Books on the topic 'Autonomy offered'
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1
Federighi, Paolo, and Francesca Torlone, eds. A Guarantee System for Youth Policies. “One Step Ahead” Towards employment and autonomy. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-468-4.
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The study examines a vast panorama of the policies on which depend the living and working conditions of young people. Measures were examined that can be enacted on a regional level starting from the concrete experience of 6 Regional Governments in as many European countries. The book shows that a true “Youth Guarantee” must guarantee support for the complexity of the transitions that characterise young person’s life and shows how this must be adapted to the different conditions the various segments of young population live in. The wealth and variety of concrete experiences offered by regional policies show how it is possible to activate public ations that, having adequate ingredients, will be able to lessen the negative effects of the economic crisis and allow young people to take one step ahead at any time in their private and professional life.
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Ökonomische Wirkungen von autonomen Angebots- und Nachfrageänderungen in offenen Volkwirtschaften: Eine Erweiterung des Mundell-Fleming-Modells. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1993.
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Macauley, Robert C. Physician-Assisted Dying (DRAFT). Edited by Robert C. Macauley. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199313945.003.0008.
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Physician-assisted dying (PAD) is now legal in several states, as well as some foreign countries. The primary arguments to justify the practice include autonomy, compassion, justice, non-abandonment, and transparency. Counterarguments include the wrongness of killing, the impact on the physician-patient relationship, potential exploitation of the vulnerable, and the slippery slope. While some oppose the practice on religious or purely moral grounds, a compelling public policy argument can be made against it without holding that every possible case of PAD is “immoral.” If the sole consideration is patient autonomy and relief of suffering, assisted dying could be offered without physician involvement,as is the case in some other countries. Without the imprimatur of the medical profession, however, PAD may not achieve the societal acceptance that advocates seek.
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Waring, Hansun Zhang, and Gahye Song. Advice in Education. Edited by Erina L. MacGeorge and Lyn M. Van Swol. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190630188.013.12.
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This chapter considers how advising has been researched in a range of educational settings, including academic (educational) counseling, professional supervision, peer tutoring, and parent-teacher conferences. Working with data collected from naturally occurring interaction and drawing upon a wide variety of analytical approaches, scholars of educational advising have offered important insights into how advice is given and received as well as the various issues and challenges featured in the advising encounter. These issues and challenges include tensions between clarity and politeness, development and assessment, and guidance and autonomy. The chapter concludes by considering the practical implications of the research so far and suggesting future directions for scholarship in educational advising.
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Remes, Jacob A. C. “The Relief Would Have Had to Pay Someone”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039836.003.0005.
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This chapter examines how the people of Halifax integrated disaster relief aid into their complex family economies following the explosion. Relief workers and managers offered aid that seemed obvious after the Halifax explosion destroyed houses and rendered them uninhabitable. However, only a few people availed themselves of the help extended by the army, people, and institutions of Halifax, often preferring to stay in their ruined houses, in the overcrowded homes of their friends and relatives, or even in hastily jerry-rigged shacks. Drawing on a random sample of 739 case files of the Halifax Relief Commission, this chapter considers how survivors and other Haligonians engaged in delicate, subtle, and often tacit negotiations as they sought to maximize the material aid they claimed from the state while minimizing the autonomy and privacy the state took from them in return. It shows that many Haligonians rejected, or tried to reject, the new bureaucratic machine that offered them money and other material aid, and instead turned to the reciprocal solidarity of people they knew.
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Feinberg, Walter. Religion and the Public School Curriculum. Edited by Michael D. Waggoner and Nathan C. Walker. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199386819.013.22.
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This chapter provides background information on the relationship between religion and public schools and then describes the different kinds of religion courses currently offered in some public schools. While the US Supreme Court has banned compulsory devotional religious exercises, it has not banned the nondevotional teaching of religion. The different types of religion courses command different kinds of justifications, and the legal and educational merits of these justifications are presented. The author concludes by proposing a case for teaching religion that is both constitutionally and educationally acceptable. This case rests upon the importance of the development of autonomy to the liberal tradition, and it shows how the teaching of religion as a humanistic study can serve this ideal.
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Weiskopf, Daniel A. The Explanatory Autonomy of Cognitive Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199685509.003.0003.
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Psychology and neuroscience offer distinctive ways of modeling the mind/brain. However, cognitive and neural models often have significantly different structures, raising challenging questions about how they should be integrated to provide a complete picture of how the mind/brain system is organized. According to a certain mechanistic perspective, cognitive models should be viewed as being sketchy, incomplete versions of the fuller and more adequate models produced by neuroscience. Psychology is essentially an approximation to the mechanistic explanations given in neuroscience. Cognitive models are inherently inadequate, pending their gaps being filled in by a completed neuroscientific model. I argue that cognitive models are autonomous: they are sufficient in themselves to give adequate explanations of psychological and behavioral phenomena. In particular, they are not mere sketches, or approximations to underlying neuroscientific explanations. I offer a criterion for how psychological entities and processes may be real despite not mapping onto entities in neural mechanisms.
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Bergeson-Lockwood, Millington W. Race Over Party. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640419.001.0001.
