Academic literature on the topic 'Aviation, Noise, Emissions of pollutant, Environment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Aviation, Noise, Emissions of pollutant, Environment"
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Tian, Yong, Lili Wan, Bojia Ye, Runze Yin, and Dawei Xing. "Optimization Method for Reducing the Air Pollutant Emission and Aviation Noise of Arrival in Terminal Area." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 29, 2019): 4715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174715.
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In order to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft operation in the terminal area, this paper researched the route optimization method. Firstly, this paper constructed the air pollutant emission and noise assessment model, and the flight performance model. Secondly, aiming at reducing air emissions and noise level, the multi-objective terminal area route optimization model is established based on the principles of flight safety and flight procedure construction. Then this paper puts forward the path optimization method of emission and noise reduction of terminal area route network, through the research on the priority setting method of terminal area approach and departure route planning. The route segmentation method and NSGA-II algorithm are employed to solve the problem. Finally, a numerical case study is carried out for the Shanghai terminal area, and yields the following results: (1) Compared with the original route network, the optimized route network in the terminal area can significantly reduce emission and noise by reducing pollutant emission by 51.4% and noise influence by 21.5%; (2) The method can also reduce fuel consumption by 60.5% and the total route length by 21.1%.
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Chung, Yoonbae, and Young Sunwoo. "Impact of Aviation Emissions and its Changes Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic on Air Quality in South Korea." Atmosphere 13, no. 10 (September 23, 2022): 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101553.
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This study analyzed the impact of aviation emissions based on the 2017 CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System) data. We focused on major airports in South Korea and examined the concentration of NO2 and PM2.5 by the WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ modeling system. Furthermore, the number of flights in Korea greatly declined in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess the impact of COVID-19 on aviation emissions, time resolution data were newly derived and air pollutant emissions for 2020 were calculated. Additional BAU (Business as Usual) emissions were calculated as well for comparison. Among airports in Korea, RKSI (Incheon International Airport) had the greatest impact on air quality in nearby areas. Changes in emissions due to COVID-19 showed a large deviation by airports for domestic emissions while international emissions had a consistent decrease. The reduced emissions had the strongest impact on air quality in the RKSI area as well. By analyzing aviation emissions due to COVID-19, this study confirmed the notable relationship with the pandemic and air quality. We conclusively recommend that policymakers and industry take note of trends in aviation emissions while establishing future atmospheric environment plans.
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Hu, Rong, Jialin Zhu, Junfeng Zhang, Lijun Zheng, and Bowen Liu. "Characteristics and Mitigation Measures of Aircraft Pollutant Emissions at Nanjing Lukou International Airport (NKG), China." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 32, no. 4 (July 9, 2020): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v32i4.3280.
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The assessment of local air pollution due to aircraft emissions at/near the airport is an important issue from the standpoint of environment and human health, but has not received due attention in China. In this paper, the pollutant emissions (i.e. HC, CO, NOx, SOx and PM) from aircraft during landing and take-off (LTO) cycles at Nanjing Lukou Airport (NKG) in 2016 were investigated using an improved method, which considered the taxi-in and –out time calculated based on the real data from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), instead of using the referenced time recommended by ICAO. First, the pollutant emissions and their characteristics were studied from different perspectives. Second, two various mitigation measures of emissions were proposed, and the performance of emission reduction was analysed. Our analysis shows that: (1) A320 and B738 emitted the largest emissions at NKG; (2) pollutants were mainly emitted during the taxi mode, followed by climb mode; (3) B738 had the lowest emissions per (seat•LTO) among all aircraft, while CRJ had the lowest emissions per unit LTO; (4) shortening the taxiing time and upgrading aircraft engines are both effective measures to mitigate pollutant emissions.
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Di Stefano, Pierangelo, James Trow, and Davide Vinci. "Quantifying Carbon in Airspace Noise Management Measures." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 4756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0687.
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Aviation is subject to increasing environmental scrutiny. This can often be compounded by a poor understanding of environmental and operational interdependencies. Aircraft noise and carbon whilst being environmental emission that the aviation sector is working to reduce, can often be subject to separate policies and regulations. Although carbon emissions are one of the main contributors to environmental impacts at a global level, other environmental impacts, such as noise, result in more localised impacts to the natural environment and communities. This paper presents analysis that quantifying the potential carbon consequences of various airspace noise management measures. This has been possible through processes developed to describe the interrelations between fuel burn, consequential carbon and noise emissions of various noise abatement procedures. Using this process, the overall environmental performance of various noise management measures are considered. This analysis has identified noise management measures which are beneficial with respect to noise and carbon emissions, however others have been identified which could increase carbon.
