Books: 'Avoidance Map'

1

Center, Ames Research, ed. Optimal guidance with obstacle avoidance for map-of-the-earth flight. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1989.

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2

Ridgway, Christie. Beach House No. 9. Don Mills, Ontario: Harlequin HQN, 2013.

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3

W, Holland Walter, and EC Working Group on Health Services and "Avoidable Deaths", eds. European Community atlas of 'avoidable death' 1985-89. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

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4

Baldelli, Pia G. Celozzi. Power politics, diplomacy, and the avoidance of hostilities between England and the United States in the wake of the Civil War. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 1998.

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5

Brink, Andrew. Desire and avoidance in art: Psychobiographical studies with attachment theory of Pablo Picasso, Hans Bellmer, Balthus, and Joseph Cornell. New York: P. Lang, 2007.

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6

Protocol amending tax convention with Luxembourg: Report (to accompany Treaty doc. 111-8). Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2011.

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7

Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Taxation : convention between the Government of Canada and the Swiss Federal Council for the avoidance of double taxation with respect to taxes on income and on capital, Berne, May 5, 1997, in force April 21, 1998 =: Impôts : convention entre le gouvernement du Canada et le Conseil Fédéral Suisse en vue d'éviter les doubles impositions en matière d'impôts sur le revenu et sur la fortune, Berne, le 5 mai 1997, en vigueur le 21 avril 1998. Ottawa, Ont: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada = Ministre des travaux publics et services gouvernementaux Canada, 1998.

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8

Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Taxation : agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Slovak Republic for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital, Bratislava, May 22, 2001, in force December 20, 2001 =: Impôts : accord entre le Gouvernement du Canada et le Gouvernement de la République slovaque en vue d'éviter les doubles impositions et de prévenir l'évasion fiscale en matière d'impôts sur le revenu et sur la fortune, Bratislava, le 22 mai 2001, en vigueur le 20 décembre 2001. Ottawa, Ont: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada = Ministre des travaux publics et services gouvernementaux Canada, 1998.

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9

Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Taxation : agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Republic of India for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital (with protocol), Dehli, January 11, 1996, in force May 6, 1997 =: Impôts : accord entre le gouvernement du Canada et le gouvernement de la République de l'Inde en vue d'éviter les doubles impositions et de prévenir l'évasion fiscale en matière d'impôts sur le revenu et sur la fortune (avec protocole), Dehli, le 11 janvier 1996, en vigueur le 6 mai 1997. Ottawa, Ont: Queen's Printer = Imprimeur de la Reine, 1998.

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10

Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Taxation : agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Russian Federation for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital (with protocol), Ottawa, October 5, 1995, in force May 5, 1997 =: Impôts : accord entre le gouvernement du Canada et le gouvernement de la Fédération de la Russie en vue d'éviter les doubles impositions et de prévenir l'évasion fiscale en matière d'impôts sur le revenu et sur la fortune (avec protocole), Ottawa, le 5 octobre 1995, en vigueur le 5 mai 1997. Ottawa, Ont: Queen's Printer = Imprimeur de la Reine, 1998.

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11

Trade, Canada Dept of Foreign Affairs and International. Taxation : protocol amending the convention between Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, with protocol, signed at The Hague on 27 May 1986, as amended by the Protocol signed at the Hague on 4 March 1993, The Hague, August 25, 1997, in force January 15, 1999 =: Impôts : protocole modifiant la convention entre le Canada et le Royaume des Pays-Bas en vue d'éviter les doubles impositions et de prévenir l'évasion fiscale en matière d'impôts sur le revenu, y compris son Protocole signé à la Haye le 27 mai 1986, telle que modifiée par le Protocole signé à La Haye le 4 mars 1993, La Haye, le 24 août 1997, en vigueur le 15 janvier 1999. Ottawa, Ont: Queen's Printer = Imprimeur de la Reine, 1999.

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12

Veatch, Robert M., Amy Haddad, and E. J. Last. Avoidance of Killing. Edited by Robert M. Veatch, Amy Haddad, and E. J. Last. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190277000.003.0010.

