Journal articles on the topic 'Aviation Heritage'

Australian government administrators and private enterprise took full advantage of the opportunities made possible by civil aviation in Australia’s Northern Territory. Yet, there is a common perception among Territorians that there is more on display and known about the defence aviation heritage of the Territory. Considering the long-term impact civil aviation has had on Territorians and their way of life, this paper queries this representation of its aviation past. This is achieved through a heritage audit, alongside an exploration of primary and secondary historical resources, and other forms of presentation. This paper highlights existing gaps in the representation of civil aviation heritage in the Northern Territory and suggests a way forward so that this significant historical narrative is not forgotten.

The main results of studying the scientific heritage of the outstanding Russian designer of aviation equipment N.N. Polikarpov are presented. There are major scientific developments and the results of the scientist's research used in the design and modernization of aviation technology, including the present time.

This article explores a kinship between aviation and cinema through the intersection of affective gender, dreams, and flying as expressed across newspaper accounts of women and flight, star discourse related to Mabel Normand and Mary Pickford, and the sexualized scenes of aerial joyriding in Abram Room’s Bed and Sofa (1927) and Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks’s Plane Crazy (1928). It argues that in order to fully understand the aviation-cinema nexus, we must dislodge it from its masculinist heritage within high modernist myths. Key to this dislodging is the reinsertion of gendered associations of the body, affect, and the senses into the modernist myth of aerial vision as a weightless, abstracted regime of the eye. The article theoretically frames this historical exploration of aviation and cinema as an exemplary case study for an expanded rethinking of affect, reception, and the senses in Miriam Hansen’s notion of cinema as vernacular modernism.

Tempelhof Airport in Berlin mirrors the political, social and cultural developments in the capital and - broadly - in the whole country. Tempelhof has witnessed the heyday of the 1920s aviation, figured in the National Socialists’ power politics and acquired a reputable status in the course of the 1948/49 Berlin Airlift. During and after the Cold War, Tempelhof had been functioning as an airport, before it was closed down amidst protests in 2008. Today, the vast grassy airfield is open as a park, whilst various plans are being devised for the future usage of the former airport building. October 2018 marked the 10th anniversary since the air traffic had been discontinued. It is, therefore, an appropriate occasion to look at the Tempelhof case anew. This paper attempts to shed light on how the manifold history and symbolic value of Tempelhof Airport is – or is not – being reflected within the current usage of the site, as well as in various proposals for its future developments, and how the latter correspond to the unique atmosphere of this place. Tempelhof’s rich and unusual history re-emerges in virtually every decision about the future of the site: from the idea to turn the site into an encompassing ‘creative hub,’ to economic questions (making the building more accessible to the public, using the terminal hall and the apron for mass events, and the like), right to the opposition of large groups of locals to the Senate of Berlin’s politics.

The article gives a brief description of technical museums, which, along with historical, artistic, military, and local lore, are an element of preserving the people’s cultural heritage. It is noted, in particular, those technical museums are divided into multidisciplinary and sectoral (which are more common). In addition, the development of military equipment is reflected in military history museums. A brief description of the first technical museums of Kyiv and the most famous aviation museums in the world is given. In particular, the attention paid in the West to the planes of the Second World War and their participation in air shows, which gather thousands of spectators, is described. As an example of the restoration and the difficulties that arose during its implementation, which was due to the lack of technical documentation, the process of restoration of the WB bomber is given. It turns out that the stamp «secretly» extended to all drawings of it. That is why after the removal of this model of the bomber from production, all the documentation for the aircraft was destroyed, even though the operation of the machine in civil aviation continued for several years. The way of ANT-7 production of the end of 1920s to the exposition in the hangar of the 11th building of NAU is considered in detail. The exhibit was collected from three planes that crashed in different parts of the North and Siberia in the 1940s. It is noted that the restoration of the engines was the most excellent part of the process, as the manual for their operation and highly qualified specialists were found. Attention is also paid to the reasons for deviations from the technical norms of the late 1920’s – early 1930’s models in the process of the restoration of the aircraft. Attention is also paid to the opening of the State Aviation Museum of Ukraine and the expansion of its exposition. In addition, the prospects of searching for World War II aircraft in Ukraine are considered and the need for state involvement, in this case, is emphasized.

The article is devoted to an overview of the scientific and pedagogical activities of a prominent scientist in the field of engine building and mechanical engineering, one of the organizers of the higher school of Ukraine, a public figure, Professor Ya. M. Mayer. In the biographical work, the first study of complex life path and versatile creative heritage of the last rector of Kharkiv Technological Institute, the founder and director of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Internal Combustion Engines, director and scientific leader of the Ukrainian Research Aviation Diesel Institute, one of the creators of the famous V-2 diesel engine, one of the heads of the department «Theory of Mechanisms and Machines» Yakov Moiseevich Mayer. Keywords: engine; engineering science; higher technical education; Ya. M. Mayer; KhPI; scientific school; SE “KhKBD”; diesel

The paper deals with monitoring and analyzing the indoor environmental parameters through remote data collection to evaluate the pollution and moisture infiltration effects on aircraft heritage conservation. First, based on the meteorological and pollution data, the moisture penetration and airborne pollution infiltration into indoor spaces of a heritage site (hangar) with stored historic aircrafts are determined. The hangar under investigation is located in the Aviation museum Kbely, Prague, Czech Republic. The determination is performed by wet/dry cycles (fluctuations) evaluation and applying ISO 11844 methodology to outdoor pollution infiltration into the interior. Next, a time of wetness (ToW) is determined indoors according to ISO 9223, rather as an environmental than a surface parameter as dewing and exceeding high humidity level (approxl RH 80% at T>0 °C) are considered. The actual moisture adsorption onto polluted surfaces of aircraft artifacts is then dependent on the hygroscopic corrosion products developed. Such an adsorption prolongs actual surface ToW. In addition to ToW, even the deposition rate of indoor pollutants, particularly sulphur dioxide and chlorides, are considered and the atmosphere corrosivity is estimated by applying the ISO standardized statistical models for aluminium. The resulting iso-corrosivity figures out the aggressiveness of the hangar environment from the point of view of aircraft material susceptibility to corrosion and degradation.

The EU Space Programme is a business growth enabler that stimulates the economy and pushes the bar of innovation. The EUSPA EO & GNSS Market Report is the ultimate guide to anyone who seeks to make the EU Satellite Navigation and Earth Observation technologies part of their business plan and develop new space downstream applications. More than ever society relies on innovative solutions to deal with the big data paradigm. Earth Observation (EO) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data is becoming increasingly important to these innovative solutions through dozens of applications that are emerging or already in use by citizens, businesses, governments, industry, international organisations, NGOs and researchers around the world. The study provides analytical information on the dynamic GNSS and EO markets, along with indepth analyses of the latest global trends and developments through illustrated examples and use cases. Using advanced econometric models, it also offers market evolution forecasts of GNSS shipments or EO revenues spanning to 2031. With a focus on Galileo/EGNOS and Copernicus, the report highlights the essential role of space data across 17 market segments including, Agriculture; Aviation and Drones; Biodiversity, Ecosystems and Natural Capital; Climate Services; Consumer Solutions, Tourism, and Health; Emergency Management and Humanitarian Aid; Energy and Raw Materials; Environmental Monitoring; Fisheries and Aquaculture; Forestry; Infrastructure; Insurance and Finance; Maritime and Inland Waterways; Rail; Road and Automotive; Urban Development and Cultural Heritage; and Space. This article represent the brief overview essential role of space data across 2 market segments including, Aviation and Drones and Rail, Road and Automotive.

Nepal is known as an ideal destination for adventure tourism with its diverse natural attractions and cultural heritage. However, The Nepali Himalayas is highly vulnerable to human influenced change, occurring at local and national scales. The objective of this manuscript is to assess the overall situation of the adventure tourism activities in the Nepali Himalayas and various environmental effects related to it. The methodology will be literature review with an evaluation of the findings. The collected data from publications of the Nepal Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation is organized and analyzed in a descriptive way where some of the data were presented in tabular form using a simple statistical tool. At the end, the manuscript will suggest the establishment of educational programs focused on different target groups and essential policy measures for local stakeholders and governmental bodies to reduce adverse environmental impacts of adventure travels.

Abstract At the time of German unification, politicians, historians and academics expressed concerns that the material legacies of National Socialism had become too integrated into Berlin’s urban fabric. Unification disrupted the status quo of several such buildings and campaigners sought to use this as an opportunity to facilitate increased engagement with their National Socialist layers. Through exploring the contests that surrounded three high-profile examples, the Aviation Ministry, Olympic Stadium and Tempelhof Airport, this article will reveal the contingent nature of post-unification responses to Berlin’s National Socialist layer. Firstly, it will analyse the debates that surrounded the buildings and demonstrate that the problematisation of heritage is a process, one shaped and mediated by myriad factors not necessarily relating to the trace itself. Secondly, it will show that the attempts to bring about increased engagement with each of the sites’ histories have been informed by a common rationale, namely, the development of a ‘palimpsestic’ approach to each building’s layers.

AbstractThe key issue addressed in this article is authenticity, which is a criterion that is no longer limited to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s world heritage domain. This article draws from one of the most interesting public projects in the United States – the John F. Kennedy (JFK) Terminal 5/6 Redevelopment Plan, which was part of the larger JFK master plan. The project’s Trans World Airlines (TWA) terminal, which is the only landmarked terminal and remnant of the original JFK airport plan, raised concerns. In 2001, the debate started off with keeping the terminal building active for aviation use and experiences. Nonetheless, the terminal was reimagined into a luxury hotel in 2019. This article unveils the micro-politics in the redevelopment plan and examines the authenticity of the TWA terminal and how it was (re)constructed. In doing so, the article sheds light on urban law and the decision-making process. Moreover, it discusses the tangible and intangible consequences of the prevailing speculative logic in the law.

