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Journal articles on the topic 'Avocado Sunblotch'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Saucedo Carabez, José Ramón, Daniel Téliz Ortiz, Moisés Roberto Vallejo Pérez, and Hugo Beltrán Peña. "The Avocado Sunblotch Viroid: An Invisible Foe of Avocado." Viruses 11, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11060491.

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This review collects information about the history of avocado and the economically important disease, avocado sunblotch, caused by the avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd). Sunblotch symptoms are variable, but the most common in fruits are irregular sunken areas of white, yellow, or reddish color. On severely affected fruits, the sunken areas may become necrotic. ASBVd (type species Avocado sunblotch viroid, family Avsunviroidae) replicates and accumulates in the chloroplast, and it is the smallest plant pathogen. This pathogen is a circular single-stranded RNA of 246–251 nucleotides. ASBVd has a restricted host range and only few plant species of the family Lauraceae have been confirmed experimentally as additional hosts. The most reliable method to detect ASBVd in the field is to identify symptomatic fruits, complemented in the laboratory with reliable and sensitive molecular techniques to identify infected but asymptomatic trees. This pathogen is widely distributed in most avocado-producing areas and causes significant reductions in yield and fruit quality. Infected asymptomatic trees play an important role in the epidemiology of this disease, and avocado nurseries need to be certified to ensure they provide pathogen-free avocado material. Although there is no cure for infected trees, sanitation practices may have a significant impact on avoiding the spread of this pathogen.

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2

Marcos, J. F., and R. Flores. "Subcellular location of avocado sunblotch viroid in avocado leaves." Plant Science 67, no. 2 (January 1990): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(90)90248-m.

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3

Pallas, Vicente, Isabel García-Luque, Esteban Domingo, and Ricardo Flores. "Sequence variability in avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBV)." Nucleic Acids Research 16, no. 20 (1988): 9864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/16.20.9864.

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4

De La Torre-A, R., D. Téliz-Ortiz, V. Pallás, and J. A. Sánchez-Navarro. "First Report of Avocado sunblotch viroid in Avocado from Michoacán, México." Plant Disease 93, no. 2 (February 2009): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-2-0202b.

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The State of Michoacán, México cultivates approximately 100,000 ha of avocados (Persea americana M.) (4). During a survey from 2006 to 2007 in cv. Hass avocado groves in Tingambato County, in the State of Michoacán, deep yellow spots and streaks, which sometimes became necrotic or reddish, were observed on the skin of fruits and the pulp of the fruit also showed big yellow spots. Some young shoots developed fine, yellow streaks, and leaves of symptomatic trees sometimes showed irregular, white-to-yellow spots. These symptoms were similar to those recorded for Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) (3). To determine if ABSVd was associated with these symptoms, total RNA extracted (1) from the skin and pulp of symptomatic and asymptomatic fruits and also from leaves and bark of shoots from five trees collected in a commercial plot in Tingambato County was tested by a one-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR protocol using one primer pair to amplify specifically the complete ASBVd genome sequence (3). All 30 samples of skin and pulp of fruits, leaves, and cortex of shoots from symptomatic trees yielded two PCR fragments with estimated sizes of 250 and 500 base pairs (bp) corresponding to the putative monomeric and dimeric forms of ASBVd, respectively. The 500-bp RT-PCR fragments obtained from the different samples were purified from an agarose gel and cloned. The 249-bp nucleotide sequence of the ASBVd genomic monomer was determined using the clones from the fruit skin from sample Arb No. 3 (GenBank Accession No. EU888588), pulp from sample Arb No. 5 (GenBank Accession No. EU888590), leaves from samples Arb No. 15 (GenBank Accession No. EU888589) and Arb No. 8 (GenBank Accession Nos. EU888591 and EU888592), and cortex of shoots from sample Arb No. 16 (GenBank Accession Nos. EU888593, EU888594, EU888595, EU888596, and EU888597). BLAST analysis of the ASBVd sequences showed a range of 98 to 100% nucleotide identity to ASBVd sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. AF404064, AF404051, or AF229821). A clone of the Michoacán ASBVd (GenBank Accession No. EU888593) was used to synthesize a Dig-High Prime-UTP-T7 (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) fluorescent riboprobe complementary to the ASBVd plus strand to perform a dot-blot analysis as described previously (2). All ASBVd samples positive by RT-PCR gave a strong signal in the dot-blot analysis. This riboprobe will be used to index the ASBVd in other commercial avocado groves in Michoacán. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ASBVd in Michoacán, México. References: (1) D. J. Mackenzie et al. Plant Dis. 81:222, 1997. (2) J. A. Sánchez-Navarro et al. Plant Pathol. 47:780, 1998. (3) R. J. Schnell et al. Plant Dis. 81:1023, 1997. (4) D. Téliz and A. Mora. El aguacate y su Manejo Integrado. Mundiprensa, Mexico City, 2007.

