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Academic literature on the topic 'Aversion – Psychological aspects'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Aversion – Psychological aspects"

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Sokol-Hessner, Peter, and Robb B. Rutledge. "The Psychological and Neural Basis of Loss Aversion." Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 1 (November 29, 2018): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721418806510.

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Loss aversion is a central element of prospect theory, the dominant theory of decision making under uncertainty for the past four decades, and refers to the overweighting of potential losses relative to equivalent gains, a critical determinant of risky decision making. Recent advances in affective and decision neuroscience have shed new light on the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms underlying loss aversion. Here, integrating disparate literatures from the level of neurotransmitters to subjective reports of emotion, we propose a novel neural and computational framework that links norepinephrine to loss aversion and identifies a distinct role for dopamine in risk taking for rewards. We also propose that loss aversion specifically relates to anticipated emotions and aspects of the immediate experience of realized gains and losses but not their long-term emotional consequences, highlighting an underappreciated temporal structure. Finally, we discuss challenges to loss aversion and the relevance of loss aversion to understanding psychiatric disorders. Refining models of loss aversion will have broad consequences for the science of decision making and for how we understand individual variation in economic preferences and psychological well-being across both healthy and psychiatric populations.
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Yuniningsih, Y., and Bowo Santoso. "Antecedents and Consequences of Psychological Aspects of Investors in the Real Asset Sector Towards Investment Decision Making." ATESTASI : Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi 4, no. 2 (December 6, 2021): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/atestasi.v4i2.692.

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Purpose: This research is pursued at several points objectiveness: 1). Does the behavior of financial decision making on financial asset investors also apply the same to real asset investors. 2). By the empirically, this study is to test and confirm the relationship of herding and overconfidence factors to the level of loss aversion, regret aversion, financial literacy in making real asset investment decisions. Methodology: Involved 105 real estate auction investors as samples at the State Assets and Auction Service Office (KPKNL) Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. Collecting data using a questionnaire consisting of 23 questions for measurement the variabel. Testing research data passes several feasibility tests, such as Inner and outer test modelling by PLS and hypothesis test to see the magnitude of the coefficient of relationship Result and Findings: Loss and regret aversion variables through direct and intervening testing have a positive and significant effect, but financial literacy variables, both through direct and intervening testing, are stated to have no significant effect. There are different aspects of the psychology of investment decision making between investors in the financial sector and investors in the real asset sector. The most striking difference is the consideration of information, opportunities and real assets turnover which will be resold after winning the auction.
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Chuiko, О., and Т. Klibais. "SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ADAPTIVE CAPACITY AND VICTIM BEHAVIOR OF STUDENT YOUTH." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Social work, no. 6 (2020): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2616-7786.2020/6-1/5.

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The basic approaches to the interpretation of adaptability, adaptive potential, victim behavior and mechanisms of its development are analyzed. The concept of "adaptive capabilities" is formulated. The peculiarities of the violation of the adaptive processes that lead to the formation of victim behavior are outlined. The article presents an analysis of the research conducted among first- and fifth-year students with the aim of establishing the relationship between adaptive capabilities and types of victim behavior. The study involved 90 students. According to the results of the empirical study, it can be argued that there is a direct correlation between students' adaptive capacities and victimization, the higher the victim behavior index, the lower the level of adaptive capacities. In particular, the greatest number of direct relationships is observed between dependent victim behavior, maladaptation, aversion to self and others; feedback – with mental and mental resilience and personal adaptive potential. With the implemented victimization, there is also a decrease in neuro-psychic stability and aversion of others, which is explained by the action of protective mechanisms and the consequences of psychological trauma. The rejection of others is also characteristic of students with aggressive victim behavior, and on the contrary, they do not accept self-harming persons. Students with hypersocial victim behavior feel emotional comfort as this behavior is approved by the community.
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Mamzer, Hanna, Agnieszka Zok, Piotr Białas, and Mirosław Andrusiewicz. "Negative psychological aspects of working with experimental animals in scientific research." PeerJ 9 (April 20, 2021): e11035. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11035.

