Relevant bibliographies by topics / Available N

Academic literature on the topic 'Available N'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Available N"

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Raston, CL, CR Whitaker, and AH White. "A Novel Tertiary Amine-Sodium Iodide Complex - Crystallographic Characterization of Di-Mu-Iodo-Bis[(N,N,N',N',N'-Pentamethyl-Diethylenetriamine-N,N',N')S Odium(I)] Bis[Aqua(N,N,N',N',N'-Pentamethyldiethylene-Triamine-N,N',N')Lithium( I) Iodide]." Australian Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 5 (1988): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9880823.

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Dželetović Ž, S., N. Pivić R, and L. Djurović N J. "Available nitrogen in the surface mineral layer of Serbian forest soils." Journal of Forest Science 57, No. 4 (April 14, 2011): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/109/2010-jfs.

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Based on a greenhouse experiment, we evaluated nitrogen availability in the surface mineral layer of soil under various deciduous forest stands by analysing the following soil characteristics: total organic C, total N, initial content of easily available N inorganic forms, mineralized N content obtained by aerobic and anaerobic incubations and A-value. The experiment was performed on a test plant and through the application of urea enriched with 5.4% 15N.<br />The studied forest soils are characterized by high mineralization intensity and high N availability indices. Aerobic incubation appears to be the most appropriate method for evaluating the available N content. The amounts of mineralized and nitrified N, obtained by aerobic incubation, with subtraction of the initial content of available mineral N forms are in correlation (P &le; 0.05) with total organic C content (r = 0.916) and total soil N (r = 0.903) while the correlation with the C/N ratio is poor (r = 0.645).
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Patel, Jagdish, and Mary Lee Dunn. "‘Protective OSH Laws Available to Only a Few’." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 18, no. 2 (May 29, 2008): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ns.18.2.n.

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Murison, Lynn. "Free how-to guide for course design available." IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter 7, no. 2 (April 2002): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/n-ssc.2002.6499837.

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Glenn, J. S., C. H. Gilliam, J. H. Edwards, G. J. Keever, and P. R. Knight. "Recycled Waste Paper Mulch Reduces Available Container N." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-18.4.188.

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Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pelletized recycled paper mulch on container plant nutrition. In experiment 1 with Petunia floribunda Hort. ‘Midnight Madness’, 9 g (0.32 oz) of Osmocote 14N-6.2P-11.6K (14-14-14) was applied over or under 2.5 cm (1 in) of recycled paper pellet mulch, or to plants with no paper mulch (control). Leachate samples were collected after microirrigation. Both treatments with paper mulch reduced nitrate (NO3-N) and ammonium (NH4-N) levels in container leachate, compared to the control 21 days after planting (DAP). Shoot dry weight was reduced 53% and 70% for plants fertilized under and over the mulch, respectively, compared to the non-mulched control. At the end of the experiment 40–48% of the total N applied over or under mulch was retained by the recycled paper mulch. In experiment 2 with Petunia grandiflora Hort. ‘Ultra Blue’, mulch and three methods of fertilizer application (over mulch, under mulch, and incorporated in the substrate) were compared. Leachate NO3-N levels were reduced 72% or 68% with fertilizer placed over or under the mulch, respectively, when compared to a non-mulched topdressed treatment 21 DAP. When fertilizer was incorporated into the substrate, paper mulch reduced NO3-N leachate levels 87% compared to the non-mulched treatment. There were no significant differences in leachate NH4-N levels with fertilizer placed over or under the mulch when compared to a non-mulched control 21 DAP. When fertilizer was incorporated into the substrate, paper mulch reduced leachate NH4-N levels 82% compared to the non-mulched control. Shoot dry weight was 84 or 49% lower with fertilizer placed over or under the mulch, respectively, when compared to the topdressed, non-mulched treatment. However, plants grown with fertilizer applied under the mulch were 213% larger than plants with fertilizer applied over the mulch. When fertilizer was incorporated into the substrate, paper mulch reduced shoot dry weight 41% when compared to non-mulched plants. There were no differences between shoot dry weights of plants grown in non-mulched treatments with topdress fertilization or fertilizer incorporated.
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Baxter, S. J., and M. A. Oliver. "The spatial prediction of soil mineral N and potentially available N using elevation." Geoderma 128, no. 3-4 (October 2005): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.013.

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Knöpfel, Thomas F., Patrick Aschwanden, Takashi Ichikawa, Takumi Watanabe, and Erick M. Carreira. "Readily Available Biaryl P,N Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43, no. 44 (November 10, 2004): 5971–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200461286.

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Knöpfel, Thomas F., Patrick Aschwanden, Takashi Ichikawa, Takumi Watanabe, and Erick M. Carreira. "Readily Available Biaryl P,N Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis." Angewandte Chemie 116, no. 44 (November 10, 2004): 6097–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200461286.

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Uyesugi, Arthur, Shannon Moldowan, Keighly Bradbrook, and Theodore Schuman. "Sinus Surgery: Analysis of Videos Available Online." Allergy & Rhinology 12 (January 2021): 215265672199342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2152656721993420.

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Objectives YouTube is the second most visited website in the world and can be a useful resource for patients to gain insight into surgical procedures. A multitude of studies have evaluated the quality of otolaryngology-specific healthcare information available on the YouTube platform, but to our knowledge, the online content regarding functional endoscopic sinus surgery available on this site has not been systematically evaluated. Study Design Cross sectional study. Setting Online. Methods YouTube was searched using the keywords “sinus surgery.” Variables including video length, total number of views, authorship (academic, private practice physician, patient, or third party), objective (advertisement, informative, or patient perspective), inclusion of intra-operative footage, and discussion of balloon sinuplasty were recorded and analyzed by a single reviewer. Results Two-hundred twenty-two videos met inclusion criteria, with a median length of 4 minutes, and a median of 3349 views. The majority of videos were informative (n = 145, 65%), narrated (n = 151, 68%), and did not mention balloon sinuplasty (n = 189, 85%) nor contain intra-operative footage (n = 116, 52%). Private practice physicians were the most common authors (n = 113, 51%), followed by patients (n = 70, 32%), third parties (n = 28, 13%) and academics (n = 11, 5%). Conclusions Sinus surgery is one of the most common ambulatory procedures performed. Online resources such as YouTube can be useful for improving health literacy and patient comfort with medical topics such as functional endoscopic sinus surgery, but it is important for clinicians and patients to understand that there is a spectrum in the authorship, content, and quality of sinus surgery related videos posted online.
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Shope, Alexander J., Joshua S. Winder, Jonathan T. Bliggenstorfer, Kristen T. Crowell, Randy S. Haluck, and Eric M. Pauli. "Force Comparison of Commercially Available Transfascial Suture Passers." Surgical Innovation 24, no. 3 (February 8, 2017): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1553350617691709.

