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1
Laskar, Awata, Kasai, and Katayama. "Anaerobic Dechlorination by a Humin-Dependent Pentachlorophenol-Dechlorinating Consortium under Autotrophic Conditions Induced by Homoacetogenesis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 11, 2019): 2873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162873.
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Anoxic aquifers suffer from energy limitations due to the unavailability of organic substrates, as dictated by hydrogen (H2) for various electron-accepting processes. This deficiency often results in the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants, where bioremediation using organic compounds often leads to secondary contamination. This study involves the reductive dechlorination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by dechlorinators that do not use H2 directly, but rather through a reduced state of humin—a solid-phase humic substance—as the extracellular electron donor, which requires an organic donor such as formate, lactate, etc. This shortcoming was addressed by the development of an anaerobic mixed culture that was capable of reductively dechlorinating PCP using humin under autotrophic conditions induced by homoacetogenesis. Here, H2 was used for carbon-dioxide fixation to acetate; the acetate produced was used for the reduction of humin; and consequently used for dechlorination through reduced humin. The 16SrRNA gene sequencing analysis showed Dehalobacter and Dehalobacterium as the possible dechlorinators, while Clostridium and Oxobacter were identified as the homoacetogens. Thus, this work contributes to the development of an anaerobic consortium that balanced H2 dependency, where efficiency of humin reduction extends the applicability of anaerobic microbial remediation in aquifers through autotrophy, syntrophy, and reductive dechlorination.
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Campbell, Barbara J., and S. Craig Cary. "Abundance of Reverse Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Genes in Free-Living Microorganisms at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 10 (October 2004): 6282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.10.6282-6289.2004.
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ABSTRACT Since the discovery of hydrothermal vents more than 25 years ago, the Calvin-Bassham-Benson (Calvin) cycle has been considered the principal carbon fixation pathway in this microbe-based ecosystem. However, on the basis of recent molecular data of cultured free-living and noncultured episymbiotic members of the epsilon subdivision of Proteobacteria and earlier carbon isotope data of primary consumers, an alternative autotrophic pathway may predominate. Here, genetic and culture-based approaches demonstrated the abundance of reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle genes compared to the abundance of Calvin cycle genes in microbial communities from two geographically distinct deep-sea hydrothermal vents. PCR with degenerate primers for three key genes in the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle and form I and form II of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Calvin cycle marker gene) were utilized to demonstrate the abundance of the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle genes in diverse vent samples. These genes were also expressed in at least one chimney sample. Diversity, similarity matrix, and phylogenetic analyses of cloned samples and amplified gene products from autotrophic enrichment cultures suggest that the majority of autotrophs that utilize the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle are members of the epsilon subdivision of Proteobacteria. These results parallel the results of previously published molecular surveys of 16S rRNA genes, demonstrating the dominance of members of the epsilon subdivision of Proteobacteria in free-living hydrothermal vent communities. Members of the epsilon subdivision of Proteobacteria are also ubiquitous in many other microaerophilic to anaerobic sulfidic environments, such as the deep subsurface. Therefore, the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle may be a major autotrophic pathway in these environments and significantly contribute to global autotrophic processes.
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Zhang, Quan, Xijun Xu, Xu Zhou, and Chuan Chen. "Recent Advances in Autotrophic Biological Nitrogen Removal for Low Carbon Wastewater: A Review." Water 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071101.
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Due to carbon source dependence, conventional biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes based on heterotrophic denitrification are suffering from great bottlenecks. The autotrophic BNR process represented by sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification (SDAD) and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) provides a viable alternative for addressing low carbon wastewater. Whether for low carbon municipal wastewater or industrial wastewater with high nitrogen, the SDAD and anammox process can be suitably positioned accordingly. Herein, the recent advances and challenges to autotrophic BNR process guided by SDAD and anammox are systematically reviewed. Specifically, the present applications and crucial operation factors were discussed in detail. Besides, the microscopic interpretation of the process was deepened in the viewpoint of functional microbial species and their physiological characteristics. Furthermore, the current limitations and some future research priorities over the applications were identified and discussed from multiple perspectives. The obtained knowledge would provide insights into the application and optimization of the autotrophic BNR process, which will contribute to the establishment of a new generation of efficient and energy-saving wastewater nitrogen removal systems.
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Van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., and M. S. M. Jetten. "Microbiological conversions in nitrogen removal." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0002.
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Nitrogen conversion processes are essential for most wastewater treatment systems. Due to the many possible conversions, and the complexity of analysing the reactions under actual conditions, there is much room for confusion. This review provides an overview of the possible microbiological nitrogen conversions described in literature. The relevance of these conversions with respect to wastewater treatment processes is discussed. Rates described for aerobic denitrification or denitrification by autotrophic nitrifiers are so low that these conversions probably do not play a significant role under practical conditions. Heterotrophic nitrification may be of relevance only when the wastewater contains a high COD/N ratio (>10). Anaerobic ammonium oxidation can occur in fully autotrophic systems with very long sludge retention times or biofilm systems. This conversion offers great opportunities since it allows us to denitrify with ammonium as electron donor, i.e. no organic substrate is needed in the nitrogen removal process.
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Weymann, D., H. Geistlinger, R. Well, C. von der Heide, and H. Flessa. "Kinetics of N<sub>2</sub>O production and reduction in a nitrate-contaminated aquifer inferred from laboratory incubation experiments." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 1 (January 20, 2010): 503–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-503-2010.
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Abstract. Knowledge of the kinetics of N2O production and reduction in groundwater is essential for the assessment of potential indirect emissions of the greenhouse gas. In this study, we investigated this kinetics using a laboratory approach. The results were compared to field measurements in order to examine their transferability to the in situ conditions. The study site was the unconfined, predominantly sandy Fuhrberger Feld aquifer in Northern Germany. A special characteristic of the aquifer is the occurrence of the vertically separated process zones of heterotrophic denitrification in the surface groundwater and of autotrophic denitrification in the deeper groundwater, respectively. The kinetics of N2O production and reduction in both process zones was studied during long-term anaerobic laboratory incubations of aquifer slurries using the 15N tracer technique. We measured N2O, N2 and NO3− concentrations as well as parameters of the aquifer material that were related to the relevant electron donors, i.e. organic carbon and sulfur. The anaerobic incubations showed a low denitrification activity of heterotrophic denitrification with initial rates between 0.0002 and 0.0133 mg N kg−1 day−1. The process was carbon limited due to the poor availability of its electron donor. In the autotrophic denitrification zone, initial denitrification rates were considerably higher, ranging between 0.0303 and 0.1480 mg N kg−1 d−1 and NO3− as well as N2O were completely removed within 60 to 198 days. N2O accumulated during heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification, but maximum concentrations were substantially higher during the autotrophic process. The results revealed a satisfactory transferability of the laboratory incubations to the field scale for autotrophic denitrification, whereas the heterotrophic process less reflected the field conditions due to considerably lower N2O accumulation during laboratory incubation. Finally, we applied a conventional model using first-order-kinetics to determine the reaction rates of the NO3−-to-N2O step and the N2O-to-N2 step, and evaluated the reaction rate constants for both steps. The model yielded fits to the experimental data that were of limited goodness, indicating that a more sophisticated approach is essential to describe the investigated reaction kinetics satisfactorily.
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Beolchini, F., A. Dell’Anno, L. Rocchetti, Francesco Vegliò, and R. Danovaro. "Biohydrometallurgy as a Remediation Strategy for Marine Sediments Contaminated by Heavy Metals." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.669.
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This paper deals with biohydrometallurgy applied for the remediation of sediments contaminated by heavy metals. Both metal mobilization by bioleaching and metal stabilization by sulfate reducing bacteria stimulation have been investigated. In the first case, leaching experiments were performed with different microbial strains: i) autotrophic Fe/S-oxidizing bacteria, ii) heterotrophic Fe reducing bacteria, and iii) a mix of them. The highest extraction yields were 90% for Cu, Cd, Hg and Zn and were achieved with a consortium of the autotrophic and the heterotrophic strains. In the second case, anaerobic microcosm experiments were performed according to a full factorial experiment where the main factors were: i) acetate, ii) inoculum of alloctonous sulfate-reducing bacteria and iii) treatment time. Significant changes on metal partitioning were observed in all the investigated treatments: in particular, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in the mobile fraction were reduced and the ones in the oxidizable fraction significantly increased. Anaerobic processes where hypothesized to lead to the formation of metal sulfides, relatively stable and less bioavailable than mobile fractions. The obtained results open new perspectives for biohydrometallurgy applied in the context of remediation strategies for sediments contaminated by heavy metals.
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Marakushev, Sergey A., and Ol'ga V. Belonogova. "Ideas and perspectives: Development of nascent autotrophic carbon fixation systems in various redox conditions of the fluid degassing on early Earth." Biogeosciences 16, no. 8 (April 29, 2019): 1817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1817-2019.
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Abstract. The origin and development of the primary autotrophic metabolism on early Earth were influenced by the two main regimes of degassing of the Earth – reducing (predominance CH4) and oxidative (CO2). Among the existing theories of the autotrophic origin of life in hydrothermal environments, CO2 is usually considered to be the carbon source for nascent autotrophic metabolism. However, the ancestral carbon used in metabolism may have been derived from CH4 if the outflow of magma fluid to the surface of the Earth consisted mainly of methane. In such an environment, the primary autotrophic metabolic systems had to be methanotrophic. Due to the absence of molecular oxygen in the Archean conditions, this metabolism would have been anaerobic; i.e., oxidation of methane must be realized by inorganic high-potential electron acceptors. In light of the primacy and prevalence of CH4-dependent metabolism in hydrothermal systems of the ancient Earth, we propose a model of carbon fixation where the methane is fixed or transformed in a sequence of reactions in an autocatalytic methane–fumarate cycle. Nitrogen oxides are thermodynamically the most favorable among possible oxidants of methane; however, even the activity of oxygen created by mineral buffers of iron in hydrothermal conditions is sufficient for methanotrophic acetogenesis. The hydrothermal system model is considered in the form of a phase diagram, which demonstrates the area of redox and P and T conditions favorable for the development of the primary methanotrophic metabolism.