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The aim of the study was to reveal the negative psychological aspects of using animals by scientists and to determine whether the emotional tensions and stress are associated with performing experiments on animals. All 150 participants of the study conduct experiments on animals in their work. Computer-assisted web interviewing, was used to collect the data. Correlation matrices for factorial analysis of main component loads and cluster analysis have been calculated as grouping methods revealed two different categories of researchers, which were mostly distinguished by acceptance and aversion to animal testing and animal welfare. The main findings demonstrated, that there is a group of respondents who feel discomfort when performing experiments on animals. Especially young people involved in animal testing, feel remorse, emotional tension and helplessness.
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Navarrete, Carlos David, and Daniel Fessler. "Meat Is Good to Taboo: Dietary Proscriptions as a Product of the Interaction of Psychological Mechanisms and Social Processes." Journal of Cognition and Culture 3, no. 1 (2003): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853703321598563.

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AbstractComparing food taboos across 78 cultures, this paper demonstrates that meat, though a prized food, is also the principal target of proscriptions. Reviewing existing explanations of taboos, we find that both functionalist and symbolic approaches fail to account for meat's cross-cultural centrality and do not reflect experience-near aspects of food taboos, principal among which is disgust. Adopting an evolutionary approach to the mind, this paper presents an alternative to existing explanations of food taboos. Consistent with the attendant risk of pathogen transmission, meat has special salience as a stimulus for humans, as animal products are stronger elicitors of disgust and aversion than plant products. We identify three psychosocial processes, socially-mediated ingestive conditioning, egocentric empathy, and normative moralization, each of which likely plays a role in transforming individual disgust responses and conditioned food aversions into institutionalized food taboos.
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Prib, Hlib A., and Svitlana S. Bondar. "The Communication Barriers in a Ukrainian Family: Adultery and Socio-Psychological Aspects." Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment 9, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.01.9.

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A common cause of disruption of family communication is adultery, which creates a traumatic situation and even leads to family destruction. The purpose of the article is to investigate sexual and psychosocial disorders in family communication under adultery—research methods. The study used validity methods «Eysenck Inventory of Attitudes to Sex» and «Diagnostics of the inferiority complex». Statistical methods. For the non-parametric data correlation variables, the Spearman coefficient was used, Kendall's, Pearson's. Results: The present study found the destructive effect of the psychological characteristics of sexuality on family functioning in CGA. The connection between disappointment with existing sexual relations and desire for sexual satisfaction was established (p <0.05). Conflicts between beliefs and internal impulses were detected (p <0.05). It was found that treating a partner as a sexual object without finding sensual pleasure correlated with intolerance to a verbal description of bed scenes (p <0.05). Sexual shyness is a characteristic of couples with sexual inactivity and aversion to sexual manifestations (p <0.05). In turn, the difficulty of acquiring sexual excitement correlated with a fascination with only physical sex without its spiritual component (p <0.05). Conclusion: Features of the psychological response of men and women in CGA and CG in the genesis and development of impaired family life are connected to the following: a great number of complexes and constant struggle with personal weaknesses, drawbacks, mistakes; fear of analyzing oneself and one's own actions by "hiding" and "postponing" the resolution; inflated self-esteem, self-deception, living in the so-called "imaginary world", low communication (p <0.05).
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Velikonja, Nevenka Kregar, Karmen Erjavec, Ivan Verdenik, Mohsen Hussein, and Vislava Globevnik Velikonja. "Association between preventive behaviour and anxiety at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 60, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2021-0004.

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Abstract Introduction The first large outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe occurred in Northern Italy in February 2020. The relatively fast spread of the infection to Slovenia was expected, and preventive measures for its suppression were widely discussed. Methods An online questionnaire was designed to evaluate adherence to preventive measures and the extent to which the taking of preventive measures was associated with people’s anxiety level, psychological burden, their perceived vulnerability to disease, germ aversion and a number of demographic characteristics in the early stage of Covid-19 spread. The survey was active for 24 hours (13–14 March 2020). There were 12,307 responses and 7,764 questionnaires were completed in full. Results Higher preventive behaviour was found in individuals who experienced greater psychological distress, were more anxious, and expressed greater perceived infectability and germ aversion. Greater compliance with preventive behaviour was found among women, those sharing a household with people aged over 65, the elderly and those who knew somebody who had been infected. These groups also showed higher anxiety levels, which appeared to be significantly increased in general as a result of the specific situation. Quarantine was evaluated as the most efficient preventive measure, and was respected relatively strictly even before it became an officially announced protective measure. Conclusion This research reveals a strong association between preventive behaviour and anxiety. Anxiety, together with social distancing, may affect physical and psychological health in the population in the long term. Other aspects of public health might therefore be influenced by the measures currently being enforced to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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ISMAIL, Asma Abdullah. "MENTAL RETARDATION , AUTISM DISORDER AND THE EFFECT ON EACH OTHER ON HYPERACTIVITY APPLIED ON SAMPLE OF CHILDREN IN CITY OF MISURATA CENTERS AMONG AGE OF 12 AND UNDER." Rimak International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.17.12.

