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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Academic literature on the topic 'Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus"

1

IGNJATOVIC, J., and S. SAPATS. "Avian infectious bronchitis virus." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.19.2.1228.

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Cavanagh, Dave. "Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus." Veterinary Research 38, no. 2 (March 2007): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2006055.

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Ovchinnikova, Ye V., L. O. Scherbakova, S. N. Kolosov, A. N. Andriyasova, N. G. Zinyakov, Z. B. Nikonova, A. A. Kozlov, P. B. Akshalova, D. A. Altunin, and D. B. Andreychuk. "Heterogeneity of avian infectious bronchitis virus population." Veterinary Science Today, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2020-1-32-44-50.

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Avian infectious bronchitis is one of the most common viral infections causing enormous economic losses in the global poultry industry. Due to the lack of mechanisms to correct errors during genome replication, the virus can quickly mutate and generate new strains. This is facilitated by widespread use of live vaccines, simultaneous circulation of field viruses belonging to different serotypes in one flock and rapid spread of the virus. Previous studies of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains and isolates identified in the Russian Federation poultry farms showed that 50% of samples tested positive for the 4-91, D274, H-120, Ma5 vaccine strains, and the other half of samples tested positive for the field viruses belonging to eight GI genetic lineages, while the G1-19 (QX) lineage was dominant. The paper presents identification and genotyping results of the avian infectious bronchitis virus in one of the poultry farms in the Saratov Oblast (the Russian Federation) in 2018–2019. The samples of internal organs and blood, as well as oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were taken from chicks and layers of different ages in the parent and replacement flocks. The vaccine strain, GI-19 field isolates and variant isolates that do not belong to any of the known genetic lineages were detected. Analysis of test results within a two-year period showed that it is important to study samples taken from birds of different ages. The virus undergoes modification and adaptation inducing new genetic forms by infecting several poultry generations, due to which the heterogeneity of the virus population is observed not only in the poultry farm as a whole or in a separate department, but also within one organism. The identified isolates showed tropism for the tissues of intestine, reproductive organs, and, in rare cases, trachea and lungs. The data obtained indicate that, despite the vaccination used, a genetically diverse population of the infectious bronchitis virus circulates in the poultry farm, while the infection may not manifest itself at an early age, but may affect the flock productivity in the future due to pathological changes in the reproductive organs of laying chickens.

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Klimcik, M., and R. Currie. "Field occurrence of avian infectious bronchitis virus in the Czech Republic and Slovakia." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 3 (March 28, 2018): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/109/2017-vetmed.

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The epidemiological situation regarding the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) population in Europe as well as the presence of predominant IBV strains is well described. The aim of this epidemiological study was to describe the real field situation in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as no data are available for the last ten years. The study was also focused on differentiation between field IBV strains and vaccine/vaccine origin IBV strains in different poultry segments including backyard flocks. Between July 2013 and July 2016, cloacal, tracheal and/or visceral swab samples were collected from 145 Czech and Slovak chicken broiler, breeder and layer flocks. The majority of flocks was kept for production purposes, but to enable a more complete picture of the situation in the field backyard flocks with more than 50 birds were also included. As in other cases which were reported worldwide and based on collaboration with x-Ovo laboratories, samples were analysed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect the presence of the RNA of IBV. When positive, approximately 400 base pairs encoding the hypervariable region of the IBV S1 protein were sequenced. Sequencing results, cycle threshold values and vaccination history were used as criteria to try and distinguish vaccine strains from field strains. A significant percentage of all flocks presented clinical signs suggestive of IBV infection. From the total number of samples examined, 16.5% were negative. In 12.4% of the samples that did contain RNA from IBV, the genotype could not be determined. In most cases, this was due to the recovery of RNA quantities below the lower limit of detection of the sequencing PCR. The remaining positive samples predominantly contained RNA from IBV strains that belonged to the 4/91 – 793B – CR88 (44.7%), Massachusetts (30%), D274 – D207 (11.6%) and D388 – QX (8.7%) genotypes. Estimations indicated that approximately 23.9%, 48.4%, 58.3% and 0% of these detections, respectively, were vaccine strains. Infections with types UKR/27/2011, CK/CH/Guandong/Xindadi/0903 and K33/09 were observed sporadically. The results confirm that IBV infections are highly prevalent in Czech and Slovak chickens and that at least seven different IBV types were circulating during the monitored period. This underlines the necessity of providing flocks with a strong and broad protective immunity against IBV.