8
Weymann, D., H. Geistlinger, R. Well, C. von der Heide, and H. Flessa. "Kinetics of N<sub>2</sub>O production and reduction in a nitrate-contaminated aquifer inferred from laboratory incubation experiments." Biogeosciences 7, no. 6 (June 20, 2010): 1953–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1953-2010.
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Abstract. Knowledge of the kinetics of N2O production and reduction in groundwater is essential for the assessment of potential indirect emissions of the greenhouse gas. In the present study, we investigated this kinetics using a laboratory approach. The results were compared to field measurements in order to examine their transferability to the in situ conditions. The study site was the unconfined, predominantly sandy Fuhrberger Feld aquifer in northern Germany. A special characteristic of the aquifer is the occurrence of the vertically separated process zones of heterotrophic denitrification in the near-surface groundwater and of autotrophic denitrification in depths beyond 2–3 m below the groundwater table, respectively. The kinetics of N2O production and reduction in both process zones was studied during long-term anaerobic laboratory incubations of aquifer slurries using the 15N tracer technique. We measured N2O, N2, NO3-, NO2-, and SO42- concentrations as well as parameters of the aquifer material that were related to the relevant electron donors, i.e. organic carbon and pyrite. The laboratory incubations showed a low denitrification activity of heterotrophic denitrification with initial rates between 0.2 and 13 μg N kg−1 d−1. The process was carbon limited due to the poor availability of its electron donor. In the autotrophic denitrification zone, initial denitrification rates were considerably higher, ranging between 30 and 148 μg N kg−1 d−1, and NO3- as well as N2O were completely removed within 60 to 198 days. N2O accumulated during heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification, but maximum concentrations were substantially higher during the autotrophic process. The results revealed a satisfactory transferability of the laboratory incubations to the field scale for autotrophic denitrification, whereas the heterotrophic process less reflected the field conditions due to considerably lower N2O accumulation during laboratory incubation. Finally, we applied a conventional model using first-order-kinetics to determine the reaction rate constants k1 for N2O production and k2 for N2O reduction, respectively. The goodness of fit to the experimental data was partly limited, indicating that a more sophisticated approach is essential to describe the investigated reaction kinetics satisfactorily.
9
Desmidt, E., A. Monballiu, H. De Clippeleir, W. Verstraete, and B. D. Meesschaert. "Autotrophic nitrogen removal after ureolytic phosphate precipitation to remove both endogenous and exogenous nitrogen." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 7 (April 1, 2013): 1425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.666.
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Anaerobic digestion yields effluents rich in ammonium and phosphate and poor in biodegradable organic carbon, thereby making them less suitable for conventional biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In addition, the demand for fertilizers is increasing, energy prices are rising and global phosphate reserves are declining. This requires both changes in wastewater treatment technologies and implementation of new processes. In this contribution a description is given of the combination of a ureolytic phosphate precipitation (UPP) and an autotrophic nitrogen removal (ANR) process on the anaerobic effluent of a potato processing company. The results obtained show that it is possible to recover phosphate as struvite and to remove the nitrogen with the ANR process. The ANR process was performed in either one or two reactors (partial nitritation + Anammox). The one-reactor configuration operated stably when the dissolved oxygen was kept between 0.1 and 0.35 mg L−1. The best results for the two-reactor system were obtained when part of the effluent of the UPP was fully nitrified in a nitritation reactor and mixed in a 3:5 volumetric ratio with untreated ammonium-containing effluent. A phosphate and nitrogen removal efficiency of respectively 83 ± 1% and of 86 ± 7% was observed during this experiment.
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Sivalingam, Vasan, Carlos Dinamarca, Eshetu Janka, Sergey Kukankov, Shuai Wang, and Rune Bakke. "Effect of Intermittent Aeration in a Hybrid Vertical Anaerobic Biofilm Reactor (HyVAB) for Reject Water Treatment." Water 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041151.
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Water from anaerobic sludge dewatering (reject water that is recycled to the inlet main process treatment) from the Knarrdalstrand municipal wastewater treatment plant in Porsgrunn, Norway, contains 2.4 g/L of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and 550 mg/L NH4-N (annual average). The high concentration of ammonium causes disturbances in the mainstream physical and chemical processes, while only a small fraction of the organics is biodegradable. A pilot-scale hybrid vertical anaerobic biofilm (HyVAB) reactor combining anaerobic and aerobic treatment was tested for reject water treatment to reduce process disturbances. The pilot HyVAB was prepared for the study with continuous aeration of the aerobic part of the reactor for 200 days, while two intermittent aeration schemes were applied during the three-month test period. Ammonium removal efficiency increased from 8% during the continuous aeration period to 50% at the end of the test when a short (7 min) aeration cycle was applied. COD removal was close to 20%, which was mainly obtained in the anaerobic stage and not significantly influenced by the aerations schemes. Simultaneous partial nitrification and denitrification were established in the biofilm that alternated between aerobic and anoxic conditions. The observed high ammonium removal is explained by two alternative shortcut processes via nitrite. The lack of biodegradable organics in the aerated stage suggests that most of the nitrogen removal was via the anammox pathway (autotrophic denitrification). The HyVAB, combining an anaerobic sludge bed and an intermittently aerated biofilm, appears to be an efficient process to treat high ammonium containing reject water.
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Larrea, L., I. Irizar, and M. E. Hildago. "Improving the predictions of ASM2d through modelling in practice." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 6 (March 1, 2002): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0107.
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The paper presents the adjustments carried out on the structure and in some default values of the kinetic coefficients of the ASM2d model in order to get an improved prediction for the experimental results obtained in pilot scale plants studies with different activated sludge treatment processes for carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous removal. In order to predict the high effluent filtered COD experimentally observed in high rate processes for carbon removal, a new model structure has been proposed, incorporating into the carbon model a soluble fraction of the slowly biodegradable substrate. Studies with the step feed and the alternating processes showed simultaneous nitrification-denitrification in aerated reactors which was predicted with increased values in the oxygen saturation coefficients for heterotrophic and autotrophic biomass. Both processes also showed loss of the denitrification capacity under unfavourable conditions, such us rains and low anoxic fraction, which required a very large decrease in the value of the reduction factor for denitrification so as to improve the predictions for effluent nitrate experimental results. Regarding phosphorus removal, the ASM2d model showed a satisfactory predictive capacity. For improved predictions of phosphorus release in anaerobic conditions, high values of the rate constant for storage of XPHA and low values of the anaerobic hydrolysis reduction factor were used. For phosphorus uptake in aerobic and anoxic conditions satisfactory predictions were obtained using the default values.
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Dang, H., and N. Jiao. "Perspectives on the microbial carbon pump with special reference to microbial respiration and ecosystem efficiency in large estuarine systems." Biogeosciences 11, no. 14 (July 24, 2014): 3887–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3887-2014.
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Abstract. Although respiration-based oxidation of reduced carbon releases CO2 into the environment, it provides an ecosystem with the metabolic energy for essential biogeochemical processes, including the newly proposed microbial carbon pump (MCP). The efficiency of MCP in heterotrophic microorganisms is related to the mechanisms of energy transduction employed and hence is related to the form of respiration utilized. Anaerobic organisms typically have lower efficiencies of energy transduction and hence lower efficiencies of energy-dependent carbon transformation. This leads to a lower MCP efficiency on a per-cell basis. Substantial input of terrigenous nutrients and organic matter into estuarine ecosystems typically results in elevated heterotrophic respiration that rapidly consumes dissolved oxygen, potentially producing hypoxic and anoxic zones in the water column. The lowered availability of dissolved oxygen and the excessive supply of nutrients such as nitrate from river discharge lead to enhanced anaerobic respiration processes such as denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. Thus, some nutrients may be consumed through anaerobic heterotrophs, instead of being utilized by phytoplankton for autotrophic carbon fixation. In this manner, eutrophied estuarine ecosystems become largely fueled by anaerobic respiratory pathways and their efficiency is less due to lowered ecosystem productivity when compared to healthy and balanced estuarine ecosystems. This situation may have a negative impact on the ecological function and efficiency of the MCP which depends on the supply of both organic carbon and metabolic energy. This review presents our current understanding of the MCP mechanisms from the view point of ecosystem energy transduction efficiency, which has not been discussed in previous literature.
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Beulig, F., H. Røy, C. Glombitza, and B. B. Jørgensen. "Control on rate and pathway of anaerobic organic carbon degradation in the seabed." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715789115.
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The degradation of organic matter in the anoxic seabed proceeds through a complex microbial network in which the terminal steps are dominated by oxidation with sulfate or conversion into methane and CO2. The controls on pathway and rate of the degradation process in different geochemical zones remain elusive. Radiotracer techniques were used to perform measurements of sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, and acetate oxidation with unprecedented sensitivity throughout Holocene sediment columns from the Baltic Sea. We found that degradation rates transition continuously from the sulfate to the methane zone, thereby demonstrating that terminal steps do not exert feedback control on upstream hydrolytic and fermentative processes, as previously suspected. Acetate was a key intermediate for carbon mineralization in both zones. However, acetate was not directly converted into methane. Instead, an additional subterminal step converted acetate to CO2 and reducing equivalents, such as H2, which then fed autotrophic reduction of CO2 to methane.
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Helmer, C., C. Tromm, A. Hippen, K. H. Rosenwinkel, C. F. Seyfried, and S. Kunst. "Single stage biological nitrogen removal by nitritation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in biofilm systems." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0062.