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Excessive activity consider as one of the common behavioral disorders among children, which could hinders the achievement of an educational goals. The problem of hyperactivity disorder and distraction also affects most aspects of growth in children. That led to impact the learning time as a result , it reflects negatively on the education and achievement. In addition, psychological condition that affects child who had a hyperactive as a result of the aversion of their peers. we can realize an activity among some children with special needs. In this research , the researcher will study two categories of special needs (mental retardation and autism disorder) were studied to determine which group suffers the most from hyperactivity. The research was limited to 12 children with mental retardation and 31 autistic children in the city of Misurata. Key words: Mental Retardation, Autism, Hyperactivity.
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Subhan, Qazi, and Muhammad Najmul Hasnain. "Effect of herding behavior and overconfidence bias on investor’s financial decisions: A case of investment in crypto currency in Pakistan." Journal of Management Info 9, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 361–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/jmi.v9i3.2677.

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There are various behavioral aspects that influence the financial decisions of individual investors, such as overconfidence, herding behavior, loss aversion, and regret aversion. Other psychological elements may play a substantial influence in deciding the success or failure of any financial action. The primary aims of the present research article are to examine the effects of overconfidence bias and herding behavior on individual financial decisions regarding crypto currency investment. The markets for crypto currencies are extremely sensitive to any minute or significant changes in the economy, as well as to any changes in the individual behaviors of investors. To achieve these aims, 650 questionnaires were distributed to individual investors employed by various financial institutions, multinational corporations, including oil and gas exploration and production companies, operating in Pakistan, individual investors dealing in stocks, and students regardless of investment size. Purposive sampling was used to choose 311 valid responses from a total of 593. Those investors that engage in crypto currency investments were deemed valid responses. Classifications of investments were outlined, and demographic information was requested from respondents. SPSS-based empirical analysis provided the basis for the conclusions. The primary findings indicate that both overconfidence bias and herding tendency have a favorable and statistically significant impact on investors' financial decisions when investing in cryptocurrencies. In this study's sample, however, the majority of investors were overconfident in their crypto currency investing decisions.
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Okubo, Toshihiro, Daiju Narita, Katrin Rehdanz, and Carsten Schroeder. "Preferences for Nuclear Power in Post-Fukushima Japan: Evidence from a Large Nationwide Household Survey." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 8, 2020): 2938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112938.

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Utilizing the data of a large nationwide household survey conducted in 2014, we investigate public preferences on nuclear power in Japan after the Fukushima nuclear accident and the role of four sets of factors: (1) household/individual socioeconomic characteristics, (2) psychological status, (3) geographical aspects, and (4) Fukushima accident-related experiences. The preferred energy mix, according to the averaged responses from the survey, includes 0.59 for renewables, 0.29 for fossil fuels, and 0.12 for nuclear—much more skewed towards the renewables than the actual national share of renewables of less than 0.2. Male, older, unmarried, less educated, high-income people, and government party supporters have a preference towards a higher share of nuclear power, except if they live near nuclear power plants. The experience of blackout and aversion to nuclear power during the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 lowers the share of nuclear power in the preferred mix.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aversion – Psychological aspects"

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Kennedy, David Keith. "The effects of taste quality and spatial location on the potentiation of an aversion to a non-gustatory stimulus." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/468.

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Panidi, Ksenia. "Essays to the application of behavioral economic concepts to the analysis of health behavior." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209674.

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In this thesis I apply the concepts of Behavioral Economics to the analysis of the individual health care behavior. In the first chapter I provide a theoretical explanation of the link between loss aversion and health anxiety leading to infrequent preventive testing. In the second chapter I analyze this link empirically based on the general population questionnaire study. In the third chapter I theoretically explore the effects of motivational crowding-in and crowding-out induced by external or self-rewards for the self-control involving tasks such as weight loss or smoking cessation.

