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Journal articles on the topic 'Avian evolution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Kurochkin, Evgeny N., Gareth J. Dyke, Sergei V. Saveliev, Evgeny M. Pervushov, and Evgeny V. Popov. "A fossil brain from the Cretaceous of European Russia and avian sensory evolution." Biology Letters 3, no. 3 (April 10, 2007): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0617.

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Fossils preserving traces of soft anatomy are rare in the fossil record; even rarer is evidence bearing on the size and shape of sense organs that provide us with insights into mode of life. Here, we describe unique fossil preservation of an avian brain from the Volgograd region of European Russia. The brain of this Melovatka bird is similar in shape and morphology to those of known fossil ornithurines (the lineage that includes living birds), such as the marine diving birds Hesperornis and Enaliornis , but documents a new stage in avian sensory evolution: acute nocturnal vision coupled with well-developed hearing and smell, developed by the Late Cretaceous ( ca 90 Myr ago). This fossil also provides insights into previous ‘bird-like’ brain reconstructions for the most basal avian Archaeopteryx —reduction of olfactory lobes (sense of smell) and enlargement of the hindbrain (cerebellum) occurred subsequent to Archaeopteryx in avian evolution, closer to the ornithurine lineage that comprises living birds. The Melovatka bird also suggests that brain enlargement in early avians was not correlated with the evolution of powered flight.

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2

Feduccia, Alan. "Fossils and avian evolution." Nature 414, no. 6863 (November 2001): 507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35107144.

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3

Clarke, Julia A., and Mark A. Norell. "Fossils and avian evolution." Nature 414, no. 6863 (November 2001): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35107146.

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4

ZINK, ROBERT M. "The evolution of avian migration." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 104, no. 2 (August 31, 2011): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01752.x.

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5

Suarez, David L. "Evolution of avian influenza viruses." Veterinary Microbiology 74, no. 1-2 (May 2000): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00161-9.

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6

Howard., Hildegarde. "FOSSIL EVIDENCE OF AVIAN EVOLUTION." Ibis 92, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1950.tb01728.x.

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7

Liu, Hung J., Long H. Lee, Hsiao W. Hsu, Liam C. Kuo, and Ming H. Liao. "Molecular evolution of avian reovirus:." Virology 314, no. 1 (September 2003): 336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00415-x.

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8

Starck, J. Matthias, and Robert Ricklefs. "Symposium: Evolution of avian ontogenies." Journal of Ornithology 135, no. 3 (July 1994): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01639967.

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9

Österström, Ola, and Clas Lilja. "Evolution of avian eggshell structure." Journal of Morphology 273, no. 3 (October 10, 2011): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.11018.

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10

Sereno, Paul C. "Origin and early evolution of Aves: dinosaurs, ancient birds, and mtDNA sequences." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008273.

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Recently a general cladistic framework for early avian evolution has emerged. Postcranial modifications in the wrist joint and elsewhere firmly establish birds as a diversified subgroup of maniraptoran theropods. And the best known Mesozoic avians–Archaeopteryx and Late Cretaceous Hesperornis and Ichthyornis –have been positioned as successive sister taxa to living birds. Within this framework, however, several basic phylogenetic questions need to be addressed: (1) Which maniraptorans are most closely related to birds? (2) How was the modern avian skeleton built during the first third of avian history, between Archaeopteryx and Late Cretaceous Hesperornis and Ichthyornis? (3) And what are the relationships between the major groups of living birds?Avian origins. Synapomorphies listed by Ostrom and others to unite birds and other theropods typically apply to all maniraptorans or higher-level theropod clades, leaving unsettled the question of which maniraptorans constitute the immediate outgroups to birds. Deinonychosauria is confirmed as the sister-group to Aves, based principally on synapomorphies of the pectoral and pelvic girdles. In contrast to some previous suggestions, this study supports monophyly of Deinonychosauria (uniting dromaeosaurids and troodontids), with a single origin of the hyper-extendable, raptorial digit II of the pes.Sinornis and the evolution of powered flight and perching. Archaeopteryx lacks the profound modifications of the avian skeleton that characterize Ichthyornis and modern birds. Recent discovery of Lower Cretaceous birds has brought to light important intermediate stages in the transformation of the avian skeleton. Sparrow-sized Sinornis, discovered in Lower Cretaceous lake deposits in China, exhibits features that are associated with sustained powered flight; the laterally directed glenoid and V-shaped ulnare suggest that the wing was capable of tight flexion during flight. Features unrelated to the flight apparatus, in contrast, have not been altered; the skull is toothed, the manal digits are flexible and clawed, and gastralia are present beneath the rib cage.Higher-level relationships among living birds. The deep branching history of living birds occurred before the end of the Cretaceous and can be reconstructed from anatomical and genetic evidence in living birds. DNA sequences have been obtained from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in a variety of living birds. These data are consistent with a basal split between palaeognaths and neognaths and support the basal position of galliforms and anseriforms among neognaths. Piciforms appear to be closely related to passeriforms, and Corvida does not appear to be monophyletic, in contrast to recent DNA-DNA hybridization results.