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Avoidance of killing is a moral consideration that arises in health care controversies involving the notions that human life is sacred or that killing is morally wrong. Pharmacists may find themselves in positions where they must reconcile the idea that generally killing is a harm to be avoided based on the principle of nonmaleficence with the idea that death might be perceived by a particular patient as a beneficial outcome. This chapter explores the principle of avoidance of killing, highlights differences between active, merciful killing and decisions to forgo treatment, and discusses the concept of proportionality. The cases presented involve topics such as withholding treatment and withdrawing treatment and direct versus indirect killing.

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13

Bentley, Johnathan H. Intimacy Avoidance: Better Relationships and How to Attract a Man. Independently Published, 2019.

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14

Consedine, Nathan S., Lisa M. Reynolds, and Charmaine Borg. Emotions, Delay, and Avoidance in Cancer Screening. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0019.

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Delay and avoidance are massive problems in cancer screening. While work continues to examine demographic and cognitive factors, emotions are central and likely causally implicated. In this chapter, a discrete emotions view of the origins of cancer screening is presented. After characterizing emotions, focus rests on evaluating the evidence regarding how and why three avoidance-promoting emotions (fear, embarrassment, and disgust) are implicated. The chapter describes the symptoms and medical examinations that elicit these emotions and suggests that people fail to screen for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers because screenings elicit (or are anticipated to elicit) these feelings. It concludes by assessing some of the measurement, design, and interpretative challenges in the area, considers the sexual nature of many screens, and discusses the fact that screenings may elicit multiple emotional responses.

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15

Rodriguez-Romaguera, Jose, and Gregory J. Quirk. Extinction of Conditioned Fear and Avoidance: Relevance for OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0030.

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The compulsions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often reflect a state of elevated fear and anxiety; ritualistic behaviors and/or avoidance may arise as a strategy to manage this anxiety. Treatment for OCD can include exposure-based therapies that attempt to extinguish compulsions. Exposure with response prevention(ERP) is an effective therapy, but approximately 40% of patients fail ERP or drop out. This chapter reviews the role of the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices in the extinction of conditioned fear and avoidance, in both rodents and humans. Special emphasize is given to how the rodent literature can provide new insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of OCD.

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16

Peter, Huber. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.13. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0067.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.13 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning partial avoidance of a contract. Art 3.2.13 requires that the ground of avoidance affect only individual terms of the contract. While this scenario is easily conceivable with regard to cases of mistake, fraud or gross disparity, it will only rarely happen that a threat can be limited to certain parts of the contract. Cases that satisfy this requirement generally fall into one of two categories. The first category consists of the ‘terms’ cases, while the second category consists of the ‘items’ cases. This commentary discusses partial avoidance as general rule, avoidance of entire contract as exception, and how partial avoidance may lead to restitution.

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17

Jacques, du Plessis. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0059.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning fraud. In line with some major jurisdictions and international instruments, the PICC draw a distinction between fraud and mistake as grounds for avoidance. Art 3.2.5 stipulates that a party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party's fraudulent representation, including language or practices, or fraudulent non-disclosure of circumstances which, according to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing, the latter party should have disclosed. This commentary discusses the relationship between fraud and mistake, the requirements for fraud, the consequences of fraud, fraud involving third parties, and exclusion of liability for fraud.

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18

Jacques, du Plessis. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.7. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0061.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning gross disparity. A basic tenet of the PICC is that the parties should be free to enter into a contract and to determine its content. Under Art 3.2.7, however, a party may avoid the contract or an individual term of it if at the time of the conclusion of the contract, the contract or term unjustifiably gave the other party an excessive advantage. This commentary discusses the background and general purpose of Art 3.2.7, the requirements for gross disparity, the consequences of gross disparity, gross disparity involving third parties, and exclusion of liability for gross disparity.