Understanding psychological factors behind the reluctance to use preventive testing is a significant step towards a more efficient health care policy. Some people visit doctors very rarely because of a fear to receive negative results of medical inspection, others prefer to resort to medical services in order to prevent any diseases. Recent research in the field of Behavioral Economics suggests that human's preferences may be significantly influenced by the choice of a reference point. In the first chapter I study the link between loss aversion and the frequently observed tendency to avoid useful but negative information (the ostrich effect) in the context of preventive health care choices. I consider a model with reference-dependent utility that allows to characterize how people choose their health care strategy, namely, the frequency of preventive checkups. In this model an individual lives for two periods and faces a trade-off. She makes a choice between delaying testing until the second period with the risk of a more costly treatment in the future, or learning a possibly unpleasant diagnosis today, that implies an emotional loss but prevents an illness from further development. The model shows that high loss aversion decreases the frequency of preventive testing due to the fear of a bad diagnosis. Moreover, I show that under certain conditions increasing risk of illness discourages testing.

In the second chapter I provide empirical support for the model predictions. I use a questionnaire study of a representative sample of the Dutch population to measure variables such as loss aversion, testing frequency and subjective risk. I consider the undiagnosed non-symptomatic population and concentrate on medical tests for four illnesses that include hypertension, diabetes, chronic lung disease and cancer. To measure loss aversion I employ a sequence of lottery questions formulated in terms of gains and losses of life years with respect to the current subjective life expectancy. To relate this measure of loss aversion to the testing frequency I use a two-part modeling approach. This approach distinguishes between the likelihood of participation in testing and the frequency of tests for those who decided to participate. The main findings confirm that loss aversion, as measured by lottery choices in terms of life expectancy, is significantly and negatively associated with the decision to participate in preventive testing for hypertension, diabetes and lung disease. Higher loss aversion also leads to lower frequency of self-tests for cancer among women. The effect is more pronounced in magnitude for people with higher subjective risk of illness.