Bangladesh is full of natural beauty. Rivers, coasts and beaches, archaeological sites, religious places, hills, forests, waterfalls, tea gardens surround it. The Sundarban, Historic Mosque in city of Bagerhat, Ruins of the Buddihist Vihara at Paharpur are the three world heritage sites in Bangladesh among 1007. To observe the beauty of nature, huge amount of domestic and foreign tourists visit the country and its tourist attraction sites. In 2012, around six-lakh (6 hundred thousand) tourists came Bangladesh to visit and enjoy its beauty. The total contribution of tourism to GDP was 4.4%, 3.8% to employment and 1.5% to investment in 2013. Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC) looks after the tourism sector in Bangladesh under the ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism. Due to some limitations, Bangladesh has failed to introduce itself as a tourist destination country. The paper tries to focus on the attractive tourist spots of Bangladesh and the contribution of tourism in the Bangladesh economy. The major concern of the writer is to highlight the factors by which Bangladesh can be one of the major tourist attractive country in the world in near future.

In recent years, the term "industrial tourism" has been increasingly used in the literature. It describes an area that includes industrial monuments and abandoned buildings, and above all rare ones that are still in function. Industrial tourism includes all plants used for food processing, wood processing and textile industry, there are also mills, ports, mines, car and aviation industry, shipyards, etc. Within the doctoral dissertation entitled "Potentials of cultural-historical and economic heritage for the development of industrial tourism in the Timok region", a research was conducted that deals with the growing interest of industrial tourism in Eastern Serbia, more precisely in the Timok region. This branch of tourism is no longer a sphere of interest only for certain groups of technical experts, but also for regular tourists who are interested in touring certain regions. The aim of the research is to present the possibilities for the development of industrial tourism in the Timok region, as well as to obtain data on the current situation. The research is based on the experiential information of tourism workers who, due to the nature of their work and interests, are relevant to the proposed topic. The surveyed respondents are employed in the field of tourism in various positions, as well as students who are educated in the field of tourism. The data obtained during the research indicate respondents believe that the media do not sufficiently inform potential tourists about industrial tourism attractions, the potential of the tourist offer, but also about the Timok region itself, both locally and beyond, in Serbia and abroad. Such data indicate the possibility of improvement through the application of an adequate strategy to promote and inform potential users, as well as the insufficient usage of the industrial potential of the region itself. Investing certain resources in the marketing and development of industrial tourism would create additional demand, and this would result in the improvement of the tourist offer. Valorization of industrial heritage in Eastern Serbia can stimulate regional identity, revitalize the area and create additional tourist attractions. Plans and results from certain projects of this type are very important for the region, but also for the state.

The present study focuses on a homestay, where researchers assess the level of awareness about indigenous foods and beverages and the preference of indigenous foods of Sikkim among the homestay visitors/guests. Sikkim has different communities that run homestay which serves several indigenous foods and beverages. The current study is based on the primary data, collected through Google form (online survey due to COVID-19 pandemic) between the months of July-August 2020. Secondary data are not used for this study. This study shows Sikkim has their cooking style, ingredients, and garnishing of cooked food and beverages. However, most of the guests/visitors were unaware of the various foods, so promotional activities are needed here by The Tourism & Civil Aviation Department Government of Sikkim (hospitality/homestay division) and stakeholders. The study offers recommendations, including growing awareness, promotion, and preference of indigenous food and beverages among the homestay visitors/guests. “The present study lies in the stability of finding such literature” which is directly related to the findings. Tata Group-indorsed hospitality main Indian Hotels Company Ltd (IHCL) has arrived at the homestay division with the brand Ama Trails and Stays wherein it will enter into a management contract with nine (9) heritage bungalows with Tata Coffee in Coorg and Chikmagalur.

Golovyanko Zinoviy Stepanovich is an outstanding entomologist well-known in Ukraine and abroad, specialist in insects, which are pests of forest. He is a Doctor of agricultural sciences, Professor. His scientific activity was generally devoted to working out of the measures on creating of pine plantations in the conditions of high number of the roots’ pests, which are largely grubs of May beetle (Melolontha melolontha L., M. hippocastani F.) and July beetle (Polyphillo fullo L.). He revealed that the density of May beetle’s grubs in the soil depends on temperature of this media. Не revealed the capacity of a pine to resist themselves against pests of their roots; this capacity was provided by oleoresin exudation from wounds, which were inflicted by the grubs on roots. He proposed recommendations on pine and deciduous tree species protection from May beetle’s grubs. He developed control measures against scarab beetles grubs for the first time. Z.S. Golovyanko brought the fundamental contribution into solution of the problem on revealing of the factors of population dynamics of bark beetles (Coleopera, Curculionidae: Scolytinae). He had worked out chemical method of forest pests’ control by use of aviation too. The scientific and practical heritage of Z.S. Golovyanko on ecological approach to forest protection from pest organisms is very actual in the present time.

The morphometric and photogrammetric knowledge, combined with the historical research, are the indispensable prerequisites for the protection and enhancement of historical, architectural and cultural heritage. <br><br> Nowadays the use of BIM (Building Information Modeling) as a supporting tool for restoration and conservation purposes is becoming more and more popular. However this tool is not fully adequate in this context because of its simplified representation of three-dimensional models, resulting from solid modelling techniques (mostly used in virtual reality) causing the loss of important morphometric information. <br><br> One solution to this problem is imagining new advanced tools and methods that enable the building of effective and efficient three-dimensional representations backing the correct geometric analysis of the built model. <br><br> Twenty-year of interdisciplinary research activities implemented by Virtualgeo focused on developing new methods and tools for 3D modeling that go beyond the simplified digital-virtual reconstruction used in standard solid modeling. Methods and tools allowing the creation of informative and true to life three-dimensional representations, that can be further used by various academics or industry professionals to carry out diverse analysis, research and design activities. <br><br> Virtualgeo applied research activities, in line with the European Commission 2013’s directives of Reflective 7 &amp;ndash; Horizon 2020 Project, gave birth to GeomaticsCube Ecosystem, an ecosystem resulting from different technologies based on experiences garnered from various fields, metrology in particular, a discipline used in the automotive and aviation industry, and in general mechanical engineering. <br><br> The implementation of the metrological functionality is only possible if the 3D model is created with special modeling techniques, based on surface modeling that allow, as opposed to solid modeling, a 3D representation of the manufact that is true to life. <br><br> The advantages offered by metrological analysis are varied and important because they permit a precise and detailed overview of the 3D model’s characteristics, and especially the over time monitoring of the model itself, these informations are impossible to obtain from a three-dimensional representation produced with solid modelling techniques. The applied research activities are also focused on the possibility of obtaining a photogrammetric and informative 3D model., Two distinct applications have been developed for this purpose, the first allows the classification of each individual element and the association of its material characteristics during the 3D modelling phase, whilst the second allows segmentations of the photogrammetric 3D model in its diverse aspects (materic, related to decay, chronological) with the possibility to make use and to populate the database, associated with the 3D model, with all types of multimedia contents.

The article, based on the memoirs of P. Bilon, highlights the process of formation and development of the armed forces of the UPR (Ukrainian People's Republic) Directory (1918-1919). Such phenomena as “atamanism”, the unification of the Galician army and the UPR army, and the creation of Ukrainian military aviation are considered. The importance of studying memoirs as a unique source on the history of the Ukrainian revolution is noted. Military memoirs in fact often is the only source for the history of certain military units, conducting combat operations and their direct participants. Considered is the degree of understanding in the memoirs transformational processes of the Ukrainian revolution under the influence of domestic- and foreign-policy situation during of 1918-1919. Lighting of the period of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921 through the prism of memoir literature, comparing it with data from other information sources, and most importantly with official historical doctrine of both the Soviet and modern periods, not only provide a qualitative highlight the main aspects of the research, but also to reveal the "moral feature" of the era. Namely, the mood of specific individuals who have left us memoirs. Thanks to them you can see the many facets of the mentality of that society, which fell into the whirlpool of tumultuous political events. It is noted that the active involvement of the memoir heritage will contribute to a maximum of an objective picture of historical events, to intensify the study of processes in early XX century by representatives of academic historical scholarship.