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19

Peter, Huber. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.17. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0071.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.17 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning unilateral declarations. Art 3.2.17 states that Chapter 3 of the PICC not only applies to the formation of the contract strictu sensu (that is, offer and acceptance), but also to any communication of intention that one party addresses to the other party. Such communications of intention may be made before or after the conclusion of the contract. Examples for the first group of communications are, according to the Official Comment, bids for investment or bids for work, for the delivery of goods, or for the provision of services. Examples for the latter group are notices, declarations, demands, or requests of any type.

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20

Jacques, du Plessis. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.15. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0069.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.15 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the duties of restitution that arise after avoidance of the whole or part of a contract. On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied under the contract, or the part of it avoided, provided that such party concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received under the contract, or the part of it avoided. This commentary discusses the content of the duty to restore, the consequences of restitution being impossible or inappropriate, application of the general rules relating to obligations to the restitutionary obligations created by Art 3.2.15, and burden of proof for the requirements of a restitutionary claim arising after avoidance.

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21

Jacques, du Plessis. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0060.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning threat as a reason for invalidity. Under Art 3.2.6, a party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party's unjustified threat which, having regard to the circumstances, is so imminent and serious as to leave the first party no reasonable alternative. In particular, a threat is unjustified if the act or omission with which a party has been threatened is wrongful in itself; or it is wrongful to use it as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract. This commentary discusses the requirements for the threat, the consequences of the threat, threats involving third parties, and exclusion of liability for threat.

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22

Peter, Huber. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.11. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0065.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.11 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning notice of avoidance. Under Art 3.2.11, the right of a party to avoid the contract is exercised by notice to the other party. The purpose of Art 3.2.11 is twofold. First, it makes clear that avoidance of the contract for mistake, fraud or threat will not operate ipso facto, but will have to be declared by the mistaken (defrauded, or threatened) party. Secondly, it makes clear that there is no need for court intervention and that the mistaken (defrauded, or threatened) party may avoid the contract simply by making a unilateral declaration. This commentary discusses the scope of application of Art 3.2.11, how to give notice to the other party, and whether the other party has a duty to reply to the notice.

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23

Peter, Huber. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.3. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0057.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning an error that occurs in the expression or transmission of a declaration. Art 3.2.3 serves two purposes. The first is to attribute errors in expression and transmission to the party from which the declaration emanated. This is of particular relevance for errors in transmission, as in this case a third party (the transmitter) may commit the mistake which will then, under Art 3.2.3, be attributed to the party making the declaration. The second purpose is to protect the mistaken party in those cases where, as a result of the application of the rules on contractual interpretation, the contract is concluded on terms that the mistaken party did not intend. This commentary discusses the general principles of the right to avoid the contract, specific fact patterns, and burden of proof, along with the liability of both parties for damages under Art 3.2.16.

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24

Peter, Huber. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.9. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0063.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.9 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning confirmation. Under Art 3.2.9, if the party entitled to avoid the contract expressly or impliedly confirms the contract after the period of time for giving notice of avoidance has begun to run, avoidance of the contract is excluded. Art 3.2.9 serves two purposes. On the one hand, it restricts the right to avoid the contract in a certain type of situation where the avoidance would be contrary to good faith. On the other hand, it emphasizes the fact that the party entitled to avoid the contract under the preceding provisions is not obliged to do so, but may also elect to treat the contract as valid. This commentary discusses the requirements for confirmation, whether express or implied, and the ground for avoidance, time for confirmation, and the effect of confirmation on the right to avoid the contract.

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25

Peter, Huber. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.16. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0070.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.16 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning damages. Art 3.2.16 adopts a ‘neutral’ approach to the issue of damages by simply stating under which conditions a claim for damages may arise and what kinds of damages are recoverable. It does not distinguish between the case where the avoiding party seeks damages and the inverse case where the other party seeks damages. Irrespective of whether or not the contract has been avoided, the party who knew or ought to have known of the ground for avoidance is liable for damages so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract. This commentary discusses the liability of the party entitled to avoid and of the other party in cases where contract is avoided and not avoided, along with the allocation of the burden of proof.