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Background. Transfascial suture passers (TSPs) are a commonly used surgical tool available in a wide array of tip configurations. We assessed the insertion force of various TSPs in an ex vivo porcine model. Methods. Uniform sections of porcine abdominal wall were secured to a 3D-printed platform. Nine TSPs were passed through the abdominal wall both without and with prolene suture under the following scenarios: abdominal wall only and abdominal wall plus underlay ePTFE or composite ePTFE/polypropylene mesh. Insertion forces were recorded in Newton (N). Results. When passed without suture through the abdominal wall, smaller diameter TSPs required less insertional force (1.50 ± 0.17 N vs 9.68 ± 1.50 N [ P = 0.00072]). Through composite mesh, the solid tipped TSPs required less force than hollow tipped ones (3.87 ± 0.25 N vs 7.88 ± 0.20 N [ P = 0.00026]). Overall, smaller diameter TSPs required less force than the larger TSPs when passed through ePTFE empty (Gore 2.95 ± 0.83 N vs Carter-Thomason 16.07 ± 2.10 N [ P = .0005]) or with suture (Gore 8.37 ± 2.59 N vs Carter-Thomason 19.12 ± 1.10 N [ P = .003]). Conclusions. Diameter plays the greatest role in the force required for TSP penetration. However, when passed through underlay mesh or while holding suture, distal tip shape, the mechanism of suture holding, and shaft diameter all contribute to the forces necessary for penetration. These factors should be considered when choosing a TSP for intraoperative use.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Available N"

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Pereira, Marcia da Costa. "Hamiltonianos unidimensionais associados à simetria Z(N) x Z(N)." Universidade de São Paulo, 1985. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/54/54131/tde-15042015-212841/.

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É mostrada a obtenção do Hamiltoniano Quântico Unidimensional associado a um modelo de Mecânica Estatística Clássica de simetria Z(N)xZ(N). O cálculo do Estado Fundamental deste Hamiltoniano é feito através do cálculo da energia livre do modelo de mecânica estatística, sendo que esta, por sua vez, é calculada utilizando-se Equações Funcionais advindas da equação dos triângulos (o método de slução é explanado em detalhes). Este tipo de cálculo foi feito originalmente por Baxter para N=2, sendo que neste caso o modelo de mecânica estatística é conhecido por 8-vértices e o Hamiltoniano quântico associado é o XYZ (Heisenberg completamente anisotrópico). Neste presente trabalho, o Hamiltoniano é obtido formalmente para as demais simetrias (qualquer N) ao incrementar-se o cálculo feito por Baxter com um novo método que torna possível esta generalização. Como exemplos, são feitos cálculos detalhados para N=3, em um limite em que as funções envolvidas na solução do problema de mecânica estatística tornam-se trigonométricas. O limite citado é análogo ao que se faz para N=2 quando do modelo de 8-vértices obtém-se o modelo de 6-vértices e o Hamiltoniano associado torna-se o XXZ (Heisenberg anisotrópico). Além da obtenção do Hamiltoniano é mostrada a dualidade do modelo Z(N)xZ(N). Também aqui este resultado foi obtido pela primeira vez por Baxter, apenas para o caso N=2, usando uma maneira gráfica que não permitiria a generalização para as outras simetrias. O método aqui apresentado, além de simplificar o resultado para N=2 é feito para todo N
The one-dimensional quantum Hamiltonian associated to a classical statistical mechanical model with Z(N)xZ(N) symmetry is obtained. The calculation of the Ground state of this Hamiltonian is performed via the calculation of the Free energy of the statistical mechanical model, which in its turn, is calculated by the functional equations originated from the Triangle equations. This type of calculation has been originally performed by Baxter for N=2, in which case the statistical mechanical model is known as the 8-vertex and the associated Quantum Hamiltonian is the XYZ (Completely anisotropic Heisenberg Model). In the present work the Hamiltonian is formally obtained for any N upgrading Baxter´s calculation by the use of a new method which allows its generalization. As an example, detailed calculations for N=3 are performed on a limit in which the functions arising from the triangle equations become trigonometric. This limit is analogous to the case N=2 when the 6-vexter model is obtained from the 8-vexter and the associated Hamiltonian become the XXZ (Anisotropic Heisenberg Model). Besides the obtained of the Hamiltonian, the duality of the Z(N)xZ(N) model is also shown. This result was demonstrated by Baxter only for the case N=2 by means of a graphic method which does not allow generalization for a arbitrary N. The method present in this work, besides the simplification of the result for N=2, is valid for any N
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Marais, Susan Maria. "'N Generiese model vir 'n effektiewe mentorskapprogram." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2001. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08272003-101859.

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Kotze, Susan Johanna. "N' Maatskaplikewerkondersoek na gesinspatrone wat 'n kind met 'n Serebrale gestrimdheid en 'n Bipolere versteuring in optimale funksionering beperk." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2002. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09052003-152724.

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Truter, Jan Hendrik Lodewyk. "'n Teologies-empiriese evaluering van 'n kerkgebouprojek as 'n bediening van gemeentebou 'n praktykmodel vir die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika /." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05232008-125835/.

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Fraser, Johanna Dorothea Catharina. "'n Eksploratiewe studie na die identiteitsbeeld van 'n mentor." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09252008-135754/.

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Van, Niekerk Tanya. "'N Feministiese analise van animasiekarakters vanuit 'n feministiese benadering." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10122004-135247.

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Drotskie, Helene. "'n Beradingsprogram vir kinders wat 'n trauma beleef het." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03152005-141755.

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Clark, Marina. "Die Ontwikkeling van 'n model vir die samestelling van 'n effektiewe bestuurspan binne 'n finansiële instansie (Afrikaans)." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03112004-094122/.

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Van, Jaarsveld Jana. "'n Verkenning van kognitiewe beheerterapie by 'n adolessent met Downsindroom." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08232005-091123/.

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Van, der Wart A. D. F. "'n Bediening struktuurmodel as ondersteuningsmeganisme vir leierskap-identiteit voor die limen van herintegrasie in 'n gevorderde stadium van 'n communitas-fase 'n prakties-teologiese ondersoek /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10162007-121134/.