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5

Schnell, Raymond John, Cecile Lorraine Tondo, David Norton Kuhn, Michael Carl Winterstein, Tomas Ayala-Silva, and John Michael Moore. "Spatial Analysis of Avocado Sunblotch Disease in an Avocado Germplasm Collection." Journal of Phytopathology 159, no. 11-12 (September 19, 2011): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2011.01838.x.

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6

Schnell, R. J., D. N. Kuhn, C. T. Olano, and W. E. Quintanilla. "Sequence Diversity among Avocado Sunblotch Viroids Isolated from Single Avocado Trees." Phytoparasitica 29, no. 5 (October 2001): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02981864.

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7

Saucedo-Carabez, J. R., D. Téliz-Ortiz, S. Ochoa-Ascencio, D. Ochoa-Martínez, M. R. Vallejo-Pérez, and H. Beltrán-Peña. "Effect of Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) on avocado yield in Michoacan, Mexico." European Journal of Plant Pathology 138, no. 4 (December 21, 2013): 799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-013-0354-9.

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8

Schnell, R. J., D. N. Kuhn, C. M. Ronning, and D. Harkins. "Application of RT-PCR for Indexing Avocado Sunblotch Viroid." Plant Disease 81, no. 9 (September 1997): 1023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.9.1023.

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A method for the routine detection of avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) in nucleic acid extracts of infected avocado tissues by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed using ASBVd-specific primers. Amplified cDNA products were analyzed by electrophoresis on nondenaturing 6% polyacrylamide slab gels. The size of the major RT-PCR product from ASBVd-infected tissue was estimated to be 250 bp. This product was absent from amplified extracts of uninfected tissue. The amplification product from ASBVd was sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method, and the sequence was over 97% identical to the published sequence. The RT-PCR assay is sensitive enough to allow viroid detection without requiring large amounts of tissue, highly purified ASBVd, or molecular hybridization.

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9

Rakowski, Andrew G., and Robert H. Symons. "Comparative sequence studies of variants of avocado sunblotch viroid." Virology 173, no. 1 (November 1989): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(89)90256-0.

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10

Everett, Kerry R., and Brad Siebert. "Exotic plant disease threats to the New Zealand avocado industry and climatic suitability: a review." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 28, 2018): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.140.

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The avocado industry was established in New Zealand from several importations dating back to 1907. Several serious pathogens found elsewhere in the world were not imported. A literature review and internet search were conducted to determine what serious avocado pathogens are not present in New Zealand and the potential impact they could have if they established. Relevant information was summarised for six pathogens determined to be the most serious of avocado and not known to be present in New Zealand: avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd); Pseudocercospora purpurea (cercospora spot); Raffaelea lauricola (laurel wilt); Fusarium sp. (fusarium dieback); Phellinus noxius (brown root rot); and Sphaceloma perseae (avocado scab). Laurel wilt, brown root rot, cercospora spot and fusarium dieback could become established in New Zealand if the climate here becomes warmer but establishment of ASBVd and avocado scab (which are not restricted to hot climates) is more likely.