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de Wit, J. J. (Sjaak), and Jane K. A. Cook. "Spotlight on avian pathology: infectious bronchitis virus." Avian Pathology 48, no. 5 (June 9, 2019): 393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2019.1617400.

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Uenaka, T., Itsuko Kishimoto, S. Sato, S. B. Animas, T. Ito, K. Otsuki, and Jane K. A. Cook. "Intracloacal infection with avian infectious bronchitis virus." Avian Pathology 27, no. 3 (June 1998): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459808419342.

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7

Pedersden, K. A., E. C. Sadasiv, P. W. Chang, and V. J. Yates. "Detection of antibody to avian viruses in human populations." Epidemiology and Infection 104, no. 3 (June 1990): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880004752x.

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SUMMARYThe ability of three avian viruses to elicit antibody response in humans was surveyed for the purpose of identifying zoonotic diseases. Antibody levels in people associated with poultry were compared to those in people having limited poultry association. Antibody levels to three avian viruses: infectious bursal disease virus, a birnavirus; Newcastle disease virus, a paramyxovirus; and avian infectious bronchitis virus, a coronavirus were determined by enzyme–linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Differences between the two study groups were evident: people having a known association with poultry showed significantly higher levels of antibodies to Newcastle disease and avian infectious bronchitis virus. Antibodies detected may be due to virus exposure rather than zoonoses.

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Rana, Chandrakala, Birat Bhattarai, Khil Bahadur Rana Magar, and Yuvraj Panth. "Avian infectious bronchitis and its management in Nepal: a review." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2021): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i2.33773.

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Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious disease of poultry with high economic importance. Caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), it is transmitted by direct and indirect contact through aerosol or fecal means. Although IB is considered as respiratory disease, various strains of IBV affect the renal as well as the reproductive system. The economic importance of disease is due to lower egg production, poor hatchability of eggs, and decreased quality of the egg, weight loss, growth retardation, and high condemnation rates in meat-type birds. Although the prevalence of IB is lower in Nepal (>1%), it is ranked second as a disease which claims most livestock unit in the world. There is no specific treatment for IB but live and inactivated vaccines are available for the prevention and control of the virus. The lack of research in the infectious bronchitis virus can cause production losses in poultry sector due to the evolution of resistant virus strain in our country. This review discusses the aspects of avian infectious bronchitis prevalence in Nepal.

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Thor, Sharmi W., Deborah A. Hilt, Jessica C. Kissinger, Andrew H. Paterson, and Mark W. Jackwood. "Recombination in Avian Gamma-Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus." Viruses 3, no. 9 (September 23, 2011): 1777–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v3091777.

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Khataby, Khadija, Siham Fellahi, Chafiqa Loutfi, and Ennaji Moulay Mustapha. "Avian infectious bronchitis virus in Africa: a review." Veterinary Quarterly 36, no. 2 (January 12, 2016): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2015.1126869.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus"

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Dove, Brian Kenneth. "Infectious bronchitis virus defective RNA studies." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250714.

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Bhattacharjee, Partha Sarathi. "Enterotropism and persistence of avian infectious bronchitis virus in chickens." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240459.

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Ambali, Abdul-Ganiyu. "Pathogenesis of an enterotropic variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.232935.

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Foltz, Jeffrey Andrew. "Characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolates discovered during the 2004 avian influenza outbreak of the Delmarva Peninsula." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 128 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597632181&sid=10&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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5

Alejo, Carolina Torres. "Study of the role of quail as reservoirs for avian infectious bronchitis virus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-29022016-143302/.

