Relevant bibliographies by topics / Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)

Academic literature on the topic 'Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)"

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Rojas-Rueda, David, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Haneen Khreis, and Howard Frumkin. "Autonomous Vehicles and Public Health." Annual Review of Public Health 41, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094035.

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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to shape urban life and significantly modify travel behaviors. “Autonomous technology” means technology that can drive a vehicle without active physical control or monitoring by a human operator. The first AV fleets are already in service in US cities. AVs offer a variety of automation, vehicle ownership, and vehicle use options. AVs could increase some health risks (such as air pollution, noise, and sedentarism); however, if proper regulated, AVs will likely reduce morbidity and mortality from motor vehicle crashes and may help reshape cities to promote healthy urban environments. Healthy models of AV use include fully electric vehicles in a system of ridesharing and ridesplitting. Public health will benefit if proper policies and regulatory frameworks are implemented before the complete introduction of AVs into the market.
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Wang, Jun, Li Zhang, Yanjun Huang, Jian Zhao, and Francesco Bella. "Safety of Autonomous Vehicles." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8867757.

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Autonomous vehicle (AV) is regarded as the ultimate solution to future automotive engineering; however, safety still remains the key challenge for the development and commercialization of the AVs. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the development status of AVs and reported accidents is becoming urgent. In this article, the levels of automation are reviewed according to the role of the automated system in the autonomous driving process, which will affect the frequency of the disengagements and accidents when driving in autonomous modes. Additionally, the public on-road AV accident reports are statistically analyzed. The results show that over 3.7 million miles have been tested for AVs by various manufacturers from 2014 to 2018. The AVs are frequently taken over by drivers if they deem necessary, and the disengagement frequency varies significantly from 2 × 10−4 to 3 disengagements per mile for different manufacturers. In addition, 128 accidents in 2014–2018 are studied, and about 63% of the total accidents are caused in autonomous mode. A small fraction of the total accidents (∼6%) is directly related to the AVs, while 94% of the accidents are passively initiated by the other parties, including pedestrians, cyclists, motorcycles, and conventional vehicles. These safety risks identified during on-road testing, represented by disengagements and actual accidents, indicate that the passive accidents which are caused by other road users are the majority. The capability of AVs to alert and avoid safety risks caused by the other parties and to make safe decisions to prevent possible fatal accidents would significantly improve the safety of AVs. Practical applications. This literature review summarizes the safety-related issues for AVs by theoretical analysis of the AV systems and statistical investigation of the disengagement and accident reports for on-road testing, and the findings will help inform future research efforts for AV developments.
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Shatanawi, Mohamad, and Ferenc Mészáros. "Implications of the Emergence of Autonomous Vehicles and Shared Autonomous Vehicles: A Budapest Perspective." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 10952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710952.

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The introduction of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) is projected to enhance network performance and accessibility. The future share distribution of AV and SAV is not yet apparent, nor is which of these two future transport modes will become dominant. Therefore, this research deploys a simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment using Visum software to investigate the impact of varying the share distribution of AVs and SAVs on Budapest’s network performance and consumer surplus in three projected future traffic scenarios for the years 2030 and 2050 compared to the Base scenario for 2020. The three future scenarios are presented and characterized by different penetration rates of AVs and SAVs to reflect the uncertainty in the market share of these future cars as follows: Mix-Traffic scenario for 2030, and AV-Focused and SAV-Focused scenarios for 2050. The results revealed that the emergence of AVs and SAVs would improve the overall network performance, and better performance was observed with increasing the share distribution of SAVs. Similarly, the consumer surplus increased in all future scenarios, especially with increasing the share distribution of AVs. Consequently, the advent of AVs and SAVs will improve traffic performance and increase consumer surplus, benefiting road users and authorities.
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SIQUEIRA SILVA, Dahlen, Csaba CSISZÁR, and Dávid FÖLDES. "Autonomous vehicles and urban space management." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 110 (March 1, 2021): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.110.14.