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11

Lotos, L., N. Kavroulakis, B. Navarro, F. Di Serio, A. Olmos, A. B. Ruiz-Garcia, N. I. Katis, and V. I. Maliogka. "First Report of Avocado Sunblotch Viroid (ASBVd) Naturally Infecting Avocado (Persea americana) in Greece." Plant Disease 102, no. 7 (July 2018): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-17-1980-pdn.

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12

Lima, M. I., M. E. N. Fonseca, R. Flores, and E. W. Kitajima. "Detection of avocado sunblotch viroid in chloroplasts of avocado leaves by in situ hybridization." Archives of Virology 138, no. 3-4 (September 1994): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01379142.

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13

Vallejo Pérez, Moisés Roberto, Daniel Téliz Ortiz, Rodolfo De La Torre Almaraz, Jorge Omar López Martinez, and Daniel Nieto Ángel. "Avocado sunblotch viroid: Pest risk and potential impact in México." Crop Protection 99 (September 2017): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.05.015.

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14

Delan-Forino, C., M. C. Maurel, and C. Torchet. "Replication of Avocado Sunblotch Viroid in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Journal of Virology 85, no. 7 (January 26, 2011): 3229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01320-10.

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15

Vallejo-Pérez, Moisés Roberto, Daniel Téliz-Ortiz, María T. Colinas-León, Rodolfo De La Torre-Almaraz, Guadalupe Valdovinos-Ponce, Daniel Nieto-Ángel, and Daniel L. Ochoa-Martínez. "Alterations induced by Avocado sunblotch viroid in the postharvest physiology and quality of avocado ‘Hass’ fruit." Phytoparasitica 43, no. 3 (April 17, 2015): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12600-015-0469-y.

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16

Bar-Joseph, M., D. Segev, S. Twizer, and A. Rosner. "Detection of avocado sunblotch viroid by hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide probes." Journal of Virological Methods 10, no. 1 (January 1985): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0934(85)90090-4.

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17

Geering, Andrew D. W. "A review of the status of Avocado sunblotch viroid in Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 47, no. 6 (August 28, 2018): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-018-0592-6.

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18

Morey-León, Gabriel, Eddy Ortega-Ramirez, Carmen Julca-Chunga, Cesar Santos-Chanta, Lissette Graterol-Caldera, and Eric Mialhe. "The detection of avocado sunblotch viroid in avocado using a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction." BioTechnologia 99, no. 2 (2018): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/bta.2018.75653.

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19

Kuhn, David N., Barbie Freeman, Andrew Geering, and Alan H. Chambers. "A Highly Sensitive Method to Detect Avocado Sunblotch Viroid for the Maintenance of Infection-Free Avocado Germplasm Collections." Viruses 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11060512.

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The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS) in Miami, FL holds a large germplasm collection of avocado (Persea americana). The recent threat of infection by laurel wilt has encouraged the creation of a backup collection at a disease-free site. Creating the backup collection is complicated by infection of some trees in the germplasm collection with avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd). Infected trees are frequently asymptomatic, necessitating the use of a molecular diagnostic assay. Although a reverse-transcription based assay already exists and has been used to assay all germplasm at the station, some trees showed inconsistent results. We have developed a more sensitive and specific assay involving pre-amplification of the entire viroid cDNA followed by detection using real-time PCR and a TaqMan assay. A second screening of all germplasm identified additional ASBVd -infected trees and allowed us to confidently remove these trees from the station. This method enables avocado germplasm curators to proceed with the creation of a viroid-free backup collection.

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20

López-Herrera, C., F. Pliego, and R. Flores. "Detection of Avocado Sunblotch Viroid in Spain by Double Polyacrylamide Gel Eletrophoresis." Journal of Phytopathology 119, no. 2 (June 1987): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1987.tb00481.x.

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21

Davies, Christopher, Candice C. Sheldon, and Robert H. Symons. "Alternative hammerhead structures in the self-cleavage of avocado sunblotch viroid RNAs." Nucleic Acids Research 19, no. 8 (1991): 1893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/19.8.1893.