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This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and molecular diversity of coronavirus in quail and laying hens raised on the same farms and quail only farms, to determine the role of quail as reservoir for avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). To this end, two investigations were carried out, one in the São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil, in 2013, when some farmers started quail vaccination with Massachusetts IBV serotype after surveillance carried out in 2009-2010 and the other in two regions of Northern Italy, in 2015. In the Brazilian study, samples were collected as pools of tracheas, lungs, reproductive tract, kidneys and enteric contents from quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) and laying hens showing IB-like symptoms, while, in the Italian study, samples were collected as pools of tracheal and cloacal swabs and intestine/enteric content from European quail (Coturnix coturnix), showing enteric disorders. All samples were tested by a nested RT-PCR targeted to the 3\'UTR of the Gammacoronavirus genus. Positive samples were submitted to RT-PCR to the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase gene (RdRp) and two different RT-PCRs to the spike gene, including a typing-multiplex one. Two other RT-PCRs were used to detect the avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Avian coronavirus was found in all types of samples analyzed in quail and chickens from both type of creations, aMPV subtype B was found in chickens (Brasil) and the NDV was not observed in any samples. Based on the DNA sequences for the RdRp gene, Brazilian and Italian quail strains clustered within either Gammacoronavirus or Deltacoronavirus genus, while, for one Brazilian sample, it was detected co-infection with the two genuses. Phylogeny based on partial S1 subunit sequences showed that the gammacoronaviruses detected in the Brazilian and Italian quail belong to the Brazil type and 793/B, respectively. These results suggest that quail are susceptible to Gamma and Deltacoronavirus and that quail avian coronavirus share spike genes identical to chicken infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); thus, quail might act as reservoirs for avian coronaviruses. Also, Massachusetts vaccination was not efficient to control IBV in Brazilian quail.
Este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a ocorrência e diversidade molecular de coronavírus em codornas e galinhas criadas nas mesmas propriedades e em codornas criadas em propriedades isoladas, para determinar o papel das codornas como reservatório para o vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (IBV). Para isso, duas pesquisas foram realizadas, uma em 2013, no estado de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil, onde algumas granjas iniciaram a vacinação em codornas contra o IBV com o sorotipo Massachusetts, após um estudo realizado em 2009-2010; e a outra, em 2015, em duas regiões do Norte da Itália. No estudo brasileiro, foram coletados pools de aparelho reprodutor, pulmões, rins, traqueia e conteúdo entérico de codornas (Coturnix coturnix japonica() e galinhas com histórico de manifestações clínicas compatíveis com a Bronquite Infecciosa das galinhas (BIG). Por outro lado, no estudo italiano, as amostras foram coletadas em forma de pools de swabs traqueais e cloacais e intestino/conteúdo entérico de codornas (Coturnix coturnix) com sinais entéricos. Estas amostras foram testadas para os coronavírus aviário (Gammacoronavirus) mediante uma semi-nested RT-PCR dirigida a região não-traduzida 3 (3´UTR). As amostras positivas foram submetidas a RT-PCR do gene codificador da proteína RNA-polimerase RNA-dependente (RdRp) e duas RT-PCRs, incluindo uma multiplex dirigidas a proteína de espícula (S) do vírus da BIG, para genotipagem. Além disso, a detecção de metapneumovírus aviário (aMPV) e o vírus da doença de Newcastle (NDV) também foi realizada por meio de RT-PCRs. Coronavírus aviários foram encontrados em todos os tipos de amostras estudadas em codornas e galinhas de todos os tipos de criações, aMPV subtipo B foi encontrado em galinhas (Brasil) e o NDV não foi encontrado em nenhuma amostras. Com base nas sequências de DNA para o gene codificador da proteína RdRp, as amostras brasileiras e italianas foram agrupadas no gênero Gamma ou Deltacoronavirus, enquanto que, em uma amostra brasileira, foi detectada coinfecção pelos dois gêneros. A filogenia com base nas sequências parciais da subunidade S1da proteína de espícula, evidenciou que os Gammacoronavirus detectados nas codornas brasileiras e italianas pertencem ao genótipo Brasil e 793/B, respectivamente. Estes resultados sugerem que as codornas são suscetíveis aos coronavírus do gênero Gamma e Delta e os coronavírus aviários das codornas compartilham genes de espícula idênticos aos do IBV. Desta forma, sugere-se que as codornas podem servir como reservatórios para coronavírus aviários e que a vacinação com o sorotipo Massachusetts não foi eficiente no controle de IBV nas codornas brasileiras.