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Филь, С. А., А. В. Бондарчук, and Т. Л. Гоптарь. "АНАЛІЗ ОСНОВНИХ ПРИЧИН ДЛЯ МОДИФІКАЦІЇ ЛІТАКІВ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ КАТЕГОРІЇ ВСТАНОВЛЕННЯМ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ СИЛОВИХ УСТАНОВОК." Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies, no. 87 (June 30, 2020): 83–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/oikit.2020.87.04.
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Nowadays problem of environment pollution reduction is of current interest. Is- sue connected to environment pollution due to harmful emissions caused by internal combustion engine requires attention. Plane pollutes environment with harmful emissions and noise that are caused by internal combustion engine. Harmful emissions have negative influence on environment that can lead to climate change meanwhile it has a negative impact on vital activity of human beings and fauna. Stages of implementation analysis: a) analysis composition of aviation engines emissions and mechanism of influence on atmosphere and human has been revealed; b) comparison of ecological point of view connected to recent modifications of long-haul jet aircraft Boeing 747 and Airbus A380; c) analysis composition of aviation noise and consequences of living organisms influence. In order to reduce negative influence on atmosphere from aviation sector, IKAO reduction of emission quantity method and emitted noise has been created. Method is based on strengthening of quantitative criteria for new certificated aircrafts in comparison to recommendations that are valid nowadays. For requirements implementation created by IKAO it is very important to develop technologies of combustion which creation will cause high cost nowadays and in future comparable to full creation cost of new type of power plant. To this end analysis of advantages and disadvantages aircraft equipment of transport category hybrids, electric and on the basis of power plant fuel elements was implemented. Calculation of electric accumulators capacity has been done in case of type power plant change of aircraft type AN-28 with gas turbine to electric for imple- mentation of training flight till 25 minutes with.
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Na, Wang, Wei Zhiqiang, and Han Xiaolan. "Research on the Combination Optimization Method of Aircraft Climb Parameters Considering the Influence of Pollution Emissions." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (June 16, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3432579.
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In order to find the optimum climb parameters for decreasing aircraft pollution emissions, we establish a calculation model of aircraft pollutant emissions to thoroughly examine the economy of aircraft operation and its impact on the environment, based on the International Civil Aviation Organization reference emission data and Boeing Method 2 which can calculate pollutant emissions in different flight phases by correcting the ICAO emission data. Firstly, we propose the concept of integrated flight cost considering the effect of emissions and establish its calculation model. Secondly, we establish the climb speed optimization models based on the traditional flight cost and integrated flight cost. Then, we analyze the effect of climb performance on the integrated flight cost. Next, we establish a combined optimization model of indicated airspeed and thrust using the genetic algorithm. The model simulation and result analysis are carried out using a wide-body aircraft. Finally, we analyze the effect of the optimization parameters and the sensitivity of the pollution index. The results show that the decrease in the flight speed and thrust effectively reduces the cost of pollutant emission during flight. The combination of (Vc, Tr) with the smallest integrated flight cost reduces the integrated flight cost by 1.28% and emission cost by 4.56%.
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Tian, Yong, Mengyuan Sun, Lili Wan, and Xu Hang. "Environmental Impact Analysis of Hub-and-Spoke Network Operation." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (April 21, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3682127.
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The hub-and-spoke network has demonstrated its economies of scale and scope in the rapid development of the civil aviation industry. In order to fit the development trend of green civil aviation, a series of environmental problems such as fuel consumption and pollutant emissions caused by air transportation cannot be ignored. Firstly, this paper selects six cities of Shenyang, Beijing, Qingdao, Zhengzhou, Guangzhou, and Nanjing as the research objects, collects the passenger flow and the distance information of the corresponding segment, determines the location of the hub airport, analyzes the operating environment of the aircraft in the hub-and-spoke network, establishes an aircraft emission assessment model, and calculates the mass of aircraft emissions and fuel consumption. Secondly, based on the calculation results, the comparison of aircraft emissions and fuel consumption between the hub-and-spoke network and the point-to-point network shows that the total carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are reduced by 35.84%, the total hydrocarbon compounds (HC) emissions are increased by 68.82%, and the total nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are increased by 24.87%. The total mass of pollutants (including CO, HC, and NOx) decreased by 29.37%, and the total fuel consumption decreased by 68.17%. In general, the use of a hub-and-spoke network reduces the pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of aircraft as a whole while ensuring the lowest passenger transportation cost. Finally, based on the current international situation and the enhancement of people’s awareness of environmental protection, a summary analysis of the hub-and-spoke network and the point-to-point network is obtained, and some enlightenment and research significance are obtained.