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11

Zelenitsky, Darla K., François Therrien, Ryan C. Ridgely, Amanda R. McGee, and Lawrence M. Witmer. "Evolution of olfaction in non-avian theropod dinosaurs and birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1725 (April 13, 2011): 3625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0238.

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Little is known about the olfactory capabilities of extinct basal (non-neornithine) birds or the evolutionary changes in olfaction that occurred from non-avian theropods through modern birds. Although modern birds are known to have diverse olfactory capabilities, olfaction is generally considered to have declined during avian evolution as visual and vestibular sensory enhancements occurred in association with flight. To test the hypothesis that olfaction diminished through avian evolution, we assessed relative olfactory bulb size, here used as a neuroanatomical proxy for olfactory capabilities, in 157 species of non-avian theropods, fossil birds and living birds. We show that relative olfactory bulb size increased during non-avian maniraptoriform evolution, remained stable across the non-avian theropod/bird transition, and increased during basal bird and early neornithine evolution. From early neornithines through a major part of neornithine evolution, the relative size of the olfactory bulbs remained stable before decreasing in derived neoavian clades. Our results show that, rather than decreasing, the importance of olfaction actually increased during early bird evolution, representing a previously unrecognized sensory enhancement. The relatively larger olfactory bulbs of earliest neornithines, compared with those of basal birds, may have endowed neornithines with improved olfaction for more effective foraging or navigation skills, which in turn may have been a factor allowing them to survive the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.

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12

MORRIS, SARA R. "AVIAN INCUBATION: BEHAVIOUR, ENVIRONMENT, AND EVOLUTION." Wilson Bulletin 114, no. 1 (March 2002): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0148:aibeae]2.0.co;2.

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13

SOCKMAN, KEITH W. "Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment, and Evolution." Condor 105, no. 1 (2003): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[164:b]2.0.co;2.

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14

Brown, Chris. "Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment, and Evolution." African Zoology 37, no. 2 (October 2002): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2002.11657187.

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15

Birkhead, Tim R. "The Evolution of Avian Breeding Systems." Heredity 83, no. 1 (July 1999): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6885842.

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16

Jones, D. N., and H. A. Ford. "The Evolution of Avian Breeding Systems." Emu - Austral Ornithology 100, no. 4 (November 2000): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu00921.

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17

He, Mei, Tie-Zhu An, and Chun-Bo Teng. "Evolution of mammalian and avian bornaviruses." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 79 (October 2014): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.006.

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18

Ksepka, Daniel. "Flights of Fancy in Avian Evolution." American Scientist 102, no. 1 (2014): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.106.36.

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19

Burt, D. W. "Origin and evolution of avian microchromosomes." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 96, no. 1-4 (2002): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000063018.

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20

Sockman, Keith W. "Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment, and Evolution." Condor 105, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.1.164.