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Lopez, Juan Carlos. "The effect of environmental stressors on the immune response to avian infectious bronchitis virus." Lincoln University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/643.

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The first aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of IBV in broilers within the Canterbury province, New Zealand, in late winter and to search for associations with management or environmental factors. The second aim was to study how ambient stressors affect the immune system in birds, their adaptive capacity to respond, and the price that they have to pay in order to return to homeostasis. In a case control study, binary logistic regression analyses were used to seek associations between the presence of IBV in broilers and various risk factors that had been linked in other studies to the presence of different avian pathogens: ambient ammonia, oxygen, carbon dioxide, humidity and litter humidity. Pairs of sheds were selected from ten large broiler farms in Canterbury. One shed (case) from each pair contained poultry that had a production or health alteration that suggested the presence of IBV and the other was a control shed. Overall, IBV was detected by RT-PCR in 50% of the farms. In 2 of the 5 positive farms (but none of the control sheds) where IBV was detected there were accompanying clinical signs that suggested infectious bronchitis (IB). Ambient humidity was the only risk factor that showed an association (inverse) with the prevalence of IBV (p = 0.05; OR = 0.92). It was concluded within the constraints of the totally enclosed management systems described, that humidity had an influence on the presence of IBV, but temperature, ammonia, carbon dioxide, oxygen or litter humidity had no effect. In another study environmental temperatures were changed in order to affect the biological function and adaptive capacity of chickens following infection with IBV. The 'affective states' of the animal were assessed by measuring levels of corticosterone (CORT) in plasma and tonic immobility (TI). It was found that low (10 +/- 2°C) and high (30 +/- 2°C) temperatures exacerbated the respiratory signs and lesions in birds infected with IBV as compared to those housed at moderate (20 +/- 2°C) temperatures. The chickens housed at high temperatures showed significantly decreased growth, a higher proportion of hepatic lesions (principally haemorrhages) and a longer tonic immobility period, but there was no significant alteration in the plasma levels of CORT. The birds housed at low temperatures developed a higher proportion of heart lesions (hydropericardium, ventricular hypertrophy) and had significantly higher levels of plasma CORT than birds housed under moderate and/or high temperatures. The specific antibody response to IBV decreased in birds housed under high temperatures. Interestingly the birds housed at high temperatures developed significantly higher levels of haemagglutinin antibodies to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) than those birds housed under low or moderated temperatures. Cell mediated immunity was not significantly affected by heat or cold stress in the first 13 days of treatment but at 20 days the levels of interferon gamma in the birds subjected to low temperatures were lower than in the high temperature group. In other trials, the exogenous administration of low physiological doses of oral CORT (as compared to high pharmacological doses typically used in such experiments) to birds resulted in suppression or enhancement of the immune response depending on duration of treatment and/or dose and nature of the antigen. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that exogenous CORT can produce an enhancement in the immune response in chickens. iv In conclusion, environmental stressors such as high or low temperatures do affect the physiology of the fast-growing broiler. The adjustments the birds have to make to maintain homeostasis impacts on the course of common infectious diseases, such as IB, that normally is mild in the New Zealand poultry industry. The administration of exogenous CORT showed that this hormone may be part of the physiological stress response and acts as a messenger to prepare the immune system for potential challenges (e.g., infection).