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Brooker, P. "Civil aircraft design priorities: air quality? climate change? noise?" Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1110 (August 2006): 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001408.
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AbstractA variety of related questions is posed. Are the right priorities for future aircraft design being set now? New civil aircraft types could be ‘silent’, i.e. make much less noise than current types. They could be ‘green’, i.e. safeguard the environment. Is silent as important as Green? The crucial answer is that future aircraft design should focus on substantial reductions on climate change impact. The air quality targets proposed by the ‘Sustainable Aviation’ initiative appear very ambitious: they should be pursued only to the extent that they do not affect improved fuel efficiency and reduced climate-changing emissions. Good progress has already been made on the aircraft noise targets proposed by the ‘Sustainable Aviation’ initiative, but again they should be pursued only to the extent that they do not affect improved fuel efficiency and reduced climate-changing emissions. The financial case for designing to reduce aircraft noise in order to deliver novel financial benefits, e.g. increase airport flights at night and/or relocate airports, is weak.
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Cameretti, Maria, Andrea Del Pizzo, Luigi Di Noia, Michele Ferrara, and Ciro Pascarella. "Modeling and Investigation of a Turboprop Hybrid Electric Propulsion System." Aerospace 5, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5040123.
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Hybrid electric propulsion in the aviation field is becoming an effective alternative propulsion technology with potential advantages, including fuel savings, lower pollution, and reduced noise emission. On the one hand, the aeroengine manufacturers are working to improve fuel consumption and reduce pollutant emissions with new combustion systems; on the other hand, much attention is given to reducing the weight of the batteries increasing the energy density. Hybrid electric propulsion systems (HEPS) can take advantage of the synergy between two technologies by utilizing both internal combustion engines (ICEs) and electric motors (EMs) together, each operating at their respective optimum conditions. In the present work, some numerical investigations were carried out by using a zero-dimensional code able to simulate the flight mission of a turboprop aircraft, comparing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of the original engine with other two smaller gas turbines working in hybrid configuration. An algorithm has been implemented to calculate the weight of the batteries for the different configurations examined, evaluating the feasibility of the hybrid propulsion system in terms of number of non-revenue passengers.
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Green, J. E. "Civil aviation and the environmental challenge." Aeronautical Journal 107, no. 1072 (June 2003): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000013579.
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Abstract In the coming century, the impact of air travel on the environment will become an increasingly powerful influence on aircraft design. Unless the impact per passenger kilometre can be reduced substantially relative to today’s levels, environmental factors will increasingly limit the expansion of air travel and the social benefit that it brings. This essay considers the three main impacts, noise, air pollution around airports and influence on climate change. Of the three, impact on climate change is taken to have the greatest long-term importance and is discussed at the greatest length. It is argued that, of the three main contributors to climate change from aircraft – CO2 emissions, NOX emissions and the creation of persistent contrails – it is the last two which are the most promising targets. Ways of reducing the impacts of these two are discussed and it is noted that, in each case, the best environmental result is likely to entail some increase in CO2 emissions. It follows that regulatory or economic measures to reduce impact on climate should be framed so as to do just that. Measures framed purely in terms of CO2 emissions are likely to be counter-productive. Nevertheless, the design of aircraft to reduce fuel burn and hence CO2 emission remains a key long-term objective; the essay considers the potential offered by new technology and new design concepts in this arena.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aviation, Noise, Emissions of pollutant, Environment"
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GRAMPELLA, MATTIA. "Framework definition to assess airport noise and aircraft emissions of pollutant based on mathematical models." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/29224.
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During the last ten years, in Civil Aviation sector there have been several initiatives for the development of policies to mitigate the environmental impacts. From ICAO to the single national authorities, like ENAC in Italy, it has been noted a strong increase in studies related to the specific environmental aspects concerning Aviation activities. The last three years have seen a stable 3% sector annual growth trend . Financial crisis, started in 2007, has not changed the estimation of traffic doubling volume for 2020.
It is clear that this air traffic increase will request the upgrading of the airport infrastructures. It is very important that sustainable objectives of economic growth will be set in order to protect environment both on local scale, for communities living near airports, and on global scale, for the limitation of Greenhouse gases. In Italy the main aspect has always been noise pollution because the majority of airports are within densely populated areas.