Метою публікації є визначення основних прийомів проєктування ангарів сучасних авіаційних музейних комплексів на основі виявлення і характеристики їх особливостей щодо функціонального призначення, планувальної структури та практичної значущості. Важливими завданнями були виокремлення саме експозиційних ангарів, їх образність та визначення впливу ангарів на історію та культурну спадщину.Методологія. У статті на основі системного підходу використано традиційні методи наукового дослідження: історичного аналізу, порівняльного аналізу та структурно-функціонального аналізу.Результати. У даній статті досліджуються різні види використання цивільних літаків у музейних ангарах, охарактеризовано закономірності проєктування даного типу будівель, проаналізовано спицифіку їх планування.Результатами дослідження даної роботи сформовано особливості будівництва авіаангарів. Адже сучасні музейні комплекси варіюються в плануванні і проєктуванні, тому тип кожного ангару використовується в залежності від від специфіки і кількості частин літака задля технічного обслуговування обладнання. У більшості загальних ангарів прямокутний профіль, великі арки або ворота; вони часто більш ніж 100 метрів в ширину. В залежності від їх функції, ангари розрізняють: складські, в яких основна будівля використовується для стоянки та зберігааня, технічного обслуговування, і профілактичного огляду; ангари для по ремонту літаків, вертольотів та іншої авіаційної техніки. В основному споруди включають кілька виробничих і повсякденних адміністративних приміщень, які, як правило, розміщені як додаток до головного ангару. Також вони поділяються за типом конструкцій: стаціонарний (з підтримкою структурних елементів з металу або армованого бетону); тимчасові (призначені для короткочасного обслуговування, як правило, з дерева); і розбірний (з конструктивними елементами зі сталі або легких сплавів). Результати досліджень можуть бути використані в навчальному процесі при викладанні дисципліни архітектурного проектування, а також при розробленні нормативної і методичної літератури з проектування громадських будівель та споруд. Напрацювання даної роботи можуть бути застосовані в реальному проєктуванні та будівництві; були внесені до тематичних планів для курсового та дипломного проєктування.Наукова новизна. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає в тому, що:- виявлено вплив технологічного процесу на функціонально-планувальне вирішення музейно-виставкових авіаційних комплексів (функціонально-планувальна схема, функціональне зонування);- виявлено вплив конструктивних ангарних рішень на формування музейно-виставкових авіаційних комплексів (на образність, на візуальну естетику авіаційного комплексу, на функціонально-планувальне вирішення);- за одержаними результатами сформульовано основні принципи формування музейно-виставкових авіаційних комплексів з використанням ангару як важливого архітектурного елементу (принцип естетичної унікальності, принцип ситуативної адаптивності, принцип екологічної безпеки та принцип варіабельності);- показано важливість прослідковування становлення та розвитку авіаційної галузі через музейні експонати та вплив музейних комплексів на розвиток авіації за рахунок збереження історичних цінностей, важливих для минулого та майбутнього повітроплавання.Практична значущість. В статті доведена практична значущість авіаангарів як важливого об’єкту, виокремлено його як значний архітектурний елемент музейних комплексів, який забезпечує збереження та обслуговування історичних експонатів. Оскільки саме в подібних місцях можна повноцінно відчути історію та драму польоту, повністю проникнутись авіаційною галуззю, яка захоплює подих своєю масштабністю та неординарністю. Безаварійна експлуатація авіаційної техніки багато в чому залежить від дотримання особливих умов зберігання. Їх можуть забезпечити спеціалізовані будівлі - авіаційні ангари, які також служать для технічного обслуговування і ремонту вертольотів і літаків. Ангар, як музейний експонат, не лише слугує сховищем для зберігання літальних об’єктів, а й використовується як джерело донесення до відвідувачів широкого спектру інформації з історії розвитку авіації.До ангару для літаків пред’являються особливі вимоги по надійності конструкцій, так як в них неможливо встановити додаткові опорні елементи для посилення каркаса будівлі. Літаки - дуже складна і дорога техніка і їм потрібні особливі умови зберігання.Відмінною особливістю ангарів для літаків є не тільки велика ширина прольоту споруди, а й висота, так як вони призначені для стоянки і обслуговування авіатехніки, де потрібне використання підйомників, підвісного та кранового обладнання. Особливості будівництва авіаційних ангарів ми розглянемо в даній статті. Aim: to determine the design features of hangars in museum complexes, their practical significance and functional purpose. Analyze the need for these structures in the modern world, the impact on history and cultural heritage. An important task is to single out the exhibition hangars, analyze, using well-known examples, which elements and figurative motives are most often used, structural features and planning.Methodology. The article uses traditional scientific methods of historical analysis, comparative analysis and the method of system-structural analysis.Results. This article explores the various uses of civil aircraft in museum hangars, ranging from flying for entertainment and exploring the world to distant communities. The patterns of design of this type of buildings are characterized, the specifics of their planning are analyzed.Modern museum hangars vary in planning and design. The type of each used depending on the specifics and the number of aircraft parts for equipment maintenance. Most common hangars have rectangular profiles, large arches or gates; they are often over 100 meters wide. Depending on their function, hangars are divided into warehouses, in which the main one is used for parking and zberigaan, maintenance and preventive inspection; hangars for the repair of aircraft, helicopters and other aviation equipment. Basically, the structures include several production and day-to-day administrative offices, which are usually located in addition to the main hangar. They are also divided by the type of structures: stationary (with the support of structural elements made of metal or reinforced concrete), temporary (designed for short-term maintenance, usually made of wood) and collapsible (with structural elements made of steel or light alloys).The research results can be used in the educational process in teaching the discipline of architectural design, as well as in the development of normative and methodological literature on the design of public buildings and structures. The developments of this work can be applied in real design and construction; were included in thematic plans for coursework and graduation projects.Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that:- the influence of the technological process on the functional and planning solutions for museum and exhibition aviation complexes (functional planning scheme, functional zoning)- the influence of constructive hangar solutions on the formation of museum and exhibition aviation complexes was revealed (on the artistic image, on the visual aesthetics of the aviation complex and on the functional planning solution)- formulated the basic principles of the formation of museum and exhibition aviation complexes using the hangar as an important architectural element (the principle of aesthetic uniqueness, the principle of situational adaptability, the principle of environmental safety and the principle of variability)- the influence of museum complexes on the development of aviation has been proven due to the preservation of historical values ​​that are important for the past and future of the air forces of any state. The use of aviation technologies, designs, and a glimpse into the formation and development of the aviation industry through museum exhibits.Practical significance. The article proves the practical significance of air hangars as an important object, singles it out as a significant architectural element of museum complexes, which provides preservation and maintenance of historical exhibits. Because it is in such places you can fully experience the history and drama of the flight, fully penetrate the aviation industry, which is breathtaking in its scale and unusualness.Accident-free operation of aircraft largely depends on compliance with special storage conditions. Specialized buildings — aircraft hangars, which are also used for maintenance and repair of helicopters and aircraft, can provide them.The hangar, as a museum exhibit, not only serves as a storage facility for aircraft, but also is used as a source of conveying to visitors a wide range of information on the history of aviation.The aircraft hangar has special requirements for the reliability of structures, as it is impossible to install additional support elements to strengthen the frame of the building. Airplanes are very complex and expensive equipment and they need special storage conditions.

ResumenEste es un artículo en dos tiempos, mediados por un entreacto, en los que naturaleza, ciudad y aviación se entrecruzan. El primero de ellos, centrado a finales de los años veinte del siglo pasado, describe un momento de emoción en el que los primeros aeródromos servirán a geógrafos, artistas y arquitectos como plataformas desde las que explorar las relaciones entre ciudad y naturaleza. El segundo tiempo nos sitúa en la actualidad y lanza sus preguntas al futuro. Un momento en que los paisajes en secuencia, evolutivos, marcan la tendencia en el tratamiento de las instala­ciones aeroportuarias obsoletas, revirtiendo gran parte de sus tierras al campo original y difumi­nando las trazas de su etapa aérea. La experiencia de Robert Smithson en Pine Barrens define el entreacto, subrayando la sensi­bilidad del artista en la apreciación del vacío del aeródromo como un lugar singular, cargado de valores sensoriales y patrimoniales.AbstractThis is an article in two stages, mediated by an intermission, where nature, city and aviation intersect. The first one, focussed in the late twenties of the last century, describes a moment of emotion in which the first airfields will serve geographers, artists and architects as platfor­ms from which to explore the relationship between city and nature. The second places us today and throws questions into the future. A moment in which the sequential, evolutionary landscapes mark the trend in the treatment of obsolete airport facilities, reversing much of their land to the original field and blurring the traces of their aerial stage. The experience of Robert Smithson in Pine Barrens defines the intermission, underlining the artist’s sensitivity in appreciating the emptiness of the airfield as a unique place, loaded with sensory and heritage values.

Purpose of the article is to analyze reasons of rapid growth of the Korean cultural product popularity in European cultural environment, to identify coincidence of the worldview, aesthetic, gaming demands of the Western consumer audience and art patterns of the Korean mass-culture. The phenomenon of the rapid popularity growth of Korean cultural products is called the “Korean wave. According to statistics, K-pop forms 2% of GDP (for comparison, Korean aviation – 0,7 %). On March 2020 the artistic heritage of the nowadays most popular Korean pop-band BTS was recognized “the strategic export product” of South Korea. That’s why it is actually to study out reasons for the great popularity of the “Korean wave” among the Western European cultural environment. Methodology. Theoretical basis of the exploration includes authors as of the applying field of cultural science, so of the fundamental one. For example, N. Tytkova (2020) analyzes style peculiarities of the Korean wave, Y. Pak (2015) outlines the genealogy of the phenomenon according to the Korean ethnic mentality specificity. Appealing to the theoretical works of R. Popty (1996) and F. Jameson (2008), T. Vermeulen and R. van der Akker (2010) has facilitated deeper understanding as of the Metamodern features of the actual European culture so the specificity of nowadays Korean pop-culture. Scientific novelty. Popularity of the Southern Korean pop-culture in Europe and Northern America is caused not only by the marketing peculiarities of the K-pop industry but also by its reasoning with key values and demands of the metamodern Western culture, such as “new sincerity”, “sober fanaticism”, “pragmatic romanticism”, “causal esotericism”. Conclusions. The powerful request for the youth artifacts and practices is been formed in the West. But artistic and academic discourse is still been under the influence of distrustfully critical postmodern narrative. Thus, the rupture between the West’s philosophical self-reflective vocabulary and applied requests for the new sincerity, and new romanticism has created favorable conditions for the youth-oriented mass-culture import.