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Books on the topic "Available N"

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Labrosse, Sylvie. Indexes & abstracts available at the J. N. Desmarais Library by Schools, Departments or Programs of Laurentian University =: Index et bulletins analytiques disponibles à la bibliothèque J. N. Desmarais pour les Écoles, Départements ou Programes d'études de l'Université Laurentienne. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University Library = La Bibliothèque de l'Université Laurentienne, 1992.

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Lindner, Marian. The Emotionally Available Partner: A Journey to True Love (N). iUniverse, Inc., 2004.

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Dessureault-Rompré, Jacynthe, ed. Soil Nitrogen Supply: Linking Plant Available N to Ecosystems Functions and Productivity. MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-5082-4.

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance: Consolidated Guidance. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122365.

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Prevention, early diagnosis, and effective treatment are essential for the control and elimination of Neisseria gonorrhoeae as a public health problem. Currently, in Latin America and the Caribbean, treatment for gonorrhea infection is largely empiric and based on clinical diagnosis. In the Americas, the high burden of new N. gonorrhoeae infections (estimated at 11 million new cases a year), the complexity of the disease epidemiology, and in many countries the limited resources, make it difficult to fully understand the burden of disease and the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in N. gonorrhoeae. PAHO has developed this document to facilitate the navigation of available guidance and recommendations for N. gonorrhoeae AMR surveillance by public health and health care professionals, at the national and subnational levels, involved in designing, implementing, and/or strengthening AMR surveillance of N. gonorrhoeae and overall surveillance of sexually transmitted infections. This document aims to consolidate guidance on AMR surveillance for N. gonorrhoeae from documents published by WHO and PAHO, and strives to assemble relevant information in a summarized manner to help countries in strengthening and/or developing AMR surveillance systems for N. gonorrhoeae.
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Sogge, Christopher D. The sharp Weyl formula. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691160757.003.0003.

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This chapter considers the sharp Weyl formula using the tools provided in the previous chapter. It attempts to prove the sharp Weyl formula which says that there is a constant c, depending on (M,g) in a natural way, so that N(λ‎) = cλ‎ⁿ + O(λ‎superscript n minus 1). The chapter then details the sup-norm estimates for eigenfunctions and spectral clusters. Next, this chapter proves the sharp Weyl formula and in doing so, outlines a number of theorems, the first of which the chapter focuses on in establishing its sharpness and in obtaining improved bounds for its Weyl formula's error term. Finally, the chapter shows that improved bounds are also available for the remainder term in the Weyl formula when (M,g) has nonpositive sectional curvature.
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Mitton, Andrew, and Larissa J. Mooney. Integrative Approach to Stimulant-Use Disorder. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0007.

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SUD remains a significant public health problem with limited evidence-based treatment options available for many individuals. This chapter provides a review of integrative treatment approaches for stimulant use disorder, including current literature on evidence-based behavioral interventions, pharmacotherapy, and complementary and alternative treatments (CAM) for both cocaine and amphetamine use. Current epidemiology, physical and mental health effects, and public health impacts, of these disorders is also discussed. The chapter provides an overview of current mainstream treatments for these disorders and challenges that have been faced in developing effective treatment modalities. With the relative paucity of available traditional treatments, the chapter seeks to explore the evidence for the use of such CAM treatments as acupuncture, exercise, yoga, transmagnetic cranial stimulation (TMS), meditation, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC).
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Patterson, Marc C. Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0066.

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Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) comprise a family of multisystem diseases in which N- and O-linked glycosylation and glypiation of a variety of proteins and lipids is deficient. The hypoglycosylation of multiple glycoconjugates impairs normal development of the brain (and other organs), and is associated with both episodic and chronic organ dysfunction. Developmental disorders; seizures; strokelike episodes (and stroke); hearing and visual loss; peripheral neuropathy; coagulopathy; and immune, liver, endocrine, cardiac, and cutaneous manifestations may occur in varying combinations. Specific therapy is available for MPI-CDG and SLC35C2-CDG. Most forms of O-linked CDG affect muscle; these include congenital muscular dystrophies and limb girdle dystrophies.
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Ellam, Rob. 2. Isotopic clocks. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.003.0002.

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About one in a trillion atoms of carbon is the radioactive isotope 14C. It is a ‘cosmogenic isotope’ produced by the interaction between atmospheric nitrogen (N) and cosmic rays. The half-life of 14C is 5,730 years, so every 5,730 years the ratio of 14C to 12C will halve. ‘Isotopic clocks: the persistence of carbon’ describes how scientists Willard Libby, Hessel de Vries, Hans Seuss, and their contemporaries established the radiocarbon dating technique. Radiocarbon has become one of the most valuable isotopic tools available to scientists looking to date materials formed over the past 50,000 years or to trace and apportion different sources of carbon.
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Mapping dietary salt/sodium reduction policies and initiatives in the Region of the Americas. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123232.

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The aim of this study was to map existing country policies and initiatives addressing population dietary sodium reduction in the Region of the Americas; to identify policy gaps following what is outlined in the World Health Organization (WHO) “Best Buys” most cost-effective recommendations for the prevention and control of diet-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs); and to discuss priorities for future work to reduce population salt/sodium intake. We analyzed data from 34 countries in the Region. A review of different databases informed the mapping. Databases included (1) responses from the online Survey on National Initiatives for Salt/Sodium Reduction in the Americas carried out by PAHO in 2016; (2) the databases from the 2017 and 2019 PAHO Country Capacity Surveys for NCDs and Risk Factors; and (3) the repositories of legislation of the PAHO REGULA initiative as of 2018. Research in these databases was complemented by electronic searches on official websites from the ministries of health, education, and agriculture and the library of the national congress in each country. Additionally, when available, government regulatory gazettes were reviewed. National policies that have adopted the most cost-effective interventions for preventing and controlling diet-related NCDs of WHO “Best Buys” included reformulating food products with both voluntary (n=11/34) and mandatory (n=2/34) targets; establishing a supportive environment in public institutions (n=13/34); consumer awareness programs (n=26/34) and behavior-change communication and mass media campaigns (n=(0/34); and implementing front-of-pack labeling (n=5/34). We also found that some countries have implemented regulations that restrict marketing of foods high in salt/sodium to children (n=5/34), or are using nutritional labeling that includes sodium content, either voluntary (n=9/34) or mandatory (n=10/34). However, no country in the Region has implemented taxes on high salt/sodium foods. Based on our review, we concluded that there has been a significant advance in policies to reduce sodium intake in the Region of the Americas in recent years. However, we identified that the level of implementation is quite varied and is challenging to assess. Despite the progress, there remains much work to do on this issue, especially in countries where there is limited or no action yet. Reducing sodium consumption is a cost-effective intervention that can save many lives by preventing and reducing the burden of diet-related NCDs. Therefore, a further call to action is needed for governments to accelerate efforts to meet the 2025 global target of a 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of sodium.
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O'Cathain, Alicia. Using qualitative research with different types of RCTs. Edited by Alicia O'Cathain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198802082.003.0004.