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In late nineteenth-century Boston, battles over black party loyalty were fights over the place of African Americans in the post–Civil War nation. In his fresh in-depth study of black partisanship and politics, Millington W. Bergeson-Lockwood demonstrates that party politics became the terrain upon which black Bostonians tested the promise of equality in America’s democracy. Most African Americans remained loyal Republicans, but Race Over Party highlights the actions and aspirations of a cadre of those who argued that the GOP took black votes for granted and offered little meaningful reward for black support. These activists branded themselves “independents,” forging new alliances and advocating support of whichever candidate would support black freedom regardless of party. By the end of the century, however, it became clear that partisan politics offered little hope for the protection of black rights and lives in the face of white supremacy and racial violence. Even so, Bergeson-Lockwood shows how black Bostonians’ faith in self-reliance, political autonomy, and dedicated organizing inspired future generations of activists who would carry these legacies into the foundation of the twentieth-century civil rights movement.
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King, Pamela Ebstyne, and Christine M. Merola. Crucibles of Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0029.
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Although rates of institutional civic engagement among those in their twenties are low and emerging adults have been characterized as individualistic, this period of life is a time of immense growth and exploration as emerging adults seek to establish their identity with newfound freedoms and autonomy. Utilizing the lens of thriving and the metaphor of a crucible, we explore religious service as a means of strengthening the identity and purpose of individuals in the second decade of life. We describe potential benefits of religious service for emerging adults found within the ideological, social, and transcendent contexts embedded within religious volunteerism. Narratives and experiences of highly religious and spiritual young people from around the world are offered to provide further understanding of the potential role of religious service in the lives of diverse emerging adults.
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Smith, Caleb. Who Wouldn’t Want to Be a Person? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0003.
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In an influential 2005 article, Julie Stone Peters analyzed the state of law and literature scholarship and offered her prognosis for the future of an “interdisciplinary illusion.” This chapter reviews trends in law and literature scholarship of the decade that followed. It observes the prominence of historical approaches that treat law and literature not as universals but as contingent fields and institutions whose relations change over time. It goes on to show how historicism has re-evaluated the key concept of personhood, seeking forms of agency and belonging that do not conform to liberal ideals of individual autonomy or contractual consent. A “postcritical” turn in interpretive scholarship and a rising interest in mixed, compromised forms of selfhood are considered in relation to the precarious conditions of legal and literary studies within the contemporary university.
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Mitchell, Stephen. The Greek Impact in Asia Minor 400–250 BCE. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805663.003.0002.
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Until the end of the fourth century BCE the impact of Greek culture in Asia Minor was limited. Lykians, Karians, and Lydians offered alternatives to Hellenism and preserved their own languages until the end of the fourth century BCE. However, by 250 BCE these Anatolian languages ceased to be used in public or private documents, and polis organization became normative. After the overthrow of the Persian Empire the autonomy of Greek cities became the highest political objective. Greek civic decrees in the early Hellenistic period emphasized that democratic legitimacy depended on quorate citizen votes, the Greek language became the only medium for official public communication, and the native populations maintained their identity and independence by adopting polis organization. Between 400 and 250 BCE these populations did not merely absorb Greek cultural influence but underwent the encompassing experience of becoming Greek.
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Chambers, Clare. Marriage as a Violation of Liberty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744009.003.0002.
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This chapter considers liberal objections to marriage. Perfectionist or comprehensive liberals should reject state-recognized marriage as limiting autonomy in the service of an unappealing and restrictive model of human perfection. But political liberals should go further, and reject state-recognized marriage as prima facie incompatible with neutrality. The chapter clarifies the nature of political liberal neutrality. Political liberalism is ambiguous between two forms of neutrality: strict and lax. Strict neutrality allows state action only if sufficiently weighty public reasons can be adduced in favour of a policy; lax neutrality permits the state to act just as long as some public reason can be given. If political liberalism is to be an interesting philosophical approach it will defend strict neutrality, so any public reasons offered in support of state-recognized marriage must be weighty enough to overcome the non-neutrality of that institution.
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Moody, Alys. The Art of Hunger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828891.001.0001.
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As literary modernism was emerging in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a number of its most important figures and precursors began to talk about their own writing as a kind of starvation. The Art of Hunger: Aesthetic Autonomy and the Afterlives of Modernism uses this trope as a lens through which to examine contemporary literature’s engagement with modernism, arguing that hunger offers a way of grappling with the fate of aesthetic autonomy through modernism’s late twentieth-century afterlives. The art of hunger appears at moments where aesthetic autonomy enters a period of crisis, and in this context, the writers examined here develop an alternate theory of aesthetic autonomy, which imagines art not as a conduit for freedom, but rather as an enactment of unfreedom. This book traces this theme from the origins of modernism to the end of the twentieth century, focusing particularly on three authors who redeploy the modernist art of hunger as a response to key moments in the history of modernist aesthetic autonomy’s delegitimization: Samuel Beckett in post-Vichy France; Paul Auster in post-1968 Paris and New York; and J. M. Coetzee in late apartheid South Africa. Combining historical analysis of these literary fields with close readings of individual texts, and drawing extensively on new archival research, this book offers a counter-history of modernism’s post-World War II reception and a new theory of aesthetic autonomy as a practice of unfreedom.
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Till, Nicholas. “Sound Houses”. Edited by Yael Kaduri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841547.013.48.