In Europe after the introduction of specific Directives, emission of pollutants in the atmosphere has seen an increase in perception not only for the development of mitigation projects like CleanSky, but also for the adoption of ETS for the Commercial Aviation sector. However, it does not exist yet a common set of rules around the world. This potentially can create some conflicting situations due to the interdependence between noise and emissions of pollutant .
It is necessary to focus on all the environmental aspects to integrate the mitigation policies and operational procedures. The best choice will be made also taking into account capacity and safety issues in order to increase the effectiveness of the interventions.
This thesis presents a method for the determination of two environmental indexes, the first regarding noise and the second atmospheric emissions produced by flight operations. The study case is the Italian airport system in the period 1999-2008. The indexes have been validated with mathematical models at the three major Lombardy airports. In this way, an “environmental tool” for airport impact analysis, both for actual conditions and future developments, has been created in order to simplify the assessment without using models or measures.
As a descriptor of the airport noise, we opted for an index similar to the Day Night Level, DNL, which is based on the single event noise, weighed accordingly on whether it takes place in day-time or night-time. The name of the index is LVAyear.
As for the impact on air quality, it was decided to assign a monetary cost to emissions to estimate the air traffic externalities in relation to the pollutants considered in this study (HC, NOx, CO, PM and SO2). The designed descriptor is called LAP (Local Air Pollution) index.
Scenario simulations were done with mathematical models INM to calculate noise levels and EDMS to quantify emissions of contaminants.
As for the structure of the work, chapter 1 and 2 introduce the general aspects concerning noise and gas emissions as well as mathematical models. The procedure for indexes definition is contained in chapter 3 while scenario analysis is described in chapter 4. Results are discussed in chapter 5.
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Levine, Matthew Jason. "A framework for technology exploration of aviation environmental mitigation strategies." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54437.
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The goal of this thesis was to develop a framework for modeling relevant environmental performance metrics and objectively simulating the future environmental impacts of aviation given the evolution of the fleet, the development of new technologies, and the expansion of airports. By exchanging fidelity for computational speed, a screening-level framework for assessing aviation's environmental impacts can be developed to observe new insights on fleet-level trends and inform environmental mitigation strategies. This was accomplished by developing per class average ``generic-vehicle" models that can reduce the fleet to a few representative aircraft models for predicting fleet results with reasonable accuracy. The method for Generating Emissions and Noise, Evaluating Residuals and using Inverse method for Choosing the best Alternatives (GENERICA) expands a previous generic vehicle formulation to additionally match DNL contours across a subset of airports. Designs of experiments, surrogate models, Monte Carlo simulations, and ``desirability" scores were combined to set the vehicle design parameters and reduce the mean relative error across the subset of airports. Results show these vehicle models more accurately represented contours at busy airports operating a wide variety of aircraft as compared to a traditional representative-in-class approach. Additionally, a rapid method for assessing population exposure counts was developed and incorporated into the noise tool, and the generic vehicles demonstrated accuracy with respect to population exposure counts for the actual fleet in the baseline year. The capabilities of the enabled framework were demonstrated to show fleet-level trends and explore placement of new runways at capacity constrained airports.
Books on the topic "Aviation, Noise, Emissions of pollutant, Environment"
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Goodman, Jon C. Aviation and the environment. New York, NY: Nova Science, 2009.
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Office, General Accounting. Aviation and the environment: FAA's role in major airport noise programs : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 2000.
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Office, General Accounting. Aviation and the environment: FAA's role in major airport noise programs : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: United States General Accounting Office, 2000.
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Office, General Accounting. Aviation and the environment: FAA's role in major airport noise programs : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 2000.
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Office, General Accounting. Aviation and the environment: FAA's role in major airport noise programs : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: United States General Accounting Office, 2000.
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Aviation and the environment: Noise : hearing before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, October 24, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.
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Aviation and the environment: Emmissions [sic] : hearing before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, May 6, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Aviation. Aviation and the environment: Emmissions [sic] : hearing before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, May 6, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.
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Office, General Accounting. Aviation and the environment: Strategic framework needed to address challenges posed by aircraft emissions : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Aviation, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003.
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Office, General Accounting. Aviation and the environment: Airport operations and future growth present environmental challenges : report to the Ranking Democratic Member, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Aviation, Noise, Emissions of pollutant, Environment"
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Wisselmann, Raphaël, and Kai Kempmann. "Shoreside Power at Berths for Inland Navigation Vessels – How to Make Available a Harmonised System of Shoreside Power Access on the Rhine to Reduce Air and Noise Pollution." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 179–85. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_16.