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26

Peter, Huber. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.12. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0066.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.12 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning time limits for exercising the right to avoid the contract. Art 3.2.12 stipulates that notice of avoidance shall be given within a reasonable time, having regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or could not have been unaware of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely. Where an individual term of the contract may be avoided by a party under Article 3.2.7, the period of time for giving notice of avoidance begins to run when that term is asserted by the other party. In relying on a ‘reasonable time’ period rather than setting out a clearly defined period of time (for example, two years after conclusion of the contract), Art 3.2.12 follows the common law model rather than the typical civil law solution. This commentary discusses the commencement and duration of ‘reasonable time’ period as well as the consequences of failure to avoid a contract within time limit.

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27

Charles, Proctor. Part E Guarantees and Security, 39 Avoidance of Security in Insolvency. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199685585.003.0039.

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When a company is facing insolvency, the law requires the company and its directors to consider the interests of the creditors as a whole. Lenders (such as banks) which are in a position to take security are likely to have more information about the company's situation than is available to the general body of trade creditors. Thus, there should be some effective constraint against the bank's ability to prop up the company in a manner which may be detrimental to the interests of the unsecured creditors. This chapter discusses transactions at an undervalue; preferences; extortionate credit transactions; floating charges; and transactions defrauding creditors.

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28

W, Holland Walter, and EC Working Group on Health Services and "Avoidable Deaths"., eds. European Community atlas of "avoidable death". 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

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29

Sonja, Meier. Ch.11 Plurality of obligors and of obligees, Introduction to Chapter 11 of the PICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0212.

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Chapter 11 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) deals with the plurality of obligors and obligees. It addresses those legal issues arising from the fact that performance of a contractual obligation is owed by more than one obligor and/or owed to more than one obligee. In principle, the chapter does not deal with questions of plurality of parties to a contract as such. One example is the question of whether the right of termination for fundamental non-performance (Art 7.3.1) may be exercised by just one out of several buyers, and the consequences this might entail. However, the question of whether one of the obligors or obligees may exercise a right of avoidance according to Section 3.2 of the PICC, and what the consequences of such avoidance might be, is discussed.

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30

Fung, C. Victor. Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190234461.003.0006.

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Change is the first part of the change-balance-liberation trilogy. Humans are the ones to observe and act upon the inevitable changes. Not admitting change is ignorance. Actions in change need to make sense. Humans may act in avoidance, in passivity, or in proactivity along with various changes. Musical and music educational experiences are no exception. Musicians and music educators are expected to change their actions in anticipation or in response to the constant changing situations. The author discusses change in the framework of the four complementary bipolar continua and how changes are synchronized with or without meanings. The importance of understanding change is to understand the changing needs of humans, in music, music education, and otherwise. Humans are able to move across the zones of musical avoidance, musical passivity, and musical proactivity depending on their changing life circumstances.

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31

Desire and Avoidance in Art: Pablo Picasso, Hans Bellmer, Balthus, and Joseph Cornell. Psychobiographical Studies With Attachment Theory. Peter Lang Publishing, 2007.

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32

Lurie, Stephen J. Mathematical Composition. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780195176339.003.0021.

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Mathematical formulas and other expressions involving special symbols, character positions, and relationships may present difficulties in clarity in print and online publications. Careful markup (clarifying the symbols used and superior and inferior characters), avoidance of ambiguity through proper use of parentheses and brackets, and adherence to typographic conventions and capitalization rules in equations require special note (see also 8.5, Punctuation, Parentheses and Brackets, and 22.0, Typography).

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33

Maus, Fred Everett. Sexuality, Trauma, and Dissociated Expression. Edited by Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner, and Joseph Straus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331444.013.39.