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22

Hutchins, Cheryl J., Peter D. Rathjen, Anthony C. Forster, and Robert H. Symons. "Self-cleavage of plus and minus RNA transcripts of avocado sunblotch viroid." Nucleic Acids Research 14, no. 9 (1986): 3627–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/14.9.3627.

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23

Zwane, Z. R., and A. E. C. Jooste. "Distribution, detection and management strategies for avocado sunblotch disease (ASBD) in South Africa." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1299 (December 2020): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2020.1299.58.

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24

Schnell, Raymond J., Cecile T. Olano, and David N. Kuhn. "Detection of avocado sunblotch viroid variants using fluorescent single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis." ELECTROPHORESIS 22, no. 3 (February 2001): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2683(200102)22:3<427::aid-elps427>3.0.co;2-8.

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25

Suarez, Isidro E., Raymond A. Schnell, David N. Kuhn, and Richard E. Litz. "Recovery and Indexing of Avocado Plants (Persea Americana) from Embryogenic Nucellar Cultures of an Avocado Sunblotch Viroid-Infected Tree." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 84, no. 1 (October 26, 2005): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-005-7532-1.

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26

Marcos, Jose F., and Ricardo Flores. "Characterization of RNAs specific to avocado sunblotch viroid synthesized in Vitro by a cell-free system from infected avocado leaves." Virology 186, no. 2 (February 1992): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(92)90013-f.

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27

Navarro, José-Antonio, José-Antonio Daròs, and Ricardo Flores. "Complexes Containing Both Polarity Strands of Avocado Sunblotch Viroid: Identification in Chloroplasts and Characterization." Virology 253, no. 1 (January 1999): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.1998.9497.

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28

Semancik, J. S., and J. A. Szychowski. "Avocado sunblotch disease: a persistent viroid infection in which variants are associated with differential symptoms." Journal of General Virology 75, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-75-7-1543.

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29

Navarro, José-Antonio, Antonio Vera, and Ricardo Flores. "A Chloroplastic RNA Polymerase Resistant to Tagetitoxin Is Involved in Replication of Avocado Sunblotch Viroid." Virology 268, no. 1 (March 2000): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.1999.0161.

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30

Flores, R., J. A. Navarro, M. de la Peña, B. Navarro, S. Ambrós, and A. Vera. "Viroids with Hammerhead Ribozymes: Some Unique Structural and Functional Aspects with Respect to Other Members of the Group." Biological Chemistry 380, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1999): 849–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.1999.104.

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AbstractViroids, subviral pathogens of plants, are composed of a single-stranded circular RNA of 246–399 nucleotides. Within the 27 viroids sequenced, avocado sunblotch, peach latent mosaic and chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroids (ASBVd, PLMVd and CChMVd, respectively) can form hammerhead structures in both of their polarity strands. These ribozymes mediate self-cleavage of the oligomeric RNAs generated in the replication through a rolling circle mechanism, whose two other steps are catalyzed by an RNA polymerase and an RNA ligase. ASBVd, and presumably PLMVd and CChMVd, replicate and accumulate in the chloroplast, whereas typical viroids replicate and accumulate in the nucleus. PLMVd and CChMVd do not adopt a rod-like or quasi rod-like secondary structure as typical viroids do but have a highly branched conformation. A pathogenicity determinant has been mapped in a defined region of the CChMVd molecule.

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31

Delan-Forino, Clémentine, Jules Deforges, Lionel Benard, Bruno Sargueil, Marie-Christine Maurel, and Claire Torchet. "Structural Analyses of Avocado sunblotch viroid Reveal Differences in the Folding of Plus and Minus RNA Strands." Viruses 6, no. 2 (January 29, 2014): 489–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v6020489.