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Discussions on how urban space would be transformed by the use of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are scarce. This study identifies the impacts caused by the shared use of AVs on urban parking and urban space management. An estimation method was formulated considering the reduction in parking demand, the possible alteration in vehicle ownership, and the reallocation of urban space. A case study was performed in a 673,220 m2 area through scenarios created by using real data of parking spaces and the results of previous studies. Results showed that parking spaces can be saved with the use of shared AVs, which would allow the reallocation of urban space to new uses (for example, implementation of around 12,000 bike-sharing docking spots, 10 km bike lanes, 7 km additional traffic lane or 140 ‘parklets’). The results contribute to revealing the positive impacts of AVs.
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Abdeen, Mohammad A. R., Ansar Yasar, Mohamed Benaida, Tarek Sheltami, Dimitrios Zavantis, and Youssef El-Hansali. "Evaluating the Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles’ Market Penetration on a Complex Urban Freeway during Autonomous Vehicles’ Transition Period." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 10094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610094.

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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been a rapidly emerging phenomenon in recent years, with some automated features already available in vehicles. AVs are expected to potentially revolutionize the existing inefficient state of urban transportation and be a step closer to environmental sustainability. This study focuses on simulation modeling in assessing the potential effects of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and on mobility and safety by developing a framework model based on traffic microsimulation for a real network located in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia. The market penetration rates (MPRs) will not reach 100% in the near future; instead, penetration will progressively increase. As a result, in our study, we investigated the potential effect of AV technology in five different AV market penetration rates: 0% (baseline), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results suggest that Avs significantly improve the network’s safety and operational performance at high penetration rates. Specifically, estimated vehicle delays decreased by 26%, 34.4%, 63.7%, and 74.2% for 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% AV penetration rates, respectively. Finally, we think this study will help decisionmakers over in the long-term in their attempts to achieve sustainable development through the optimal integration of innovative and novel technologies.
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Nourinejad, Mehdi, and Matthew J. Roorda. "Cruising for Parking with Autonomous and Conventional Vehicles." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (November 1, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6269995.

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Parking is a cumbersome part of auto travel because travelers have to search for a spot and walk from that spot to their final destination. This conventional method of parking will change with the arrival of autonomous vehicles (AV). In the near future, users of AVs get dropped off at their final destination and the occupant-free AVs search for the nearest and most convenient parking spot. Hence, individuals no longer bear the discomfort of cruising for parking while sitting in their vehicle. This paper quantifies the impact of AVs on parking occupancy and traffic flow on a corridor that connects a home zone to a downtown zone. The model considers a heterogeneous group of AVs and conventional vehicles (CV) and captures their parking behavior as they try to minimize their generalized travel costs. Insights are obtained from applying the model to two case studies with uniform and linear parking supply along the corridor. We show that (i) CVs park closer to the downtown zone in order to minimize their walking distance, whereas AVs park farther away from the downtown zone to minimize their parking search time, (ii) AVs experience a lower search time than CVs, and (iii) higher AV penetration rates reduce travel costs for both AVs and CVs.
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Ji, Yangbeibei, Mingwei Xu, Hua Wang, and Chaowu Tan. "Commute Equilibrium for Mixed Networks with Autonomous Vehicles and Traditional Vehicles." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6218363.

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Recent development of autonomous vehicle (AV) provides new travel opportunities for citizens, and traditional vehicles (TVs) will still be used for a long time. Therefore, it is highly possible that both AVs and TVs will be used as travel modes in a city. In a transportation system with both AVs and TVs, the traffic pattern is worthy of studying. This paper investigates user equilibrium traffic pattern based on the traditional bottleneck model considering AVs and TVs. For both TVs and AVs, travel costs include queuing delay and schedule delay. However, they also have different components of travel costs; more specifically, for AVs, passengers have to pay a riding fare, and, for TVs, travelers encounter a walking time cost after parking their cars. For different combinations of travel demands and riding fare of AVs, analytical solutions of three different user equilibrium traffic patterns are obtained. Finally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of the analytical models. Sensitivity analyses are examined to show the impacts of AV’s time-dependent fee and trip-based fixed fee on the traffic pattern and travel costs.
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Andersen, Hans, Xiaotong Shen, You Hong Eng, Daniela Rus, and Marcelo H. Ang. "Connected Cooperative Control of Autonomous Vehicles During Unexpected Road Situations." Mechanical Engineering 139, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): S3—S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2017-dec-7.