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The trauma experienced by queer children and adolescents resulting from the societal stigmatizing of their sexuality may produce the post-traumatic conditions of avoidance, numbing, and dissociation. These conditions in turn may enable rich forms of musical expressiveness. The music of the pop duo, Pet Shop Boys, sometimes comes close to bringing a post-traumatic numbness into music itself. It is as though, in their case, the magic of dissociated musical expression has failed to offer its lifeline to the traumatized subject. This may sound like an artistic failure. But it can also be heard as a demystification, a refusal of the socially accepted queer expressiveness that succeeds only by avoiding the material that most needs expression.

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34

Beach House No 9. Harlequin Hqn, 2013.

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35

Holland, W. W. European Community Atlas of "Avoidable Death": Volume Two (Oxford Medical Publications). 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, USA, 1993.

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36

Staender, Sven. Managing Adverse Events. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0020.

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The focus of anesthesiologists’ training and activities concerns the management of critically ill patients and the avoidance of catastrophe, rather than management of the aftermath. Anesthesiologists spend years acquiring technical expertise, and there are checklists for dealing with complications. Anesthesiologists have accumulated an immense knowledge in physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology, but there is little understanding of how to deal with the overwhelming emotions that occur after a severe complication or adverse event. Death or severe harm to a patient under an anesthesiologist’s care may be rare, but can significantly impact a professional’s ability to care for patients and may also affect his or her life outside the hospital.

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37

Benedek, David M., and Gary H. Wynn. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0002.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop after exposure to a traumatic event (or events) such as interpersonal violence, disasters, war, or terrorism. PTSD is characterized by specific symptoms organized into core clusters, including reexperience, hyperarousal, avoidance, and negative alterations in mood and cognition. Although these symptoms may resolve without any intervention, they may also progress to a chronic, debilitating state. The characteristics of the disorder as described, as are the incidence and prevalence of PTSD and subgroups that may be at greater risk. The fact that many persons exposed to traumatic events do not develop lasting symptoms of PTSD (or PTSD at all) is explained through a discussion of risk and protective factors. Last, brief reviews of diagnostic assessments and current noncomplementary/nonalternative treatments supported by practice guidelines and clinical consensus are described.

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38

European Community Atlas of "Avoidable Death": Volume One (CEC Health Services Research). 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, USA, 1991.

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39

Kelly, Megan M., and Mark Kent. The Relationship Between Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0035.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) are highly comorbid disorders that share high levels of social anxiety, social avoidance, and rejection sensitivity. In addition, in emotional processing studies, patients with BDD and SAD both show a heightened sensitivity to hostility. However, BDD and SAD differ in many important ways, including key phenomenologic and clinical differences as well as treatment approaches. This chapter reviews similarities and differences between BDD and SAD across demographic, clinical, biologic, and other domains. Future research directions for work that may further elucidate the relationship between these two disorders are also discussed.

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40

Khusid, Marina. Meditation Techniques for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0004.

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Although there is currently insufficient evidence to support meditation as a first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the evidence base for meditation used adjunctively in the management of PTSD and related psychiatric comorbidities is rapidly expanding. The 2010 Veterans Administration/Department of Defense (VA/DoD) clinical practice guideline (CPG) for management of PTSD states that mind–body approaches may be considered adjunctive treatment for hyperarousal symptoms. Although several reviews support the conclusions reflected in the CPG, others suggest meditation interventions may be more useful in managing PTSD than originally speculated. Meditation may help reduce intrusive memories, avoidance, and anger; and increase self-esteem, pain tolerance, energy, and ability to relax and cope with stress. One comparative effectiveness review concluded that mindfulness meditation is beneficial in reducing psychological stress consequences, such as depression, pain, and mental health-related quality of life.

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41

Pisklakov, Sergey, Haitham Ibrahim, and Ingrid A. Fitz-James Antoine. Elevated ICP. Edited by David E. Traul and Irene P. Osborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850036.003.0023.