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7

Kottier, Sanneke Annet. "Investigation into the use of recombination for the production of site-specific mutants of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295313.

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8

Mockett, A. P. A. "Studies of the humoral immune system of the chicken and its response to avian infectious bronchitis virus infection." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372722.

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Neuman, Benjamin. "Use of defective-RNAs containing reporter genes to investigate targetted recombination in avian infectious bronchitis virus." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367694.

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10

Sandri, Thaisa Lucas. "Vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (IBV): distribuição, diversidade molecular e genealogia a partir de amostras de múltiplos órgãos de diversos tipos de criação do plantel avícola brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-21122010-105658/.

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A bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (BIG) é uma doença altamente contagiosa causada por múltiplos genotipos/sorotipos do vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (IBV), um coronavirus do grupo 3. Embora classicamente associado ao trato respiratório, alguns tipos de IBV têm sido descritos com tropismo pelos rins e pelos tratos reprodutivos e entéricos, o IBV pode ser detectado em diversos tipos de tecidos, e também pode acometer aves de todas as idades. Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar a freqüência do IBV em amostras de diversos órgãos e conteúdo entérico de avós, matrizes, poedeiras comerciais e frangos de corte, genotipar as amostras detectadas e estudar a diversidade molecular entre as amostras brasileiras de IBV. Um total de 844 pools de diversos órgãos e conteúdos entéricos provenientes de 200 lotes de avós, matrizes, poedeiras comerciais e frangos de corte, das regiões Sul, Sudeste, Centro-oeste e Nordeste do Brasil, colhidas durante o período de 2007 a 2009 foram testadas para a presença de IBV com um RT-PCR dirigido à região não traduzida 3′(3′UTR). As aves amostradas apresentaram sinais clínicos compatíveis com a BIG. Todas as amostras de IBV detectadas foram tipificadas utilizando uma RT-PCR dirigida ao gene de espícula do vírus. Dezenove amostras tipificadas como variante foram submetidas ao seqüenciamento parcial da região codificadora da subunidade S1 e à análise genealógica. Considerando os pools de órgãos e de conteúdo entérico, 45,50% foram positivos para a presença de IBV, dos quais, 84,63% pertencem ao genotipo Variante e 9,89% ao sorotipo/genotipo Massachusetts. Considerando os lotes, 73,50% foram positivos para IBV, sendo 77,55% variantes e 6,12% Massachusetts. A análise genealógica revelou quatro linhagens virais, todas agrupadas em um exclusivo grupamento de genotipo brasileiro. Estes resultados demonstram que o IBV está disseminado em todas as regiões avícolas brasileiras, com um predomínio massivo de genotipos não Massachusetts e uma elevada diversidade molecular, que deve ser levada em consideração para desenvolver medidas preventivas contra o IBV.
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious disease of poultry caused by multiple geno/serotypes of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a group 3 coronavirus. Though classically associated to the respiratory tract, IBV strains also have been described which harbor tropism for the kidneys and the reproductive and enteric tracts, and might be detected in multiple tissues and can also affect birds of all ages. This survey aimed to assess the frequency of in multiple organs and enteric content samples from grandparents, breeders, layers and broilers, to genotype the IBV strains detected and to study the molecular diversity amongst Brazilian IBV strains. A total of 844 pools of multiple organs and enteric contents from 200 flocks of grandparents, breeders, layers and broilers from the Southern, Southeastern, Central-Western and Northeastern Brazilian regions collected between 2007 and 2009 was screened for the presence of IBV with an RT-PCR target to the 3 untranslated region (UTR). The sampled birds presented symptoms compatible with IB. All IBV strains detected were then typed using an RT-PCR target to the spike gene of the virus. Nineteen strains type as variants were submitted to partial sequencing of the S1 coding region and genealogic analysis. Regarding the organs and enteric content pools, 45.50% were positive for the presence of IBV, from which 84.63% were variant and 9.89% Massachusetts. Taking into account the flocks, 73.50% were positive for IBV, being 77.55% variants and 6.12% Massachusetts. Genealogic analysis revealed four viral lineages, all grouped in an exclusive Brazilian genotype cluster. This results shown that IBV is widespread in all Brazilian poultry regions, with a massive predominance of non-Massachusetts genotypes and a high molecular diversity, which must be taken into account in order to develop preventive measures against IB.