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AbstractThe Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (CCNR) is an international organisation that exercises an essential regulatory role in the navigation of the Rhine. It is active in the technical, legal, economic and environmental fields. In all its areas of action, its work is guided by the efficiency of transport on the Rhine, safety, social considerations, and respect for the environment. Many of the CCNR’s activities now reach beyond the Rhine and are directly concerned with European navigable waterways more generally.So as to take into particular account the challenges of climate change, in 2018 the transport ministers of the Member States of the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (Germany, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland) signed a declaration, the so-called Mannheim Declaration, to reassert the objective of largely eliminating greenhouse gases and other pollutants by 2050 and to task the CCNR to develop a roadmap to achieve these goals. These goals that are intended to protect the environment and the climate concern not only inland navigation vessels’ propulsion systems but also the on-board power supply for operating machinery, for example when at berth.Last but not least, the conflicts over berths on the Rhine in city centres demonstrate that joint efforts are required to reduce or largely eliminate both pollutant and noise emissions. Supplying inland navigation vessels with shore power can play an important role in reducing emissions and noise and helps achieve the objectives of the Mannheim Declaration, while also securing attractive city centre berths for future generations of boatmen. Together with its stakeholders, the CCNR works on a regular basis to identify technical and regulatory gaps in standards and provisions, and proposes activities that aim at a harmonised implementation of shoreside power infrastructure on the Rhine.
Conference papers on the topic "Aviation, Noise, Emissions of pollutant, Environment"
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Zolata, Hasan, Cesar Celis, Vishal Sethi, Riti Singh, and David Zammit-Mangion. "A Multi-Criteria Simulation Framework for Civil Aircraft Trajectory Optimisation." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38237.
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Over the past few years, great concern has been raised about the impact of commercial aviation on the environment. In a Business As Usual approach, the expected growth in air traffic is going to affect climate change even more unless mitigation policies are devised and implemented. Although there is a tendency to focus on long-term technological solutions and breakthroughs, short-term improvements applicable to existing aircraft/engine configurations are also very important to fully realise the benefits of new technologies. Aircraft trajectory optimisation presents the opportunity to effectively reduce fuel consumption and pollutants emitted providing a feasible short-term strategy to be applied to the existing aircraft fleet. The present study focuses on preliminary results obtained using a multi-disciplinary aircraft trajectory optimisation simulation framework. Three in-house computational models are implemented in the framework to model the aircraft and engine performance, as well as to predict the level of gaseous emissions produced. A commercially available optimiser is integrated within the framework to analyse and optimise single flight path elements (e.g., climb), as well as the entire flight profile. For the purpose of this study, the climb and the whole flight profile are divided in four and eight segments respectively. Trajectory optimisation processes are then carried out in order to minimise three different objective functions: flight time, fuel burned, and mass of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emitted. The results of the trajectory optimisation processes performed confirm the validity, effectiveness, and flexibility of the methodology proposed. In future, it is expected that these types of approaches are utilised to efficiently compute complete, optimum and ‘greener’ aircraft trajectories, which help to minimise the impact of commercial aviation on the environment. Other computational models that simulate several other aspects such as aircraft and engine noise, weather conditions and contrails formation, among others, need to be also included in the optimisation processes.
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Činčurak Erceg, Biljana, Aleksandra Vasilj, and Aleksandra Perković. "FIT FOR 55 – DOES IT FIT ALL? AIR AND RAIL TRANSPORT AFTER COVID – 19 PANDEMIC." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22411.
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The main principle of sustainability means being able to meet the needs of today’s society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development implies the interdependence of its main components: society, economy, and ecology. The prosperity of a society depends on economic progress and the development of new technologies, but in a way that the natural environment is protected and preserved. This concept is inextricably linked to the concept of ecology and, consequently, to all types of transport, given that transport is considered one of the main pollutants of the ecosystem. Due to its rapid development through history, and as the youngest and safest type of transport, air transport is particularly subjected to the environmental impact assessment. At the same time, air transport affects the global economy due to its connection with other sectors, which in turn enables faster mobility of people, services, and goods. This was especially evident with the increased need for faster medical supplies and protective equipment delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. The European Union’s transport policy is geared towards sustainable development by linking all environmental and social goals in a balanced way. Considering the negative long-term impact of COVID-19 on the air transportation sector, the question posed in this paper is whether this can be done in an appropriate way. As part of the European Green Deal, the “Fit for 55” package is a set of proposals to revise and update EU legislation with the purpose of introducing new initiatives regarding the climate goals agreed by the Council and the European Parliament. Regarding air transport, the emphasis is on contributing to reducing CO2 emissions and noise pollution and their impact on other sectors and competitiveness. The EU Commission White Paper: “Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system” emphasizes that the EU aviation industry should become a frontrunner in the use of low-carbon fuels to reach the set targets, as well as that the majority of medium-distance passenger transport should go by rail by 2050. There are also initiatives that aviation taxes should subsidize high-speed rail (HSR), which potentially may cause a decrease in the air transport and benefit an increase the rail transport. The paper will also address the questions as to whether existing legislation, measures, and proposals are appropriate, considering that aviation is one of the industry sectors that is most affected by COVID-19 and could be most affected by the “Fit for 55” package, as well what impact this duopoly might have on the market for travel served by air transport. Does really “Fit for 55” fit air transport?