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21

Andrews, Glen K., Lawrence P. Fernando, Kirsten L. Moore, Tim P. Dalton, and Rodney J. Sobieski. "Avian Metallothioneins: Structure, Regulation and Evolution." Journal of Nutrition 126, suppl_4 (April 1, 1996): 1317S—1323S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/126.suppl_4.1317s.

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22

Burley, N. T., and K. Johnson. "The evolution of avian parental care." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1419 (March 29, 2002): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0923.

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A stage model traces key behavioural tactics and life–history traits that are involved in the transition from promiscuity with no parental care, the mating system that typifies reptiles, to that typical of most birds, social monogamy with biparental care. In stage I, females assumed increasing parental investment in precocial young, female choice of mates increased, female–biased mating dispersal evolved and population sex ratios became male biased. In stage II, consortships between mating partners allowed males to attract rare social mates, provided a mechanism for paternity assessment and increased female ability to assess mate quality. In stage III, relative female scarcity enabled females to demand parental investment contributions from males having some paternity certainty. This innovation was facilitated by the nature of avian parental care; i.e. most care–giving activities can be adopted in small units. Moreover, the initial cost of care giving to males was small compared with its benefit to females. Males, however, tended to decline to assume non–partitionable, risky, or relatively costly parental activities. In stage IV, altriciality coevolved with increasing biparental care, resulting in social monogamy. Approaches for testing behavioural hypotheses are suggested.

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23

Scanes, Colin G., and Eldon Braun. "Avian metabolism: its control and evolution." Frontiers in Biology 8, no. 2 (March 31, 2012): 134–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11515-012-1206-2.

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24

O’Connor, Emily A., Helena Westerdahl, Reto Burri, and Scott V. Edwards. "Avian MHC Evolution in the Era of Genomics: Phase 1.0." Cells 8, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8101152.

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Birds are a wonderfully diverse and accessible clade with an exceptional range of ecologies and behaviors, making the study of the avian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of great interest. In the last 20 years, particularly with the advent of high-throughput sequencing, the avian MHC has been explored in great depth in several dimensions: its ability to explain ecological patterns in nature, such as mating preferences; its correlation with parasite resistance; and its structural evolution across the avian tree of life. Here, we review the latest pulse of avian MHC studies spurred by high-throughput sequencing. Despite high-throughput approaches to MHC studies, substantial areas remain in need of improvement with regard to our understanding of MHC structure, diversity, and evolution. Recent studies of the avian MHC have nonetheless revealed intriguing connections between MHC structure and life history traits, and highlight the advantages of long-term ecological studies for understanding the patterns of MHC variation in the wild. Given the exceptional diversity of birds, their accessibility, and the ease of sequencing their genomes, studies of avian MHC promise to improve our understanding of the many dimensions and consequences of MHC variation in nature. However, significant improvements in assembling complete MHC regions with long-read sequencing will be required for truly transformative studies.

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25

Houde, Peter. "Special Issue: Genomic Analyses of Avian Evolution." Diversity 11, no. 10 (September 29, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11100178.

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“Genomic Analyses of Avian Evolution” is a “state of the art” showcase of the varied and rapidly evolving fields of inquiry enabled and driven by powerful new methods of genome sequencing and assembly as they are applied to some of the world’s most familiar and charismatic organisms—birds. The contributions to this Special Issue are as eclectic as avian genomics itself, but loosely interrelated by common underpinnings of phylogenetic inference, de novo genome assembly of non-model species, and genome organization and content.

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26

Card, Daren C., W. Bryan Jennings, and Scott V. Edwards. "Genome Evolution and the Future of Phylogenomics of Non-Avian Reptiles." Animals 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13030471.