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In full scale wastewater treatment plants with at times considerable deficits in the nitrogen balances, it could hitherto not be sufficiently explained which reactions are the cause of the nitrogen losses and which micro-organisms participate in the process. The single stage conversion of ammonium into gaseous end-products – which is henceforth referred to as deammonification – occurs particularly frequently in biofilm systems. In the meantime, one has succeeded to establish the deammonification processes in a continuous flow moving-bed pilot plant. In batch tests with the biofilm covered carriers, it was possible for the first time to examine the nitrogen conversion at the intact biofilm. Depending on the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, two autotrophic nitrogen converting reactions in the biofilm could be proven: one nitritation process under aerobic conditions and one anaerobic ammonium oxidation. With the anaerobic ammonium oxidation, ammonium as electron donor was converted with nitrite aselectron acceptor. The end-product of this reaction was N2. Ammonium and nitrite did react in a stoichiometrical ratio of 1:1.37, a ratio which has in the very same dimension been described for the ANAMMOX-process (1:1.31±0.06). Via the oxygen concentration in the surrounding medium, it was possible to control the ratio of nitritation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in the nitrogen conversion of the biofilm. Both processes were evenly balanced at a DO concentration of 0.7 mg/l, so that it was possible to achieve a direct, almost complete elimination of ammonium without addition of nitrite. One part of the provided ammonium did participate in the nitritation, the other in the anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Through the aerobic ammonium oxidation into nitrite within the outer oxygen supplied layers of the biofilm, the reaction partner was produced for the anaerobic ammonium oxidation within the inner layers of the biofilm.
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Daverio, E. "Calorimetric assessment of activity in WWTP biomass." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0153.
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A heat flux bench-scale calorimeter (Bio-RC1) has been used to assess the metabolic activity of microbial populations involved in wastewater treatment biological processes under aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic conditions. Under strictly aerobic conditions, a linear correlation was observed between oxygen uptake rate and heat flux for heterotrophic and nitrifying bacterial populations. Using the same calorimetric approach and the same apparatus, toxicity and biodegradability of a pesticides factory wastewater were investigated. The activity of heterotrophic and nitrifying aerobic communities was monitored considering both oxygen consumption and heat dissipation, whereas, under anoxic conditions, calorimetric data were compared to the traditional NUR (nitrate uptake rate) test. Heterotrophic activity was found to be 52% inhibited after toxic wastewater exposure under both aerobic and anoxic conditions and 30% inhibition was observed on autotrophic ammonia oxidation. Additionally, calorimetric measurements have been successfully applied to investigate anaerobic digestion. The thermal response of a mesophilic granular sludge to repetitive glucose pulses has been evaluated and a toxicity test has been performed by exposing the biomass to increasing concentrations of formaldehyde.
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Nancucheo, Ivan, and D. Barrie Johnson. "Characteristics of an Iron-Reducing, Moderately Acidophilic Actinobacterium Isolated from Pyritic Mine Waste, and Its Potential Role in Mitigating Mineral Dissolution in Mineral Tailings Deposits." Microorganisms 8, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8070990.
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Reactive pyritic mine tailings can be populated by chemolithotrophic prokaryotes that enhance the solubilities of many metals, though iron-reducing heterotrophic microorganisms can inhibit the environmental risk posed by tailings by promoting processes that are the reverse of those carried out by pyrite-oxidising autotrophic bacteria. A strain (IT2) of Curtobacterium ammoniigenes, a bacterium not previously identified as being associated with acidic mine wastes, was isolated from pyritic mine tailings and partially characterized. Strain IT2 was able to reduce ferric iron under anaerobic conditions, but was not found to catalyse the oxidation of ferrous iron or elemental (zero-valent) sulfur, and was an obligate heterotrophic. It metabolized monosaccharides and required small amounts of yeast extract for growth. Isolate IT2 is a mesophilic bacterium, with a temperature growth optimum of 30 °C and is moderately acidophilic, growing optimally at pH 4.0 and between pH 2.7 and 5.0. The isolate tolerated elevated concentrations of many transition metals, and was able to grow in the cell-free spent medium of the acidophilic autotroph Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, supporting the hypothesis that it can proliferate in acidic mine tailings. Its potential role in mitigating the production of acidic, metal-rich drainage waters from mine wastes is discussed.
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Sattley, W. Matthew, Michael T. Madigan, Wesley D. Swingley, Patricia C. Cheung, Kate M. Clocksin, Amber L. Conrad, Liza C. Dejesa, et al. "The Genome of Heliobacterium modesticaldum, a Phototrophic Representative of the Firmicutes Containing the Simplest Photosynthetic Apparatus." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 13 (April 25, 2008): 4687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00299-08.
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ABSTRACT Despite the fact that heliobacteria are the only phototrophic representatives of the bacterial phylum Firmicutes, genomic analyses of these organisms have yet to be reported. Here we describe the complete sequence and analysis of the genome of Heliobacterium modesticaldum, a thermophilic species belonging to this unique group of phototrophs. The genome is a single 3.1-Mb circular chromosome containing 3,138 open reading frames. As suspected from physiological studies of heliobacteria that have failed to show photoautotrophic growth, genes encoding enzymes for known autotrophic pathways in other phototrophic organisms, including ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Calvin cycle), citrate lyase (reverse citric acid cycle), and malyl coenzyme A lyase (3-hydroxypropionate pathway), are not present in the H. modesticaldum genome. Thus, heliobacteria appear to be the only known anaerobic anoxygenic phototrophs that are not capable of autotrophy. Although for some cellular activities, such as nitrogen fixation, there is a full complement of genes in H. modesticaldum, other processes, including carbon metabolism and endosporulation, are more genetically streamlined than they are in most other low-G+C gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, several genes encoding photosynthetic functions in phototrophic purple bacteria are not present in the heliobacteria. In contrast to the nutritional flexibility of many anoxygenic phototrophs, the complete genome sequence of H. modesticaldum reveals an organism with a notable degree of metabolic specialization and genomic reduction.
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Kwon, Kiwook, Hyosun Kim, Woojin Kim, and Junbae Lee. "Efficient Nitrogen Removal of Reject Water Generated from Anaerobic Digester Treating Sewage Sludge and Livestock Manure by Combining Anammox and Autotrophic Sulfur Denitrification Processes." Water 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020204.
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The reject water from anaerobic digestion with high (Total Nitrogen) TN concentration was treated by a demonstration plant combining the anammox process and SOD (SOD®; Sulfur Oxidation Denitrification) process. The anaerobic digestion was a co-digestion of livestock wastewater, food waste water, and sewage sludge so that the TN concentration and conductivity of the reject water were very high. This anammox plant was the first anammox demonstration plant in South Korea. The maximum TN removal efficiency of 80% was achieved for the anammox reactor under nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 0.45 kg-N/m3·d. As a result of decreasing the dilution of the reject water, the influent conductivity and NLR values were increased to 7.8 mS/cm and 0.7 kg/m3·d, causing a rapid decrease in the TN removal efficiency. The sludge concentration from the hydro-cyclone overflow was about 40 mg-MLVSS/L in which small sized anammox granules were detected. It was proven that the increase in (Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids) MLVSS concentration in the anammox reactor was not easy under high influent conductivity and NLR. 97% of NO2−-N+NO3−-N generated from the anammox process could be treated successfully by the SOD reactor. A TN removal efficiency of 35% under poor annamox treatment could increase to 67% by applying the SOD reactor post treatment for the removal of NO3−-N. The dominant anammox bacteria in the anammox reactor was identified as Brocadia fulgida and 9.3% (genus level) of the bacteria out of the total bacteria were anammox bacteria.
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Sanchez-Quinto, Andres, and Luisa Falcon. "Review: Formation and Metabolic Function of Coral Rubble Biofilms in the Reef Ecosystem." Gulf and Caribbean Research 32 (2021): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18785/gcr.3201.07.
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When coral dies, their calcareous skeletons constitute coral rubble in conjunction with the cementing activity of coralline algae and bacteria, creating a secondary reef structure which takes from years to decades to form. Healthy coral reefs differ from coral—rubble dominated reefs in microbial taxonomic composition and metabolic functional roles. The metabolisms of healthy reefs are dominated by autotrophic pathways, where carbon and nitrogen fixation dominate, while the metabolism of rubble—dominated reefs predominate in degradation of organic matter. Nitrogen fixation is 3 orders of magnitude lower in rubble—dominated reefs than in healthy reefs. Coral—rubble harbors a vast diversity of microbes that can precipitate carbonate through coupling several metabolic processes including photosynthesis, ureolysis, ammonification, denitrification, sulfate reduction, methane oxidation, and anaerobic sulfide oxidation. All these metabolic processes were found in rubble microbial communities, but ammonification and sulfate reduction were most prevalent. Anthropogenic and non—anthropogenic perturbations of healthy coral reefs in the past decades have led to the prevalence of rubble—dominated reefs in areas of the Caribbean where the ecological and functional shifts of the community still need further study.
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Béji, Olfa, Nouceiba Adouani, Souhila Poncin, and Huai-Zhi Li. "Growth of Microalgae-Bacteria Flocs for Nutrient Recycling from Digestate and Liquid Slurry and Methane Production by Anaerobic Digestion." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 7634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157634.
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Biogas production by anaerobic digestion from different wastes represents a growing interest in the panel of renewable energy. Digestate has already been a subject of numerous studies as part of microalgal culturing because it is still rich in nutrients. This study wants to use it as a reference to investigate the possibility to exploit Slurry for the same applications. The first part of this research aims to evaluate microalgae-bacterial flocs growth for nutrient recycling from liquid digestate and slurry, working at three different dilutions (10%, 30%, and 50%) of these two substrates, in order to determine the best value for nutrients and pollutants removal (ammonia and chemical oxygen demand removal rate) and microalgae-bacterial biomass production (autotrophic index). The best dilutions were 30% for digestate and 10% for slurry, allowing the highest ammonia and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. The second part evaluated methane production during anaerobic digestion at different ratios of substrate/inoculum (0.2, 0.5, and 0.8), using microalgae-bacterial flocs as a substrate and digestate or slurry as the inoculum. After 30 days, the anaerobic digestion without flocs showed the best performance compared to digestion with flocs (726.7 mL CH4·g−1 slurry, 245.6 mL CH4·g−1 digestate), whereas, for flocs digestion, the best ratio for both inocula was 0.2 substrate/inoculum with 317.2 mL CH4·g−1 slurry and 165.7 mL CH4·g−1 digestate. All solid masses are expressed in terms of volatile solids (VS).
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Lau, Maggie C. Y., Thomas L. Kieft, Olukayode Kuloyo, Borja Linage-Alvarez, Esta van Heerden, Melody R. Lindsay, Cara Magnabosco, et al. "An oligotrophic deep-subsurface community dependent on syntrophy is dominated by sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrifiers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 49 (November 21, 2016): E7927—E7936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612244113.