The second volume of Atna comes to you with our humble efforts to enrich tourism literature in India. We are delighted with the overwhelming response to the I volume from distinguished readers across India and abroad. Inspired by the constructive comments to the I volume, the second volume of Atna continue to incorporate articles on diverse areas of tourism such as sustainable tourism, heritage, medical tourism, cruises, cuisines, education, aviation etc. Raiesh N Ragde and Maduri T Sawant in their article on 'Proficiency of Foreign Languages : A study of the approved tourist guides of Aurangabad Region' state that, most of the tourist guides engaged in tourism business do not have proficiency of foreign languages, resulting in lack of appreciation of their role and responsibilities. Nedelea and Babu P George presents a case study of sustainable tourism development in Eastern Europe. This article points to the problems faced by hospitality and tourism industry in Romania and force the tourism sector to contemplate on the approaches towards sustainable tourism development. Strategies for sustainable eco-tourism by Maduri T Sawant examines the overall development of tourism and suggests strategies for sustainable tourism development. Sindhu Joseph critically analyses the potential and present stage of development of Bekal beach resort in Kerala in her article 'Special tourism Area- a critical study of Bekal.' 'Management of Eco-tourism sites: A case study of Aianta Ellora caves' by Raiesh N Ragde and Maduri Sawant highlights that the heritage contributes to the richness of any landscape and can attract innumerable tourists looking for cultural experiences in eco-friendly environment. Prospects of developing Medical tourism in India authored by Binoy T A draws attention to the pivotal role of medical tourism and calls for coordinated promotional strategies to develop medical tourism. Paramita Suklabaidya explores the potential of cruises as tourism product and the reasons for its growing popularity worldwide in her article 'New Age Tourism Product: The Cruise Industry - the Fastest growing Tourism Sector'. Gastronomy tourism can be a pull factor for many tourism market segments and the role of Gastronomy Tourism in promoting Jharkhand as a Tourist Destination is beautifully presented by Mohinder Chand, Ashish Dahiya and Lata S Patil. Issues of effective teaching and learning in tourism education by Toney K. Thomas reviews and evaluates the effectiveness of the application of skills in the industry. Joby Thomas and P. Pakkerappa in their article highlight the crucial role of HRD in airline industry to cope UP with the challenges of advancement in technology, changing market scenario, industry restructuring and more competitive business environment. To demonstrate the techniques of implementing intrapreneurship with examples from the tourism industry a case of Southwest Airlines of USA, is presented by Jyothirmoy Ghosh and Anianeya Swamy, and portrays how the intrapreneurship principles are applied effectively in tourism sector. On behalf of the editorial board I extend sincere gratitude to all the authors for contributing their scholarly articles to Atna. We look forward to the support, guidance and encouragement of academicians, researchers, professionals and well wishers of tourism and hospitality sector in our future endeavours. Joby Thomas Executive Editor

It was presented the description of the natural features of Greece, which determine the attractiveness of this country for tourism, namely the huge length of the sea coast, warm and clean sea water, arid subtropical climate, beautiful mountain landscapes. A three-dimensional image of the Greece territory has been created, which gives a good idea about its predominantly mountainous terrain. Brief information about the largest Greek peninsulas and islands is given. The most important data on the population of the country, the state of the economy, as well as the significant role of the tourism sector are shown. The income of Greece from the tourism is given. The wealth of country for historical and cultural heritage is briefly presented. The most famous sites of the a UNESCO World Heritage are mentioned. The dynamics of tourist flows to this country is studied. It is shown that till 2019 the number of foreign tourists more than three times exсeeded the Greece population. A significant drop occurred in 2020, due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It is noted that most tourists come to this country from Germany, some less – from the United Kingdom. Information about number of Ukrainian tourists visiting Greece is given. Their share is relatively small, it is less than 1% of the total. The analysis of the factors, which determines the preferential visiting of Turkey by Ukrainian tourists, is given. The main factor is the cost of a holiday in Greece, which about one and a half times is higher. Information on passenger traffic at local airports is given, which allows to find out the most popular holiday destinations. Routes of aviation connection of Greece with the largest cities of Ukraine are described. Ukrainian airlines companies operating these flights are mentioned. The data on the cost of rest at the peak of the tourist season of 2021 are presented. The features of rest in the most popular tourist regions, in particular on Corfu, Crete and Rhodes islands are shown. The data about the sea beaches in Greece are presented. It is noted that by the number of beaches with the Blue Flag (over 500) the country ranks second in the world after Spain. The temperature of sea water in different regions was described, as well as the factors influencing this temperature.Key words: Greece, tourism, nature, history, World Herritage, islands. Наведено опис природних особливостей Греції, які визначають привабливість цієї країни для туризму, а саме величезна довжина морського узбережжя, тепла і чиста морська вода, посушливий субтропічний клімат, чудові гірські ландшафти. Створено об’ємне зображення території Греції, яке дає добре уявлення про її переважно гірський рельєф. Подано короткі відомості про найбільші грецькі півострови та острови. Наведено найважливіші дані про населення країни, стан економіки, а також значну роль туристичної сфери. Показано обсяг грошових надходжень, які Греція отримує від туризму. Наведено відомості про багатство країни на історико-культурну спадщину. Згадано найвідоміші об’єкти, що занесені до Всесвітньої спадщини ЮНЕСКО. Досліджено динаміку туристичних потоків у цю країну. Показано, що до 2019 р. включно кількість іноземних туристів більш як утричі перевищувала чисельність населення Греції. Істотне падіння трапилося в 2020 р., що пов’язано з пандемією Covid-19. Зазначено, що найбільше туристів прибуває у цю країну з Німеччини, дещо менше – зі Сполученого Королівства. Наведено відомості про чисельність українських туристів, що відвідують Грецію. Їх частка порівняно невелика – менше 1% загального обсягу. Наведено аналіз чинників того, чому українські туристи значно частіше відвідують Туреччину. Головним із них є те, що вартість відпочинку в Греції приблизно в півтора рази вища. Наведено відомості про пасажиропотік місцевих аеропортів, які дають змогу з’ясувати найпопулярніші регіони для відпочинку. Описано маршрути авіасполучення Греції з найбільшими містами України. Згадано українські авіакомпанії, які виконують ці рейси. Наведено дані про вартість відпочинку в пік туристичного сезону 2021 р. Висвітлено особливості відпочинку в найбільш популярних туристичних регіонах, зокрема на островах Корфу, Крит і Родос. Наведено відомості про пляжі в Греції. Зазначено, що за кількістю пляжів, що мають Блакитний прапор (понад 500), країна займає друге місце в світі після Іспанії. Наведено опис температури морської води в різних регіонах, а також чинників що на неї впливають. Ключові слова: Греція, туризм, природа, море, історія, Всесвітня спадщина, острови.

Представлено авторское видение одного из возможных вариантов реализации геокультурного брендинга Перми, актуализирующего тему «космического» наследия советской эпохи, прочно закрепившегося в визуально-эстетической среде города. Ее феноменальное ядро составляют официальная и неофициальная топонимика, городские легенды, места памяти, монументальная скульптура, малые архитектурные формы, тематические мозаики, барельефы и сграффито на фасадах зданий. Использована концепция геокультурного брендинга территорий и городов (Д. Н. Замятин) и теория креативного города (Ч. Лэндри). Проанализировано отражение темы освоения космоса в городском пространстве Перми. Изучены особенности закрепления этой темы в наименованиях улиц, облике объектов общественного и культурного назначения. Выделены имиджевые ресурсы, являющиеся концептуальными основаниями геокультурного бренда «Пермь космическая». Разработана геокультурная схема геобренда, отражающая статус различных имиджевых ресурсов в его структуре. For several years, the authors have been developing possible options for a geocultural branding strategy for Perm. The aim of the study is to develop one of the possible concepts for the implementation of the geocultural branding of Perm, the core of which is the “cosmic” past and present of the city. The theme of the cultural heritage of the Soviet era, associated with the exploration of outer space, is an immanent part of the city’s visual and aesthetic environment. Its phenomenal core is made up of official and unofficial toponymy (“cosmic” names of city streets, boulevards), urban legends and traditions, places of memory, monumental sculpture, small architectural forms, thematic mosaics, bas-reliefs and sgraffitos on the facades of city buildings. The analysis uses the concept of geocultural branding of territories and cities by the Russian scientist Dmitry Zamyatin, as well as the theory of a creative city by the British researcher Charles Landry. The city’s image passport, which constitutes the general conceptual basis of the Cosmic Perm geocultural brand, includes: cosmic names of city streets (Shosse Kosmonavtov [Cosmonauts’ Highway], Ulitsa Kosmonavta Leonova [Cosmonaut Leonov Street], Ulitsa Kosmonavta Belyaeva [Cosmonaut Belyaev Street], Ulitsa Akademika Koroleva [Academician Korolev Street], Bul'var Gagarina [Gagarin Boulevard]), monuments and steles (monument to Yu A. Gagarin), the historically first planetarium in the Urals region, exhibition samples of rocket space technology of the city’s large enterprises, unique museum expositions (Museum of Perm Artillery, Museum of the History of Cosmonautics of the Perm Aviation College named after A.D. Shvetsov), products of street artists. For the first time, the article presents the geocultural scheme Cosmic Perm, which reflects these resources. On the eve of its anniversary (2023), Perm has unique opportunities to launch mechanisms for the implementation of a holistic strategy of geocultural development. It is noted thatPerm has enough image resources to enter the top five comfortable and creative cities in Russia. It is possible to launch a real effective strategy for the geocultural branding of a city, provided that cultural and creative activities by city residents and its resource provision are activated, which is quite within the ability of local business communities and power groups. One must not forget about the potential risks of the practical implementation of the Cosmic Perm geocultural brand. The authors emphasize that local authorities should not prioritize only the goals of promoting the development of domestic educational and event tourism in Perm Krai.