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Non-avian reptiles comprise a large proportion of amniote vertebrate diversity, with squamate reptiles—lizards and snakes—recently overtaking birds as the most species-rich tetrapod radiation. Despite displaying an extraordinary diversity of phenotypic and genomic traits, genomic resources in non-avian reptiles have accumulated more slowly than they have in mammals and birds, the remaining amniotes. Here we review the remarkable natural history of non-avian reptiles, with a focus on the physical traits, genomic characteristics, and sequence compositional patterns that comprise key axes of variation across amniotes. We argue that the high evolutionary diversity of non-avian reptiles can fuel a new generation of whole-genome phylogenomic analyses. A survey of phylogenetic investigations in non-avian reptiles shows that sequence capture-based approaches are the most commonly used, with studies of markers known as ultraconserved elements (UCEs) especially well represented. However, many other types of markers exist and are increasingly being mined from genome assemblies in silico, including some with greater information potential than UCEs for certain investigations. We discuss the importance of high-quality genomic resources and methods for bioinformatically extracting a range of marker sets from genome assemblies. Finally, we encourage herpetologists working in genomics, genetics, evolutionary biology, and other fields to work collectively towards building genomic resources for non-avian reptiles, especially squamates, that rival those already in place for mammals and birds. Overall, the development of this cross-amniote phylogenomic tree of life will contribute to illuminate interesting dimensions of biodiversity across non-avian reptiles and broader amniotes.

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27

Emery, Nathan J. "Cognitive ornithology: the evolution of avian intelligence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1465 (December 7, 2005): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1736.

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Comparative psychologists interested in the evolution of intelligence have focused their attention on social primates, whereas birds tend to be used as models of associative learning. However, corvids and parrots, which have forebrains relatively the same size as apes, live in complex social groups and have a long developmental period before becoming independent, have demonstrated ape-like intelligence. Although, ornithologists have documented thousands of hours observing birds in their natural habitat, they have focused their attention on avian behaviour and ecology, rather than intelligence. This review discusses recent studies of avian cognition contrasting two different approaches; the anthropocentric approach and the adaptive specialization approach. It is argued that the most productive method is to combine the two approaches. This is discussed with respects to recent investigations of two supposedly unique aspects of human cognition; episodic memory and theory of mind. In reviewing the evidence for avian intelligence, corvids and parrots appear to be cognitively superior to other birds and in many cases even apes. This suggests that complex cognition has evolved in species with very different brains through a process of convergent evolution rather than shared ancestry, although the notion that birds and mammals may share common neural connectivity patterns is discussed.

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28

Carrano, Matthew T. "Homoplasy and the evolution of dinosaur locomotion." Paleobiology 26, no. 3 (2000): 489–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0489:hateod>2.0.co;2.

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In this paper, I survey hindlimb and pelvic anatomy across non-avian dinosaurs and analyze these within a cladistic framework to quantify patterns of change within the locomotor apparatus. Specifically, I attempt to identify where homoplasy constitutes parallelism and may thereby be used to infer similar selective pressures on hindlimb function. Traditional methods of discrete character optimization are used along with two methods for evaluating changes in continuous characters in a phylogenetic context (squared-change parsimony and clade rank correlation). Resultant patterns are evaluated in light of the biomechanics of locomotion and the relationship between form and function in extant terrestrial vertebrates.Although non-avian dinosaurian locomotor morphology is strikingly uniform, these analyses reveal the repeated derivations of several morphological features that have potential relevance for hindlimb locomotor function. Anterior and posterior iliac expansion, a medially oriented femoral head, and an elevated femoral lesser trochanter each evolved independently multiple times within Dinosauria. These changes probably reflect enlargement of several hindlimb muscles as well as a general switch in their predominant function from abduction-adduction (characteristic of “sprawling” limb postures) to protraction-retraction (characteristic of parasagittal, or “erect,” limb postures). Several “avian” characteristics are shared with more basal theropods, and many were acquired convergently in other dinosaurian lineages. The evolution of the avian hindlimb therefore represents a cumulative acquisition of characters, many of which were quite far removed in time and function from the origin of flight.

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29

Pulido, Francisco. "The Genetics and Evolution of Avian Migration." BioScience 57, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/b570211.

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30

Borisenko, L. G., and A. V. Rynditch. "Avian endogenous retroviruses: structure, expression and evolution." Biopolymers and Cell 18, no. 1 (January 20, 2002): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.0005e6.