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Books on the topic "Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus"

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North Central Avian Disease Conference (50th 1999 University of Minnesota). North Central Avian Disease Conference and Symposium on Emerging Respiratory Diseases: October 3-5, 1999, Minneapolis Airport Hilton. [Minneapolis: University of Minnesota?], 1999.

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Grady, Denise. Deadly invaders: Virus outbreaks around the world, from Marburg fever to avian flu. Boston, Mass: Kingfisher, 2006.

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J, Alexander Dennis, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease: A Field and Laboratory Manual. Milano: Springer Milan, 2009.

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Deadly invaders: Marburg virus, bird flu, and other emerging viruses. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2006.

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Alexander, Dennis J., and Ilaria Capua. Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease. Springer, 2010.

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Deadly Invaders: Tracking Today's Global Viruses, from Marburg to the Avian Flu. Kingfisher Books, 2006.

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K, Lal Sunil, and New York Academy of Sciences, eds. Biology of emerging viruses: SARS, avian and human influenza, metapneumovirus, Nipah, West Nile, and Ross River virus. Boston, Mass: Blackwell Pub. on behalf of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2007.

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Sillis, Margaret, and David Longbottom. Chlamydiosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0017.

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Chlamydial pathogens cause a wide-range of infections and disease, known as chlamydioses, in humans, other mammals and birds. The causative organisms are Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria that undergo a unique biphasic developmental cycle involving the infectious elementary body and the metabolically-active, non-infectious reticulate body. At least two species, Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus, are recognized as causes of zoonotic infections in humans worldwide, mainly affecting persons exposed to infected psittacine and other birds, especially ducks, turkeys, and pigeons, and less commonly to animals, particularly sheep. Outbreaks occur amongst aviary workers, poultry processing workers, and veterinarians. Infection is transmitted through inhalation of infected aerosols contaminated by avian droppings, nasal discharges, or products of ovine gestation or abortion. Person to person transmission is rare. Control strategies have met with variable success depending on the degree of compliance or enforcement of legislation. In the United Kingdom control is secondary, resulting from protection of national poultry flocks by preventing the importation of Newcastle disease virus using quarantine measures. Improved standards of husbandry, transport conditions, and chemoprophylaxis are useful for controlling reactivation of latent avian chlamydial infection. Vaccination has had limited effect in controlling ovine infection. Improved education of persons in occupational risk groups and the requirement for notification may encourage a more energetic approach to its control.

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Alexander, D. J., N. Phin, and M. Zuckerman. Influenza. Edited by I. H. Brown. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0037.