The life path, scientific-pedagogical and public activity of Volodymyr Sokurenko – a prominent Ukrainian jurist, doctor of law, professor, talented teacher of the Lviv Law School of Franko University are analyzed. It is found out that after graduating from a seven-year school in Zaporizhia, V. Sokurenko entered the Zaporizhia Aviation Technical School, where he studied two courses until 1937. 1/10/1937 he was enrolled as a cadet of the 2nd school of aircraft technicians named after All-Union Lenin Komsomol. In 1938, this school was renamed the Volga Military Aviation School, which he graduated on September 4, 1939 with the military rank of military technician of the 2nd category. As a junior aircraft technician, V. Sokurenko was sent to the military unit no. 8690 in Baku, and later to Maradnyany for further military service in the USSR Air Force. From September 4, 1939 to March 16, 1940, he was a junior aircraft technician of the 50th Fighter Regiment, 60th Air Brigade of the ZAK VO in Baku. The certificate issued by the Railway District Commissariat of Lviv on January 4, 1954 no. 3132 states that V. Sokurenko actually served in the staff of the Soviet Army from October 1937 to May 1946. The same certificate states that from 10/12/1941 to 20/09/1942 and from 12/07/1943 to 08/03/1945, he took part in the Soviet-German war, in particular in the second fighter aviation corps of the Reserve of the Supreme Command of the Soviet Army. In 1943 he joined the CPSU. He was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree and the Order of the Red Star (1943) as well as 9 medals «For Merit in Battle» during the Soviet-German war. With the start of the Soviet-German war, the Sokurenko family, like many other families, was evacuated to the town of Kamensk-Uralsky in the Sverdlovsk region, where their father worked at a metallurgical plant. After the war, the Sokurenko family moved to Lviv. In 1946, V. Sokurenko entered the Faculty of Law of the Ivan Franko Lviv State University, graduating with honors in 1950, and entered the graduate school of the Lviv State University at the Department of Theory and History of State and Law. V. Sokurenko successfully passed the candidate examinations and on December 25, 1953 in Moscow at the Institute of Law of the USSR he defended his thesis on the topic: «Socialist legal consciousness and its relationship with Soviet law». The supervisor of V. Sokurenko's candidate's thesis was N. Karieva. The Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR, by its decision of March 31, 1954, awarded V. Sokurenko the degree of Candidate of Law. In addition, it is necessary to explain the place of defense of the candidate's thesis by V. Sokurenko. As it is known, the Institute of State and Law of the USSR has its history since 1925, when, in accordance with the resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of March 25, 1925, the Institute of Soviet Construction was established at the Communist Academy. In 1936, the Institute became part of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1938 it was reorganized into the Institute of Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941–1943 it was evacuated to Tashkent. In 1960-1991 it was called the Institute of State and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In Ukraine, there is the Institute of State and Law named after V. Koretsky of the NAS of Ukraine – a leading research institution in Ukraine of legal profile, founded in 1949. It is noted that, as a graduate student, V. Sokurenko read a course on the history of political doctrines, conducted special seminars on the theory of state and law. After graduating from graduate school and defending his thesis, from October 1, 1953 he was enrolled as a senior lecturer and then associate professor at the Department of Theory and History of State and Law at the Faculty of Law of the Lviv State University named after Ivan Franko. By the decision of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR of December 18, 1957, V. Sokurenko was awarded the academic title of associate professor of the «Department of Theory and History of State and Law». V. Sokurenko took an active part in public life. During 1947-1951 he was a member of the party bureau of the party organization of LSU, worked as a chairman of the trade union committee of the university, from 1955 to 1957 he was a secretary of the party committee of the university. He delivered lectures for the population of Lviv region. Particularly, he lectured in Turka, Chervonohrad, and Yavoriv. He made reports to the party leaders, Soviet workers as well as business leaders. He led a philosophical seminar at the Faculty of Law. He was a deputy of the Lviv City Council of People's Deputies in 1955-1957 and 1975-1978. In December 1967, he defended his doctoral thesis on the topic: «Development of progressive political thought in Ukraine (until the early twentieth century)». The defense of the doctoral thesis was approved by the Higher Attestation Commission on June 14, 1968. During 1960-1990 he headed the Department of Theory and History of State and Law; in 1962-68 and 1972-77 he was the dean of the Law Faculty of the Ivan Franko Lviv State University. In connection with the criticism of the published literature, on September 10, 1977, V. Sokurenko wrote a statement requesting his dismissal from the post of Dean of the Faculty of Law due to deteriorating health. During 1955-1965 he was on research trips to Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Austria, and Bulgaria. From August 1966 to March 1967, in particular, he spent seven months in the United States, England and Canada as a UN Fellow in the Department of Human Rights. From April to May 1968, he was a member of the government delegation to the International Conference on Human Rights in Iran for one month. He spoke, in addition to Ukrainian, English, Polish and Russian. V. Sokurenko played an important role in initiating the study of an important discipline at the Faculty of Law of the Lviv University – History of Political and Legal Studies, which has been studying the history of the emergence and development of theoretical knowledge about politics, state, law, ie the process of cognition by people of the phenomena of politics, state and law at different stages of history in different nations, from early statehood and modernity. Professor V. Sokurenko actively researched the problems of the theory of state and law, the history of Ukrainian legal and political thought. He was one of the first legal scholars in the USSR to begin research on the basics of legal deontology. V. Sokurenko conducted extensive research on the development of basic requirements for the professional and legal responsibilities of a lawyer, similar to the requirements for a doctor. In further research, the scholar analyzed the legal responsibilities, prospects for the development of the basics of professional deontology. In addition, he considered medical deontology from the standpoint of a lawyer, law and morality, focusing on internal (spiritual) processes, calling them «the spirit of law.» The main direction of V. Sokurenko's research was the problems of the theory of state and law, the history of legal and political studies. The main scientific works of professor V. Sokurenko include: «The main directions in the development of progressive state and legal thought in Ukraine: 16th – 19th centuries» (1958) (Russian), «Democratic doctrines about the state and law in Ukraine in the second half of the 19th century (M. Drahomanov, S. Podolynskyi, A. Terletskyi)» (1966), «Law. Freedom. Equality» (1981, co-authored) (in Russian), «State and legal views of Ivan Franko» (1966), «Socio-political views of Taras Shevchenko (to the 170th anniversary of his birth)» (1984); «Political and legal views of Ivan Franko (to the 130th anniversary of his birth)» (1986) (in Russian) and others. V. Sokurenko died on November 22, 1994 and was buried in Holoskivskyi Cemetery in Lviv. Volodymyr Sokurenko left a bright memory in the hearts of a wide range of scholars, colleagues and grateful students. The 100th anniversary of the Scholar is a splendid opportunity to once again draw attention to the rich scientific heritage of the lawyer, which is an integral part of the golden fund of Ukrainian legal science and education. It needs to be studied, taken into account and further developed.

Tourism is the travel of people from one place to another; whether it is within their own country or to other countries. It is naturally a human character. Attraction is the most causative element of tourism. Various natural and cultural heritages of Nepal, its diverse topography, varied climate, its diverse flora and fauna, different shrines and temples, jungle safari and trekking attract tourists in Nepal. This study uses the data of the Nepal tourism statistics 2012published by Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation. The Rana ruler isolated Nepal from external influences for a hundred and four years. During that period, Nepal was a ‘forbidden land’ for foreigners. Tourism in Nepal was promoted after the establishment of democracy in 1951. Tourists’ influx shows a steady trend in different periods in Nepal. The average length of stay of tourist is not so long. The tourist flow in Nepal is generally confined during the spring and autumn seasons. The recent trend of tourists' arrival in Nepal seems satisfactoryDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v13i0.11546The Third PoleVol. 13, 2013page : 46-53

In this article, I explore a tendency of (de-)heroization in Lithuania during the 20th century. This research is focused on a historical hero, that is, a mental construct based on a historical prototype: a protagonist of the factual versus fictional narrative who was idealized, mythologized, and initiated to meet the current collective needs and demands. The aim can be generalized by the following questions: who is a historical hero and why is he important; what makes (de-)heroization relevant and how did/does it occur; why this phenomenon is relevant to Lithuania and how should it be further explored? The applied methodology involved a case study (an analysis of the transforming and transfigured heroes, the origin and evolution of the heroic narrative about Lithuanian-American pilots Stephen William Darius and Stanley [Thomas] Girch, aka Darius and Girėnas), a discourse analysis, and an interdisciplinary approach focusing on the heroism humanities in the context of the emerging transdisciplinary heroism science. The emergence and specificity of the heroic ideals – the Great Lithuanian and Winged Lithuanian – and types – the Warrior and Aviator – is explored, and the tendency of idealization and ideologization as well as inertia and stagnation in heroization processes are revealed. The resilience of the cult of power, as well as ideological relics of Lithuanian nationalism and even Soviet utopianism in the current heroism discourse, has led to an unsettling conclusion that the process of hero-making simultaneously and repeatedly involved an exalted idealization and deep depreciation of the heroic figures and their original ideas and/or achievements and of the historical past and historical heritage in general. This kind of (de-)heroization was an integral part of the construction of the Lithuanian mythical modernity.