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31

Jenkins, F. A. "The evolution of the avian shoulder joint." American Journal of Science 293, A (January 1, 1993): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.293.a.253.

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32

Primmer, C. R., and H. Ellegren. "Patterns of molecular evolution in avian microsatellites." Molecular Biology and Evolution 15, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 997–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026015.

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33

Nam, Kiwoong, Carina Mugal, Benoit Nabholz, Holger Schielzeth, Jochen BW Wolf, Niclas Backström, Axel Künstner, et al. "Molecular evolution of genes in avian genomes." Genome Biology 11, no. 6 (2010): R68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2010-11-6-r68.

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34

Stoddard, Mary Caswell, Ee Hou Yong, Derya Akkaynak, Catherine Sheard, Joseph A. Tobias, and L. Mahadevan. "Avian egg shape: Form, function, and evolution." Science 356, no. 6344 (June 22, 2017): 1249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaj1945.

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35

Escorcia, Magdalena, Lourdes Vázquez, Sara T. Méndez, Andrea Rodríguez-Ropón, Eduardo Lucio, and Gerardo M. Nava. "Avian influenza: genetic evolution under vaccination pressure." Virology Journal 5, no. 1 (2008): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-5-15.

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36

Hieronymus, Tobin L., and Lawrence M. Witmer. "Homology and Evolution of Avian Compound Rhamphothecae." Auk 127, no. 3 (July 2010): 590–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/auk.2010.09122.

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37

Jackwood, Mark W., David Hall, and Andreas Handel. "Molecular evolution and emergence of avian gammacoronaviruses." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 12, no. 6 (August 2012): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2012.05.003.

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38

Emery, Nathan J., and Nicola S. Clayton. "Evolution of the avian brain and intelligence." Current Biology 15, no. 23 (December 2005): R946—R950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.029.

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39

Xu, Xing, and Susan Mackem. "Tracing the Evolution of Avian Wing Digits." Current Biology 23, no. 12 (June 2013): R538—R544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.071.

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40

Hedenström, Anders. "Aerodynamics, evolution and ecology of avian flight." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17, no. 9 (September 2002): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02568-5.

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41

Meyer, Axel. "Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics.David P. Mindell." Quarterly Review of Biology 73, no. 3 (September 1998): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/420354.

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42

Apanius, V. "Avian trypanosomes as models of hemoflagellate evolution." Parasitology Today 7, no. 4 (January 1991): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(91)90203-z.

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43

Reiner, Anton, Kei Yamamoto, and Harvey J. Karten. "Organization and evolution of the avian forebrain." Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology 287A, no. 1 (2005): 1080–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20253.

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44

Kessler, Jenő (Eugen). "Water bird fauna in the Carpathian Basin from the beginnings through historical times." Ornis Hungarica 25, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 70–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2017-0006.

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Abstract This study aims to summarize the knowledge about the evolution and fossil remains of avian fauna near waterbodies, since ornithologists, who rarely come across or research the paleontology of birds, do not possess significantly detailed knowledge about the evolution and evidence of the current avian fauna.

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45

Hatchwell, Ben J. "The evolution of cooperative breeding in birds: kinship, dispersal and life history." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1533 (November 12, 2009): 3217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0109.

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The evolution of cooperation among animals has posed a major problem for evolutionary biologists, and despite decades of research into avian cooperative breeding systems, many questions about the evolution of their societies remain unresolved. A review of the kin structure of avian societies shows that a large majority live in kin-based groups. This is consistent with the proposed evolutionary routes to cooperative breeding via delayed dispersal leading to family formation, or limited dispersal leading to kin neighbourhoods. Hypotheses proposed to explain the evolution of cooperative breeding systems have focused on the role of population viscosity, induced by ecological/demographic constraints or benefits of philopatry, in generating this kin structure. However, comparative analyses have failed to generate robust predictions about the nature of those constraints, nor differentiated between the viscosity of social and non-social populations, except at a coarse level. I consider deficiencies in our understanding of how avian dispersal strategies differ between social and non-social species, and suggest that research has focused too narrowly on population viscosity and that a broader perspective that encompasses life history and demographic processes may provide fresh insights into the evolution of avian societies.