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When researchers write methodological reflections on the use of qualitative research with RCTs, their focus is usually on individually randomized two-armed pragmatic full RCTs. However, qualitative research is used with a range of RCT types. The objectives, data collection, or analysis of the qualitative research may depend on the type of RCT. How qualitative research can be used with different types of RCT is described in this chapter. This includes explanatory and pragmatic RCTs; feasibility, pilot, or exploratory RCTs; cluster RCTs; N of 1 trials; and factorial RCTs. Where guidance is available about using qualitative research with a specific type of RCT, this is described along with any challenges specific to each type.
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Book chapters on the topic "Available N"

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Wong, M. T. F., and S. Nortcliff. "Seasonal fluctuations of native available N and soil management implications." In Nitrogen Economy in Tropical Soils, 13–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1706-4_2.

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Kornhuber, J., M. Weller, and P. Riederer. "Which Phencyclidine-Like N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists Are Currently Available for Clinical Use?" In Basic and Clinical Science of Mental and Addictive Disorders, 175–80. Basel: KARGER, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000059497.

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Anton, A., L. Radimszky, T. Szili-Kovács, G. Füleky, and F. Gulyás. "Effects of environmental factors and Mn, Zn, Cu trace elements on the available N content of two soils." In Progress in Nitrogen Cycling Studies, 173–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5450-5_27.

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Henzinger, Thomas A., Nicolas Mazzocchi, and N. Ege Saraç. "Abstract Monitors for Quantitative Specifications." In Runtime Verification, 200–220. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17196-3_11.

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AbstractQuantitative monitoring can be universal and approximate: For every finite sequence of observations, the specification provides a value and the monitor outputs a best-effort approximation of it. The quality of the approximation may depend on the resources that are available to the monitor. By taking to the limit the sequences of specification values and monitor outputs, we obtain precision-resource trade-offs also for limit monitoring. This paper provides a formal framework for studying such trade-offs using an abstract interpretation for monitors: For each natural number n, the aggregate semantics of a monitor at time n is an equivalence relation over all sequences of at most n observations so that two equivalent sequences are indistinguishable to the monitor and thus mapped to the same output. This abstract interpretation of quantitative monitors allows us to measure the number of equivalence classes (or “resource use”) that is necessary for a certain precision up to a certain time, or at any time. Our framework offers several insights. For example, we identify a family of specifications for which any resource-optimal exact limit monitor is independent of any error permitted over finite traces. Moreover, we present a specification for which any resource-optimal approximate limit monitor does not minimize its resource use at any time.
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Erasmus, Mianda, Elizabeth Bothma, and Vera Roos. "Developing a Questionnaire to Investigate Older Individuals’ Cell Phone Use and Age-Inclusive Implementation through Technology." In Age-Inclusive ICT Innovation for Service Delivery in South Africa, 109–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94606-7_5.

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AbstractNo questionnaires to obtain information about older South Africans’ cell phone use were available. This chapter details the development of three new questionnaires for this purpose. The iGNiTe questionnaire (Version 1) addressed the need for information about older persons’ cell phone use and intra/intergenerational relations. Items, in English, were derived from the literature and current research, subsequently translated into Afrikaans, and piloted. Trained student fieldworkers used devices to collect responses from selected older individuals (n = 128). The results of exploratory factor analyses and reliability coefficients then informed the we-DELIVER questionnaire (Version 2) for collecting data on older persons’ cell phone use and service needs. Subject experts’ revisions preceded piloting. Questionnaires were translated from English into Setswana, Sesotho, and isiZulu and administered by student fieldworkers. The results (n = 302) were analysed and literature and theory consulted to develop Version 3, AGeConnect. We present what we believe to be the first online questionnaire (https://ageconnect.questionpro.com/) designed to longitudinally study and document data on older individuals’ cell phone use here and abroad. (Afrikaans, English, Setswana, Sesotho, and isiZulu are five of South Africa’s 11 official languages).
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Braak, Daniel. "What Kind of Insight Provide Analytical Solutions of Quantum Models?" In International Symposium on Mathematics, Quantum Theory, and Cryptography, 5–6. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5191-8_2.

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Abstract There are several concepts of what constitutes the analytical solution of a quantum model, as opposed to the mere “numerically exact” one. This applies even if one considers only the determination of the discrete spectrum of the corresponding Hamiltonian, setting aside such important questions as the asymptotic dynamics for long times. In the simplest case, the spectrum can be given in closed form, the eigenvalues $$E_{j}, j=0,\ldots ,N\le \infty $$ read $$E_{j} =f(j,\{p_{k}\})$$, where f is a known function of the label $$j\in \mathbb {N}_{0}$$ and the $$\{p_k\}$$ are a set of numbers parameterizing the Hamilton operator. This kind of solution exists only in cases where the classical limit of the model is Liouville-integrable. Some quantum-mechanical many-body systems allow the determination of the spectrum in terms of auxiliary parameters $$[\{k_j\},\{n_l\}]$$ as $$E(\{n_l\}) = f(\{k_{j}(\{n_{l}\})\})$$ where the $$\{k_{j}(\{n_{l}\})\}$$ satisfy a coupled set of transcendental equations, following from a certain ansatz for the eigenfunctions. These systems (integrable in the sense of Yang-Baxter (Eckle 2019)) may have a Hilbert space dimension growing exponentially with the system size L, i.e., $$N\sim e^{L}$$. The simple enumeration of the energies with the label j is replaced by the multi-index $$\{n_{l}\}$$. Although no priori knowledge about the spectrum is available, its statistical properties can be computed exactly (Berry and Tabor 1977). Other integrable and also non-integrable models exist where N depends polynomially on L and the energies $$E_j$$ are the zeroes of an analytically computable transcendental function, the so-called G-function $$G(E,\{p_k\})$$ (Braak 2013a, 2016), which is proportional to the spectral determinant. Although no closed formula for $$E_j$$ as function of the index j exists, detailed qualitative insight into the distribution of the eigenvalues can be obtained (Braak 2013b). Possible applications of these concepts to information compression and cryptography are outlined.
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Churakova, Olga V., Trevor J. Porter, Alexander V. Kirdyanov, Vladimir S. Myglan, Marina V. Fonti, and Eugene A. Vaganov. "Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings of Boreal Forests." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 581–603. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_20.