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Perioperative management of a patient with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is of paramount importance in neuroanesthesiology. Should this clinical emergency remain unaddressed, disability and death will ensue. Suboptimal care of a patient with elevated ICP is associated with avoidable morbidity and predictable mortality unless timely medical interventions, a focused history, targeted physical findings and a high degree of clinical suspicion confirmed by selective imaging result in medical stabilization and more definitive neurosurgical intervention. This may require interinstitutional transport. Understanding the physiologic and pathologic concepts that underlie elevated ICP permit anticipatory interventions to avert inexorable deterioration. The etiology of elevated intracranial pressure is often multifactorial. The deleterious effects of rising ICP demand a clear understanding of the relationship between ICP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and cerebral autoregulation. Maintaining optimal CPP to prevent cerebral ischemia is the neuroanesthesiologist’s ultimate goal while managing a patient with an elevated ICP.

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42

Murphy, Elaine, Yann Nadjar, and Christine Vianey-Saban. Fatty Acid Oxidation, Electron Transfer and Riboflavin Metabolism Defects. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0008.

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The fatty acid oxidation disorders are a group of autosomally recessively inherited disorders of energy metabolism that may present with life-threatening hypoketotic hypoglycemia, encephalopathy and hepatic dysfunction, muscle symptoms, and/or cardiomyopathy. Milder phenotypes may present in adulthood, causing exercise intolerance, episodic rhabdomyolysis, and neuropathy. Specific investigations include acylcarnitine profiling, urine organic acid analysis, fibroblast or leucocyte studies of fatty acid oxidation flux/enzyme activity, and genetic testing. Management varies depending on the condition but includes avoidance of precipitants such as fasting, fever, and intense exercise, a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet, and supplementation with carnitine or riboflavin. Inborn errors of riboflavin transport mainly present with Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome. Some patients respond dramatically to riboflavin supplementation; therefore it has to be tried in all suspected patients.

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43

Forsyth, Duncan. Physical assessment of older patients. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0011.

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Mental health problems may co-exist with or be the presenting feature of other medical illness in older age. All clinicians also need to consider the potential psychological impact of ill-health and its treatments on patients and their carers. This chapter gives a geriatrician’s guide to comprehensive geriatric assessment, identifying physiological changes that occur with ageing and the potential mental health presentations of common medical conditions. The ‘geriatric giants’ of falls, immobility, incontinence, delirium and drug toxicity are put in the context of maintaining higher-order cortical functioning to enable the individual to remain upright, mobile, continent and clear in their thinking. These are considered with admissions avoidance or safe discharge planning in mind.

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Pace-Schott, Edward F., and Samuel Gazecki. The Role of Stress in the Etiology of PTSD. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0012.

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This chapter reviews the biological features of stress and their correlation to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Over the past 15 years, advances in understanding the neurobiology of stress and anxiety have revealed underlying neural abnormalities that might help explain why posttraumatic symptoms—intrusive memories or nightmares, avoidance of situations or stimuli associated with the event, persistent negativity of mood and cognition, and hyperarousal—persist in patients with PTSD. This chapter focuses on research that has discovered how abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, abnormalities of the catecholamingergic/autonomic system, and atypical physiologic and neural circuit responses during fear extinction recall may be important biological factors in the etiology and maintenance of PTSD symptoms.

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Herzog, Lisa. Moral Norms in Social Contexts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830405.003.0003.

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This chapter sets out the normative foundations on which the book is based. It starts by defending the case for the ‘pervasiveness’ of morality: no social sphere is ‘beyond’ morality, even if there is some degree of institutional ‘division of labour’. Next, it states and explains the moral norms this study is based on: the norm to respect all individuals as moral equals, and norms about the avoidance of individual harm, and about avoiding contributing to collective harm. These norms lie within an ‘overlapping consensus’ of different moral theories and worldviews. In pluralist societies, we should focus on such a consensus—even if it may sometimes be hard to delineate—when reflecting on the moral dimensions of organizations.

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Weng, Helen Y., Brianna Schuyler, and Richard J. Davidson. The Impact of Compassion Meditation Training on the Brain and Prosocial Behavior. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.11.