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46

Finck, Elmer J. "Avian Ecology." Ecology 71, no. 1 (February 1990): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940290.

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47

Osinubi, Samuel Temidayo. "Avian Cognition." Ostrich 89, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2018.1496311.

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48

Stavrinides, John, and David S. Guttman. "Mosaic Evolution of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus." Journal of Virology 78, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.1.76-82.2004.

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ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a deadly form of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, a viral family responsible for mild respiratory tract infections in a wide variety of animals including humans, pigs, cows, mice, cats, and birds. Analyses to date have been unable to identify the precise origin of the SARS coronavirus. We used Bayesian, neighbor-joining, and split decomposition phylogenetic techniques on the SARS virus replicase, surface spike, matrix, and nucleocapsid proteins to reveal the evolutionary origin of this recently emerging infectious agent. The analyses support a mammalian-like origin for the replicase protein, an avian-like origin for the matrix and nucleocapsid proteins, and a mammalian-avian mosaic origin for the host-determining spike protein. A bootscan recombination analysis of the spike gene revealed high nucleotide identity between the SARS virus and a feline infectious peritonitis virus throughout the gene, except for a 200- base-pair region of high identity to an avian sequence. These data support the phylogenetic analyses and suggest a possible past recombination event between mammalian-like and avian-like parent viruses. This event occurred near a region that has been implicated to be the human receptor binding site and may have been directly responsible for the switch of host of the SARS coronavirus from animals to humans.

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49

Neumann, Gabriele, Margaret A. Green, and Catherine A. Macken. "Evolution of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses and the emergence of dominant variants." Journal of General Virology 91, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 1984–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.020750-0.

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Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses have circulated in South-east Asia for more than a decade and have now spread to more than 60 countries. The evolution of these viruses is characterized by frequent reassortment of the so-called ‘internal’ genes, creating novel genotypes. Additionally, over time, the surface glycoprotein, haemagglutinin (HA), which is the primary target of the adaptive immune response, has evolved by point mutation into 20 genetically and potentially antigenically distinct clades. To investigate the evolution of avian H5N1 influenza viruses, we undertook a high-resolution analysis of the reassortment of internal genes and evolution of HA of 651 avian H5N1 viruses from 2000 to 2008. Our analysis suggested: (i) all current H5N1 genotypes were derived from a single, clearly defined sequence of initial reassortment events; (ii) reassortment of just three of the internal genes had the most importance in avian H5N1 virus evolution; (iii) HA and the constellation of internal genes may be jointly important in the emergence of dominant variants. Further, our analysis led to the identification of evolutionarily significant molecular changes in the internal genes that may be significant for the emergence of these dominant variants.

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Athukorala, Ajani, Karla J. Helbig, Brian P. Mcsharry, Jade K. Forwood, and Subir Sarker. "Adenoviruses in Avian Hosts: Recent Discoveries Shed New Light on Adenovirus Diversity and Evolution." Viruses 14, no. 8 (August 13, 2022): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14081767.

Full text

Abstract:

While adenoviruses cause infections in a wide range of vertebrates, members of the genus Atadenovirus, Siadenovirus, and Aviadenovirus predominantly infect avian hosts. Several recent studies on avian adenoviruses have encouraged us to re-visit previously proposed adenovirus evolutionary concepts. Complete genomes and partial DNA polymerase sequences of avian adenoviruses were extracted from NCBI and analysed using various software. Genomic analyses and constructed phylogenetic trees identified the atadenovirus origin from an Australian native passerine bird in contrast to the previously established reptilian origin. In addition, we demonstrated that the theories on higher AT content in atadenoviruses are no longer accurate and cannot be considered as a species demarcation criterion for the genus Atadenovirus. Phylogenetic reconstruction further emphasised the need to reconsider siadenovirus origin, and we recommend extended studies on avian adenoviruses in wild birds to provide finer evolutionary resolution.

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