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This chapter looks at the relationship of music and architecture, both historically and with regard to the “spatial” and “acoustic” turns in recent cultural thinking. The author suggests that during the twentieth century sound art offered a distinctive challenge to the formalizing tendencies of both modernist music and modernist architecture. Architecture is instead understood in its multi-sensory materiality, while the sonic is understood as an intrinsic property of architectural experience. Similarly, space is understood as an intrinsic property of music, while much recent musical practice is shown to have recognized the inextricable association of sound and space. Examining the work of sound artists alongside the spatially conceived music of composers, this chapter considers the spatial and acoustic turns of the later twentieth century as a means for thinking about the postmodern sonic as a field that challenges the old modernist aspiration of both music and architecture to aesthetic autonomy.
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Meisel, Alan. Legal Issues in Death and Dying. Edited by Stuart J. Youngner and Robert M. Arnold. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199974412.013.6.
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This article examines the legal issues surrounding death and dying, emphasizing how clinical practice with respect to end-of-life decisions has been shaped by rights and autonomy. It shows how state and federal court decisions, beginning with the Karen Ann Quinlan case in 1975, led to the emergence of a consensus about the legality of withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatment. It considers three important court cases in 1972 involving “informed consent” to medical treatment, followed by other cases such as those involving Quinlan in 1975 and Nancy Cruzan in 1990. It then considers two modes of analyzing the propriety of end-of-life decisions that arose mostly from judicial opinions: the “state interests” approach and the “categorical” approach. It also discusses the explanations offered by the courts as to why foregoing life-sustaining medical treatment does not result in legal culpability for physicians, including causation, intent, right to refuse treatment, and palliative care.
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Sullivan, Mark D. Escaping the Autonomy Versus Objectivity Trap by Repersonalizing the Clinical Problem. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.003.0004.
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Respect for patient autonomy has been sought as the antidote to the depersonalization that ails modern medicine. It serves as a challenge to the dominance of impersonal disease diagnosis in treatment choice. We now repersonalize treatment at a late stage through the informed consent process. If we are to find another way to repersonalize health care, we need to understand the historical roots of the patient autonomy versus objective disease dynamic in which we are trapped. The same disengaged self that sees ethics in terms of autonomy also sees disease as an observable tissue lesion within the body at autopsy. Clinico-pathological correlation offers a gold standard for clinical diagnosis and a completely objective access to disease. This ability to diagnose objective disease is the source of physician paternalism. It can be countered by incorporating the patient’s view of the clinical problem back into the diagnostic process.
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Muders, Sebastian. Autonomy and the Value of Life as Elements of Human Dignity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675967.003.0008.
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Within the debate on assisted suicide and euthanasia, the arguments from autonomy and from the special value of life are often linked to human dignity in order to make the normative principles they defend more resistant against competing considerations. However, the resulting conceptions of dignity are usually presented as competing with each other; that is, either one spells out human dignity in terms of autonomy, or one explicates it in terms of the value of human life. As an alternative, this chapter offers a “combined approach”: It seeks to explicate dignity in terms of specific interpretations of both autonomy and life’s value in a way that ascribes a unique normative role to both. This can help explain the complex attitudes toward various cases that are discussed in the debate on assisted suicide and euthanasia. The upshot will be that the arguments from autonomy and from the value of life can be recognized as valid without having strict priority with respect to one another. Still, each one might be employed for turning the tide in favour or against assisted suicide and euthanasia within specific cases.
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Cox, F. Brett. Roger Zelazny. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043765.001.0001.
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This book surveys the life and career of Roger Zelazny (1937-1995), an American science fiction writer who quickly rose to prominence in the 1960s with works that offered new perspectives on traditional science fiction scenarios such as planetary exploration, alien encounter, and immortality as they audaciously remixed Western mythology and Eastern religion within a brilliant, allusive prose style. Although he continued to produce innovative and often formally experimental fiction, after 1970 Zelazny increasingly focused on more commercial work, in particular the extraordinarily popular fantasy novels in the Amber series. At the time of his death, Zelazny remained a beloved figure within the field, but the critical consensus was that he had chosen commercial success over literary ambition and that his later work did not rise to the level of the breakthrough stories of the 1960s. This book argues that such a reading is an oversimplification. Whereas Zelazny’s use of mythic structures and sophisticated prose is important, so is his strikingly consistent preoccupation with questions of autonomy that evolves from early stories of the noble resistance of often violent individuals to later stories of such individuals’ existing within a larger community--all produced, from the beginning to the end of his career, within the ongoing tensions between the ambitions of the literary artist and the requirements of the commercial writer.
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Ludwig, Christian. 9. The Answer is Learner Autonomy: Issues in Language Teaching and Learning. Edited by Anja Burkert and Leni Dam. Candlin & Mynard ePublishing Limited, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.47908/9.
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This volume is the result of the two-day conference on language learner autonomy, “The answer is autonomy: issues in language teaching and learning”, which was held in Graz, Austria in June 2012. Through its 16 chapters plus a foreword by Ema Ushioda, the book explores themes such as the role of technology in autonomous learning environments; language learner autonomy and its demands on the teacher; language learner autonomy and the power of beliefs; new perspectives on (peer) evaluation and assessment, and the role of the institution in everyday classroom practice. Since its original release, this volume has been considered to have made a notable contribution to the field of learner autonomy. Although undoubtedly there have been many changes in circumstances, ideas, and programmes since the original publication of this book in 2013, it has been republished it ‘intact’ in order to offer a true account of the field at the time of the Graz event.