The Tursi Fund, kept at the Cini Foundation and the Marciana Library in Venice, largely unpublished, preserves an important and unexplored heritage referring to the ‘Venetian period’ of d’Annunzio and to the political and military commitment in aviation during the first world conflict. The essay presents an integral and chronologically reconstruction of the entire collection with particular attention to the letters sent by d’Annunzio to Virginio Avi, director of the Gazzetta di Venezia between 1916 and 1918.

A local organization is a group of individuals with a specific goal, who go their way to achieve the goal, and the organization has a legal personality as an entity independent of its founders, and the board of directors elected by the members is the one who manages it. And the international organization is more like an international federation consisting of several countries that work to take care of their common interests while they are established by agreement between countries and signed by members. Those organizations that are interested in tourism appeared, and that after the calm that prevailed in the world after the Second World War, and the increase in the inter-tourist movement between the countries of the world, which led to a major development of the accident in the transport equipment for travelers, especially the development in aircraft with civilian uses, and the organization of trips for travelers, a new effect Great in the field of travel, the recovery of tourism activity, and the praise of the emergence of an industry in the tourism sector, its expansion has increased its problems, has attracted attention by officials, and who has the decision in countries interested in tourism, to the extent of the role of international cooperation in the field of aviation and travel, and is controlled in coordination Among the countries of the world to cooperate in setting controls for the tourism and aviation industry in particular, and after the General Assembly of the United Nations devoted that there is a year of world tourism, and in order to preserve the spirit of understanding of peoples, care of heritage in the world, as well as the identification of cultures among peoples.

Abstract Objectives Root reimplantation has been the favored approach for patients with heritable aortic disorder (HAD) requiring valve-sparring root replacement (VSRR). In the past few years, root remodelling with annuloplasty has emerged as an alternative to root reimplantation in the general population. The aim of this study was to examine the late outcomes of patients with HAD undergoing VSRR and compare different techniques. Methods Using the AVIATOR registry, data were collected from 5 North American and European centers. Patients were divided in 4 groups according to the technique of valve-sparing used (root reimplantation, root remodelling with ring annuloplasty, root remodelling with suture annuloplasty and root remodelling alone). The primary end-points were freedom from aortic regurgitation (AR) ≥2 and freedom from reintervention on the aortic valve. Secondary end-points were survival and changes in annular dimensions over time. Results A total of 237 patients were included in the study (reimplantation= 100, remodelling + ring annuloplasty= 76, remodelling + suture annuloplasty= 34, remodelling alone= 27). The majority of patients had Marfan syndrome (82%). Preoperative AR ≥ 2 was present in 41% of the patients. Operative mortality was 0.4% (n = 1). No differences were found between techniques in terms of postoperative AR ≥ 2 (p = 0.58), reintervention (p = 0.52) and survival (p = 0.59). Changes in aortic annulus dimension were significantly different at 10 years (p &lt; 0.05), a difference that started to emerge 4 after years surgery. Conclusions Overall, VSRR are safe and durable procedures in patients with HAD. Nevertheless, root remodelling alone is associated with late annular dilatation. Addition of an annuloplasty, however, results in similar freedom from AR, reintervention, survival, and changes in annulus size compared to reimplantation.