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Compassion meditation is a form of mental training that cultivates compassion towards oneself and other people, and is thought to result in greater prosocial behavior in real-world settings. This framework views compassion as a quality that can be trained, rather than a stable trait, and scientists have started testing these hypotheses using neuroscientific and objective behavioral methods. How does this internal meditative practice translate to external behavioral changes? We propose an emotion-regulation model of compassion meditation, where responses to suffering may change through three processes: (1) increasing empathic responses, (2) decreasing avoidance responses, and (3) increasing compassionate responses to suffering. These altered responses to suffering may lead to behavioral transfer, where prosocial behavior is more likely to occur, even in a non-meditative state. We summarize the neuroscientific and behavioral literature that may provide early support for this model, and make recommendations for future research to further test the model.

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Alden, Maureen. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199291069.003.0001.

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The progress of the main narrative of the Odyssey is frequently suspended by the para-narratives told by the poet and his characters. These can take the form of paradigms providing a model of action for imitation or avoidance by a character. They can also guide interpretation of the main narrative by exploring variations on its basic story shape. A veiled hint may be conveyed through an αἶνος‎ purportedly based on personal experience. Previous work on narratives in the Odyssey, including narratology and narrative strategy, is briefly surveyed. The Homeric poems were showcased in the Athenian festival of the Panathenaea, and religious practice becomes a further source of para-narrative as the Athenian rituals of the Plynteria and Arrephoria are evoked by Penelope’s actions and stories as the poem draws to its end. Athenian control of the pan-Ionian festival in Delos may explain the Apollo paradigm used of Odysseus.

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Phillips, Katharine A. Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0014.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) usually has its onset during childhood or adolescence. Prevalence studies indicate that BDD is common in adolescents. BDD symptoms in children and adolescents appear largely similar to those in adults, although BDD may be somewhat more severe in youth. Youth with BDD typically have poor psychosocial functioning and mental health–related quality of life. BDD often causes academic underachievement, social avoidance, and other types of psychosocial impairment; it may lead to school refusal and dropping out of school. Suicidal ideation and attempts, physical aggression behavior that is attributable to BDD symptoms, and substance use disorders are common risk behaviors in youth with BDD. BDD can derail the developmental trajectory, which makes appropriate treatment especially important during childhood and adolescence. Youth in mental health settings and cosmetic treatment settings, as well as youth who express suicidal ideation or have attempted suicide, should be screened for BDD.

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Downey, Laura A., and Nina A. Guzzetta. Von Willebrand Disease. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0059.

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Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common bleeding disorder in humans. It is the result of an abnormality in the amount, structure, or function of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a glycoprotein important in maintaining normal hemostasis.. In children with vWD, the most frequent presentation is easy bruising and epistaxis. Other symptoms include hematomas, menorrhagia, and bleeding from minor wounds. Although intraarticular bleeding may occur, especially in certain subtypes, it is much more commonly seen with hemophilia. There are several subtypes of vWD based on the underlying defect in vWF, but, in general, they may be categorized as quantitative (types 1 and 3) or qualitative (all types 2). If vWD is suspected, consultation with a hematologist to establish the correct diagnosis and perioperative approach to hemostasis is essential. Avoidance of medications that interfere with coagulation, anticipation of intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, and an appropriate hemostatic treatment plan should be addressed.

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Carter, C. Sue, Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal, and Eric C. Porges. The Roots of Compassion. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.14.

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Compassion for others and social support have survival value and health benefits. Although compassion is sometimes considered uniquely human, critical components of compassion have been described in nonhuman mammals. Studies originally conducted in social mammals and now in humans have implicated neuropeptide hormones, especially oxytocin, in social cognition, a sense of safety, and the capacity of sociality to permit compassionate responses. In contrast, the related peptide vasopressin and its receptor may be necessary for forming selective relationships and for the apparently paradoxical effects of oxytocin, which can include increases in fear and avoidance. Oxytocin and vasopressin may contribute to sex differences in compassion. Furthermore, among the processes through which oxytocin and vasopressin influence behavior and health are complex effects on the autonomic nervous system. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the benefits of compassion offers new insights into the healing power of positive social behaviors and social support.

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Books on the topic 'Avoidance Map'

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