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Ameriks, Karl. Kantian Subjects. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841852.001.0001.
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The first half of this book concerns issues directly related to a few key Kant texts and recent discussions of them. The Critical philosophy’s conception of subjectivity is the main focus, with special attention given to the features of freedom, autonomy, law, necessity, final ends, an overall human vocation, intentionality, and idealism. The second half contains essays on post-Kantian figures, with an emphasis on Hegel, Schelling, and Hölderlin and their role in introducing a fruitful ‘historical turn’ in philosophical methodology as well as a new conception of being a subject understanding itself as living a period of ‘late modernity.’ This period is still devoted to enlightenment ideals while recognizing limitations in the eighteenth century scientific and political developments that preoccupied Kant. Two major strands of post-Kantian philosophy along this line are distinguished: the more systematic approach of the classical works of German Idealism, and the mixed methodology of the Early Romantics, who also composed their main works in the context of Jena and the highly popular interpretation of Kant that was offered there by Reinhold. Highlights of the first part of the book include new close readings of Kant’s Groundwork and its relation to later thinkers such as Sartre, Murdoch, O’Neill, Prauss, and Brandom. The second part develops a post-Kantian philosophy of history, as outlined by Novalis and Schlegel, and connects this with a close reading of a number of texts by Hölderlin, who is argued to be the most Kantian and philosophically the most satisfying of the post-Kantians.
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Brazil, Kevin. Art, History, and Postwar Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824459.001.0001.
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Art, History, and Postwar Fiction explores the ways in which novelists responded to the visual arts from the aftermath of the Second World War up to the present day. If art had long served as a foil to enable novelists to reflect on their craft, this book argues that in the postwar period, novelists turned to the visual arts to develop new ways of conceptualizing the relationship between literature and history. The sense that the novel was becalmed in the end of history was pervasive in the postwar decades. In seeming to bring modernism to a climax whilst repeating its foundational gestures, visual art also raised questions about the relationship between continuity and change in the development of art. In chapters on Samuel Beckett, William Gaddis, John Berger, and W. G. Sebald, and shorter discussions of writers like Doris Lessing, Kathy Acker, and Teju Cole, this book shows that writing about art was often a means of commenting on historical developments of the period: the Cold War, the New Left, the legacy of the Holocaust. Furthermore, it argues that forms of postwar visual art, from abstraction to the readymade, offered novelists ways of thinking about the relationship between form and history that went beyond models of reflection or determination. By doing so, this book also argues that attention to interactions between literature and art can provide critics with new ways to think about the relationship between literature and history beyond reductive oppositions between formalism and historicism, autonomy and context.
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Ablavsky, Gregory. Federal Ground. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905699.001.0001.
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Federal Ground depicts the haphazard and unplanned growth of federal authority in the Northwest and Southwest Territories, the first U.S. territories established under the new territorial system. The nation’s foundational documents, particularly the U.S. Constitution and the Northwest Ordinance, placed these territories under sole federal jurisdiction and established federal officials to govern them. But, for all their paper authority, these officials rarely controlled events or dictated outcomes. In practice, power in these contested borderlands rested with the regions’ preexisting inhabitants—diverse Native peoples, French villagers, and Anglo-American settlers. These residents nonetheless turned to the new federal government to claim ownership, jurisdiction, protection, and federal money, seeking to obtain rights under federal law. Two areas of governance proved particularly central: contests over property, where plural sources of title created conflicting land claims, and struggles over the right to use violence, in which customary borderlands practice intersected with the federal government’s effort to establish a monopoly on force. Over time, as federal officials improvised ad hoc, largely extrajudicial methods to arbitrate residents’ claims, they slowly insinuated federal authority deeper into territorial life. This authority survived even after the former territories became Ohio and Tennessee: although new states spoke a language of equal footing and autonomy, statehood actually offered former territorial citizens the most effective way yet to make claims on the federal government. The federal government, in short, still could not always prescribe the result in the territories, but it set the terms and language of debate—authority that became the foundation for later, more familiar and bureaucratic incarnations of federal power.
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Nelson, Randy J. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Systems. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780190464912.001.0001.
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53 articles The Oxford Encyclopedia of Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Systems provides an up-to-date survey of the wide range of scholarship being conducted on these two systems in the field of neuroendocrinology. The Encyclopedia includes more than 50 articles—each approximately 8,000 words in length—that provide thorough overviews of a diverse set of topics in neuroendocrine regulation, neuroimmunology, behavioral neuroendocrinology, autonomic regulation, stress, thirst and water balance, regulation of food intake, and biological rhythms and sleep, among many others. All authors were commissioned specifically for the Encyclopedia, and all articles received blind peer reviews. The articles provide critical and synthetic examinations, as well as the history, progress, direction, and debates about research on a given topic, surveying developments and different perspectives, and discussing important contributors and contributions. The Encyclopedia offers coverage of core and emerging areas of research to provide readers a reliable source of specialist information on topics not discussed in existing reference works. As such, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Systems represents a unique contribution to scholarship in neuroendocrinology and will be a standard reference for researchers, students, and professionals in the field.
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Hutchison, Katrina, Catriona Mackenzie, and Marina Oshana. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609610.003.0001.