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AbstractThe boreal forests are widely expanded from subarctic forest to tundra, and from taigato forest-steppe zone (from 50 °N to 70 °N). We reviewed available stable isotope chronologies in tree-ring cellulose (δ13C, δ18O and δ2H) from 16 sites located in the Russian Federation; 4 research sites from Fennoscandia (Finland, Sweden and Norway); 5 sites from Canada, and 1 site from Alaska (USA) to evaluate impact of climatic changes from seasonal to annual scale across boreal forest ecosystems. Results of our review of carbon isotope data showed that droughtconditions (mainly high vapour pressure deficit) are prevalent for western and central regions of Eurasia, Alaska and Canada, while northeastern and eastern sites of Eurasian subarctic are showing water shortage developments resulting from decreasing precipitation. Oxygen isotopechronologies show increasing trends towards the end of the twentieth century mainly for all chronologies, except for the Siberian northern and southern sites. The application of the multiple stable isotope proxies (δ13C, δ18O, δ2H) is beneficial to study responses of boreal forests to climate change in temperature-limited environments. However, a deeper knowledge of hydrogen isotope fractionation processes at the tree-ring cellulose level is needed for a sound interpretation and application of δ2H for climate reconstructions, especially for the boreal forest zone where forest ecosystems are more sensitive to climatic and environmental changes.
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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai, et al. "Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions." In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 303–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_8.

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AbstractAgricultural lands make up approximately 37% of the global land surface, and agriculture is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Those GHGs are responsible for the majority of the anthropogenic global warming effect. Agricultural GHG emissions are associated with agricultural soil management (e.g. tillage), use of both synthetic and organic fertilisers, livestock management, burning of fossil fuel for agricultural operations, and burning of agricultural residues and land use change. When natural ecosystems such as grasslands are converted to agricultural production, 20–40% of the soil organic carbon (SOC) is lost over time, following cultivation. We thus need to develop management practices that can maintain or even increase SOCstorage in and reduce GHG emissions from agricultural ecosystems. We need to design systematic approaches and agricultural strategies that can ensure sustainable food production under predicted climate change scenarios, approaches that are being called climate‐smart agriculture (CSA). Climate‐smart agricultural management practices, including conservation tillage, use of cover crops and biochar application to agricultural fields, and strategic application of synthetic and organic fertilisers have been considered a way to reduce GHG emission from agriculture. Agricultural management practices can be improved to decreasing disturbance to the soil by decreasing the frequency and extent of cultivation as a way to minimise soil C loss and/or to increase soil C storage. Fertiliser nitrogen (N) use efficiency can be improved to reduce fertilizer N application and N loss. Management measures can also be taken to minimise agricultural biomass burning. This chapter reviews the current literature on CSA practices that are available to reduce GHG emissions and increase soil Csequestration and develops a guideline on best management practices to reduce GHG emissions, increase C sequestration, and enhance crop productivity in agricultural production systems.
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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai, et al. "Automated Laboratory and Field Techniques to Determine Greenhouse Gas Emissions." In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 109–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_3.

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AbstractMethods and techniques are described for automated measurements of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in both the laboratory and the field. Robotic systems are currently available to measure the entire range of gases evolved from soils including dinitrogen (N2). These systems usually work on an exchange of the atmospheric N2with helium (He) so that N2 fluxes can be determined. Laboratory systems are often used in microbiology to determine kinetic response reactions via the dynamics of all gaseous N species such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and N2. Latest He incubation techniques also take plants into account, in order to study the effect of plant–soil interactions on GHGsand N2 production. The advantage of automated in-field techniques is that GHG emission rates can be determined at a high temporal resolution. This allows, for instance, to determine diurnal response reactions (e.g. with temperature) and GHG dynamics over longer time periods.
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Rahmani, H. A., and N. S. Rastin. "A study of the effect of soil-available N and indigenous rhizobial population on the growth and yield of soybean and prediction by models of the necessity to inoculate." In Plant Nutrition, 656–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_318.

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Conference papers on the topic "Available N"

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Wang, Yurong, Jie Yu, Weiyi Wang, Bike Xue, Jian Geng, and Yonghui Liu. "Available Transmission Capacity Considering N-1 Risks." In 6th International Conference on Electronic, Mechanical, Information and Management Society. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emim-16.2016.296.

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Bisi, Davide, Brian Romanczyk, Xiang Liu, Geetak Gupta, Tobias Brown-Heft, Ron Birkhahn, Rakesh Lal, et al. "Commercially Available N-polar GaN HEMT Epitaxy for RF Applications." In 2021 IEEE 8th Workshop on Wide Bandgap Power Devices and Applications (WiPDA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wipda49284.2021.9645102.

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Wang, Ruqin. "Chemical Analysis of Available Nutrients (N, P, K) in Agricultural Soil." In 2016 4th International Conference on Mechanical Materials and Manufacturing Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mmme-16.2016.94.

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Aceto, Giuseppe, Fabio Palumbo, Valerio Persico, and Antonio Pescape. "An experimental evaluation of the impact of heterogeneous scenarios and virtualization on the available bandwidth estimation tools." In 2017 IEEE International Workshop on Measurements & Networking (M&N). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwmn.2017.8078402.

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Kanso, A., F. Khendek, and M. Toeroe. "Workload Balancing for Highly Available Services: The Case of the N+M Redundancy Model." In 2011 IEEE 9th International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasc.2011.40.

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Sun, Ming, Shufeng Dong, Zhaojing Cao, Hao Wu, and Shengfeng Xia. "A path-based method for feeder partition available capability evaluation under N-1 security criterion." In 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2017.8273816.

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Naron, Alexandra. "LIVE-for-Plants: identifying Long n-Coding RNAs in Medicago truncatula using publicly available RNAseq data." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1061156.