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Subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystems (SLiMEs) under oligotrophic conditions are typically supported by H2. Methanogens and sulfate reducers, and the respective energy processes, are thought to be the dominant players and have been the research foci. Recent investigations showed that, in some deep, fluid-filled fractures in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, methanogens contribute <5% of the total DNA and appear to produce sufficient CH4to support the rest of the diverse community. This paradoxical situation reflects our lack of knowledge about the in situ metabolic diversity and the overall ecological trophic structure of SLiMEs. Here, we show the active metabolic processes and interactions in one of these communities by combining metatranscriptomic assemblies, metaproteomic and stable isotopic data, and thermodynamic modeling. Dominating the active community are four autotrophic β-proteobacterial genera that are capable of oxidizing sulfur by denitrification, a process that was previously unnoticed in the deep subsurface. They co-occur with sulfate reducers, anaerobic methane oxidizers, and methanogens, which each comprise <5% of the total community. Syntrophic interactions between these microbial groups remove thermodynamic bottlenecks and enable diverse metabolic reactions to occur under the oligotrophic conditions that dominate in the subsurface. The dominance of sulfur oxidizers is explained by the availability of electron donors and acceptors to these microorganisms and the ability of sulfur-oxidizing denitrifiers to gain energy through concomitant S and H2oxidation. We demonstrate that SLiMEs support taxonomically and metabolically diverse microorganisms, which, through developing syntrophic partnerships, overcome thermodynamic barriers imposed by the environmental conditions in the deep subsurface.
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Helmer-Madhok, C., M. Schmid, E. Filipov, T. Gaul, A. Hippen, K. H. Rosenwinkel, C. F. Seyfried, M. Wagner, and S. Kunst. "Deammonification in biofilm systems: population structure and function." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2002): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0481.
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For the development of alternative concepts for the cost effective treatment of wastewaters with high ammonium content and low C/N-ratio, autotrophic consortia of micro-organisms with the ability to convert ammonium directly into N2 are of particular interest. Several full-scale industrial biofilm plants eliminating nitrogen without carbon source for years in a stable process, are suspected for some time to harbor active anaerobic ammonium oxidizers in deeper, oxygen-limited biofilm layers. In order to identify the processes of the single-stage nitrogen elimination (deammonification) in biofilm systems and to allocate them to the responsible micro-organisms, a deammonifying moving-bed pilot plant was investigated in detail. 15N-labelled tracer compounds were used as well as 16S rDNA libraries and in situ identification of dominant organisms. The usage of rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes (FISH) was particularly emphasized on the ammonium oxidizers of the β-subclass of Proteobacteria and on the members of the order Planctomycetales. The combined application of these methods led to a deeper insight into the population structure and function of a deammonifying biofilm.
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Flechsler, Jennifer, Thomas Heimerl, Harald Huber, Reinhard Rachel, and Ivan A. Berg. "Functional compartmentalization and metabolic separation in a prokaryotic cell." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 25 (June 14, 2021): e2022114118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022114118.
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The prokaryotic cell is traditionally seen as a “bag of enzymes,” yet its organization is much more complex than in this simplified view. By now, various microcompartments encapsulating metabolic enzymes or pathways are known for Bacteria. These microcompartments are usually small, encapsulating and concentrating only a few enzymes, thus protecting the cell from toxic intermediates or preventing unwanted side reactions. The hyperthermophilic, strictly anaerobic Crenarchaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis is an extraordinary organism possessing two membranes, an inner and an energized outer membrane. The outer membrane (termed here outer cytoplasmic membrane) harbors enzymes involved in proton gradient generation and ATP synthesis. These two membranes are separated by an intermembrane compartment, whose function is unknown. Major information processes like DNA replication, RNA synthesis, and protein biosynthesis are located inside the “cytoplasm” or central cytoplasmic compartment. Here, we show by immunogold labeling of ultrathin sections that enzymes involved in autotrophic CO2 assimilation are located in the intermembrane compartment that we name (now) a peripheric cytoplasmic compartment. This separation may protect DNA and RNA from reactive aldehydes arising in the I. hospitalis carbon metabolism. This compartmentalization of metabolic pathways and information processes is unprecedented in the prokaryotic world, representing a unique example of spatiofunctional compartmentalization in the second domain of life.
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Pishgar, Roya, John Albino Dominic, Joo Hwa Tay, and Angus Chu. "Changes in BNR Microbial Community in Response to Different Selection Pressure." Nitrogen 2, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 474–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2040032.
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This study investigated structural changes in microbial community of biological nutrient removal (BNR) in response to changes in substrate composition (ammonium and phosphate), redox condition, and morphological characteristics (flocs to granules), with a focus on nitrification and phosphate removal. Analyzing treatment performance and 16S rRNA phylogenetic gene sequencing data suggested that heterotrophic nitrification (HN) and autotrophic nitrification (AN) potentially happened in aerobic organic-rich (HN_AS) and aerobic organic-deficient (AN_AS) activated sludge batch reactors, respectively. However, phosphate release and uptake were not observed under alternating anaerobic/aerobic regime. Phosphate release could not be induced even when anaerobic phase was extended, although Accumulibacter existed in the inoculum (5.1% of total bacteria). Some potential HN (e.g., Thauera, Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium), AN (e.g., Nitrosomonas (3.2%) and Nitrospira), and unconventional phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) were identified. Putative HN bacteria (i.e., Thauera (29–36%) and Flavobacterium (18–25%)) were enriched in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) regardless of the granular reactor operation mode. Enrichment of HN organisms in the AGS was suspected to be mainly due to granulation, possibly due to the floc-forming ability of HN species. Thus, HN is likely to play a role in nitrogen removal in AGS reactors. This study is supposed to serve as a starting point for the investigation of the microbial communities of AS- and AGS-based BNR processes. It is recommended that the identified roles for the isolated bacteria are further investigated in future works.
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Cema, G., B. Szatkowska, E. Plaza, J. Trela, and J. Surmacz-Górska. "Nitrogen removal rates at a technical-scale pilot plant with the one-stage partial nitritation/Anammox process." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 8 (October 1, 2006): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.816.
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Traditional nitrification/denitrification is not suitable for nitrogen removal when wastewater contains high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and low concentrations of biodegradable carbon. Recently, a deammonification process was developed and proposed as a new technology for treatment of such streams. This process relies on a stable interaction between aerobic bacteria Nitrosomonas, that accomplish partial nitritation and anaerobic bacteria Planctomycetales, which conduct the Anammox reaction. Simultaneous performance of these two processes can lead to a complete autotrophic nitrogen removal in one single reactor. The experiments where nitrogen was removed in one reactor were performed at a technical-scale moving-bed pilot plant, filled with Kaldnes rings and supplied with supernatant after dewatering of digested sludge. It was found that a nitrogen removal rate obtained at the pilot plant was 1.9 g m−2d−1. Parallel to the pilot plant run, a series of batch tests were carried out under anoxic and aerobic conditions. Within the batch tests, where the pilot plant's conditions were simulated, removal rates reached up to 3 g N m−2d−1. Moreover, the batch tests with inhibition of Nitrosomonas showed that only the Anammox bacteria (not anoxic removal by Nitrosomonas) are responsible for nitrogen removal.
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Andersson Chan, Anneli, Niklas Johansson, and Magnus Christensson. "Increased nitrogen removal in existing volumes at Sundet wastewater treatment plant, Växjö." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.025.
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Many wastewater treatment plants need to improve their nitrogen removal due to stricter requirements and increasing loads. This often means larger bioreactor volumes, which can be very expensive and is sometimes impossible if space is limited. Therefore, there is a need for compact hybrid solutions that can increase capacity within existing volumes. Two full-scale demonstration projects using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) technology has proven to be an efficient way to treat nitrogen in existing volumes at Sundet wastewater treatment plant in Växjö. Increased nitrification and denitrification capacity in parts of the main stream were demonstrated through the Hybas™ process, a combination of MBBR and activated sludge using the integrated fixed-film activated sludge technology. The ANITA™ Mox process, using autotrophic N-removal through anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), provided high nitrogen removal for the sludge liquor. Data collected on-site for over a year are analyzed and compared with the performance of conventional treatment systems. These two full-scale demonstration projects have been a successful learning experience in identifying and correcting both process and operational issues, which may not have arisen at pilot scale. The set objectives in terms of nitrogen removal were met for both processes and design modifications have been identified that will improve future operation at Sundet WWTP.
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Labrenz, Matthias, Günter Jost, Christa Pohl, Sabrina Beckmann, Willm Martens-Habbena, and Klaus Jürgens. "Impact of Different In Vitro Electron Donor/Acceptor Conditions on Potential Chemolithoautotrophic Communities from Marine Pelagic Redoxclines." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 11 (November 2005): 6664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.11.6664-6672.2005.
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ABSTRACT Anaerobic or microaerophilic chemolithoautotrophic bacteria have been considered to be responsible for CO2 dark fixation in different pelagic redoxclines worldwide, but their involvement in redox processes is still not fully resolved. We investigated the impact of 17 different electron donor/acceptor combinations in water of pelagic redoxclines from the central Baltic Sea on the stimulation of bacterial CO2 dark fixation as well as on the development of chemolithoautotrophic populations. In situ, the highest CO2 dark fixation rates, ranging from 0.7 to 1.4 μmol liter−1 day−1, were measured directly below the redoxcline. In enrichment experiments, chemolithoautotrophic CO2 dark fixation was maximally stimulated by the addition of thiosulfate, reaching values of up to 9.7 μmol liter−1 CO2 day−1. Chemolithoautotrophic nitrate reduction proved to be an important process, with rates of up to 33.5 μmol liter−1 NO3 − day−1. Reduction of Fe(III) or Mn(IV) was not detected; nevertheless, the presence of these potential electron acceptors influenced the development of stimulated microbial assemblages. Potential chemolithoautotrophic bacteria in the enrichment experiments were displayed on 16S ribosomal complementary DNA single-strand-conformation polymorphism fingerprints and identified by sequencing of excised bands. Sequences were closely related to chemolithoautotrophic Thiomicrospira psychrophila and Maorithyas hadalis gill symbiont (both Gammaproteobacteria) and to an uncultured nitrate-reducing Helicobacteraceae bacterium (Epsilonproteobacteria). Our data indicate that this Helicobacteraceae bacterium could be of general importance or even a key organism for autotrophic nitrate reduction in pelagic redoxclines.