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This introduction distinguishes ways the social dimensions of moral responsibility have been investigated in recent philosophical literature: some theories highlight the interpersonal dimensions of moral responsibility practices; some explicate the interlocutive properties of morally reactive exchanges; while others seek to explain the role of the social environment in scaffolding agency. Despite the rise of social approaches, philosophers have paid scant attention to the implications of inequalities of power for theorizing about moral responsibility. The remainder of the introduction articulates a set of problems posed by contexts of structural injustice for theories of moral responsibility and highlights the relevance of recent work in feminist philosophy on relational autonomy and social epistemology for understanding and addressing these problems. The introduction notes the overlaps and differences between the concepts of autonomy and moral responsibility and offers preliminary reflections on how debates about relational autonomy might bear on social theories of moral responsibility.
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Browner, Carole H. Reproduction. Edited by Lisa Disch and Mary Hawkesworth. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.40.
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While societies necessarily have stakes in their own perpetuation, the extent to which their female members have managed to control their bodily integrity and reproduction has varied throughout history. This chapter discusses the circumstances under which women have succeeded in retaining authority over their bodily integrity and reproduction, and when this control has been conceptualized as a “right.” It offers an analysis of the impact of official population policies, biopower, biopolitics, and neoliberalism in enabling or deterring women from exercising reproductive autonomy. The chapter also reflects upon global challenges to reproductive autonomy and asks whether the more comprehensive notion of reproductive justice provides a superior framework to that of a rights-based paradigm for understanding the broad range of threats to women’s reproductive freedom today.
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Collins, John, and Tamara Dobler, eds. Reply to Alex Davies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783916.003.0018.
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Davies casts the idea of occasion-sensitivity in a different form than any I have given it. He offers a new and original perspective on the phenomena. It helps in making issues clear, especially at points where my own ways of putting things may or may not have succeeded in this. And it helps him to be able to offer new and original arguments pertaining to basic points. What I have to say here will consist largely in pointing to some of the most important points in this, and also to one point at which we may disagree slightly. (It will be a disagreement something like my disagreement with Hansen, insofar as I do disagree with him. The issue is, again, the autonomy of philosophy—something I am very concerned to defend.)...
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Weissert, Carol S., and Jessica L. Ice. Relations between State and Local Governments. Edited by Donald P. Haider-Markel. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579679.013.003.
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This chapter reviews research on relations between state and local governments. The authors focus on the different types of local governmental units and their relationship to the state, decentralization and local autonomy, and state oversight and funding in policy implementation. The authors summarize the strengths and weaknesses of research on state–local relationships and offer suggestions for future research questions.
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Rushing, Sara. The Virtues of Vulnerability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197516645.001.0001.
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There are many locations, relationships, and experiences through which we learn what it means to be a citizen. Contemporary healthcare—or “the clinic”—is one of those sites. Being drawn into the complex “medical-legal-policy-insurance nexus” as a patient entails all sorts of learning, including, it is argued here, political learning. When we are subjected as a patient, frequently through a discourse of “choice and control,” or “patient autonomy,” what do we learn? What happens when the promise of a certain kind of autonomy is accompanied by demands for a certain kind of humility? What do we learn about agency and self-determination, as well as trust, self-knowledge, dependence, and resistance under such conditions of acute vulnerability? This book explores these questions on a journey through medicalized encounters with giving birth, navigating death and dying, and seeking treatment for life-altering mental illness (here post-traumatic stress disorder among veterans). While the body has always posed a problem for Western thought, and has been treated as an obstacle to freedom and independence and something our rational capacity must master and control, this book aims to counter that intellectual-historical and political tendency by asking how we might reimagine the political potential of embodiment, or make space for considering “the virtues of vulnerability.” In particular, the book offers a novel conception of democratic citizen-subjectivity, grounded in an ethical disposition of humility-informed-relational-autonomy.
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Martin, Christopher. The Right to Higher Education. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197612910.001.0001.
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Is higher education a right, or a privilege? The author argues that all citizens in a free and open society should have an unconditional right to higher education. Such an education should be costless for the individual and open to everyone regardless of talent. A readiness and willingness to learn should be the only qualification. It should offer opportunities that benefit citizens with different interests and goals in life. And it should aim, as its foundational moral purpose, to help citizens from all walks of life live better, freer lives. Using concepts and ideas from liberal political philosophy, the author argues that access to educational goods and services is something to which all citizens have a right over a full life. Such goods, it is argued, play a key role in helping citizens realize self-determined goals. Higher education should therefore be understood as a basic social institution responsible for ensuring that all citizens can access such “autonomy-supporting” goods. The book examines the implications of this justification of the right to higher education for questions of educational justice, political authority, distributive justice, civic education, and personal autonomy.
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Kosch, Michelle. Fichte's Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809661.001.0001.
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This book offers a systematic, historically informed reconstruction of Fichte’s ethical theory of the Jena period, highlighting that theory’s very substantial potential for contribution to various contemporary debates. One of Fichte’s most important ideas—that nature can place limits on our ability to govern ourselves, and that anyone who values autonomy is thereby committed to the value of basic research and of the development of autonomy-enhancing technologies—has received little attention in the interpretative literature on Fichte, and has little currency in contemporary ethics. This book is an effort to address both deficits. Beginning from a reconstruction of Fichte’s theory of rational agency, it examines his arguments for the thesis that rational agency so understood must have two constitutive ends: substantive and formal independence. It argues for a novel interpretation of Fichte’s conception of substantive independence, and shows how Fichte’s account of moral duties is derived from the end of substantive independence on that conception. It also argues for a novel interpretation of Fichte’s conception of formal independence, and explains why the usual understanding of this end as providing direct guidance for action must be mistaken. It encompasses a systematic reconstruction of Fichte’s first-order claims in normative ethics and the philosophy of right.
