systematical evaluation of the key technologies of the multi-lateral wells is currently absent, resulting in frequent inefficiencies occurring during the drilling and completion process and having a negative influence on drilling efficiency. Based on the statistical data sourced from the S region, this paper undertaken a comprehensive assessment of the inefficiencies from three perspectives of geological factor, design factor and drilling optimization. The key technologies for enhancing the efficiency of drilling and completion are identified. Results indicate that inefficient events related to geological factors are primarily formation losses, while design-related inefficiencies include intricate trajectory for which control is difficult, as well as a long horizontal section with difficulties in cut carrying and a propensity for the formation of rock beds. From a viewpoint of drilling optimization, inefficiencies involve stuck pipes during drilling, particularly in water-sensitive formations, causing issues such as hole shrinkage, key seat sticking, and long operation time. In addition, an ease of swabbing during retrieve whipstock in 7" liner results in a heightened risk of well control, and shear pin may snap if the driller slacks off extra weight during run in hole (RIH), leading to the Whipstock to plummet into the hole. In order to address the three types of factors, the strategy of abandoning total loss hole and using high-performance drilling fluids is adopted to save costs and time. Collision avoidance is considered to prevent unintended intersection or interference and distance among window to window is optimized around 200 ft. In addition, the multi-window one-time scraping method is used to enhance operational efficiency by minimizing the number of trips. During the drilling process in the 6-1/8″ wellbore, employing the fast drilling method reduces the time required by half compared to traditional controlled-speed drilling. This research provides both practical and theoretical guidance for contributing to multi-lateral well construction efficiency, modulating non productive time (NPT) and ensuring safety during operation.
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Li, Boxiao, Hemant Phale, Yanfen Zhang, Timothy Tokar, and Xian-Huan Wen. "Caveats and Pitfalls of Production Forecast Uncertainty Analysis Using Design of Experiments." In SPE Reservoir Simulation Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/203919-ms.

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Abstract Design of Experiments (DoE) is one of the most commonly employed techniques in the petroleum industry for Assisted History Matching (AHM) and uncertainty analysis of reservoir production forecasts. Although conceptually straightforward, DoE is often misused by practitioners because many of its statistical and modeling principles are not carefully followed. Our earlier paper (Li et al. 2019) detailed the best practices in DoE-based AHM for brownfields. However, to our best knowledge, there is a lack of studies that summarize the common caveats and pitfalls in DoE-based production forecast uncertainty analysis for greenfields and history-matched brownfields. Our objective here is to summarize these caveats and pitfalls to help practitioners apply the correct principles for DoE-based production forecast uncertainty analysis. Over 60 common pitfalls in all stages of a DoE workflow are summarized. Special attention is paid to the following critical project transitions: (1) the transition from static earth modeling to dynamic reservoir simulation; (2) from AHM to production forecast; and (3) from analyzing subsurface uncertainties to analyzing field-development alternatives. Most pitfalls can be avoided by consistently following the statistical and modeling principles. Some pitfalls, however, can trap experienced engineers. For example, mistakes made in handling the three abovementioned transitions can yield strongly unreliable proxy and sensitivity analysis. For the representative examples we study, they can lead to having a proxy R2 of less than 0.2 versus larger than 0.9 if done correctly. Two improved experimental designs are created to resolve this challenge. Besides the technical pitfalls that are avoidable via robust statistical workflows, we also highlight the often more severe non-technical pitfalls that cannot be evaluated by measures like R2. Thoughts are shared on how they can be avoided, especially during project framing and the three critical transition scenarios.

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