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Svensson, Fredrik, and Riti Singh. "Effects of Using Hydrogen on Aero Gas Turbine Pollutant Emissions, Performance and Design." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53349.
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The majority of scientists today are in agreement that discharging greenhouse gases into the atmosphere has an impact on the global climate. Furthermore, the dwindling fossil oil resources raise concerns. Finding an alternative to kerosene for civil aviation is thus essential. Taking a completely new approach for civil aviation by fuelling with liquid hydrogen would enable compatibility with the environment. This paper covers the main effects on aero engines when changing to hydrogen fuel. Particularly, emission and performance issues are discussed, but some design matters are also briefly covered. The study shows that burning hydrogen in an aero gas turbine seems to be feasible from a technical point of view. By simply changing to hydrogen, small performance gains may be obtained. The results of the calculations suggest that there is the potential to design a combustion system using hydrogen that produces less NOx emissions than any system using kerosene.
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Melo, Andreia, and Francisco Brójo. "Influence of Fuel on a Valveless Pulsejet Engine Performance and Pollutant Emissions." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11229.
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Abstract In this work the performance of a valveless pulsejet with two different fuels and several fuel mass flows was numerically estimated. Results for pressures, velocities, traction and pollutant formation are presented. Even though this type of engine has many advantages over the conventional types, it still has many problems for application in civil aviation due to noise levels. Although having a very simple construction, operation is not completely understood, so studies continue to be made in order to have a better knowledge of the physics behind operation. For engine sizing, was performed a calculation procedure based on data of existing engines and equations reported in the literature. The pulsejet operation was then simulated using ANSYS Fluent 16.2. Simulations were 2D transient, three different fuel flows were analysed: 0.04 kg/s, 0.06 kg/s and 0.1 kg/s and two fuels used: propane and methane. For propane an additional case was defined, being the fuel mass flow of 0.12 kg/s. The results obtained are similar for the two fuels, the variables have the same behaviour with the variation of the fuel flow except for the operating frequency.
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Ortiz-Carretero, Jesus, Alejandro Castillo Pardo, Vassilios Pachidis, and Ioannis Goulos. "Assessment of the Effect of Environmental Conditions on Rotorcraft Pollutant Emissions at Mission Level." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63440.
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It is anticipated that the contribution of rotorcraft activities to the environmental impact of civil aviation will increase in the forthcoming future. Due to their versatility and robustness, helicopters are often operated in harsh environments with extreme ambient conditions and dusty air. These severe conditions affect not only the engine operation but also the performance of helicopter rotors. This impact is reflected in the fuel burn and pollutants emitted by the helicopter during a mission. The aim of this paper is to introduce an exhaustive methodology to quantify the influence of the environment in the mission fuel consumption and the associated emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). An Emergency Medical Service (EMS) and a Search and Rescue (SAR) mission were used as a case study to simulate the effects of extreme temperatures, high altitude and compressor degradation on a representative Twin-Engine Medium (TEM) weight helicopter, the Sikorsky UH-60A Black Hawk. A simulation tool for helicopter mission performance analysis developed and validated at Cranfield University was employed. This software comprises different modules that enable the analysis of helicopter flight dynamics, powerplant performance and exhaust emissions over a user defined flight path profile. The results obtained show that the environmental effects on mission fuel and emissions are mainly driven by the modification of the engine performance for the particular missions simulated. Fluctuations as high as 12% and 40% in mission fuel and NOx emissions, respectively, were observed under the environmental conditions simulated in the present study.
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Moreira, Pedro, and Francisco Brójo. "Influence of Injection Angle on Pollutant Emissions and Combustion Temperature on a CFM56-3 Engine." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87353.