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This article discusses how connected cooperative control of autonomous vehicles (AVs) can help in providing safe and comfortable mobility during unexpected road situations. Driving AVs in urban areas poses a big challenge due to the complexity of the traffic rules as well as unexpected scenarios involved. In these situations, an inter-vehicle communication system can be of great help. Cooperation between multiple AVs is possible with the development of vehicular communication. In particular, state estimation can be improved with multiple sources of information gathered from different vehicles. Cooperative state estimation can also improve robustness against communication failure. With future trajectories shared among nearby vehicles, the motion can be coordinated to make navigation safer and smoother for AVs. For vehicular communication, the IEEE 802.11p standard has been designed to allow information exchange between high-speed cars, and between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. Other wireless communication technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and WiFi, are also suggested.
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López-Lambas, M. Eugenia, and Andrea Alonso. "The Driverless Bus: An Analysis of Public Perceptions and Acceptability." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 4986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184986.

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The development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) holds a high potential for improving security, reducing congestion, increasing fuel efficiency, and saving time. Various studies conducted on the implementation of AVs predict that fully autonomous vehicles will be available for the public in the 2020s. However, it will take another three decades, at least, for these vehicles and technologies to be accepted among the general masses and become reliable and affordable for use. Nonetheless, while a great deal has been stated regarding autonomous cars, little attention has been paid to autonomous public transport, more specifically, autonomous buses (ABs). The present report analyzed the psychological barriers preventing the complete implementation of ABs through data collected from focus group (FG) discussions. The main objective of the FGs was to determine the factors influencing perceptions regarding ABs and their acceptability. The most important factors from the positive side were the reduction of personnel costs, the potential to decrease congestion, waiting time at intersections, and reduced emissions. On the other hand, the most important negative factors were an increase in vehicle and infrastructure costs, safety risks under certain conditions (e.g., system failures, terrorist attacks, etc.), and the possible reduction of employment opportunities.
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Yang, Diange, Xinyu Jiao, Kun Jiang, and Zhong Cao. "Driving Space for Autonomous Vehicles." Automotive Innovation 2, no. 4 (December 2019): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-019-00081-1.

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AbstractDriving space for autonomous vehicles (AVs) is a simplified representation of real driving environments that helps facilitate driving decision processes. Existing literatures present numerous methods for constructing driving spaces, which is a fundamental step in AV development. This study reviews the existing researches to gain a more systematic understanding of driving space and focuses on two questions: how to reconstruct the driving environment, and how to make driving decisions within the constructed driving space. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of different types of driving space are analyzed. The study provides further understanding of the relationship between perception and decision-making and gives insight into direction of future research on driving space of AVs.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)"

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Unsal, Cem. "Intelligent Navigation of Autonomous Vehicles in an Automated Highway System: Learning Methods and Interacting Vehicles Approach." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30595.