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IntroductionWhat does it mean to be abroad in the modern Australian context? Australia has developed as a country where people increasingly travel both domestically and abroad. Tourism Research Australia reports that 9.6 million resident departures are forecast for 2015-16 and that this will increase to 13.2 million in 2024–25 (Tourism Forecast). This article will identify the development of the Australian culture of travel abroad, the changes that have taken place in Australian society and the conceptual shift of what it means to travel abroad in modern Australia.The traditions of abroad stem from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Grand Tour notion where Europeans and Britons travelled on or to the continent to expand their knowledge and experience. While travel at this time focused on history, culture and science, it was very much the domain of the upper classes (Cooper). The concept of the tourist is often credited with Thomas Cook’s first package tour in 1841, which used railways to facilitate trips for pleasure (Cooper). Other advances at the time popularised the trip abroad. Steamships, expanded rail and road networks all contributed to an age of emerging mobility which saw the development of travel to a multi-dimensional experience open to a great many more people than ever before. This article explores three main waves of influence on the Australian concept of abroad and how each has shifted the experience and meaning of what it is to travel abroad.Australians Abroad The post-war period saw significant changes to Australian society, particularly advances in transport, which shaped the way Australians travelled in the 1950s and 1960s. On the domestic front, Australia began manufacturing Holden cars with Prime Minister Ben Chifley unveiling the first Holden “FX” on 29 November 1948. Such was its success that over 500,000 Holden cars were produced by the end of the next decade (Holden). Throughout the 1950s and 1960s the government established a program to standardise railway gauges around the country, making direct travel between Melbourne and Sydney possible for the first time. Australians became more mobile and their enthusiasm for interstate travel flowed on to international transport (Lee).Also, during the 1950s, Australia experienced an influx of migrants from Southern Europe, followed by the Assisted Passage Scheme to attract Britons in the late 1950s and through the 1960s (“The Changing Face of Modern Australia”). With large numbers of new Australians arriving in Australia by ship, these ships could be filled for their return journey to Britain and Europe with Australian tourists. Travel by ship, usually to the “mother country,” took up to two months time, and communication with those “back home” was limited. By the 1960s travelling by ship started to give way to travel by air. The 1950s saw Qantas operate Royal flights for Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh for their Australian tour, and in 1956 the airline fleet of 34 propeller drive aircraft carried a record number of passengers to the Melbourne Olympics. On 14 January 1958 Qantas launched the first world service from Melbourne flying the Kangaroo Route (via India) and the Southern Cross Route (via the United States) and before long, there were eight such services operating weekly (Qantas). This developing network of international air services connected Australia to the world in a way it had not been previously (Lee).Such developments in Australian aviation were significant on two fronts. Firstly, air travel was a much faster, easier, and more glamorous means of travel (Bednarek) despite the cost, comfort, safety, and capacity issues. The increase in air travel resulted in a steady decline of international travel by boat. Secondly, air travel abroad offered Australians from all walks of life the opportunity to experience other cultures, ideas, fashions, and fads from abroad. These ideas were fed into a transforming Australian society more quickly than they had been in the past.Social change during the late 1950s and into the 1960s connected Australia more closely to the world. The Royal Tour attracted the attention of the British Empire, and the Melbourne Olympics drew international attention. It was the start of television in Australia (1956) which gave Australians connectivity in a way not experienced previously. Concurrent with these advances, Australian society enjoyed rising standards of living, increased incomes, a rise in private motorcar ownership, along with greater leisure time. Three weeks paid holiday was introduced in NSW in 1958 and long service leave soon followed (Piesse). The confluence of these factors resulted in increased domestic travel and arguably altered the allure of abroad. Australians had the resources to travel in a way that they had not before.The social desire for travel abroad extended to the policy level with the Australian government’s 1975 introduction of the Working Holiday Programme (WHP). With a particular focus on young people, its aim was to foster closer ties and cultural exchange between Australia and partner countries (Department of Immigration and Boarder Protection). With cost and time commitments lessened in the 1960s and bilateral arrangements for the WHP in the 1970s, travel abroad became much more widespread and, at least in part, reduced the tyranny of distance. It is against the backdrop of increasingly connected transport networks, modernised communication, and rapid social change that the foundation for a culture of mobility among Australians was further cemented.Social Interactions AbroadDistance significantly shapes the experience of abroad. Proximity has a long association with the volume and frequency of communication exchange. Libai et al. observed that the geographic, temporal, and social distance may be much more important than individual characteristics in communication exchange. Close proximity fosters interpersonal interaction where discussion of experiences can lead to decision-making and social arrangements whilst travelling. Social interaction abroad has been grounded in similarity, social niceties, a desire to belong to a social group of particular travellers, and the need for information (Harris and Prideaux). At the same time, these interactions also contribute to the individual’s abroad experience. White and White noted, “the role of social interaction in the active construction of self as tourist and the tourist experience draws attention to how tourists self-identify social worlds in which they participate while touring” (43). Similarly, Holloway observed of social interaction that it is “a process of meaning making where individuals and groups shape understandings and attitudes through shared talk within their own communities of critique” (237).The unique combination of social interaction and place forms the experiences one has abroad. Cresswell observed that the geographical location and travellers’ sense of place combine to produce a destination in the tourism context. It is against this backdrop of material and immaterial, mobile and immobile, fixed and fluid intersections where social relations between travellers take place. These points of social meeting, connectivity and interaction are linked by way of networks within the destination or during travel (Mavric and Urry) and contribute to its production of unique experiences abroad.Communicating Abroad Communication whilst abroad, has changed significantly since the turn of the century. The merging of the corporeal and technological domains during travel has impacted the entire experience of travel. Those who travelled to faraway lands by ship in the 1950s were limited to letter writing and the use of telegrams for urgent or special communication. In the space of less than 60 years, the communication landscape could not look more different.Mobile phones, tablets, and laptops are all carried alongside the passport as the necessities of travel. Further, Wi-Fi connectivity at airports, on transport, at accommodation and in public spaces allows the traveller to continue “living” at home—at least in the technological sense—whilst physically being abroad. This is not just true of Australians. Global Internet use has grown by 826.9% from 361 million users in 2000 to 3.3 billion users in 2015. In addition, there were 7.1 billion global SIM connections and 243 million machine-to-machine connections by the end of 2014 (GSMA Intelligence). The World Bank also reported a global growth in mobile telephone subscriptions, per 100 people, from 33.9 in 2005 to 96.3 in 2014. This also means that travellers can be socially present while physically away, which changes the way we see the world.This adoption of modern communication has changed the discourse of “abroad” in a number of ways. The 24-hour nature of the Internet allows constant connectivity. Channels that are always open means that information about a travel experience can be communicated as it is occurring. Real time communication means that ideas can be expressed synchronously on a one-to-one or one-to-many basis (Litvin et al.) through hits, clicks, messages, on-line ratings, comments and the like. Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram, WhatsApp, Viber, Twitter, TripAdvisor, blogs, e-mails and a growing number of channels allow for multifaceted, real time communication during travel.Tied to this, the content of communicating the travel experience has also diversified from the traditional written word. The adage that “a picture tells a thousand words” is poignantly relevant here. The imagery contributes to the message and brings with it a degree of tone and perspective and, at the same time, adds to the volume being communicated. Beyond the written word and connected with images, modern communication allows for maps and tracking during the trip. How a traveller might be feeling can be captured with emojis, what they think of an experience can be assessed and rated and, importantly, this can be “liked” or commented on from those “at home.”Technologically-enhanced communication has changed the traveller’s experience in terms of time, interaction with place, and with people. Prior to modern communication, the traveller would reflect and reconstruct travel tales to be recounted upon their return. Stories of adventure and travels could be malleable, tailored to audience, and embellished—an individual’s recount of their individual abroad experience. However, this has shifted so that the modern traveller can capture the aspects of the experience abroad on screen, upload, share and receive immediate feedback in real time, during travel. It raises the question of whether a traveller is actually experiencing or simply recording events. This could be seen as a need for validation from those at home during travel as each interaction and experience is recorded, shared and held up for scrutiny by others. It also raises the question of motivation. Is the traveller travelling for self or for others?With maps, photos and images at each point, comments back and forth, preferences, ratings, records of social interactions with newfound friends “friended” or “tagged” on Facebook, it could be argued that the travel is simply a chronological series of events influenced from afar; shaped by those who are geographically distanced.Liquid Modernity and Abroad Cresswell considered tourist places as systems of mobile and material objects, technologies, and social relations that are produced, imagined, recalled, and anticipated. Increasingly, developments in communication and closeness of electronic proximity have closed the gap of being away. There is now an unbroken link to home during travel abroad, as there is a constant and real time exchange of events and experiences, where those who are travelling and those who are at home are overlapping rather than discrete networks. Sociologists refer to this as “mobility” and it provides a paradigm that underpins the modern concept of abroad. Mobility thinking accepts the movement of individuals and the resulting dynamism of social groups and argues that actual, virtual, and imagined mobility is critical to all aspects of modern life. Premised on “liquid modernity,” it asserts that people, objects, images, and information are all moving and that there is an interdependence between these movements. The paradigm asserts a network approach of the mobile (travellers, stories, experiences) and the fixed (infrastructure, accommodation, devices). Furthermore, it asserts that there is not a single network but complex intersections of flow, moving at different speed, scale and viscosity (Sheller and Urry). This is a useful way of viewing the modern concept of abroad as it accepts a level of maintained connectivity during travel. The technological interconnectivity within these networks, along with the mobile and material objects, contributes to overlapping experiences of home and abroad.ConclusionFrom the Australian perspective, the development of a transport network, social change and the advent of technology have all impacted the experience abroad. What once was the realm of a select few and a trip to the mother country, has expanded to a “golden age” of glamour and excitement (Bednarek). Travel abroad has become part of the norm for individuals and for businesses in an increasingly global society.Over time, the experience of “abroad” has also changed. Travel and non-travel now overlap. The modern traveller can be both at home and abroad. Modernity and mobility have influenced the practice of the overseas where the traveller’s experience can be influenced by home and vice-versa simultaneously. Revisiting the modern version of the “grand tour” could mean standing in a crowded gallery space of The Louvre with a mobile phone recording and sharing the Mona Lisa experience with friends and family at home. It could mean exploring the finest detail and intricacies of the work from home using Google Art Project (Ambroise).While the lure of the unique and different provides an impetus for travel, it is undeniable that the meaning of abroad has changed. In some respects it could be argued that abroad is only physical distance. Conversely overseas travel has now melded into Australian social life in such a way that it cannot be easily unpicked from other aspects. The traditions that have seen Australians travel and experience abroad have, in any case, provided a tradition of travel which has impacted modern, social and cultural life and will continue to do so.ReferencesAustralian Government. Austrade. Tourism Forecasts 2016. Tourism Research Australia, Canberra. 