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Guesnet, François, and Antony Polonsky, eds. Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 34. Liverpool University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800348240.001.0001.
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Few features have shaped east European Jewish history as much as the extent and continuity of Jewish self-rule. Offering a broad perspective, this volume explores the traditions, scope, limitations, and evolution of Jewish self-government in the Polish lands and beyond. Extensive autonomy and complex structures of civil and religious leadership were central features of the Jewish experience in this region, and this volume probes the emergence of such structures from the late medieval period onwards, looking at the legal position of the individual community and its role as a political actor. Chapters discuss the implementation of Jewish law and the role of the regional and national Jewish councils which were a remarkable feature of supra-communal representation in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The volume reflects on the interaction between Jewish legal traditions and state policies, and offers an in-depth analysis of the transformation of Jewish self-government under the impact of the partitions of Poland–Lithuania and the administrative principles of the Enlightenment. Co-operation between representatives of the Jewish and non-Jewish communities at the local level is discussed down to the interwar years, when Jewish self-government was considered both a cherished legacy of pre-partition autonomy and a threat to the modern nation state.
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Vittoria, Barsotti, Carozza Paolo G, Cartabia Marta, and Simoncini Andrea. II Constitutional Jurisprudence, 6 Regionalism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190214555.003.0006.
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Italy has a unitary rather than a federal state, and thus the constitutional system has evolved toward an increasingly complex and dynamic set of interactions between the national government and the several regions of Italy. The Court’s case law dramatically reflects that shift where disputes regarding the allocation of authority between regional and national states account for a sharply increasing proportion of the Constitutional Court’s work. This chapter presents that body of jurisprudence and thereby offers helpful points of reference and comparison for the many other constitutional systems around the world grappling with the challenges of drawing a healthy balance between local autonomy and national unity.
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Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. Agencification and Location. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 offers a large-N study on whether the geographical location of government agencies affects public governance. Two decades of New Public Management have placed agencification high on the agenda of administrative policymakers. Moreover, agencies organized at arm’s length from ministerial departments have sometimes also been located outside of the capital or political centre. Although practitioners tend to assign weight to location as regards political-administrative behaviour, this relationship has been largely ignored by scholars in the field. This chapter shows that agency autonomy, agency influence, and inter-institutional coordination seem to be relatively unaffected by agency site. The chapter also specifies some conditions under which this finding is valid.
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Siegel, Harvey. Neither Humean nor (Fully) Kantian Be. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682675.003.0003.
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This chapter offers a reply to Stefaan Cuypers’ explication and critique of the views of rationality and critical thinking laid out in the previous chapters and in earlier work (see his “Critical Thinking, Autonomy and Practical Reason,” 2004). While Cuypers’ discussion is praiseworthy in several respects, it (1) mistakenly attributes to those views a Humean conception of (practical) reason, and (2) unsuccessfully argues that the positions articulated and defended in those earlier chapters lack the resources required to defend the basic claim that critical thinking is a fundamental educational ideal. Cuypers’ analysis also raises deep issues about the motivational character of reasons; I briefly address this matter as well.
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Bloodworth, Michelle. Practicing Community Psychology in a Small Evaluation and Consulting Firm. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190457938.003.0012.
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Practicing community psychology in a small evaluation and consulting firm can offer a lot of flexibility and autonomy but without some of the challenges of being an independent consultant. This chapter talks about the author’s experience over the past six years of working in such a firm, identifying both some of the benefits and challenges. The author discusses who might be attracted to a position in a small firm such as the one where she works and the preparation that might be useful. It also addresses how the author has increasingly brought both her community psychology competencies and values into her work.
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Freitag, Lisa. Narrative and the Phases of Care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491789.003.0004.
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In her book Moral Boundaries political scientist and ethicist Joan Tronto suggested a new way of evaluating care, as an action rather than an emotional state. She approached care in four phases, each of which has an associated virtue guiding how a caregiver might act. This chapter evaluates the four phases of care and their virtues (attentiveness, responsibility, competence, and responsiveness), extending their use to the care of children with special needs. The applicability of Tronto’s phases and their virtues is demonstrated by applying them to a complex parent narrative: Vicky Forman’s This Lovely Life. Forman’s narrative, examined with principle ethics, offers an unsolvable dilemma of children’s rights vs. parental autonomy. Examination using Tronto’s theories offers a new way to analyze parent caregiving and raises ethical questions not previously considered. This provides the groundwork for evaluation of the moral work involved in extreme caregiving.
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Plakovic, Kathy. Discontinuation of Life-Sustaining Therapies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190204709.003.0010.
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Technological advances allow healthcare providers to delay the dying process for critically and terminally ill patients. For patients lingering between life and death, decisions frequently need to be made regarding withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments such as withholding and withdrawing antibiotics, blood products, dialysis, and artificial nutrition. Biomedical ethics guide all health care. The ethical principle of autonomy offers patients or their surrogate decision-maker the right to accept or reject any treatment. The benefits and burdens of treatment often guide care and should be aligned with preferences, values, and goals of care. This chapter reviews these treatments and the decision-making process that must be a part of any discussion to discontinue treatments.