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Engel, A., C. Borchard, A. Loginova, J. Meyer, H. Hauss, and R. Kiko. "Effects of varied nitrate and phosphate supply on polysaccharidic and proteinaceous gel particle production during tropical phytoplankton bloom experiments." Biogeosciences 12, no. 19 (October 7, 2015): 5647–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5647-2015.
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Abstract. Gel particles such as the polysaccharidic transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and the proteinaceous Coomassie stainable particles (CSP) play an important role in marine biogeochemical and ecological processes like particle aggregation and export, or microbial nutrition and growth. So far, effects of nutrient availability or of changes in nutrient ratios on gel particle production and fate are not well understood. The tropical ocean includes large oxygen minimum zones, where nitrogen losses due to anaerobic microbial activity result in a lower supply of nitrate relative to phosphate to the euphotic zone. Here, we report of two series of mesocosm experiments that were conducted with natural plankton communities collected from the eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) close to Cape Verde in October 2012. The experiments were performed to investigate how different phosphate (experiment 1, Varied P: 0.15–1.58 μmol L−1) or nitrate (experiment 2, Varied N: 1.9–21.9 μmol L−1) concentrations affect the abundance and size distribution of TEP and CSP. In the days until the bloom peak was reached, a positive correlation between gel particle abundance and Chl a concentration was determined, linking the release of dissolved gel precursors and the subsequent formation of gel particles to autotrophic production. After the bloom peak, gel particle abundance remained stable or even increased, implying a continued partitioning of dissolved into particulate organic matter after biomass production itself ceased. During both experiments, differences between TEP and CSP dynamics were observed; TEP were generally more abundant than CSP. Changes in size distribution indicated aggregation of TEP after the bloom, while newly formed CSP decomposed. Abundance of gel particles clearly increased with nitrate concentration during the second experiment, suggesting that changes in [DIN] : [DIP] ratios can affect gel particle formation with potential consequences for carbon and nitrogen cycling as well as food web dynamics in tropical ecosystems.
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Engel, A., C. Borchard, A. Loginova, J. Meyer, H. Hauss, and R. Kiko. "Effects of varied nitrate and phosphate supply on polysaccharidic and proteinaceous gel particles production during tropical phytoplankton bloom experiments." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 8 (April 30, 2015): 6589–635. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-6589-2015.
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Abstract. It has been suggested that oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) will expand in the tropical oceans as a result of global change with potential consequences for marine element cycling, such as an increase in anaerobic nitrogen loss, resulting in a lower supply of nitrate relative to phosphate to the euphotic zone. So far, the effects of changes in nutrient ratios on organic matter recycling and export fluxes are not well understood. Here, were investigated how different phosphate (Varied P: 0.15–1.58 μmol L−1) or nitrate (Varied N: 1.9–21.9 μmol L−1) concentrations affect the abundance and size distribution of polysaccharidic transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), which are suggested to enhance particle aggregation and export fluxes, and on proteinaceous coomassie stainable particles (CSP), a supposedly good substrate for heterotrophic bacteria. Two series of mesocosm bloom experiments were conducted with natural plankton communities collected from the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) close to Cape Verde in October 2012. Until bloom peak, a positive correlation between gel particle abundance and Chl a concentration was determined, linking the release of dissolved gel precursors and the subsequent formation of gel particles to autotrophic production. After bloom peak, gel particle abundance remained stable or even increased, implying a continued partitioning of dissolved into particulate organic matter after biomass production itself ceased. During both experiments, differences between TEP and CSP dynamics were observed; TEP were generally more abundant than CSP. Changes in size distribution indicated aggregation of TEP during the bloom, while newly formed CSP decomposed. Abundance of gel particles clearly increased with nitrate concentration during the second experiment, suggesting that changes in [DIN]:[DIP] ratios can affect gel particle formation with potential consequences for carbon and nitrogen cycling as well as food web dynamics in tropical ecosystems.
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Hicks Pries, Caitlin, Alon Angert, Cristina Castanha, Boaz Hilman, and Margaret S. Torn. "Using respiration quotients to track changing sources of soil respiration seasonally and with experimental warming." Biogeosciences 17, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 3045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3045-2020.
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Abstract. Developing a more mechanistic understanding of soil respiration is hampered by the difficulty in determining the contribution of different organic substrates to respiration and in disentangling autotrophic-versus-heterotrophic and aerobic-versus-anaerobic processes. Here, we use a relatively novel tool for better understanding soil respiration: the apparent respiration quotient (ARQ). The ARQ is the amount of CO2 produced in the soil divided by the amount of O2 consumed, and it changes according to which organic substrates are being consumed and whether oxygen is being used as an electron acceptor. We investigated how the ARQ of soil gas varied seasonally, by soil depth, and by in situ experimental warming (+4 ∘C) in a coniferous-forest whole-soil-profile warming experiment over 2 years. We then compared the patterns in ARQ to those of soil δ13CO2. Our measurements showed strong seasonal variations in ARQ, from ≈0.9 during the late spring and summer to ≈0.7 during the winter. This pattern likely reflected a shift from respiration being fueled by oxidized substrates like sugars and organic acids derived from root and root respiration during the growing season to more reduced substrates such as lipids and proteins derived from microbial necromass during the winter. This interpretation was supported by δ13CO2 values, which were lower, like lipids, in the winter and higher, like sugars, in the summer. Furthermore, experimental warming significantly changed how both ARQ and δ13CO2 responded to soil temperature. Wintertime ARQ and δ13CO2 values were higher in heated than in control plots, probably due to the warming-driven increase in microbial activity that may have utilized oxidized carbon substrates, while growing-season values were lower in heated plots. Experimental warming and phenology change the sources of soil respiration throughout the soil profile. The sensitivity of ARQ to these changes demonstrates its potential as a tool for disentangling the biological sources contributing to soil respiration.
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Simon, Carola, Arnim Wiezer, Axel W. Strittmatter, and Rolf Daniel. "Phylogenetic Diversity and Metabolic Potential Revealed in a Glacier Ice Metagenome." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 23 (October 2, 2009): 7519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00946-09.
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ABSTRACT The largest part of the Earth's microbial biomass is stored in cold environments, which represent almost untapped reservoirs of novel species, processes, and genes. In this study, the first metagenomic survey of the metabolic potential and phylogenetic diversity of a microbial assemblage present in glacial ice is presented. DNA was isolated from glacial ice of the Northern Schneeferner, Germany. Pyrosequencing of this DNA yielded 1,076,539 reads (239.7 Mbp). The phylogenetic composition of the prokaryotic community was assessed by evaluation of a pyrosequencing-derived data set and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The Proteobacteria (mainly Betaproteobacteria), Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the predominant phylogenetic groups. In addition, isolation of psychrophilic microorganisms was performed, and 13 different bacterial isolates were recovered. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the isolates revealed that all were affiliated to the predominant groups. As expected for microorganisms residing in a low-nutrient environment, a high metabolic versatility with respect to degradation of organic substrates was detected by analysis of the pyrosequencing-derived data set. The presence of autotrophic microorganisms was indicated by identification of genes typical for different ways of carbon fixation. In accordance with the results of the phylogenetic studies, in which mainly aerobic and facultative aerobic bacteria were detected, genes typical for central metabolism of aerobes were found. Nevertheless, the capability of growth under anaerobic conditions was indicated by genes involved in dissimilatory nitrate/nitrite reduction. Numerous characteristics for metabolic adaptations associated with a psychrophilic lifestyle, such as formation of cryoprotectants and maintenance of membrane fluidity by the incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids, were detected. Thus, analysis of the glacial metagenome provided insights into the microbial life in frozen habitats on Earth, thereby possibly shedding light onto microbial life in analogous extraterrestrial environments.
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Paulmier, A., D. Ruiz-Pino, and V. Garçon. "CO<sub>2</sub> maximum in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ)." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (August 25, 2010): 6353–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-6353-2010.
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Abstract. Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), known as suboxic layers mainly localized in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems, are expanding since the 20th "high CO2" century, probably due to the global warming. OMZs are also known to contribute significantly to the oceanic production of N2O, a greenhouse gas (GHG) more efficient than CO2. However, the contribution of the OMZs on the oceanic sources and sinks budget of CO2, the main GHG, still remains to be established. We present here the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) structure, associated locally with the Chilean OMZ and globally with the main most intense OMZs (O2<20 μmol/kg) in the open ocean. To achieve this, we jointly examine simultaneous DIC and O2 data collected off Chile during 4 cruises and a monthly monitoring (2000–2002) in one of the shallowest OMZ, along with international DIC and O2 databases for other OMZs. High DIC concentrations (>2225 μmol/kg, up to 2350 μmol/kg) have been reported over the whole OMZ thickness, allowing to define for all studied OMZs a Carbon Maximum Zone (CMZ). The CMZs-OMZs constitute the largest carbon reserves of the ocean in subsurface waters and could induce a positive feedback for the atmosphere during upwelling activity, as potential direct local sources of CO2. The CMZ paradoxically presents a slight "carbon deficit" in its core, meaning a DIC increase from the oxygenated ocean to the OMZ lower than the corresponding O2 decrease (assuming classical C/O molar ratios). This "carbon deficit" would be related to thermal mechanisms affecting faster O2 than DIC (due to the carbonate buffer effect) and occurring upstream in warm waters (e.g., in the Equatorial Divergence), where the CMZ-OMZ core originates. The "carbon deficit" in the CMZ core would be mainly compensated locally at the oxycline, by a "carbon excess" induced by a specific remineralization. Indeed, a possible co-existence of bacterial heterotrophic and autotrophic processes usually occurring at different depths could stimulate an intense aerobic-anaerobic remineralization, inducing deviation of C/O molar ratio from the canonical Redfield ratios. Further studies to confirm these results for all OMZs are required to understand the OMZ effects on both climatic feedback mechanisms and marine ecosystem perturbations.