In the third chapter I explore the phenomena of crowding-out and crowding-in of motivation to exercise self-control. Various health care choices, such as keeping a diet, reducing sugar consumption (e.g. in case of diabetes) or abstaining from smoking, require costly self-control efforts. I study the long-run and short-run influence of external and self-rewards offered to stimulate self-control. In particular, I develop a theoretical model based on the combination of the dual-self approach to the analysis of the time-inconsistency problem with the principal-agent framework. I show that the psychological property of disappointment aversion (represented as loss aversion with respect to the expected outcome) helps to explain the differences in the effects of rewards when a person does not perfectly know her self-control costs. The model is based on two main assumptions. First, a person learns her abstention costs only if she exerts effort. Second, observing high abstention costs brings disutility due to disappointment (loss) aversion. The model shows that in the absence of external reward an individual will exercise self-control only when her confidence in successful abstention is high enough. However, observing high abstention costs will discourage the individual from exerting effort in the second period, i.e. will lead to the crowding-out of motivation. On the contrary, choosing zero effort in period 1 does not reveal the self-control costs. Hence, this preserves the person's self-confidence helping her to abstain in the second period. Such crowding-in of motivation is observed for the intermediate level of self-confidence. I compare this situation to the case when an external reward is offered in the first period. The model shows that given a sufficiently low self-confidence external reward may lead to abstention in both periods. At the same time, without it a person would not abstain in any period. However, for an intermediate self-confidence, external reward may lead to the crowding-out of motivation. For the same level of self-confidence, the absence of such reward may cause crowding-in. Overall, the model generates testable predictions and helps to explain contradictory empirical findings on the motivational effects of different types of rewards.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Avanzi, Dante Pellegrino. "Como influenciar a decisão de compra do shopper em supermercados: os efeitos dos vieses cognitivos 'aversão à perda', 'contas mentais' e 'priming effect', aplicados em materiais de comunicação." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17716.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-03T17:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mercadologia-avanzi-dissertação v37 Biblioteca FGV Final.pdf: 3573077 bytes, checksum: fb2962cead46ccf55b55175118825f78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-13
Empresas de bens de consumo se deparam hoje com o desafio de conhecer e influenciar seus shoppers durante suas jornadas de compras, para que, assim, possam incrementar suas receitas. O shopper marketing surgiu para buscar soluções para este, entre outros desafios. Pode ser definido como o planejamento e execução de todas as atividades de marketing que influenciam o shopper, durante toda a jornada de compra, incluindo os ambientes de dentro e fora do ponto de venda. Entre as diversas etapas desse processo, o ponto de venda é apontado como um importante influenciador na tomada de decisão de compra do shopper. Nele, um dos meios utilizados são os fatores de in-store marketing, com destaque para os materiais de comunicação. O objetivo nesse trabalho é compreender como os vieses cognitivos, objetos de estudo nessa dissertação, influenciam a tomada de decisão de compra do shopper, quando aplicados em materiais de comunicação, em supermercados. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa experimental, a partir de um procedimento 'quase-experimento', em uma rede de supermercados, aplicado a uma marca de uma categoria de bens de consumo não duráveis. O resultado apresentado um aumento nas vendas da marca, o que comprova a efetividade da aplicação dos vieses cognitivos, em materiais de comunicação, em supermercados. Dessa maneira, o estudo contribui tanto para a prática acadêmica, quanto empresarial. No plano acadêmico, agrega conteúdo à literatura sobre shopper marketing, combinando materiais de comunicação e vieses cognitivos e sua influência sobre os shoppers em supermercados. No plano corporativo, o estudo permite que profissionais de marketing tenham mais um instrumento para conhecer e influenciar seus shoppers em supermercados, podendo elaborar materiais de comunicação mais efetivos e maximizar seus investimentos destinados ao ponto de venda, gerando vendas incrementais.
Fast moving consumer goods companies have the challenge today to know and influence their shoppers as they shop, with the purpose of increasing their sales. Shopper marketing has emerged in order to solve this challenge, among others. It can be definied as the planning and the execution process of all marketing activities that influence shoppers across the shopper journey, including both in-store and out-of-store factors. Among the different shopper marketing stages, the point of sales is key to influence the shopper’s purchasing decision. In this stage, this influence may happen through in-store marketing factors, mainly through communication materials. The goal of this essay is to understand how cognitive biases, focus of this study, influence the shopper’s purchasing decision process, when applied to communication materials in supermarkets. So, in order to accomplish this goal, an experimental quantitative research was conducted through a quasi-experiment procedure in a supermarket chain, based on a fast moving consumer good brand. The results show an increase in the brand sales, which proves the effectiveness of the cognitive biases applied to communication materials in supermarkets. Therefore, this study shall contribute to both academic and corporate fields. In the academic field, it may contribute to the existing shopper marketing literature, combining point of purchase communication materials with cognitive biases, and their influence in shoppers in supermarkets. As to the corporate field, this study allows marketing professionals to have an additional instrument to know and influence their shoppers in supermarkets by developing more effective POP communication materials, maximizing investments in the point of sales and thus increasing their sales.
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Woolf, Julian Robert. "The effects of disgust eliciting persuasive messages on physical activity." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3095.

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Woolf, Julian Robert 1971. "The effects of disgust eliciting persuasive messages on physical activity." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/13281.

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Coren, Amy Elizabeth 1979. "Bridging the WTA-WTP gap : ownership, bargaining, and the endowment effect." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/15974.

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Numerous studies have shown a discrepancy between how much an individual will accept to give up an object and how much an individual will pay to acquire the same good. This discrepancy is more commonly known as the endowment effect. Although scholars have generated a vast literature demonstrating the existence of the endowment effect, the underlying psychological mechanisms that account for this phenomenon remain a source of controversy. In the following dissertation, two different psychological processes are proposed to account for the WTP/WTA discrepancy: the use of a bargaining script and cognitive engagement through object interaction. Experiment 1 explores how the use of a bargaining schema affects buyers' and sellers' valuations of a mug. Experiment 2 examines the role object interaction plays in an individual's decisions about an object's value. Each of these studies presents new data that provide novel insights into the potential psychological processes that underlie the endowment effect.
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Books on the topic "Aversion – Psychological aspects"

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Johnson, Eric J. Exploring the nature of loss aversion. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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Disgusti: Le nuove tendenze estetiche. Genova: Costa & Nolan, 1998.