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Kosch, Michelle. Independence as Constitutive End. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809661.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 presents in a more formal way a set of arguments from widely accepted premises to Fichte’s normative conclusions. The premises are examined and their assumptions articulated. It establishes that those already committed to a Kantian account of duties of right can offer no grounds for rejecting Fichte’s account of a constitutive end of independence of nature; and that Kant’s argument for the claim that material ethical principles are incompatible with autonomy cannot be directed against Fichte’s view. It also addresses several objections, stemming from critics of technology and of enlightenment, and appealing to the value of certain experiences involving loss of control.
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Shalley, Christina E., Robert C. Litchfield, and Lucy L. Gilson. 20 Years Later. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0007.
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We review major findings relating the organizational context to team creativity, using Amabile and colleagues’ (1996) framework for assessing the work environment for creativity as a guide. We find that research addressing the organizational context remains relatively concentrated in a few areas, particularly resources and work group support, and that other areas such as autonomy and certain organizational impediments have received only sparse attention. We offer researchers both a primer on the more and less studied areas of organizational context for team creativity and suggest some expansion of the work environment framework. Specifically, we suggest the addition of social networks, based on current trends in the organizational creativity literature.
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Hertogh, Cees, and Jenny van der Steen. Ethics of living and dying with dementia. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0057.
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The gradual progression of dementia means there has to be a constant search for a reasonable balance between supporting autonomy and ensuring proper representation. ∙ Good end of life care for people with dementia depends on adequate advance care planning, startling early in the disease process ∙ Where possible, it involves striving for joint decision-making with the patient and next-of-kin about (future) medical treatment and (future) care. ∙ Written advance directives may support representatives of incompetent patients in their role of surrogate decision maker, but the contents of the directive require interpretation in the context of advance care planning. ∙ The concept of “palliative care” offers a (policy) framework for advance care planning as well as moral guideline for dealing with written advance directives of patients with dementia.
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Maron, Asa, and Michael Shalev, eds. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793021.003.0001.
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The introduction to the volume offers a state-centered perspective on the political and institutional dynamics of neoliberal restructuring, which we argue is complementary or superior to other explanations (globalization, capitalist interests, and ideational change). State agencies advance neoliberal policies to increase their autonomy and power vis-à-vis other state and non-state actors. Hence, key political conflicts surrounding the realization of this project may occur within the state. Neoliberal restructuring and the institutionalization of permanent austerity are dependent on reconfigured power relations between state actors and are manifested in a new institutional architecture of the state. Following this theoretical positioning, the chapter applies this perspective to the neoliberal transformation of Israel in broad strokes, and outlines the other contributions to the volume.
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Nadler, Anthony M. A View from Somewhere. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040146.003.0002.
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This chapter analyzes how the ideal of professional autonomy came to prominence in U.S. journalism and why it came up against enormous pressures by the late 1960s and 1970s. Many perceptive journalism scholars have sought to explain the origins of journalistic professionalism and the idealization of objectivity. The chapter offers a synthesis of this scholarship, paying close attention to the kinds of evidence scholars have used to show different factors—cultural, political, economic, and institutional—as prompting the adoption of the objectivity ideal and the related commitment to journalistic professionalism. Sifting through this scholarship suggests that journalistic professionalism served as a strategic response on the part of media owners to new social conditions taking shape largely during the first half of the twentieth century.
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Stucke, Maurice E. Breaking Away. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197617601.001.0001.
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This book emphasizes that the privacy and autonomy concerns of consumers are indeed warranted, and the remedies deserve far greater attention than they have received from leading policymakers and experts to date. It offers a clear and accessible insight into how a few powerful firms, such as Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon, have used the same anticompetitive playbook and manipulated the current legal regime for their gain at people's collective expense. It also cites references from various prisms of economic theory, market data, policy, and law. The book addresses fundamental issues that confirm whether more competition necessarily promotes privacy and well-being. It discusses who owns personal data and what are the policy implications if personal data is non-rivalrous.
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Beiser, Frederick C. Jewish Writings, 1910–1915. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828167.003.0016.
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In the years 1910–1915 Cohen wrote on several topics related to Judaism and philosophy. One concerns the relationship between Kant’s philosophy and Judaism. Cohen argues that there is an inner affinity between them: that they show the same rationalism, the same ethics of duty, and the same devotion to autonomy. Another concerns the relationship between Spinoza and Judaism. Cohen now turns against Spinoza whom he once admired. He fears that Spinoza’s philosophy is giving aid to antisemitism because it offers the same interpretation of Judaism as the antisemites: both see Judaism as a strictly political doctrine having no abiding ethical ideals. During these years Cohen continues to defend Judaism against Christian misinterpretations, which claim that Judaism is a religion of the law rather than the spirit.
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Morton, Jonathan. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816669.003.0008.
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The conclusion argues for seeing the poem’s philosophical and poetic project as fundamentally erotic drawing on Leo Bersani’s account of Freudian jouissance in which excessive excitement causes a shattering of the self. The text’s indeterminacy is understood to offer its readers an erotic intellectual exercise, a philosophical game that depends on the pleasurable unpleasurable tension between certainty and uncertainty and in which it is not always clear whether the aim is knowledge (‘profit’) or pleasure (‘delit’). The text promises truth coupled with the absence of definitive authorial sentences so that it turns the obligation of authority away from the author and reflects it back at the reader who must assume an interpretative autonomy.