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Paulmier, A., D. Ruiz-Pino, and V. Garçon. "CO<sub>2</sub> maximum in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ)." Biogeosciences 8, no. 2 (February 7, 2011): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-239-2011.
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Abstract. Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), known as suboxic layers which are mainly localized in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems, have been expanding since the 20th "high CO2" century, probably due to global warming. OMZs are also known to significantly contribute to the oceanic production of N2O, a greenhouse gas (GHG) more efficient than CO2. However, the contribution of the OMZs on the oceanic sources and sinks budget of CO2, the main GHG, still remains to be established. We present here the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) structure, associated locally with the Chilean OMZ and globally with the main most intense OMZs (O2<20 μmol kg−1) in the open ocean. To achieve this, we examine simultaneous DIC and O2 data collected off Chile during 4 cruises (2000–2002) and a monthly monitoring (2000–2001) in one of the shallowest OMZs, along with international DIC and O2 databases and climatology for other OMZs. High DIC concentrations (>2225 μmol kg−1, up to 2350 μmol kg−1) have been reported over the whole OMZ thickness, allowing the definition for all studied OMZs a Carbon Maximum Zone (CMZ). Locally off Chile, the shallow cores of the OMZ and CMZ are spatially and temporally collocated at 21° S, 30° S and 36° S despite different cross-shore, long-shore and seasonal configurations. Globally, the mean state of the main OMZs also corresponds to the largest carbon reserves of the ocean in subsurface waters. The CMZs-OMZs could then induce a positive feedback for the atmosphere during upwelling activity, as potential direct local sources of CO2. The CMZ paradoxically presents a slight "carbon deficit" in its core (~10%), meaning a DIC increase from the oxygenated ocean to the OMZ lower than the corresponding O2 decrease (assuming classical C/O molar ratios). This "carbon deficit" would be related to regional thermal mechanisms affecting faster O2 than DIC (due to the carbonate buffer effect) and occurring upstream in warm waters (e.g., in the Equatorial Divergence), where the CMZ-OMZ core originates. The "carbon deficit" in the CMZ core would be mainly compensated locally at the oxycline, by a "carbon excess" induced by a specific remineralization. Indeed, a possible co-existence of bacterial heterotrophic and autotrophic processes usually occurring at different depths could stimulate an intense aerobic-anaerobic remineralization, inducing the deviation of C/O molar ratios from the canonical Redfield ratios. Further studies to confirm these results for all OMZs are required to understand the OMZ effects on both climatic feedback mechanisms and marine ecosystem perturbations.
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Visser, Anna-Neva, Scott D. Wankel, Pascal A. Niklaus, James M. Byrne, Andreas A. Kappler, and Moritz F. Lehmann. "Impact of reactive surfaces on the abiotic reaction between nitrite and ferrous iron and associated nitrogen and oxygen isotope dynamics." Biogeosciences 17, no. 16 (August 28, 2020): 4355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4355-2020.
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Abstract. Anaerobic nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation (NDFeO) is widespread in various aquatic environments and plays a major role in iron and nitrogen redox dynamics. However, evidence for truly enzymatic, autotrophic NDFeO remains limited, with alternative explanations involving the coupling of heterotrophic denitrification with the abiotic oxidation of structurally bound or aqueous Fe(II) by reactive intermediate nitrogen (N) species (chemodenitrification). The extent to which chemodenitrification is caused (or enhanced) by ex vivo surface catalytic effects has not been directly tested to date. To determine whether the presence of either an Fe(II)-bearing mineral or dead biomass (DB) catalyses chemodenitrification, two different sets of anoxic batch experiments were conducted: 2 mM Fe(II) was added to a low-phosphate medium, resulting in the precipitation of vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2), to which 2 mM nitrite (NO2-) was later added, with or without an autoclaved cell suspension (∼1.96×108 cells mL−1) of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Concentrations of nitrite (NO2-), nitrous oxide (N2O), and iron (Fe2+, Fetot) were monitored over time in both set-ups to assess the impact of Fe(II) minerals and/or DB as catalysts of chemodenitrification. In addition, the natural-abundance isotope ratios of NO2- and N2O (δ15N and δ18O) were analysed to constrain the associated isotope effects. Up to 90 % of the Fe(II) was oxidized in the presence of DB, whereas only ∼65 % of the Fe(II) was oxidized under mineral-only conditions, suggesting an overall lower reactivity of the mineral-only set-up. Similarly, the average NO2- reduction rate in the mineral-only experiments (0.004±0.003 mmol L−1 d−1) was much lower than in the experiments with both mineral and DB (0.053±0.013 mmol L−1 d−1), as was N2O production (204.02±60.29 nmol L−1 d−1). The N2O yield per mole NO2- reduced was higher in the mineral-only set-ups (4 %) than in the experiments with DB (1 %), suggesting the catalysis-dependent differential formation of NO. N-NO2- isotope ratio measurements indicated a clear difference between both experimental conditions: in contrast to the marked 15N isotope enrichment during active NO2- reduction (15εNO2=+10.3 ‰) observed in the presence of DB, NO2- loss in the mineral-only experiments exhibited only a small N isotope effect (<+1 ‰). The NO2--O isotope effect was very low in both set-ups (18εNO2 <1 ‰), which was most likely due to substantial O isotope exchange with ambient water. Moreover, under low-turnover conditions (i.e. in the mineral-only experiments as well as initially in experiments with DB), the observed NO2- isotope systematics suggest, transiently, a small inverse isotope effect (i.e. decreasing NO2- δ15N and δ18O with decreasing concentrations), which was possibly related to transitory surface complexation mechanisms. Site preference (SP) of the 15N isotopes in the linear N2O molecule for both set-ups ranged between 0 ‰ and 14 ‰, which was notably lower than the values previously reported for chemodenitrification. Our results imply that chemodenitrification is dependent on the available reactive surfaces and that the NO2- (rather than the N2O) isotope signatures may be useful for distinguishing between chemodenitrification catalysed by minerals, chemodenitrification catalysed by dead microbial biomass, and possibly true enzymatic NDFeO.
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Cristiani, Lorenzo, Jacopo Ferretti, Mauro Majone, Marianna Villano, and Marco Zeppilli. "Autotrophic Acetate Production under Hydrogenophilic and Bioelectrochemical Conditions with a Thermally Treated Mixed Culture." Membranes 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020126.
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Bioelectrochemical systems are emerging technologies for the reduction in CO2 in fuels and chemicals, in which anaerobic chemoautotrophic microorganisms such as methanogens and acetogens are typically used as biocatalysts. The anaerobic digestion digestate represents an abundant source of methanogens and acetogens microorganisms. In a mixed culture environment, methanogen’s inhibition is necessary to avoid acetate consumption by the presence of acetoclastic methanogens. In this study, a methanogenesis inhibition approach based on the thermal treatment of mixed cultures was adopted and evaluated in terms of acetate production under different tests consisting of hydrogenophilic and bioelectrochemical experiments. Batch experiments were carried out under hydrogenophilic and bioelectrochemical conditions, demonstrating the effectiveness of the thermal treatment and showing a 30 times higher acetate production with respect to the raw anaerobic digestate. Moreover, a continuous flow bioelectrochemical reactor equipped with an anion exchange membrane (AEM) successfully overcomes the methanogens reactivation, allowing for a continuous acetate production. The AEM membrane guaranteed the migration of the acetate from the biological compartment and its concentration in the abiotic chamber avoiding its consumption by acetoclastic methanogenesis. The system allowed an acetate concentration of 1745 ± 30 mg/L in the abiotic chamber, nearly five times the concentration measured in the cathodic chamber.
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Oliynyk, Oleksandr Ya, Sergiy V. Telyma, Yuriy I. Kalugin, and Yevheniy O. Oliynyk. "Modeling and calculations of parameters of the joint treatment of organic contaminations (OC) and nitrogen (N) compounds in bioreactors with using of the fixed biocenosis (biofilm)." Environmental safety and natural resources 43, no. 3 (November 21, 2022): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.5-21.
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The mathematical models and the parameter calculations of the simultaneous waste water treatment from the organic contaminants and ammonium nitrogen compounds in the bioreactors-aerotanks with additional fixed biocenosis as a biofilm in their volume are proposed. The questions connected with heterogeneous structure of biofilm from different bacteria and the substantiation of the balance equations system with kinetic reactions for following their realization which are describing of the simultaneous removing organic contaminations (OC) and nitrogen (N) in biofilm taking into account on the oxygen regime O2 are considered. Detailed analysis of aerotank operation with additional fixed biocenosis shown about the possibility of creation of the new conditions for simultaneous removing of the OC and nitrogen by the suspended and fixed biocenosis. At the same time the arrangement of the aerotank-mixture from the three sections where the simultaneous treatment have a place is recommended taking into account on the theoretical substantiation of these sections in one reactor. It is shown that on the different loads the complex heterogeneous structure of the biofilm is formed which consist of from different bacteria. So near the biofilm surface it consists of the heterotrophs during the removing of OC and at during of removing of nitrogen from the autotrophs. At the same time more active heterotrophs may to grow as in anaerobic as in anoxic conditions and the processes that have a place in the biofilm at the simultaneous treatment are connected with the growing of the competition between the heterotrophs and autotrophs in the fight to oxygen. Heterotrophy that are situated are near surface of the biofilm are using of more oxygen than autotrophy that are in the lower part of one. As a result of realization of the created models taking into account on the influence of the different factors on the simultaneous waste water treatment from OC and N processes the recommendations to parameter calculations are proposed. Besides of the boundary conditions of necessary bacteria presence at which the simultaneous removing of the OC and N are occurred and at which conditions some of substrates will limit the waste water treatment processes are determined.
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Alves, Camila Ferreira, Carla Beatriz Casagrande Bortoluci, Eduardo Paniguel Oliveira, Matheus Marques Pizzo, and Renata Piacentini Rodriguez. "Remoção biológica de nitrogênio em águas residuárias: uma revisão dos processos convencionais aos processos modernos." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 9, no. 3 (May 23, 2018): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2018.003.0015.