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32

Beltrán-Peña, Hugo, Jesús Soria-Ruiz, Daniel Téliz-Ortiz, Daniel L. Ochoa-Martínez, Cristian Nava-Díaz, and Salvador Ochoa-Ascencio. "DETECCIÓN SATELITAL Y MOLECULAR DEL VIROIDE DE LA MANCHA DE SOL DEL AGUACATE (Avocado Sunblotch Viroid, ASBVd)." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 37, no. 1 (March 15, 2014): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2014.1.21.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si la reflectancia espectral de imágenes de satélite QuickBird permite diferenciar árboles de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) infectados por el viroide de la mancha de sol, ASBVd (Avocado sunblotch viroid) de árboles sanos o asintomáticos, así como diferenciar árboles de aguacate de otras especies presentes en el huerto. En una imagen de alta resolución espacial se obtuvieron firmas espectrales y mediante clasificación digital se generaron clases como: árbol de aguacate, árbol de encino (Quercus sp), suelo desnudo, y otros usos. Después, con el clasificador de máxima probabilidad/verosimilitud, se intentó diferenciar árboles sanos e infectados con el ASBVd. En un muestreo de nueve árboles con síntomas de la enfermedad y verificados molecularmente como positivos mediante RT-PCR, 20 d antes de la captura de la imagen, la técnica satelital los identificó como positivos. A los 14 y 24 meses después de la captura de la imagen, 112 árboles sintomáticos y asintomáticos verificados por RT-PCR, se detectaron satelitalmente con una precisión de 70.4 %. La técnica satelital podría ser más eficiente para detectar árboles infectados con el ASBVd si el muestreo, los análisis moleculares y la captura de la imagen se realizan simultáneamente o muy próximos entre sí. Este es el primer reporte de la aplicación de imágenes de satélite de alta resolución espacial y espectral para detectar ASBVd en aguacate. La técnica satelital diferenció árboles de aguacate de otros árboles, por lo que puede aplicarse para estimar la superficie cultivada en una región.

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33

Daros, J. A., J. F. Marcos, C. Hernandez, and R. Flores. "Replication of avocado sunblotch viroid: evidence for a symmetric pathway with two rolling circles and hammerhead ribozyme processing." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91, no. 26 (December 20, 1994): 12813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.26.12813.

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34

Kaddour, Hussein, Honorine Lucchi, Guy Hervé, Jacques Vergne, and Marie-Christine Maurel. "Kinetic Study of the Avocado Sunblotch Viroid Self-Cleavage Reaction Reveals Compensatory Effects between High-Pressure and High-Temperature: Implications for Origins of Life on Earth." Biology 10, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10080720.

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A high pressure apparatus allowing one to study enzyme kinetics under pressure was used to study the self-cleavage activity of the avocado sunblotch viroid. The kinetics of this reaction were determined under pressure over a range up to 300 MPa (1–3000 bar). It appears that the initial rate of this reaction decreases when pressure increases, revealing a positive ΔV≠ of activation, which correlates with the domain closure accompanying the reaction and the decrease of the surface of the viroid exposed to the solvent. Although, as expected, temperature increases the rate of the reaction whose energy of activation was determined, it appeared that it does not significantly influence the ΔV≠ of activation and that pressure does not influence the energy of activation. These results provide information about the structural aspects or this self-cleavage reaction, which is involved in the process of maturation of this viroid. The behavior of ASBVd results from the involvement of the hammerhead ribozyme present at its catalytic domain, indeed a structural motif is very widespread in the ancient and current RNA world.

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35

Di Serio, Francesco, Enza Maria Torchetti, José-Antonio Daròs, and Beatriz Navarro. "Reassessment of Viroid RNA Cytosine Methylation Status at the Single Nucleotide Level." Viruses 11, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040357.

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Composed of a few hundreds of nucleotides, viroids are infectious, circular, non-protein coding RNAs able to usurp plant cellular enzymes and molecular machineries to replicate and move in their hosts. Several secondary and tertiary RNA structural motifs have been implicated in the viroid infectious cycle, but whether modified nucleotides, such as 5C-methylcytosine (m5C), also play a role has not been deeply investigated so far. Here, the possible existence of m5C in both RNA polarity strands of potato spindle tuber viroid and avocado sunblotch viroid -which are representative members of the nucleus- and chloroplast-replicating viroids, respectively- has been assessed at single nucleotide level. We show that a standard bisulfite protocol efficiently used for identifying m5C in cellular RNAs may generate false positive results in the case of the highly structured viroid RNAs. Applying a bisulfite conversion protocol specifically adapted to RNAs with high secondary structure, no m5C was identified in both polarity strands of both viroids, indicating that this specific nucleotide modification does not likely play a role in viroid biology.