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Zamir, Eyal. Law, Psychology, and Morality: The Role of Loss Aversion. Oxford University Press, 2014.

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Perniola, Mario. Disgusti: Le nuove tendenze estetiche (I Turbamenti dell'arte). Costa & Nolan, 1998.

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Don't Look, Don't Touch, Don't Eat: The Science Behind Revulsion. Chicago, Illinois, USA: University of Chicago Press, 2013.

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Don't Look, Don't Touch, Don't Eat: The Science Behind Revulsion. University of Chicago Press, 2013.

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Nofsinger, John R. Behavioral Aspects of Commodity Markets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0004.

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Are behavioral biases prevalent in commodities and futures markets? Although retail equity investors display many psychological biases, investors who are more sophisticated exhibit fewer biases. The market makers, traders (locals), speculators, hedgers, and institutions of the commodities and futures markets tend to be professional participants, and thus less prone to behavioral biases. Nevertheless, the fast-paced action of these markets is an environment that fosters behavioral errors. This chapter reviews the literature on the pervasiveness of prospect theory behavior and other biases in these markets. Strong evidence indicates that market participants exhibit loss aversion, the impact of reference points, the disposition effect, and overconfidence. They also engage in positive feedback trading and momentum investing. Lastly, the chapter reviews risk-taking and behavioral biases by the type of market participant, particularly focusing on market makers, floor traders, clearing members, and the public.
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McGlothlin, Jenny, Katja Rowell, and Suzanne Evans Morris. Helping Your Child with Extreme Picky Eating: A Step-By-Step Guide for Overcoming Selective Eating, Food Aversion, and Feeding Disorders. New Harbinger Publications, 2015.

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author, McGlothlin Jenny, and Morris, Suzanne Evans, author of foreword, eds. Helping your child with extreme picky eating: A step-by-step guide for overcoming selective eating, food aversion, and feeding disorders. New Harbinger Publications, 2015.

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McGlothlin, Jenny, Katja Rowell, and Suzanne Evans Morris. Helping Your Child with Extreme Picky Eating: A Step-By-Step Guide for Overcoming Selective Eating, Food Aversion, and Feeding Disorders. New Harbinger Publications, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aversion – Psychological aspects"

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Cutting, James E. "Popular Movies and Technology." In Movies on Our Minds, 20–46. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0002.

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People’s aesthetic appreciation for any art is bound to the craft of its artists, and that craft is deeply affected by the technology available. Movies have evolved through a long series of venues and technological advances—theaters to shrinking personal devices; roll film with sprockets added; increased frame rates; the standardizations with added sound; experiments with color, aspect ratios, and contrast; and the move to a digital format. This chapter traces these and the consequent psychological improvements in viewer engagement that they fostered—for example, the creation of motion also created aversive flicker, but flicker was then diminished by increasing frame rates and was eliminated by digital delivery. Sound had profound effects, among other things creating a temporary deglobalization of cinema. Color increased discriminability and punctuated the change of scenes. And increased aspect ratios more firmly stimulated people’s systems of balance and the feeling of presence.
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van den Brink, Wim, and Falk Kiefer. "Alcohol use disorder." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by John R. Geddes, Nancy C. Andreasen, and Guy M. Goodwin, 498–506. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0050.

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Alcohol is one of the most frequently used substances, and alcohol-related disorders are common, especially in western societies. While there is no safe lower drinking level, a clear dose–response relationship has been shown between alcohol intake and organ damage. Conceptualization and diagnostic classification of alcohol use disorders have changed over time, focusing most recently on aspects of craving, loss of control, and continued use despite negative consequences. Alcohol acts via various binding sites in the brain and via downstream effects, including glutamatergic, GABAergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, opioid, and neuroendocrine pathways. For its long-lasting, habit-forming effects, sensitization within the mesolimbic–mesocortical system is crucial. Psychological treatments traditionally focus on motivational enhancement, cognitive behaviour therapy, and the community reinforcement approach. Pharmacological treatment approaches range from aversive and reward-inhibiting to anti-craving compounds and cognitive enhancers, which target opioid, glutamatergic, and monoamine receptors. Improvement of treatment effects can be achieved by polypharmacy and use of personalized medicine, based on clinical characteristics, biomarkers, and genetic indicators.
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