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O lançamento de efluentes em corpos receptores ou em redes de esgoto deve ser monitorado e atender a legislação vigente. As máximas concentrações permitidas para o lançamento de nutrientes, especialmente o nitrogênio, se tornaram mais restritivas após 2005. O nitrogênio é um nutriente que está presente em diferentes tipos de águas residuárias, como chorume, efluentes industriais e esgotamento sanitário. O descarte deste tipo de efluente sem redução da carga de nitrogênio resulta em impactos sobre a fauna e flora de ecossistemas em geral. A remoção de nitrogênio está baseada na conversão de amônia a nitrito e nitrato (nitrificação) e posterior redução destes à nitrogênio gasoso (desnitrificação). Diversos métodos biológicos foram e têm sido desenvolvidos para remover nitrogênio de efluentes baseados em configurações complexas de reatores em série ou em sistemas unicompartimentados. Recentemente, novas rotas metabólicas envolvendo processos mais eficientes e econômicos têm sido apresentadas. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura para os processos de nitrificação e desnitrificação convencional, nitrificação e desnitrificação simultânea, Sharon (Single Reactor System for High Activity Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite), Anammox (Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) e Canon (Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal Over Nitrite). As principais características de cada processo foram abordadas, destacando-se as principais reações envolvidas, crescimento biológico, inibidores, requisitos e aplicações.
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Su, Jun feng, Si cheng Shao, Ting lin Huang, Fang Ma, Shao fei Yang, Zhen ming Zhou, and Sheng chen Zheng. "Anaerobic nitrate-dependent iron(II) oxidation by a novel autotrophic bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. SZF15." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 3, no. 3 (September 2015): 2187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.07.030.
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Preiner, Martina, Joana C. Xavier, Andrey do Nascimento Vieira, Karl Kleinermanns, John F. Allen, and William F. Martin. "Catalysts, autocatalysis and the origin of metabolism." Interface Focus 9, no. 6 (October 18, 2019): 20190072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0072.
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If life on Earth started out in geochemical environments like hydrothermal vents, then it started out from gasses like CO 2 , N 2 and H 2 . Anaerobic autotrophs still live from these gasses today, and they still inhabit the Earth's crust. In the search for connections between abiotic processes in ancient geological systems and biotic processes in biological systems, it becomes evident that chemical activation (catalysis) of these gasses and a constant source of energy are key. The H 2 –CO 2 redox reaction provides a constant source of energy and anabolic inputs, because the equilibrium lies on the side of reduced carbon compounds. Identifying geochemical catalysts that activate these gasses en route to nitrogenous organic compounds and small autocatalytic networks will be an important step towards understanding prebiotic chemistry that operates only on the basis of chemical energy, without input from solar radiation. So, if life arose in the dark depths of hydrothermal vents, then understanding reactions and catalysts that operate under such conditions is crucial for understanding origins.
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Radice, Rosa Paola, Maria Sansone, Gabriele D’Arienzo, Antonio Scopa, and Giuseppe Martelli. "Bioremediation of Crude Oil by Haematococcus Pluvialis: A Preliminary Study." Processes 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 2472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122472.
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Nowadays, oil pollution is one of the main environmental problems. The current methods for recovering spills mainly involve chemical agents, but scientific research has focused on more natural and less harmful techniques for the environment, including a consortium of bacteria and microalgae to clean up water contaminated by hydrocarbons. The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the ability of a microalga belonging to Chlorophyceae to grow in the presence of crude oil and remove the principal contaminants. H. pluvialis, which is usually used for nutraceutical purposes, thanks to the production of astaxanthin, was able to grow in anaerobic conditions, varying its metabolism from autotrophic to heterotrophic, exploiting the carbon present in the solution deriving from the presence of 1% of crude oil. Furthermore, the results of bioremediation showed a relevant reduction in chemical pollutants such as nitrate, fluoride, sulfate, and phosphate. The most important aspect of the study was the reduction after 160 days in the hydrocarbon concentration inside not only the culture medium (−32%) but also the algal biomass (−80.25%), demonstrating an optimized degradation rather than a simple absorption inside the alga.
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Carreón-Palau, Laura, Nurgül Şen Özdemir, Christopher C. Parrish, and Camilla Parzanini. "Sterol Composition of Sponges, Cnidarians, Arthropods, Mollusks, and Echinoderms from the Deep Northwest Atlantic: A Comparison with Shallow Coastal Gulf of Mexico." Marine Drugs 18, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18120598.
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Triterpenoid biosynthesis is generally anaerobic in bacteria and aerobic in Eukarya. The major class of triterpenoids in bacteria, the hopanoids, is different to that in Eukarya, the lanostanoids, and their 4,4,14-demethylated derivatives, sterols. In the deep sea, the prokaryotic contribution to primary productivity has been suggested to be higher because local environmental conditions prevent classic photosynthetic processes from occurring. Sterols have been used as trophic biomarkers because primary producers have different compositions, and they are incorporated in primary consumer tissues. In the present study, we inferred food supply to deep sea, sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, crustaceans, and echinoderms from euphotic zone production which is driven by phytoplankton eukaryotic autotrophy. Sterol composition was obtained by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Moreover, we compared the sterol composition of three phyla (i.e., Porifera, Cnidaria, and Echinodermata) collected between a deep and cold-water region and a shallow tropical area. We hypothesized that the sterol composition of shallow tropical benthic organisms would better reflect their photoautotrophic sources independently of the taxonomy. Shallow tropical sponges and cnidarians from environments showed plant and zooxanthellae sterols in their tissues, while their deep-sea counterparts showed phytoplankton and zooplankton sterols. In contrast, echinoids, a class of echinoderms, the most complex phylum along with hemichordates and chordates (deuterostomes), did not show significant differences in their sterol profile, suggesting that cholesterol synthesis is present in deuterostomes other than chordates.
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Magrí, Albert, Maël Ruscalleda, Albert Vilà, Tiago R. V. Akaboci, M. Dolors Balaguer, Josep M. Llenas, and Jesús Colprim. "Scaling-Up and Long-Term Operation of a Full-Scale Two-Stage Partial Nitritation-Anammox System Treating Landfill Leachate." Processes 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050800.
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(1) Background: Biological treatment of leachate in landfill sites using anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is challenging because of the intrinsic characteristics of this complex wastewater. In this work, the scale-up and subsequent full-scale implementation of the PANAMMOX® technology (LEQUIA Research Group, Girona, Catalonia, Spain) are presented as a case study to achieve long-term nitrogen (N) removal from mature leachate mostly through a completely autotrophic pathway. (2) Methods: The treatment system consists of two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) running in series to individually operate partial nitritation (PN) and anammox (A). Following biological treatment, physicochemical oxidation (i.e., Fenton-based process) was used to remove the remaining non-biodegradable organic matter. A cost analysis comparative was conducted in relation to the former technology used on-site for treating the leachate. (3) Results: The scale-up of the process from pilot- to full-scale was successfully achieved, finally reaching an average removal of 7.4 kg N/d. The composition of the leachate changed over time, but especially once the landfill site stopped receiving solid waste (this fact involved a marked increase in the strength of the leachate). The adjustment of the alkalinity-to-ammonium ratio before feeding PN-SBR helped to improve the N-removal efficiency. Values of conductivity above 25 mS/cm in A-SBR could negatively affect the performance of the anammox process, making it necessary to consider a dilution strategy according to the on-line monitoring of this parameter. The analysis of the operational costs showed that by implementing the PANAMMOX® technology (LEQUIA Research Group, Girona, Catalonia, Spain) in the landfill site, savings up to 32% were achievable. (4) Conclusions: Treatment of mature landfill leachate in such a two-stage PN-A system was demonstrated as feasible and economically appealing despite the complexity of this industrial wastewater. Accurate expert supervision of the process was a key factor to reaching good performances.
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Kosgey, Kiprotich, Phumza Vuyokazi Zungu, Faizal Bux, and Sheena Kumari. "Biological nitrogen removal from low carbon wastewater." Frontiers in Microbiology 13 (November 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.968812.
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Nitrogen has traditionally been removed from wastewater by nitrification and denitrification processes, in which organic carbon has been used as an electron donor during denitrification. However, some wastewaters contain low concentrations of organic carbon, which may require external organic carbon supply, increasing treatment costs. As a result, processes such as partial nitrification/anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) (PN/A), autotrophic denitrification, nitritation-denitritation and bioelectrochemical processes have been studied as possible alternatives, and are thus evaluated in this study based on process kinetics, applicability at large-scale and process configuration. Oxygen demand for nitritation-denitritation and PN/A is 25% and 60% lower than for nitrification/denitrification, respectively. In addition, PN/A process does not require organic carbon supply, while its supply for nitritation-denitritation is 40% less than for nitrification/denitrification. Both PN/A and nitritation-denitritation produce less sludge compared to nitrification/denitrification, which saves on sludge handling costs. Similarly, autotrophic denitrification generates less sludge compared to heterotrophic denitrification and could save on sludge handling costs. However, autotrophic denitrification driven by metallic ions, elemental sulfur (S) and its compounds could generate harmful chemicals. On the other hand, hydrogenotrophic denitrification can remove nitrogen completely without generation of harmful chemicals, but requires specialized equipment for generation and handling of hydrogen gas (H2), which complicates process configuration. Bioelectrochemical processes are limited by low kinetics and complicated process configuration. In sum, anammox-mediated processes represent the best alternative to nitrification/denitrification for nitrogen removal in low- and high-strength wastewaters.
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Song, Yoseb, Jiyun Bae, Jongoh Shin, Sangrak Jin, Jung-Kul Lee, Sun Chang Kim, Suhyung Cho, and Byung-Kwan Cho. "Transcriptome and translatome of CO2 fixing acetogens under heterotrophic and autotrophic conditions." Scientific Data 8, no. 1 (February 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00837-7.
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AbstractAcetogens are anaerobic bacteria that utilise gaseous feedstocks such as carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to synthesise biomass and various metabolites via the energetically efficient Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. Because of this pathway, acetogens have been considered as a novel platform to produce biochemicals from gaseous feedstocks, potentially replacing the conventional thermochemical processes. Despite their advantages, a lack of systematic understanding of the transcriptional and translational regulation in acetogens during autotrophic growth limits the rational strain design to produce the desired products. To overcome this problem, we presented RNA sequencing and ribosome profiling data of four acetogens cultivated under heterotrophic and autotrophic conditions, providing data on genome-scale transcriptional and translational responses of acetogens during CO2 fixation. These data facilitate the discovery of regulatory elements embedded in their genomes, which could be utilised to engineer strains to achieve better growth and productivity. We anticipate that these data will expand our understanding of the processes of CO2 fixation and will help in the designing of strains for the desired biochemical production.