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Pang, Su, Tinxuan Li, Yongdong Wang, and Haiying Yu. "Spatial variability characteristics of soil available N, P, and K and their influencing factors at the county scale." In Second International Conference on Earth Observation for Global Changes, edited by Xianfeng Zhang, Jonathan Li, Guoxiang Liu, and Xiaojun Yang. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.836774.

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Singh, Gurjeet, and Kurt Beschorner. "Influence of Hydrodynamic Fluid Pressure and Shoe Tread Depth on Available Coefficient of Friction." In ASME/STLE 2012 International Joint Tribology Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2012-61173.

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Slip and fall accidents are a major occupational health concern. Identifying the lubrication mechanisms affecting shoe-floor-contaminant friction under biofidelic (testing conditions that mimic human slipping) conditions is critical to identifying unsafe surfaces and designing a slip-resistant work environment. The purpose of this study is to measure the effects of varying tread design, tread depth and fluid viscosity on underfoot hydrodynamic pressure, the load supported by the fluid (i.e. load carrying capacity), and the coefficient of friction (COF) during a simulated slip. A single vinyl floor material and two shoe types (work shoe and sportswear shoe) with three different tread depths (no tread, half tread and full tread) were tested under two lubrication conditions: 1) 90% glycerol and 10% water (219 cP) and 2) 1.5% Detergent-98.5% (1.8cP) water solutions. Hydrodynamic pressures were measured with a fluid pressure sensor embedded in the floor and a forceplate was used to measure the friction and normal forces used to calculate coefficient of friction. The study showed that hydrodynamic pressure developed when high viscosity fluids were combined with no tread and resulted in a major reduction of COF (0.005). Peak hydrodynamic pressures (and load supported by the fluid) for the no tread-high viscous conditions were 234 kPa (200.5 N) and 87.63 kPa (113.3 N) for the work and sportswear shoe, respectively. Hydrodynamic pressures were negligible when at least half the tread was present or when a low viscosity fluid was used despite the fact that many of these conditions also resulted in dangerously low COF values. The study suggests that hydrodynamic lubrication is only relevant when high viscous fluids are combined with little or no tread and that other lubrication mechanisms besides hydrodynamic effects are relevant to slipping like boundary lubrication.
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Ram, Archana. "Live-for-Plants: Identification and Validation of long n-coding RNAs in Oryza Sativa using publicly available RNA-Seq Data." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1061154.

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Reports on the topic "Available N"

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Thomas, D. J., and M. Bunce. Features of the neutron spectra produced using tritium targets currently available for neutron production with the T(d,n)4He reaction at NPL - June 2022. National Physical Laboratory, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47120/npl.ir62.

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Bar-Tal, Asher, Paul R. Bloom, Pinchas Fine, C. Edward Clapp, Aviva Hadas, Rodney T. Venterea, Dan Zohar, Dong Chen, and Jean-Alex Molina. Effects of soil properties and organic residues management on C sequestration and N losses. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587729.bard.

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Objectives - The overall objective of this proposal was to explore the effects of soil properties and management practices on C sequestration in soils and off-site losses of N.The specific objectives were: 1. to investigate and to quantify the effects of soil properties on C transformations that follow OW decomposition, C losses by gaseous emission, and its sequestration by organic and mineral components of the soil; 2. to investigate and to quantify the effects of soil properties on organic N mineralization and transformations in soil, its losses by leaching and gaseous emission; 3. to investigate and to quantify the effects of management practices and plants root activity and decomposition on C and N transformations; and 4. to upgrade the models NCSOIL and NCSWAP to include inorganic C and root exudation dynamics. The last objective has not been fulfilled due to difficulties in experimentally quantification of the effects of soil inorganic component on root exudation dynamics. Objective 4 was modified to explore the ability of NCSOIL to simulate organic matter decomposition and N transformations in non- and calcareous soils. Background - Rates of decomposition of organic plant residues or organic manures in soil determine the amount of carbon (C), which is mineralized and released as CO₂ versus the amount of C that is retained in soil organic matter (SOM). Decomposition rates also greatly influence the amount of nitrogen (N) which becomes available for plant uptake, is leached from the soil or lost as gaseous emission, versus that which is retained in SOM. Microbial decomposition of residues in soil is strongly influenced by soil management as well as soil chemical and physical properties and also by plant roots via the processes of mineral N uptake, respiration, exudation and decay.
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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.

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To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.
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Varga, Gabriella A., Amichai Arieli, Lawrence D. Muller, Haim Tagari, Israel Bruckental, and Yair Aharoni. Effect of Rumen Available Protein, Amimo Acids and Carbohydrates on Microbial Protein Synthesis, Amino Acid Flow and Performance of High Yielding Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568103.bard.

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The effect of rumen available protein amino acids and carbohydrates on microbial protein synthesis, amino acid flow and performance of high yielding dairy cows was studied. A significant relationship between the effective degradabilities of OM in feedstuffs and the in vivo ruminal OM degradation of diets of dairy cows was found. The in situ method enabled the prediction of ruminal nutrients degradability response to processing of energy and nitragenous supplements. The AA profile of the rumen undegradable protein was modified by the processing method. In a continuous culture study total N and postruminal AA flows, and bacterial efficiency, is maximal at rumen degradable levels of 65% of the CP. Responses to rumen degradable non carbohydrate (NSC) were linear up to at least 27% of DM. Higher CP flow in the abomasum was found for cows fed high ruminally degradable OM and low ruminally degradable CP diet. It appeared that in dairy cows diets, the ratio of rumen degradable OM to rumenally degradable CP should be at least 5:1 in order to maximize postruminal CP flow. The efficiency of microbial CP synthesis was higher for diets supplemented with 33% of rumen undegradable protein, with greater amounts of bacterial AA reaching the abomasum. Increase in ruminal carbohydrate availability by using high moisture corn increased proportions of propionate, postruminal nutrients flow, postruminal starch digestibility, ruminal availability of NSC, uptake of energy substrates by the mammory gland. These modifications resulted with improvement in the utilization of nonessential AA for milk protein synthesis, in higher milk protein yield. Higher postruminal NSC digestibility and higher efficiency of milk protein production were recorded in cows fed extruded corn. Increasing feeding frequency increased flow of N from the rumen to the blood, reduced diurnal variation in ruminal and ammonia, and of plasma urea and improved postruminal NSC and CIP digestibility and total tract digestibilities. Milk and constituent yield increased with more frequent feeding. In a study performed in a commercial dairy herd, changes in energy and nitrogenous substrates level suggested that increasing feeding frequency may improve dietary nitrogen utilization and may shift metabolism toward more glucogenesis. It was concluded that efficiency of milk protein yield in high producing cows might be improved by an optimization of ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and nitrogenous substrates. Such an optimization can be achieved by processing of energy and nitrogenous feedstuffs, and by increasing feeding frequency. In situ data may provide means for elucidation of the optimal processing conditions.
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Anderson, Sharron, Antony Lloyd, Malcom Baxter, Michael Walls, and Victoria Bailey-Horne. Turmeric survey – Final report. Food Standards Agency, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ojv940.