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One of today's most serious social, economical and environmental problems is traffic congestion. In addition to the financial cost of the problem, the number of traffic related injuries and casualties is very high. A recently considered approach to increase safety while reducing congestion and improving driving conditions is Automated Highway Systems (AHS). The AHS will evolve from the present highway system to an intelligent vehicle/highway system that will incorporate communication, vehicle control and traffic management techniques to provide safe, fast and more efficient surface transportation. A key factor in AHS deployment is intelligent vehicle control. While the technology to safely maneuver the vehicles exists, the problem of making intelligent decisions to improve a single vehicle's travel time and safety while optimizing the overall traffic flow is still a stumbling block. We propose an artificial intelligence technique called stochastic learning automata to design an intelligent vehicle path controller. Using the information obtained by on-board sensors and local communication modules, two automata are capable of learning the best possible (lateral and longitudinal) actions to avoid collisions. This learning method is capable of adapting to the automata environment resulting from unmodeled physical environment. Simulations for simultaneous lateral and longitudinal control of an autonomous vehicle provide encouraging results. Although the learning approach taken is capable of providing a safe decision, optimization of the overall traffic flow is also possible by studying the interaction of the vehicles. The design of the adaptive vehicle path planner based on local information is then carried onto the interaction of multiple intelligent vehicles. By analyzing the situations consisting of conflicting desired vehicle paths, we extend our design by additional decision structures. The analysis of the situations and the design of the additional structures are made possible by the study of the interacting reward-penalty mechanisms in individual vehicles. The definition of the physical environment of a vehicle as a series of discrete state transitions associated with a "stationary automata environment" is the key to this analysis and to the design of the intelligent vehicle path controller. This work was supported in part by the Center for Transportation Research and Virginia DOT under Smart Road project, by General Motors ITS Fellowship program, and by Naval Research Laboratory under grant no. N000114-93-1-G022.
Ph. D.
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Van, Leuvan Barbara C., and Darrin L. Hawkins. "An XML-based mission command language for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs)." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/975.

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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are now being introduced into the fleet to improve Mine Warfare capabilities. Several AUVs are under government-contracted development. Mission planning and data reporting vary between vehicles and systems. This variance does not pose an immediate problem, as only one AUV is currently in production. However, as more AUVs are put into production, commands will begin to get multiple AUVs. Without a single mission command language, multiple systems will require familiarity with multiple languages. Extensible Markup Language (XML) and related technologies may be used to facilitate interoperability between dissimilar AUVs and extract and integrate mission data into Navy C4I systems. XML makes archive maintenance easier, XML documents can be accessed via an http server, and, in root form, XML is transferable on the fly by stylesheet. This thesis presents an XML-based mission command for the command and control of AUVs. In addition, this thesis discusses XML technology and how XML is a viable means of achieving interoperability. Furthermore, this thesis provides an example mission file using existing software, and demonstrates the future of XML in AUV technology. Finally, this work ends with a compelling argument for the use of an XML-based mission command language to command all AUVs.
Ensign, United States Navy
Captain, United States Air Force
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Hawkins, Darrin L. Van Leuvan Barbara C. "An XML-based mission command language for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FHawkins.pdf.

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Tubb, Christopher. "Integration of navigation with a behavioural control scheme." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2000. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/integration-of-navigation-with-a-behavioural-control-scheme(58fc566a-2093-4db7-be71-664f00416344).html.

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This thesis describes a navigational strategy for automatically guided vehicles and a behavioural control implementation using a modified zero order Sugeno fuzzy inference engine. Animals are examined as a model of intelligent behaviour and behavioural control implementations discussed and compared. The features and the requirements of a behavioural control implementation are identified and modifications to Sugeno inferencing are then described which allow these to be met. A successful implementation is then presented. The navigation task is examined, as are various methods of representing space. Special structural features of constrained spaces are identified. A route based navigation system exploiting diese features is then developed. The strategy combines the representation of space with the task description into an easily communicated message. This navigational strategy is then successfully integrated with the behavioural control implementation presented earlier. The influence of spatial structure on the complexity of the navigation task is investigated with a view to the categorisation of space. A definition of maze-spaces is developed from this. Conclusions are then drawn on the themes of the work, and suggestions made for further investigations.
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Özkahraman, Özer. "Multi-Agent Control of Autonomous Surface Vehicles for Shallow Water Exploration and Depth Mapping." Thesis, KTH, Robotik, perception och lärande, RPL, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209948.