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The Netflix/BBC eight-part limited true crime series The Serpent (2021) provides a commentary on the impact of the tourist industry in South-East Asia in the 1970s. The series portrays the story of French serial killer Charles Sobhraj (played by Tahar Rahim)—a psychopathic international con artist of Vietnamese-Indian descent—who regularly targeted Western travellers, especially the long-term wanderers of the legendary “Hippie Trail” (or the “Overland”), running between eastern Europe and Asia. The series, which was filmed on location in Thailand—in Bangkok and the Thai town of Hua Hin—is set in a range of travel destinations along the route of the Hippie Trail, as the narrative follows the many crimes of Sobhraj. Cities such as Kathmandu, Goa, Varanasi, Hong Kong, and Kabul are featured on the show. The series is loosely based upon Australian writers Richard Neville and Julie Clarke’s true crime biography The Life and Crimes of Charles Sobhraj (1979). Another true crime text by Thomas Thompson called Serpentine: Charles Sobhraj’s Reign of Terror from Europe to South Asia (also published in 1979) is a second reference. The show portrays the disappearance and murders of many young victims at the hands of Sobhraj. Certainly, Sobhraj is represented as a monstrous figure, but what about the business of tourism itself? Arguably, in its reflective examination of twentieth-century travel, the series also poses the hedonism of tourism as monstrous. Here, attention is drawn to Western privilege and a neo-orientalist gaze that presented Asia as an exotic playground for its visitors. The television series focuses on Sobhraj, his French-Canadian girlfriend Marie-Andrée Leclerc (played by Jenna Coleman), and the glamourous life they lead in Bangkok. The fashionable couple’s operation presents Sobhraj as a legitimate gem dealer: outwardly, they seem to embody the epitome of fun and glamour, as well as the cross-cultural sophistication of the international jet set. In reality, they drug and then steal from tourists who believe their story. Sobhraj uses stolen passports and cash to travel internationally and acquire more gems. Then, with an accomplice called Ajay Chowdhury (played by Amesh Adireweera), Sobhraj murders his victims if he thinks they could expose his fraud. Often depicted as humourless and seething with anger, the Sobhraj of the series often wears dark aviator sunglasses, a detail that enhances the sense of his impenetrability. One of the first crimes featured in The Serpent is the double-murder of an innocent Dutch couple. The murders lead to an investigation by Dutch diplomat Herman Knippenberg (played by Billy Howle), wanting to provide closure for the families of the victims. Knippenberg enlists neighbours to go undercover at Sobhraj’s home to collect evidence. This exposes Sobhraj’s crimes, so he flees the country with Marie-Andrée and Ajay. While they were apprehended, Sobhraj would be later given pardon from a prison in India: he would only received a life sentence for murder when he is arrested in Nepal in 2003. His ability to evade punishment—and inability to admit to and atone for his crimes—become features of his monstrosity in the television series. Clearly, Sobhraj is represented as the “serpent” of this drama, a metaphor regularly reinforced both textually and visually across the length of the series. As an example, the opening credit sequence for the series coalesces shots of vintage film in Asia—including hitchhiking backpackers, VW Kombi vans, swimming pools, religious tourist sites, corrupt Asian police forces—against an animated map of central and South-East Asia and the Hippie Trail. The map is encased by the giant, slithering tail of some monstrous, reptilian creature. Situating the geographic context of the narrative, the serpentine monster appears to be rising out of continental Asia itself, figuratively stalking and then entrapping the tourists and travellers who move along its route. So, what of the other readings about the monstrosity of the tourism industry that appears on the show? The Hippie Trail was arguably a site—a serpentine cross-continental thoroughfare—of Western excess. The Hippie Trail emerged as the result of the ease of travel across continental Europe and Asia. It was an extension of a countercultural movement that first emerged in the United States in the mid 1960s. Agnieszka Sobocinska has suggested that the travellers of the Hippie Trail were motivated by “widespread dissatisfaction with the perceived conservatism of Western society and its conventions”, and that it was characterised by “youth, rebellion, self-expression and the performance of personal freedom” (par. 8). The Trail appealed to a particular subcultural group who wanted to differentiate themselves from other travellers. Culturally, the Hippie Trail has become a historical site of enduring fascination, written about in popular histories and Western travel narratives, such as A Season in Heaven: True Tales from the Road to Kathmandu (Tomory 1998), Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India (MacLean 2007), The Hippie Trail: A History (Gemie and Ireland 2017), and The Hippie Trail: After Europe, Turn Left (Kreamer 2019). Despite these positive memoirs, the route also has a reputation for being destructive and even neo-imperialist: it irrevocably altered the politics of these Asian regions, especially as crowds of Western visitors would party at its cities along the way. In The Serpent, while the crimes take place on its route, on face value the Hippie Trail still appears to be romanticised and nostalgically re-imagined, especially as it represents a stark difference from our contemporary world with its heavily-policed international borders. Indeed, the travellers seem even freer from the perspective of 2021, given the show’s production phase and release in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, when international travel was halted for many. As Kylie Northover has written in a review for the series in the Sydney Morning Herald, the production design of the programme and the on-location shoot in Thailand is affectionately evocative and nostalgic. Northover suggests that it “successfully evokes a very specific era of travel—the Vietnam War has just ended, the Summer of Love is over and contact with family back home was usually only through the post restante” (13). On the show, there is certainly critique of the tourist industry. For example, one scene demonstrates the “dark side” of the Hippie Trail dream. Firstly, we see a psychedelic-coloured bus of travellers driving through Nepal. The outside of the bus is covered with its planned destinations: “Istanbul. Teheran. Kabul. Delhi”. The Western travellers are young and dressed in peasant clothing and smoking marijuana. Looking over at the Himalayas, one hippie calls the mountains a “Shangri-La”, the fictional utopia of an Eastern mountain paradise. Then, the screen contracts to show old footage of Kathmandu— using the small-screen dimensions of a Super-8 film—which highlights a “hashish centre” with young children working at the front. The child labour is ignored. As the foreign hippie travellers—American and English—move through Kathmandu, they seem self-absorbed and anti-social. Rather than meeting and learning from locals, they just gather at parties with other hippies. By night-time, the series depicts drugged up travellers on heroin or other opiates, disconnected from place and culture as they stare around aimlessly. The negative representation of hippies has been observed in some of the critical reviews about The Serpent. For example, writing about the series for The Guardian, Dorian Lynskey cites Joan Didion’s famous “serpentine” interpretation of the hippie culture in the United States, applying this to the search for meaning on the Hippie Trail: the subculture of expats and travellers in south-east Asia feels rather like Joan Didion’s 60s California, crisscrossed by lost young people trying to find themselves anew in religion, drugs, or simply unfamiliar places. In Slouching Towards Bethlehem, Didion writes of those who “drifted from city to torn city, sloughing off both the past and the future as snakes shed their skins”. (Lynskey) We could apply cultural theories about tourism to a critique of the industry in the series too. Many cultural researchers have critiqued tourists and the tourism industry, as well as the powers that tourists can wield over destination cultures. In Time and Commodity Culture, John Frow has suggested that the logic of tourism is “that of a relentless extension of commodity relations, and the consequent inequalities of power, between centre and periphery, First and Third World, developed and undeveloped regions, metropolis and countryside”, as well as one that has developed from the colonial era (151). Similarly, Derek Gregory’s sensitive analyses of cultural geographies of postcolonial space showed that Nineteenth-century Orientalism is a continuing process within globalised mass tourism (114). The problem of Orientalism as a Western travel ideology is made prominent in The Serpent through Sobhraj’s denouncement of Western tourists, even though there is much irony at play here, as the series itself arguably is presenting its own retro version of Orientalism to Western audiences. Even the choice of Netflix to produce this true crime story—with its two murderers of Asian descent—is arguably a way of reinforcing negative representations about Asian identity. Then, Western characters take on the role of hero and/or central protagonist, especially the character of Knippenberg. One could ask: where is the Netflix show that depicts a positive story about a central character of Vietnamese-Indian descent? Edward Said famously defined Orientalism as “a way of coming to terms with the Orient that is based on the Orient’s special place in European Western experience” (1). It became a way for Western cultures to interpret and understand the East, and for reducing and homogenising it into a more simplistic package. Orientalism explored discourses that grew to encompass India and the Far East in tandem with the expansion of Western imperialism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It examined a dualistic ideology: a way of looking that divided the globe into two limited types without any room for nuance and diversity. Inclusive and exclusive, Orientalism assumed and promoted an “us and them” binary, privileging a Western gaze as the normative cultural position, while the East was relegated to the ambiguous role of “other”. Orientalism is a field in which stereotypes of the East and West have power: as Said suggests, “the West is the actor, the Orient is a passive reactor… . The West is the spectator, the judge and jury, of every facet of Oriental behaviour” (109). Interestingly, despite the primacy in which Sobhraj is posited as the show’s central monster, he is also the character in the series most critical of the neo-colonial oppression caused by this counter-cultural tourism, which indicates ambiguity and complexity in the representation of monstrosity. Sobhraj appears to have read Said. As he looks scornfully at a stoner hippie woman who has befriended Ajay, he seems to perceive the hippies as drop-outs and drifters, but he also connects them more thoroughly as perpetrators of neo-imperialist processes. Indicating his contempt for the sightseers of the Hippie Trail as they seek enlightenment on their travels, he interrogates his companion Ajay: why do you think these white children deny the comfort and wealth of the life they were given to come to a place like this? Worship the same gods. Wear the same rags. Live in the same filth. Each experience is only then taken home to wear like a piece of fake tribal jewellery. They travel only to acquire. It’s another form of imperialism. And she has just colonised you! Sobhraj’s speech is political but it is also menacing, and he quickly sets upon Ajay and physically punishes him for his tryst with the hippie woman. Yet, ultimately, the main Western tourists of the Hippie Trail are presented positively in The Serpent, especially as many of them are depcited as naïve innocents within the story—hopeful, idealistic and excited to travel—and simply in the wrong place, at the wrong time. In this way, the series still draws upon the conventions of the true crime genre, which is to differentiate clearly between good/evil and right/wrong, and to create an emotional connection to the victims as symbols of virtue. As the crimes and deaths accumulate within the series, Sobhraj’s opinions are deceptive, designed to manipulate those around him (such as Ajay) rather than being drawn from genuine feelings of political angst about the neo-imperialist project of Western tourism. The uncertainty around Sobhraj’s motivation for his crimes remains one of the fascinating aspects of the series. It problematises the way that the monstrosity of this character is constructed within the narrative of the show. The character of Sobhraj frequently engages with these essentialising issues about Orientalism, but he appears to do so with the aim to remove the privilege that comes from a Western gaze. In the series, Sobhraj’s motivations for targeting Western travellers are often insinuated as being due to personal reasons, such as revenge for his treatment as a child in Europe, where he says he was disparaged for being of Asian heritage. For example, as he speaks to one of his drugged French-speaking victims, Sobhraj suggests that when he moved from Vietnam to France as a child, he was subject to violence and poor treatment from others: “a half-caste boy from Saigon. You can imagine how I was bullied”. In this instance, the suffering French man placed in Sobhraj’s power has been promoted as fitting into one of these “us and them” binaries, but in this set-up, there is also a reversal of power relations and Sobhraj has set himself as both the “actor” and the “spectator”. Here, he has reversed the “Orientalist” gaze onto a passive Western man, homogenising a “Western body”, and hence radically destabilising the construct of Orientalism as an ideological force. This is also deeply troubling: it goes on to sustain a problematic and essentialising binary that, no matter which way it faces, aims to denigrate and stereotype a cultural group. In this way, the character of Sobhraj demonstrates that while he is angry at the way that Orientalist ideologies have victimised him in the past, he will continue to perpetrate its basic ideological assumptions as a way of administering justice and seeking personal retribution. Ultimately, perhaps one of the more powerful readings of The Serpent is that it is difficult to move away from the ideological constructs of travel. We could also suggest that same thing for the tourists. In her real-life analysis of the Hippie Trail, Agnieszka Sobocinska has suggested that while it was presented and understood as something profoundly different from older travel tours and expeditions, it could not help but be bound up in the same ideological colonial and imperial impulses that constituted earlier forms of travel: Orientalist images and imperial behaviours were augmented to suit a new generation that liked to think of itself as radically breaking from the past. Ironically, this facilitated the view that ‘alternative’ travel was a statement in anti-colonial politics, even as it perpetuated some of the inequalities inherent to imperialism. This plays out in The Serpent. We see that this supposedly radically different new group – with a relaxed and open-minded identity—is bound within the same old ideological constructs. Part of the problem of the Hippie Trail traveller was a failure to recognise the fundamentally imperialist origins of their understanding of travel. This is the same kind of concern mapped out by Turner and Ash in their analysis of neo-imperial forms of travel called The Golden Hordes: International Tourism and the Pleasure Periphery (1976), written and published in the same era as the events of The Serpent. Presciently gauging the effect that mass tourism would have on developing nations, Turner and Ash used the metaphor of “hordes” of tourists taking over various poorer destinations to intend a complete reversal of the stereotype of a horde of barbaric and non-Western hosts. By inferring that tourists are the “hordes” reverses Orientalist conceptions of de-personalised non-Western cultures, and shows the problem that over-tourism and unsustainable visitation can pose to host locations, especially with the acceleration of mass travel in the late Twentieth century. Certainly, the concept of a touristic “horde” is one of the monstrous ideas in travel, and can signify the worst aspects contained within mass tourism. To conclude, it is useful to return to the consideration of what is presented as monstrous in The Serpent. Here, there is the obvious monster in the sinister, impassive figure of serial killer Charles Sobhraj. Julie Clarke, in a new epilogue for The Life and Crimes of Charles Sobhraj (2020), posits that Sobhraj’s actions are monstrous and unchangeable, demonstrating the need to understand impermeable cases of human evil as a part of human society: one of the lessons of this cautionary tale should be an awareness that such ‘inhuman humans’ do live amongst us. Many don’t end up in jail, but rather reach the highest level in the corporate and political spheres. (Neville and Clarke, 2020) Then, there is the exploitational spectre of mass tourism from the Hippie Trail that has had the ability to “invade” and ruin the authenticity and/or sustainability of a particular place or location as it is overrun by the “golden hordes”. Finally, we might consider the Orientalist, imperialist and globalised ideologies of mass tourism as one of the insidious and serpentine forces that entrap the central characters in this television series. 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