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The consumption of turmeric supplements is increasingly popular and is reported to provide numerous health benefits including antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anticarcinogenic, chemopreventive, chemotherapeutic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antiplatelet activities [1]. However, in recent months there has been a number of reports of hepatotoxicity linked to the consumption of these supplements. Such reports and scientific publications led to a review of the safety of turmeric and curcumin by the UK Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT). The statement issued by COT in November 2019 concluded “Given past reported contamination issues with turmeric supplements, the Committee concluded that there would be value in commissioning a chemical analysis of turmeric supplements and raw/powdered turmeric available on the UK market”. To address this conclusion the FSA requested Fera to: develop and validate in-house method(s) for measuring curcumin in turmeric containing supplements, ground/powdered turmeric and raw/fresh turmeric develop and validate in-house a method for measuring piperine in turmeric containing supplements purchase turmeric containing supplements (n=15), ground/powdered turmeric (n=10) and raw/fresh turmeric (n=5) from a mixture of local outlets and over the internet analyse all 30 samples for trace elements and curcumin analyse all supplement samples for piperine content.
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Viswanathan, Meera, Jennifer Cook Middleton, Alison Stuebe, Nancy Berkman, Alison N. Goulding, Skyler McLaurin-Jiang, Andrea B. Dotson, et al. Maternal, Fetal, and Child Outcomes of Mental Health Treatments in Women: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Pharmacologic Interventions. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer236.

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Background. Untreated maternal mental health disorders can have devastating sequelae for the mother and child. For women who are currently or planning to become pregnant or are breastfeeding, a critical question is whether the benefits of treating psychiatric illness with pharmacologic interventions outweigh the harms for mother and child. Methods. We conducted a systematic review to assess the benefits and harms of pharmacologic interventions compared with placebo, no treatment, or other pharmacologic interventions for pregnant and postpartum women with mental health disorders. We searched four databases and other sources for evidence available from inception through June 5, 2020 and surveilled the literature through March 2, 2021; dually screened the results; and analyzed eligible studies. We included studies of pregnant, postpartum, or reproductive-age women with a new or preexisting diagnosis of a mental health disorder treated with pharmacotherapy; we excluded psychotherapy. Eligible comparators included women with the disorder but no pharmacotherapy or women who discontinued the pharmacotherapy before pregnancy. Results. A total of 164 studies (168 articles) met eligibility criteria. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or in the postpartum period probably improves depressive symptoms at 30 days (least square mean difference in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, -2.6; p=0.02; N=209) when compared with placebo. Sertraline for postpartum depression may improve response (calculated relative risk [RR], 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95 to 5.24; N=36), remission (calculated RR, 2.51; 95% CI, 0.94 to 6.70; N=36), and depressive symptoms (p-values ranging from 0.01 to 0.05) when compared with placebo. Discontinuing use of mood stabilizers during pregnancy may increase recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.2; N=89) and reduce time to recurrence of mood disorders (2 vs. 28 weeks, AHR, 12.1; 95% CI, 1.6 to 91; N=26) for bipolar disorder when compared with continued use. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or in the postpartum period may increase the risk of sedation or somnolence, leading to dose interruption or reduction when compared with placebo (5% vs. 0%). More than 95 percent of studies reporting on harms were observational in design and unable to fully account for confounding. These studies suggested some associations between benzodiazepine exposure before conception and ectopic pregnancy; between specific antidepressants during pregnancy and adverse maternal outcomes such as postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia, and spontaneous abortion, and child outcomes such as respiratory issues, low Apgar scores, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, depression in children, and autism spectrum disorder; between quetiapine or olanzapine and gestational diabetes; and between benzodiazepine and neonatal intensive care admissions. Causality cannot be inferred from these studies. We found insufficient evidence on benefits and harms from comparative effectiveness studies, with one exception: one study suggested a higher risk of overall congenital anomalies (adjusted RR [ARR], 1.85; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.78; N=2,608) and cardiac anomalies (ARR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.17 to 4.34; N=2,608) for lithium compared with lamotrigine during first- trimester exposure. Conclusions. Few studies have been conducted in pregnant and postpartum women on the benefits of pharmacotherapy; many studies report on harms but are of low quality. The limited evidence available is consistent with some benefit, and some studies suggested increased adverse events. However, because these studies could not rule out underlying disease severity as the cause of the association, the causal link between the exposure and adverse events is unclear. Patients and clinicians need to make an informed, collaborative decision on treatment choices.
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Baszler, Timothy, Igor Savitsky, Christopher Davies, Lauren Staska, and Varda Shkap. Identification of bovine Neospora caninum cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes for development of peptide-based vaccine. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695592.bard.