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Lu, Shimin, Xingguo Liu, Chong Liu, Guofeng Cheng, Runfeng Zhou, and Yayuan Li. "A Review of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea and Anaerobic Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria in the Aquaculture Pond Environment in China." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (November 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.775794.
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The excessive ammonia produced in pond aquaculture processes cannot be ignored. In this review, we present the distribution and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) in the pond environment. Combined with environmental conditions, we analyze the advantages of AOA and AnAOB in aquaculture water treatment and discuss the current situation of pond water treatment engineering involving these microbes. AOA and AnAOB play an important role in the nitrogen removal process of aquaculture pond water, especially in seasonal low temperatures and anoxic sediment layers. Finally, we prospect the application of bioreactors to purify pond aquaculture water using AOA and AnAOB, in autotrophic nitrogen removal, which can reduce the production of greenhouse gases (such as nitrous oxide) and is conducive to the development of environmentally sustainable pond aquaculture.
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Marakushev, Sergey A., and Ol'ga V. Belonogova. "Development of nascent autotrophic carbon fixation systems in various redox conditions of the fluid degassing in early Earth." Biogeosciences Discussions, August 30, 2018, 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-291.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Strategies for the origin and development of primary metabolism on early Earth were determined by the two main regimes of degassing of Earth in the form of CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub> fluid impulses. Among the existing theories of the autotrophic origin of the life, CO<sub>2</sub> is usually considered the carbon source for nascent autotrophic metabolism. However, the ancestral carbon used in metabolism may have been derived from CH<sub>4</sub> if the outflow of magma fluid to the surface of the Earth consisted mainly of methane. Primary biochemical systems are present in methane degassing regimes developed in an environment of high partial pressure of methane, which is a source of carbon for nascent metabolic systems. Due to the absence of molecular oxygen in the Archaean conditions, this metabolism would have been anaerobic, i.e., oxidation of methane must be realized by inorganic high-potential electron acceptors. In light of the primacy and predominance of CH<sub>4</sub>-dependent metabolism in hydrothermal systems of the ancient Earth, we propose a model of carbon fixation, which is a sequence of reactions in a hypothetical methane-fumarate (MF) cycle. Thermodynamics calculations showed a high efficiency of oxidation of methane to acetate (methanotrophic acetogenesis) by oxidized nitrogen compounds in hydrothermal systems. Thermodynamically favorable were also reactions involving the introduction of carbon methane into the intermediates of the proposed MF cycle. The methane oxidation reactions with the use of oxygen of iron mineral buffers are closer to the equilibrium state, which apparently determines the possibilities of primordial cycle flow in the forward or reverse directions.</p>
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Lu, Hsiao-Pei, Yung-Hsien Shao, Jer-Horng Wu, and Chih-hao Hsieh. "System Performance Corresponding to Bacterial Community Succession after a Disturbance in an Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal Bioreactor." mSystems 5, no. 4 (July 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00398-20.
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ABSTRACT Performance of a bioreactor is affected by complex microbial consortia that regulate system functional processes. Studies so far, however, have mainly emphasized the selective pressures imposed by operational conditions (i.e., deterministic external physicochemical variables) on the microbial community as well as system performance, but have overlooked direct effects of the microbial community on system functioning. Here, using a bioreactor with ammonium as the sole substrate under controlled operational settings as a model system, we investigated succession of the bacterial community after a disturbance and its impact on nitrification and anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) processes with fine-resolution time series data. System performance was quantified as the ratio of the fed ammonium converted to anammox-derived nitrogen gas (N2) versus nitrification-derived nitrate (npNO3−). After the disturbance, the N2/npNO3− ratio first decreased, then recovered, and finally stabilized until the end. Importantly, the dynamics of N2/npNO3− could not be fully explained by physicochemical variables of the system. In comparison, the proportion of variation that could be explained substantially increased (tripled) when the changes in bacterial composition were taken into account. Specifically, distinct bacterial taxa tended to dominate at different successional stages, and their relative abundances could explain up to 46% of the variation in nitrogen removal efficiency. These findings add baseline knowledge of microbial succession and emphasize the importance of monitoring the dynamics of microbial consortia for understanding the variability of system performance. IMPORTANCE Dynamics of microbial communities are believed to be associated with system functional processes in bioreactors. However, few studies have provided quantitative evidence. The difficulty of evaluating direct microbe-system relationships arises from the fact that system performance is affected by convolved effects of microbiota and bioreactor operational parameters (i.e., deterministic external physicochemical forcing). Here, using fine-resolution time series data (daily sampling for 2 months) under controlled operational settings, we performed an in-depth analysis of system performance as a function of the microbial community in the context of bioreactor physicochemical conditions. We obtained statistically evaluated results supporting the idea that monitoring microbial community dynamics could improve the ability to predict system functioning, beyond what could be explained by operational physicochemical variables. Moreover, our results suggested that considering the succession of multiple bacterial taxa would account for more system variation than focusing on any particular taxon, highlighting the need to integrate microbial community ecology for understanding system functioning.
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Dutta, Avishek, Ben Smith, Thomas Goldman, Leanne Walker, Matthew Streets, Bob Eden, Reinhard Dirmeier, and Jeff S. Bowman. "Understanding Microbial Community Dynamics in Up-Flow Bioreactors to Improve Mitigation Strategies for Oil Souring." Frontiers in Microbiology 11 (December 3, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.585943.
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Oil souring occurs when H2S is generated in oil reservoirs. This not only leads to operational risks and health hazards but also increases the cost of refining crude oil. Sulfate-reducing microorganisms are considered to be the main source of the H2S that leads to oil souring. Substrate competition between nitrate-reducing and sulfate-reducing microorganisms makes biosouring mitigation via the addition of nitrate salts a viable strategy. This study explores the shift in microbial community across different phases of biosouring and mitigation. Anaerobic sand-filled columns wetted with seawater and/or oil were used to initiate the processes of sulfidogenesis, followed by mitigation with nitrate, rebound sulfidogenesis, and rebound control phases (via nitrate and low salinity treatment). Shifts in microbial community structure and function were observed across different phases of seawater and oil setups. Marine bacterial taxa (Marinobacter, Marinobacterium, Thalassolituus, Alteromonas, and Cycloclasticus) were found to be the initial responders to the application of nitrate during mitigation of sulfidogenesis in both seawater- and oil- wetted columns. Autotrophic groups (Sulfurimonas and Desulfatibacillum) were found to be higher in seawater-wetted columns compared to oil-wetted columns, suggesting the potential for autotrophic volatile fatty acid (VFA) production in oil-field aquifers when seawater is introduced. Results indicate that fermentative (such as Bacteroidetes) and oil-degrading bacteria (such as Desulfobacula toluolica) play an important role in generating electron donors in the system, which may sustain biosouring and nitrate reduction. Persistence of certain microorganisms (Desulfobacula) across different phases was observed, which may be due to a shift in metabolic lifestyle of the microorganisms across phases, or zonation based on nutrient availability in the columns. Overall results suggest mitigation strategies for biosouring can be improved by monitoring VFA concentrations and microbial community dynamics in the oil reservoirs during secondary recovery of oil.
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CJ Brouckaert, BM Brouckaert, and GA Ekama. "Integration of complete elemental mass-balanced stoichiometry and aqueous-phase chemistry for bioprocess modelling of liquid and solid waste treatment systems – Part 1: The physico-chemical framework." Water SA 47, no. 3 July (July 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i3.11857.
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Bioprocesses interact with the aqueous environment in which they take place. Currently integrated bioprocess and three-phase (aqueous–gas–solid) multiple strong and weak acid/base system models are being developed for a range of wastewater treatment applications, including anaerobic digestion, biological sulphate reduction, autotrophic denitrification, biological desulphurization and plant-wide wastewater treatment systems. In order to model, measure and control such integrated systems, a thorough understanding of the interaction between the bioprocesses and aqueous-phase multiple strong and weak acid/bases is required. This first in a series of five papers sets out a conceptual framework and methodology for deriving bioprocess stoichiometric equations. It also introduces the relationship between alkalinity changes in bioprocesses and the underlying reaction stoichiometry, which is a key theme of the series. The second paper develops the stoichiometric equations for the main biological transformations that are important in wastewater treatment. The link between the modelling and measurement frameworks, which uses summary measures such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and alkalinity, is described in the third and fourth papers. The fifth paper describes an equilibrium aquatic speciation algorithm which can be combined with bioprocess stoichiometry to provide integrated models of wastewater treatment processes.
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Seyler, Lauren M., Elizabeth Trembath-Reichert, Benjamin J. Tully, and Julie A. Huber. "Time-series transcriptomics from cold, oxic subseafloor crustal fluids reveals a motile, mixotrophic microbial community." ISME Journal, December 3, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-00843-4.
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AbstractThe oceanic crustal aquifer is one of the largest habitable volumes on Earth, and it harbors a reservoir of microbial life that influences global-scale biogeochemical cycles. Here, we use time series metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from a low-temperature, ridge flank environment representative of the majority of global hydrothermal fluid circulation in the ocean to reconstruct microbial metabolic potential, transcript abundance, and community dynamics. We also present metagenome-assembled genomes from recently collected fluids that are furthest removed from drilling disturbances. Our results suggest that the microbial community in the North Pond aquifer plays an important role in the oxidation of organic carbon within the crust. This community is motile and metabolically flexible, with the ability to use both autotrophic and organotrophic pathways, as well as function under low oxygen conditions by using alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate and thiosulfate. Anaerobic processes are most abundant in subseafloor horizons deepest in the aquifer, furthest from connectivity with the deep ocean, and there was little overlap in the active microbial populations between sampling horizons. This work highlights the heterogeneity of microbial life in the subseafloor aquifer and provides new insights into biogeochemical cycling in ocean crust.