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36

Ncango, M. D., Z. Dlamini, N. B. Zulu, and M. E. Ngcobo. "Detection of sunblotch viroid from fruits of avocado cultivar ‘Hass’ using fluorescence-based qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1105 (December 2015): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1105.24.

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37

Bonfiglioli, Roderick G., Geoffrey I. McFadden, and Robert H. Symons. "In situ hybridization localizes avocado sunblotch viroid on chloroplast thylakoid membranes and coconut cadang cadang viroid in the nucleus." Plant Journal 6, no. 1 (July 1994): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1994.6010099.x.

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38

Barker, Jennifer M., James L. McInnes, Peter J. Murphy, and Robert H. Symons. "Dot-blot procedure with [32P]DNA probes for the sensitive detection of avocado sunblotch and other viroids in plants." Journal of Virological Methods 10, no. 2 (February 1985): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0934(85)90094-1.

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39

Pretorius, Lara-Simone, Kerri A. Chandra, Anna E. C. Jooste, Lebogang C. Motaung, Louisamarie E. Parkinson, and Andrew D. W. Geering. "Adaptation of a filter paper method for RNA template preparation for the detection of avocado sunblotch viroid by reverse transcription qPCR." Journal of Virological Methods 301 (March 2022): 114455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114455.

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40

Chang, Jinhong, Patrick Provost, and John M. Taylor. "Resistance of Human Hepatitis Delta Virus RNAs to Dicer Activity." Journal of Virology 77, no. 22 (November 15, 2003): 11910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.22.11910-11917.2003.

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ABSTRACT The endonuclease dicer cleaves RNAs that are 100% double stranded and certain RNAs with extensive but <100% pairing to release ∼21-nucleotide (nt) fragments. Circular 1,679-nt genomic and antigenomic RNAs of human hepatitis delta virus (HDV) can fold into a rod-like structure with 74% pairing. However, during HDV replication in hepatocytes of human, woodchuck, and mouse origin, no ∼21-nt RNAs were detected. Likewise, in vitro, purified recombinant dicer gave <0.2% cleavage of unit-length HDV RNAs. Similarly, rod-like RNAs of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) and avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) were only 0.5% cleaved. Furthermore, when a 66-nt hairpin RNA with 79% pairing, the putative precursor to miR-122, which is an abundant liver micro-RNA, replaced one end of HDV genomic RNA, it was poorly cleaved, both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, this 66-nt hairpin, in the absence of appended HDV sequences, was >80% cleaved in vitro. Other 66-nt hairpins derived from one end of genomic HDV, PSTVd, or ASBVd RNAs were also cleaved. Apparently, for unit-length RNAs of HDV, PSTVd, and ASBVd, it is the extended structure with <100% base pairing that confers significant resistance to dicer action.

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Wei, Shuang, Ruiling Bian, Ida Bagus Andika, Erbo Niu, Qian Liu, Hideki Kondo, Liu Yang, et al. "Symptomatic plant viroid infections in phytopathogenic fungi." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 26 (June 10, 2019): 13042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900762116.

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Viroids are pathogenic agents that have a small, circular noncoding RNA genome. They have been found only in plant species; therefore, their infectivity and pathogenicity in other organisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate whether plant viroids can replicate and induce symptoms in filamentous fungi. Seven plant viroids representing viroid groups that replicate in either the nucleus or chloroplast of plant cells were inoculated to three plant pathogenic fungi,Cryphonectria parasitica,Valsa mali, andFusarium graminearum. By transfection of fungal spheroplasts with viroid RNA transcripts, each of the three, hop stunt viroid (HSVd), iresine 1 viroid, and avocado sunblotch viroid, can stably replicate in at least one of those fungi. The viroids are horizontally transmitted through hyphal anastomosis and vertically through conidia. HSVd infection severely debilitates the growth ofV. malibut not that of the other two fungi, while inF. graminearumandC. parasitica, with deletion of dicer-like genes, the primary components of the RNA-silencing pathway, HSVd accumulation increases. We further demonstrate that HSVd can be bidirectionally transferred betweenF. graminearumand plants during infection. The viroids also efficiently infect fungi and induce disease symptoms when the viroid RNAs are exogenously applied to the fungal mycelia. These findings enhance our understanding of viroid replication, host range, and pathogenicity, and of their potential spread to other organisms in nature.