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Influenza is a highly infectious, acute illness which has affected humans and animals since ancient times. Influenza viruses form the Orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types A, B, and C on the basis of the antigenic nature of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Infl uenza A viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918 when it has been estimated that between 50–100 million deaths occurred worldwide.There are two important viral surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The HA binds to sialic acid receptors on the membrane of host cells and is the primary antigen against which a host’s antibody response is targeted. The NA cleaves the sialic acid bond attaching new viral particles to the cell membrane of host cells allowing their release. The NA is also the target of the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antiviral agents that include oseltamivir and zanamivir and newer agents such as peramivir. Both these glycoproteins are important antigens for inducing protective immunity in the host and therefore show the greatest variation.Influenza A viruses are classified into 16 antigenically distinct HA (H1–16) and 9 NA subtypes (N1–9). Although viruses of relatively few subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds. Each virus possesses one HA and one NA subtype.Last century, the sudden emergence of antigenically different strains in humans, termed antigenic shift, occurred on three occasions, 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2), resulting in pandemics. The frequent epidemics that occur between the pandemics are as a result of gradual antigenic change in the prevalent virus, termed antigenic drift. Epidemics throughout the world occur in the human population due to infection with influenza A viruses, such as H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, or with influenza B virus. Phylogenetic studies have led to the suggestion that aquatic birds that show no signs of disease could be the source of many influenza A viruses in other species. The 1918 H1N1 pandemic strain is thought to have arisen as a result of spontaneous mutations within an avian H1N1 virus. However, most pandemic strains, such as the 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1, are considered to have emerged by genetic re-assortment of the segmented RNA genome of the virus, with the avian and human influenza A viruses infecting the same host.Influenza viruses do not pass readily between humans and birds but transmission between humans and other animals has been demonstrated. This has led to the suggestion that the proposed reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses takes place in an intermediate animal with subsequent infection of the human population. Pigs have been considered the leading contender for the role of intermediary because they may serve as hosts for productive infections of both avian and human viruses, and there is good evidence that they have been involved in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses; particularly the spread of H1N1 viruses to humans. Apart from public health measures related to the rapid identification of cases and isolation. The main control measures for influenza virus infections in human populations involves immunization and antiviral prophylaxis or treatment.

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Book chapters on the topic "Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus"

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Ramakrishnan, Saravanan, and Deepthi Kappala. "Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus." In Recent Advances in Animal Virology, 301–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9073-9_16.

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Jones, R. C., M. El Houadfi, Jane K. A. Cook, and A. Ambali. "An Enterotropic Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus." In Acute Virus Infections of Poultry, 161–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4287-5_17.

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Keep, Sarah M., Erica Bickerton, and Paul Britton. "Reverse Genetics of Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus." In Springer Protocols Handbooks, 53–72. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3414-0_6.

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Picault, J. P., G. Bennejean, P. Drouin, M. Guittet, J. Protais, R. L’Hospitalier, J. P. Gillet, J. Lamande, and A. Le Bachelier. "A New Pathogenic Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolated in France." In Acute Virus Infections of Poultry, 122–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4287-5_12.

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Bickerton, Erica, Sarah M. Keep, and Paul Britton. "Reverse Genetics System for the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 83–102. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6964-7_6.

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Chu, Victor C., Lisa J. McElroy, A. Damon Ferguson, Beverley E. Bauman, and Gary R. Whittaker. "Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Enters Cells Via the Endocytic Pathway." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 309–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_54.

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Koch, G., L. Hartog, A. Kant, D. van Roozelaar, and G. F. de Boer. "Antigenic Differentiation of Avian Bronchitis Virus Variant Strains Employing Monoclonal Antibodies." In Acute Virus Infections of Poultry, 128–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4287-5_13.

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Ignjatovic, Jagoda, and Lisa Galli. "Structural Proteins of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus: Role in Immunity and Protection." In Coronaviruses, 449–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_71.

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Penzes, Zoltan, Kefford W. Tibbles, Kathy Shaw, Paul Britton, T. David K. Brown, and David Cavanagh. "Generation of a Defective RNA of Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 563–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1899-0_90.

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Otsuki, Koichi, Kohei Matsuo, Nobuyuki Maeda, Takeshi Sanekata, and Misao Tsubokura. "Selection of Variants of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Showing Tropism for Different Organs." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 379–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5823-7_52.

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Conference papers on the topic "Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus"

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O'Neill, Rachel, Ion Mandoiu, Mazhar I. Khan, Craig Obergfell, Hongjun Wang, Andrew Bligh, Bassam Tork, Nicholas Mancuso, and Alexander Zelikovsky. "Workshop: Bioinformatics methods for reconstruction of Infectious Bronchitis Virus quasispecies from next generation sequencing data." In 2012 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Computational Advances in Bio and Medical Sciences (ICCABS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccabs.2012.6182674.

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