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Cascio, M. Ariel, and Eric Racine, eds. Research Involving Participants with Cognitive Disability and Difference. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824343.001.0001.
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Research Involving Participants with Cognitive Disability and Difference: Ethics, Autonomy, Inclusion, and Innovation provides timely, multidisciplinary insights into the ethical aspects of research that includes participants with cognitive disability and differences. These include conditions such as intellectual disability, autism, mild cognitive impairment, and psychiatric diagnoses. Research participants with cognitive disabilities and differences may be considered a vulnerable population, which may trigger protective responses. At the same time, they should also be empowered to participate in research in order to foster the growth of knowledge and the improvement of practices. For research participants with cognitive disabilities or differences, participating in research that concerns them follows the Disability Rights Movement’s call “Nothing About Us Without Us” and is a vital component of the principle of justice. However, cognitive disabilities and differences may pose challenges to ethical research, particularly with respect to the research ethics principle of autonomy for a variety of reasons. Several alternative or modified strategies, for example when obtaining informed consent, have been used by researchers. The chapters in this volume describe situations where difficulties arise, explore strategies for empowerment and inclusion, drawing on both empirical and normative research to offer suggestions for research design, research ethics, and best practices that empower people with cognitive disabilities and differences to participate in research while respecting and managing potential coercion or undue influence. Contributions from scholars in anthropology, sociology, ethics, child studies, health and rehabilitation sciences, philosophy, and law address these issues in both clinical and social/behavioral research.
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Ricketts, Mónica. Abascal and the Problem of Letters in Peru, 1806–1816. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190494889.003.0007.
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The focus turns to Peru in this chapter, which offers an ideal case study for understanding the power struggles between the royal military and the republic of letters. One of the most successful military officers and viceroys of the empire, Fernando de Abascal, was vehemently committed to expanding his prerogatives and the military’s, while quashing efforts to implement liberal measures in his jurisdiction. With the support of one of the largest armies of the Spanish Empire, Abascal succeeded in both undertakings. Only a weak liberal opposition developed in Peru, a liberalism mainly concerned not to declare independence from Spain or claim autonomy within the Spanish Empire but to overcome the overwhelming power of the viceroy and his army. Abascal ruled as a virtual military dictator, confirming Liberals’ protests against him and establishing a model for future military caudillos.
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Peari, Sagi. Further Development and Implications. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622305.003.0006.
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This chapter provides further observations, elaboration, demarcation, and application of CEF analysis (and its two foundational pillars of Choice and Equality) as to several key issues and topics of choice-of-law process. In particular, it offers discussion of CEF’s treatment and analysis in the following contexts: (1) CEF’s analysis of the tort law category, including discussion of the centrality of the parties’ reasonable expectations concept, the “conduct regulating”/“loss distribution” distinction, and the experience of the New York Court of Appeal; (2) CEF’s analysis of the lex fori solution to choice of law, including evaluation of Savigny’s rejection of lex-fori and its centrality within choice-of-law practice; (3) CEF’s analysis of so-called “mandatory rules”, including discussion of their origin, popularity, and relation to the party autonomy principle; and (4) CEF’s analysis of the substance-procedure distinction, including discussion of its nature, practice and future direction.
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Keown, Damien. Euthanasia. Edited by Daniel Cozort and James Mark Shields. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198746140.013.19.
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This chapter explores the Buddhist perspective on euthanasia in the light of scriptural teachings and contemporary opinions. The chapter is divided into four parts. The first considers what does—and does not—constitute euthanasia, and includes a discussion of views expressed by contemporary Tibetan teachers. The second part discusses two moral values often invoked in support of euthanasia, autonomy and compassion. The third part considers how euthanasia is regarded in early textual sources. The fourth part offers a brief survey of contemporary attitudes to euthanasia in Japan and Thailand. It concludes that euthanasia is contrary to Buddhist teachings in that it involves intentional killing contrary to the First Precept. Buddhists rarely call for the legalization of euthanasia: their concerns centre instead on ‘dysthanasia’, or the unnecessary prolongation of the dying process. In response to this concern it is suggested that Buddhism imposes no obligation to preserve life at all costs.
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Tarter, Michele Lise, and Catie Gill, eds. New Critical Studies on Early Quaker Women, 1650-1800. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814221.001.0001.
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There has never been an interdisciplinary collection of essays that focuses specifically on the women of the Quaker movement—their experiences and their voices, their bodies and their texts. This book, an essential addition to the studies of Quakerism, religion, and gender, offers groundbreaking archival research and analysis about women Friends that ranges from the movement’s British origins to early American revolutions. The fourteen contributors illuminate the issues and challenges early Quaker women faced, addressing such varied topics as the feminization of religion; dissent and identity; transatlantic scribal and print culture; abolitionism and race; and the perception of women Friends by anti-Quaker spectators. Divided into three sections entitled ‘Revolutions’, ‘Disruptions’, and ‘Networks’, this collection explores the subversive and dynamic ways that Quaker women resisted persecution, asserted autonomy, and forged barriers through creative networks. It enhances and expands the position of Quaker women in the early transatlantic world, accentuating their difference from other religious orthodoxies—across time, across cultures, and across continents.