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Air traffic increases and growing concerns about the environment raised interests in the study of ways to reduce pollutants emissions. One reason for combustor and downstream components damage is non-uniform distribution of fuel due to dirtiness or injector damage, increasing NOx and CO emissions due to higher and lower temperature zones. Hot spots also reduce components live. Fuel injection angle change with injector life and combustion behaviors also change with this parameter. Present work report CFD simulations of combustion in the combustion chamber of a CMF56-3 gas turbine engine, to evaluate influence of injection angle on pollutant emissions and combustion temperature. Concerning engine power setup, International Civil Aviation Organization Landing and Take-Off cycle (100%, 85%, 30% and 7% engine power) were used. From the studied injection angles, lowest temperature is for 58° and that angle also produced the lowest NOx for power setups lower than 85%. 70° produced higher NOx emissions. For CO, 58° had higher emissions and 70° lower. CO2 reduces for lower injection angles, opposite to UHC. Lower angles had better results, having 3% reduction in NOx with a reduction of 10° of the injection angle. Temperature also reduces 4% with a 10° injection angle reduction.
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Bain, Jeremy, Greg Goetchius, and David Josephson. "Flyover Noise Comparison Between Joby Aircraft and Similar Aircraft." In Vertical Flight Society 78th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0078-2022-17437.
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Joby Aviation is developing a six propeller, all electric vertical takeoff and landing piloted air taxi aircraft. The aircraft is designed for high density operations near residences and workplaces, so it is imperative that the acoustic emissions of the aircraft are minimized for community acceptance. It is important to compare not just the absolute sound levels but also the sound quality with conventional aircraft already known to the public. To showcase the difference between the Joby aircraft and similarly sized aircraft for a level flyover condition, Joby arranged a flight demonstration with two conventional fixed-wing aircraft and three commercial helicopters. All the aircraft were flown at approximately 100 knots (51 m/s) and 1500 feet (457 m) above ground level within minutes of each other in the same location to minimize variability. They were measured with the same equipment and processing methods. The results show that the peak Joby aircraft sound pressure level was 10 to 19 dB(A) below the conventional aircraft. The conventional aircraft noise levels were above the peak Joby level for 43 to 54 seconds during the flyover. The Joby aircraft was measured at 13 to 22 EPNdB lower than the conventional aircraft. Close examination of the spectra showed that Joby aircraft has greatly reduced tonal and low frequency content. When substituting the low ambient noise during the flight test with a realistic urban outdoor cafe environment, the Joby aircraft is below the ambient at all frequencies during the direct f lyover which allows it to blend in with the ambient soundscape. The other conventional airplanes and helicopters exhibited large tones that rise above the cafe ambient for approximately one minute, and would impact a much larger area on the ground that is not directly under the flight path.
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Parveg, A. S. M. Sazzad, Nicholas Hentges, and Albert Ratner. "Experimental Investigation of the Combustion Behavior of Jet-A/Water Emulsified Fuel and Ethanol-Blended Jet-A/Water Emulsified Fuel Droplets." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70615.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The demanding emission requirements must be satisfied by the modern aero-engines which led the researchers into exploration and development of environment-friendly, and sustainable aviation fuels. Water emulsification in fuels is a proven mechanism to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOX) and pollutant emissions. Furthermore, water addition in liquid fuel can improve the combustion performance and fuel economy by micro-explosions and puffing phenomenon due to the volatility difference between liquid fuels and water. These micro-explosions and puffing result in the breaking of fuel droplets into smaller droplets which promotes secondary atomization of the liquid fuels. The secondary atomization contributes to a higher combustion rate, improves fuel-air mixing, and thus improves fuel economy. Also, with the depletion of fossil-fuel sources, the scientific community is exploring renewable sources which can be both reliable and better substitutes for conventional fossil fuels. Blending biofuel with fossil fuel is an interesting way to a sustainable solution for green energy production and carbon footprint reduction of conventional aviation fuels. In these contexts, the present study reports an experimental investigation on the combustion characteristics of water emulsified Jet-A and water emulsified ethanol-blended Jet-A fuels. The Ultrasonication method is used to prepare homogenized fuel emulsions with three different water concentrations (2.5%, 5% & 10% by weight) for both Jet-A and ethanol-blended Jet-A fuels. Blended Jet-A fuels are prepared for different ethanol concentrations (2.5%, 5% & 10% by weight). Combustion characteristics such as ignition delay, combustion rate, and droplet burning time data are generated for each emulsified fuel. The results are compared for both Jet-A, and ethanol-blended Jet-A fuel emulsions. It is found that there is a general decrease in combustion rate and droplet burning time for all the emulsions. This decrease is higher with higher content of water and ethanol. There is also a general increase in ignition delay. Again, this increase is higher for emulsions with higher water concentration. Hopefully, the outcomes of the present study will increase further interest in combustion characteristics modification of conventional aviation fuels by emulsification. In addition, the findings of the present study will provide experimental data which can be applied for future computational modeling of the combustion process of emulsified fuel.