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The goal of the one-year feasibility study was to identify specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes to Neosporacaninum in the natural bovine host in order to make progress toward developing an effective peptide-based vaccine against bovine neosporosis. We tested the hypothesis that: N. caninum SRS2 peptides contain immunogenicCTLepitope clusters cross-presented by multiple bovine MHC-I and MHC-IIhaplotypes. The specific objectives were: (1) Map bovine CTLepitopes of N. caninum NcSRS-2 and identify consensus MHC-I and class-II binding motifs; and (2) Determine if subunit immunization with peptides containing N. caninum-specificCTLepitopes cross-reactive to multiple bovine MHChaplotypes induces a CTL response in cattle with disparate MHChaplotypes. Neosporosis is a major cause of infectious abortion and congenital disease in cattle, persisting in cattle herds via vertical transmission.5 N. caninum abortions are reported in Israel; a serological survey of 52 Israeli dairy herds with reported abortions indicated a 31% infection rate in cows and 16% infection rate in aborted fetuses.9,14 Broad economic loss due to bovine neosporosis is estimated at $35,000,000 per year in California, USA, and $100,000,000 (Australian) per year in Australia and New Zealand.13 Per herd losses in a Canadian herd of 50 cattle are estimated more conservatively at $2,305 (Canadian) annually.4 Up to date practical measures to reduce losses from neosporosis in cattle have not been achieved. There is no chemotherapy available and, although progress has been made toward understanding immunity to Neospora infections, no efficacious vaccine is available to limit outbreaks or prevent abortions. Vaccine development to prevent N. caninum abortion and congenital infection remains a high research priority. To this end, our research group has over the past decade: 1) Identified the importance of T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity, particularly IFN-γ responses, as necessary for immune protection to congenital neosporosis in mice,1,2,10,11 and 2) Identified MHC class II restricted CD4+ CTL in Neosporainfected Holstein cattle,16 and 3) Identified NcSRS2 as a highly conserved surface protein associated with immunity to Neospora infections in mice and cattle.7,8,15 In this BARD-funded 12 month feasibility study, we continued our study of Neospora immunity in cattle and successfully completed T-lymphocyte epitope mapping of NcSRS2 surface protein with peptides and bovine immune cells,15 fulfilling objective 1. We also documented the importance of immune responses NcSRS2 by showing that immunization with native NcSRS2 reduces congenital Neospora transmission in mice,7 and that antibodies to NcSRS2 specifically inhibition invasion of placental trophoblasts.8 Most importantly we showed that T-lymphocyte responses similar to parasite infection, namely induction of activated IFN-γ secreting Tlymphocytes, could be induced by subunit immunization with NcSRS2 peptides containing the Neospora-specificCTLepitopes (Baszler et al, In preparation) fulfilling objective 2. Both DNA and peptide-based subunit approaches were tested. Only lipopeptide-based NcSRS2 subunits, modified with N-terminal linked palmitic acid to enhance Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 (TLR2-TLR1), stimulated robust antigen-specific T-lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ secretion, and serum antibody production across different MHC-IIhaplotypes. The discovery of MHC-II cross-reactive T-cellinducing parasite peptides capable of inducing a potentially protective immune response following subunit immunization in cattle is of significant practical importance to vaccine development to bovine neosporosis. In addition, our findings are more widely applicable in future investigations of protective T-cell, subunit-based immunity against other infectious diseases in outbred cattle populations.
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8

Matthew, Gray. Data from "Winter is Coming – Temperature Affects Immune Defenses and Susceptibility to Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans". University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/t7sallfxxe.

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Environmental temperature is a key factor driving various biological processes, including immune defenses and host-pathogen interactions. Here, we evaluated the effects of environmental temperature on the pathogenicity of the emerging fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), using controlled laboratory experiments, and measured components of host immune defense to identify regulating mechanisms. We found that adult and juvenile Notophthalmus viridescens died faster due to Bsal chytridiomycosis at 14 ºC than at 6 and 22 ºC. Pathogen replication rates, total available proteins on the skin, and microbiome composition likely drove these relationships. Temperature-dependent skin microbiome composition in our laboratory experiments matched seasonal trends in wild N. viridescens, adding validity to these results. We also found that hydrophobic peptide production after two months post-exposure to Bsal was reduced in infected animals compared to controls, perhaps due to peptide release earlier in infection or impaired granular gland function in diseased animals. Using our temperature-dependent infection results, we performed a geographic analysis that suggested that N. viridescens populations in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada are at greatest risk for Bsal invasion. Our results indicate that environmental temperature will play a key role in the epidemiology of Bsal and provide evidence that temperature manipulations may be a viable Bsal management strategy.
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9

Tare, Medha, and Alison Shell. Designing for Learner Variability: Examining the Impact of Research-based Edtech in the Classroom. Digital Promise, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/81.

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While research shows that learners differ in many ways, this work must be translated into actionable strategies to benefit students. We describe the results of our partnership with ReadWorks, a widely-used literacy edtech platform, to help them implement research-based pedagogical features that support learners with diverse needs. In a national survey of over 11,000 educators, 89 percent said they were likely to assign more articles on ReadWorks and 82 percent said they were likely to assign higher-level articles as a result of the features available to students. We also examined K-6 students’ (N=1857) use of these optional features when completing digital assignments and found that 92% of students tried at least one new feature and engaged with harder assignments when they used the features than when they did not. Feature use did not differ by student characteristics such as reading proficiency or special education status, suggesting that these features could potentially benefit all students when they need extra support.
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10

Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Role of Phosphorylation in Fungal Spore Germination. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568761.bard.

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Spore germination is a common and fundamental event in fungal development and in many instances an essential phase of fungal infection and dissemination. Spore germination is also critical for hyperparasites to function as biocontrol agents as well as in fermentation proceses. Our common objective is to understand the mechanisms which regulated spore germination and identify factors involved in pathogenicity related prepenetration development. Our approach is to exploit the overall similarity among filamentous fungi using both a plant pathogen (Colletotricum trifolii) and a model system that is genetically sophisticated (Neurospora crassa). The simulataneous use of two organisms has the advantage of the available tools in Neurospora to rapidly advance the functional analysis of genes involved in spore germination and development of an economically important fungal phytopathogen. Towards this we have isolated a protein kinase gene from C. trifolii (TB3) that is maximally expressed during the first hour of conidial germination and prior to any visible gene tube formation. Based on sequence similarities with other organisms, this gene is likely to be involved in the proliferative response in the fungus. In addition, TB3 was able to functionally complement a N. crassa mutant (COT-1). Pharmacological studies indicated the importance of calmodulin in both germination and appressorium differentiation. Using an antisense vector from N. crassa, direct inhibition of calmodulin results in prevention of differentiation as well as pathogenicity. Both cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) like genes have been cloned from C. trifolii. Biochemical inhibition of PKA prevents germination; biochemical inhibitors of PKC prevents appressorium differentiation. In order to analyze reversible phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism, some ser.thr dephosphorylative events have also been analyzed. Type 2A and Type 2B (calcineurin) phosphatases have been identified and structurally and functionally analyzed in N. crassa during this project. Both phosphatases are essential for hyphal growth and maintenance of proper hyphal architecture. In addition, a first novel-type (PPT/PP5-like) ser/thr phosphatase has been identified in a filamentous fungus. The highly collaborative project has improved our understanding of a fundamental process in fungi, and has identified targets which can be used to develop new approaches for control of fungal plant pathogens as well as improve the performance of beneficial fungi in the field and in industry. In addition, the feasibility of molecular technology transfer in comparative mycology has been demonstrated.
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