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Mapping is an enabler for further actions. With the map of an area available, it is possible to plan ahead. Maps of landmasses and heavily used deep waters have been produced and are in use but many shallow waters have been largely unmapped. This thesis proposes and examines two methods of control to produce depth maps of shallow waters using multiple autonomous surface vehicles. Assumptions about the environment are kept to a minimum and agents are expected to explore and map inside a given polygonal boundary. Gaussian process regression is used to guide the agents to areas with large uncertainty. A group of autonomous surface vehicles are used for experimental evaluation. Existing works in this area are compared with the method proposed in this thesis to evaluate map quality and time needed to create the map. Results show that one of the proposed methods is best suited for fast and raw map generation while the other strikes a good balance between accuracy and speed.
Att ha tillgång till en karta över ett område är en förutsättning för många olika aktiviteter, och därför har det skapats allt mer exakta kartor över de flesta landområden. För hav och sjöar har man skapat mer ungefärliga djupkartor för att undvika grundstötningar för sjöfart. Grundare områden har däremot ofta undvikits av stora djupmätningsfartyg, och är därför i hög grad okarterade.I denna rapport föreslås och analyseras en metod för att kartera djupet i grunda områden med hjälp av en grupp autonoma ytfarkoster. Givet en polygon inom vilken man vill ha botten karterad skall gruppen autonomt söka av området med få ytterligare antaganden. Gaussiska processer används för att styra farkosterna mot områden med stora mätosäkerheter, och algoritmen utvärderas i riktiga experiment.Resultaten jämförs med befintliga metoders prestanda, med avseende på kartkvalitet och tid för kartering. Resultaten visar att en av de föreslagna metoderna är snabb men mindre noggrann, medan den andra ger en bättre avvägning mellan kvalitet och uppdragstid.
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Kucik, Daniel P. ""Follow the leader" tracking by autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) using acoustic communications and ranging." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03sep%5FKucik.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Applied Science (Robotics))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): Don Brutzman, Anthony Healey, Douglas P. Horner. Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-181). Also available online.
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Diamantopoulos, Anastasios. "A reduced visibility graph approach for motion planning of autonomously guided vehicles." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2001. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/a-reduced-visibility-graph-approach-for-motion-planning-of-autonomously-guided-vehicles(3f368020-0a83-42e5-ba83-b4a4a6257bc2).html.

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This thesis is concerned with the robots' motion planning problem. In particular it is focused on the path planning and motion planning for Autonomously Guided Vehicles (AGVs) in well-structured, two-dimensional static and dynamic environments. Two algorithms are proposed for solving the aforementioned problems. The first algorithm establishes the shortest collision-semi-free path for an AGV from its start point to its goal point, in a two-dimensional static environment populated by simple polygonal obstacles. This algorithm constructs and searches a reduced visibility graph, within the AGV's configuration space, using heuristic information about the problem domain. The second algorithm establishes the time minimal collision-semi-free motion for an AGV, from its start point to is goal point, in a two-dimensional dynamic environment populated by simple polygonal obstacles. This algorithm considers the AGV's spacetime configuration space, thus reducing the dynamic motion planning problem to the static path planning problem. A reduced visibility graph is then constructed and searched using information about the problem domain, in the AGV's space-time configuration space in order to establish the time-minimal motion between the AGV's start and goal configurations. The latter algorithm is extended to solve more complicated instances of the dynamic motion planning problem, where the AGV's environment is populated by obstacles, which change their size as well as their position over time and obstacles, which have piecewise linear motion. The proposed algorithms can be used to efficiently and safely navigate AGVs in well structured environments. For example, for the navigation of an AGV, in industrial environments, where it operates as part of the manufacturing process or in chemical and nuclear plants, where the hostile environment is inaccessible to humans. The main contributions in this thesis are, the systematic study of the V*GRAPH algorithm and identification of its methodic and algorithmic deficiencies; recommendation of corrections and further improvements on the V* GRAPH algorithm, which in turn lead to the proposition of the V*MECHA algorithm for robot path planning; proposition of the D*MECHA algorithm for motion planning in dynamic environments; extension to the D*MECHA algorithm to solve more complicated instances of the dynamic robot motion planning problem; discussion of formal proofs of the proposed algorithms' correctness and optimality and critical comparisons with existing similar algorithms for solving the motion planning problem.
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Srnoyachki, Matthew R. "Automated Drilling Application for Autonomous Airfield Runway Surveying Vehicles: System Design and Validation." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1544537004159348.