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Marcos, J. F., and R. Flores. "The 5' end Generated in the in vitro Self-Cleavage Reaction of Avocado Sunblotch Viroid RNAs is Present in Naturally Occurring Linear Viroid Molecules." Journal of General Virology 74, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 907–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-74-5-907.

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López-Carrasco, Amparo, and Ricardo Flores. "The predominant circular form of avocado sunblotch viroid accumulates in planta as a free RNA adopting a rod-shaped secondary structure unprotected by tightly bound host proteins." Journal of General Virology 98, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 1913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000846.

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"Avocado sunblotch viroid (avocado sun blotch)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.8083.

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This datasheet on Avocado sunblotch viroid covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Seedborne Aspects, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

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"Avocado sunblotch viroid (avocado sun blotch)." PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.8083.

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"Avocado sunblotch viroid. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October (August 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20133421495.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Avocado sunblotch viroid. Avsunviroidae: Avsunviroid. Host: avocado (Persea americana). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Spain), Asia (Israel), Africa (Ghana, South Africa), North America (Mexico, USA, California, Florida), South America (Peru, Venezuela), Oceania (Australia).

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Vallejo-Pérez, M. R., D. Téliz-Ortiz, R. De La Torre-Almaraz, G. Valdovinos-Ponce, M. T. Colinas-León, D. Nieto-Ángel, and D. L. Ochoa-Martínez. "Histopathology of Avocado Fruit Infected by Avocado Sunblotch Viroid." Journal of Agricultural Science 6, no. 9 (August 15, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v6n9p158.

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Pretorius, Lara-Simone, and Andrew D. W. Geering. "Extreme resilience of avocado sunblotch viroid RNA in sampled avocado leaves and fruit." Australasian Plant Pathology, December 6, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-022-00898-1.

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Everett, Kerry R. "Avocado diseases affecting fruit quality." CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 15, no. 016 (April 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202015016.

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Abstract The avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is from an ancient plant lineage, the Lauraceae. Although evidence for human consumption dates back 15,000 years, commercialisation has occurred only over the last 150 years. The most commonly traded variety was first the green-skin 'Fuerte' (green as it ripens), and more recently 'Hass', on which skin darkens when ripe. Production has been increasing worldwide, and currently about 64 countries produce avocados. The range of climates is from arid to very high rainfall and from tropical to temperate. The minimum daily temperatures are above 5°C in all avocado-growing regions because of frost sensitivity. Apart from avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), most avocado fruit diseases are caused by fungi. Some fungi cause visible symptoms resulting in unmarketable fruit, and other infections in the orchard are symptomless. These symptomless infections express as rots after harvest during cold storage, transport and ripening. Most post-harvest pathogens infect through both the body of the fruit and the stem-end wound, while a few infect only through the stem-end wound. The geographic distribution of these fungi varies possibly because of differences in environmental requirements and effective quarantine measures during trade. Fungal rots can be reduced by the application of fungicides in the orchard, removing inoculum residing in dead branches and mummified fruit in the canopy, ensuring high-calcium levels in the fruit flesh are maintained, careful post-harvest handling and selling fruit as soon after harvest as possible. Some post-harvest fungicides can be effective.

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Saucedo-Carabez, J. R., D. Teliz-Ortiz, S. Ochoa-Ascencio, D. Ochoa-Martinez, M. R. Vallejo-Perez, and H. Beltran-Pena. "Effect of Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) on the Postharvest Quality of Avocado Fruits from Mexico." Journal of Agricultural Science 7, no. 9 (August 15, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v7n9p85.

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