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Pérez Arroyo, Carlos, Jérôme Dombard, Florent Duchaine, Laurent Gicquel, Nicolas Odier, Gorka Exilard, Stéphane Richard, Nicolas Buffaz, and Jacques Démolis. "Large-Eddy Simulation of an Integrated High-Pressure Compressor and Combustion Chamber of a Typical Turbine Engine Architecture." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-16288.
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Abstract The design optimization of aviation propulsion systems by means of computational fluid dynamics is key to increase their efficiency and reduce pollutant and noise emissions. The recurrent increase in available computing power allows nowadays to perform unsteady high-fidelity computations of the different components of a gas turbine. However, these simulations are often made independently of each other and they only share average quantities at interfaces. In this work, the methodology and first results for a sectoral large-eddy simulation of an integrated high-pressure compressor and combustion chamber of a typical turbine engine architecture is proposed. In the simulation, the compressor is composed of one main blade and one splitter blade, two radial diffuser vanes and six axial diffuser vanes. The combustion chamber is composed of the contouring casing, the flame-tube and a T-shaped vaporizer. This integrated computation considers a good trade-off between accuracy of the simulation and affordable CPU cost. Results are compared between the stand-alone combustion chamber simulation and the integrated one in terms of global, integral and average quantities. It is shown that pressure perturbations generated by the interaction of the impeller blades with the diffuser vanes are propagated through the axial diffuser and enter the combustion chamber through the dilution holes and the vaporizer. Due to the high amplitude of the pressure perturbations, several variables are perturbed at the blade-passing frequency and multiples. This is also reflected on combustion where two broadband peaks appear for the global heat release.
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Kiser, J. Douglas, Narottam P. Bansal, James Szelagowski, Jagdish (Jack) Sokhey, Tab Heffernan, Joseph Clegg, Anthony Pierluissi, et al. "Oxide/Oxide Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) Exhaust Mixer Development in the NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) Project." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43593.
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LibertyWorks®, a subsidiary of Rolls-Royce Corporation, first studied CMC (ceramic matrix composite) exhaust mixers for potential weight benefits in 2008. Oxide CMC potentially offered weight reduction, higher temperature capability, and the ability to fabricate complex-shapes for increased mixing and noise suppression. In 2010, NASA was pursuing the reduction of NOx emissions, fuel burn, and noise from turbine engines in Phase I of the Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) Project (within the Integrated Systems Research Program). ERA subtasks, including those focused on CMC components, were being formulated with the goal of maturing technology from Proof of Concept Validation (Technology Readiness Level 3 (TRL 3)) to System/Subsystem or Prototype Demonstration in a Relevant Environment (TRL 6). In April 2010, the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) and Rolls-Royce (RR) jointly initiated a CMC Exhaust System Validation Program within the ERA Project, teaming on CMC exhaust mixers for subsonic jet engines. The initial objective was to fabricate and characterize the performance of a 0.25 scale low bypass exhaust system that was based on a RR advanced design, with a 16-lobe oxide/oxide CMC mixer and tail cone (center body). Support Services, LLC (Allendale, MI) and COI Ceramics, Inc. (COIC) supported the design of a mixer assembly that consisted of the following oxide/oxide CMC components mounted on separate metallic attachment flanges: a) a lobed mixer and outer fan shrouds, and b) a tail cone. TRL 4 (Component/Subscale Component Validation in a Laboratory Environment) was achieved in a cost-effective manner through subscale rig validation of the aerodynamic and acoustic performance via testing at ASE FluiDyne (Plymouth, MN) and at NASA GRC, respectively. This encouraged the NASA/ RR/COIC team to move to the next phase of component development; full scale CMC mixer design for a RR AE3007 engine. COIC fabricated the full scale CMC mixer, which was vibration tested at GRC under conditions simulating the structural and dynamic environment of a mixer. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB)) provided test support by assisting with instrumentation and performing 3D laser vibrometry to identify the mixer mode shapes and modal frequencies over the engine operating range. Successful vibration testing demonstrated COIC’s new process for fabricating full scale CMC mixers and the durability of the Oxide CMC component at both room and elevated temperatures. A TRL≈5 (Component Validation in a Relevant Environment) was attained and the CMC mixer was cleared for ground testing on a Rolls-Royce AE3007 engine for performance evaluation to achieve TRL 6.