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Patel, Ruben. "Surveillance of Marine Resources by use of Stationary Platforms and Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUVS)." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1483.

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In this thesis I investigate, describe and demonstrate new platform technology and its application in fisheries research. The first task was to prepare an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) for payload integration (Paper 1). The instrument to be integrated into the AUV was a SIMRAD EK60 scientific echo sounder. Space limitations of the AUV demanded physical modifications. The EK60 software was designed for manual operation. To overcome the associated problem for remote control in accordance with the communication protocol of the AUV, a new version of the EK60 had to be designed and implemented (Paper 2). A field trial was performed to test the payload integration, including steered and autonomous runs; communication between the topside mother vessel and EK60 in the AUV, and the avoidance of the target species in the area (Paper 3).

The application of observation technology, with continuous recordings over time, gives a true representation of the temporal dynamics of density and vertical distribution without spatial resolution. This approach is complementary to snapshot research vessel surveying with area coverage assuming nil temporal effect. It may be particularly useful in areas of high dynamic activity, such as the Ofoten fjord area. An acoustic observatory was established in this area. Calibration of the main transducers needed special attention due to the expected depth effects on performance (Paper 4). The stationary transducers give the collected data an excellent temporal resolution at the sacrifice of spatial resolution. This makes it an ideal tool for studying vertical migration patterns. It is also important to compare these data with those collected from a moving research vessel (RV) (Paper 5). The lack of spatial resolution made it difficult to get any information about the fish school movements. Deploying an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) as a unit of the observatory (Paper 6) gave this information including the potential of assessing biomass flux in and out of the fjord.

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Alves, Carla Sofia Ferreira. "Simulação e otimização do abastecimento com Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles de linhas de produção numa Original Equipment Manufacter do sector automóvel." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/58474.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Industrial
Os autonomous intelligent vehicles (AIVs), a classe de equipamentos que será o centro de estudo desta dissertação, têm verificado um rápido crescimento em todo o mundo. Este crescimento repercute-se nas diversas áreas de aplicação: no sector automóvel, de transportes público, no sector militar, no sector industrial, entre outros. No sector industrial, os AIVs encontram a sua principal vantagem, em comparação com os AGVs, no transporte e manuseamento de materiais (material handling systems - MHS) tendo em conta a sua tecnologia de navegação. Esta tecnologia é fundamentada numa identificação rápida de obstáculos que se encontram na proximidade dos AIVs com recurso a um sistema de reconhecimento através de sensores (visual, áudio, termal, háptico) do layout fabril. Para a implementação eficiente e eficaz de AVIs torna-se necessário proceder a uma programação dos mesmos, tendo em conta vários parâmetros, tais como: estudo de layouts e possíveis condicionantes ao fluxo de abastecimento, reais necessidades de abastecimento das linhas de produção, entre outros factores. A simulação é uma uma ferramenta útil porque permite economizar apreciáveis requisitos de capital como também prever alguns desafios técnicos, antes da implementação destes equipamentos em contexto real. Este projecto tem como objetivo principal o estudo e implementação de um novo sistema de abastecimento, com recurso a um AIV, para as linhas de inserção automática.
Intelligent autonomous vehicles (IAVs), the class of equipment that will be the center of study of this dissertation, has verified a rapid growth all over the world. This growth has repercussions in several areas of application: in the automotive sector, in public transport, in the military sector, in the industrial sector, among others. In the industrial sector, the IAVs have their main advantage, compared to the AGVs, in the transport and handling of materials (materials handling systems - MHS) through their navigation technology. This technology is based on the rapid identification of obstacles that are in the nearby areas of the AIVs using a system of recognition through sensors (visual, audio, thermal, haptic) of the factory layout. For an efficient and effective implementation of AVIs, it is necessary to program them, taking into account several parameters, such as the study of layouts and possible restrictions at to the flow of supply, real needs of the assembly of production lines, among other factors. Simulation is thus a useful tool because it allows to save considerable capital requirements as well as to anticipate some technical challenges before the implementation of this type equipments in a real context. This project has as the main objective the implementation of a new system of supply, with recourse to an AIV, for automatic insertion lines.
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Books on the topic "Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)"

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Zuev, Sergey, Ruslan Maleev, and Aleksandr Chernov. Energy efficiency of electrical equipment systems of autonomous objects. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1740252.

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When considering the main trends in the development of modern autonomous objects (aircraft, combat vehicles, motor vehicles, floating vehicles, agricultural machines, etc.) in recent decades, two key areas can be identified. The first direction is associated with the improvement of traditional designs of autonomous objects (AO) with an internal combustion engine (ICE) or a gas turbine engine (GTD). The second direction is connected with the creation of new types of joint-stock companies, namely electric joint-stock companies( EAO), joint-stock companies with combined power plants (AOKEU). The energy efficiency is largely determined by the power of the generator set and the battery, which is given to the electrical network in various driving modes. Most of the existing methods for calculating power supply systems use the average values of disturbing factors (generator speed, current of electric energy consumers, voltage in the on-board network) when choosing the characteristics of the generator set and the battery. At the same time, it is obvious that when operating a motor vehicle, these parameters change depending on the driving mode. Modern methods of selecting the main parameters and characteristics of the power supply system do not provide for modeling its interaction with the power unit start-up system of a motor vehicle in operation due to the lack of a systematic approach. The choice of a generator set and a battery, as well as the concept of the synthesis of the power supply system is a problem studied in the monograph. For all those interested in electrical engineering and electronics.
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Dubanov, Aleksandr. Computer simulation in pursuit problems. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02102-6.

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Currently, computer simulation in virtual reality systems has a special status. In order for a computer model to meet the requirements of the tasks it models, it is necessary that the mathematical apparatus correctly describe the simulated phenomena. In this monograph, the simulation of pursuit problems is carried out. An adaptive modeling of the behavior of both pursuers and targets is carried out. An iterative calculation of the trajectories of the participants in the pursuit problem is carried out. The main attention is paid to the methods of pursuit and parallel rendezvous. These methods are taken as the basis of the study and are modified in the future. The scientific novelty of the study is the iterative calculation of the trajectories of the participants in the pursuit task when moving at a constant speed, while following the predicted trajectories. The predicted trajectories form a one-parameter network of continuous lines of the first order of smoothness. The predicted trajectories are calculated taking into account the restrictions on the curvature of the participant in the pursuit problem. The fact of restrictions on curvature can be interpreted as restrictions on the angular frequency of rotation of the object of the pursuit problem. Also, the novelty is the calculation of the iterative process of group pursuit of multiple targets, when targets are hit simultaneously or at specified intervals. The calculation of the parameters of the network of predicted trajectories is carried out with a curvature variation in order to achieve the desired temporal effect. The work also simulates the adaptive behavior of the pursuer and the target. The principle of behavior can be expressed on the example of a pursuer with a simple phrase: "You go to the left - I go to the left." This happens at each iteration step in terms of choosing the direction of rotation. For the purpose, the principle of adaptive behavior is expressed by the phrase: "You go to the left - I go to the right." The studies, algorithms and models presented in the monograph can be in demand in the design of autonomously controlled unmanned aerial vehicles with elements of artificial intelligence. The task models in the monograph are supplemented with many animated images, where you can see the research process. Also, the tasks have an implementation in a computer mathematics system and can be transferred to virtual reality systems if necessary.
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Jenkins, Ryan, David Cerny, and Tomas Hribek, eds. Autonomous Vehicle Ethics. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639191.001.0001.

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Abstract “A runaway trolley is speeding down a track . . .” So begins what is perhaps the most fecund thought experiment of the past several decades since its invention by Philippa Foot. Since then, moral philosophers have applied the “trolley problem” as a thought experiment to study many different ethical conflicts—and chief among them is the programming of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Nowadays, however, very few philosophers accept that the trolley problem is a perfect analogy for driverless cars or that the situations AVs face will resemble the forced choice of the unlucky bystander in the original thought experiment. This book represents a substantial and purposeful effort to move the academic discussion beyond the trolley problem to the broader ethical, legal, and social implications that AVs present. There are still urgent questions waiting to be addressed, for example: how AVs might interact with human drivers in mixed or “hybrid” traffic environments; how AVs might reshape our urban landscapes; what unique security or privacy concerns are raised by AVs as connected devices in the “Internet of Things”; how the benefits and burdens of this new technology, including mobility, traffic congestion, and pollution, will be distributed throughout society; and more. This book is an attempt to map the landscape of these next-generation questions and to suggest preliminary answers, with input from the disciplines of philosophy, sociology, economics, urban planning and transportation engineering, business ethics, and more, and represents a worldwide variety of perspectives.
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Bhargava, Vikram, and Tae Wan Kim. Autonomous Vehicles and Moral Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652951.003.0001.

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The chief purposes of this chapter are to explore the problem of moral uncertainty as it pertains to autonomous vehicles and to outline possible solutions. The problem is the following: How should autonomous vehicles be programmed to act when the person who has the authority to choose the ethics of the autonomous vehicle is under moral uncertainty? Roughly, an agent is morally uncertain when she has access to all (or most) of the relevant non-moral facts, including but not limited to empirical and legal facts, but still remains uncertain about what morality requires of her. We argue that the problem of moral uncertainty in the context of autonomous vehicles is an important problem and then critically engage with two solutions to the problem. We conclude by discussing a solution that we think is more promising—that of the philosopher Andrew Sepielli—and offer some support in its defense.
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Young, Richard. Critical Analysis of Prototype Autonomous Vehicle Crash Rates: Six Scientific Studies from 2015–2018. SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/9781468603422.

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Will Automated Vehicles be Safer than Conventional Vehicles? One of the critically important questions that has emerged about advanced technologies in transportation is how to test the actual effects of these advanced systems on safety, particularly how to evaluate the safety of highly automated driving systems. Richard Young's Critical Analysis of Prototype Autonomous Vehicle Crash Rates does a deep dive into these questions by reviewing and then critically analyzing the first six scientific studies of AV crash rates.
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An XML-Based Mission Command Language for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). Storming Media, 2003.

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Gurney, Jeffrey K. Imputing Driverhood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652951.003.0004.

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As society embarks on the robotics revolution, lawmakers will need to enact laws that directly address robotic interactions with humans. They will have to consider who or what is responsible for any harm caused by robots and how to properly compensate the injured parties. If they do not, robot producers may incur unexpected and excessive costs, which would disincentivize investment. Or if victims are not adequately compensated, such producers may face a backlash from injured parties. This chapter examines these issues in the realm of autonomous vehicles, and it recommends that manufacturers of autonomous vehicles be treated as the drivers of their vehicles for purposes of assigning civil liability for harm caused by the vehicles’ autonomous mode.
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"Follow the Leader" Tracking by Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) Using Acoustic Communications and Ranging. Storming Media, 2003.

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Pathrose, Plato. ADAS and Automated Driving: A Practical Approach to Verification and Validation. SAE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/9781468604146.

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The day will soon come when you will be able to verbally communicate with a vehicle and instruct it to drive to a location. The car will navigate through street traffic and take you to your destination without additional instruction or effort on your part. Today, this scenario is still in the future, but the automotive industry is racing to toward the finish line to have automated driving vehicles deployed on our roads. ADAS and Automated Driving: A Practical Approach to Verification and Validation focuses on how automated driving systems (ADS) can be developed from concept to a product on the market for widescale public use. It covers practically viable approaches, methods, and techniques with examples from multiple production programs across different organizations. The author provides an overview of the various Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and ADS currently being developed and installed in vehicles. The technology needed for large-scale production and public use of fully autonomous vehicles is still under development, and the creation of such technology is a highly innovative area of the automotive industry. This text is a comprehensive reference for anyone interested in a career focused on the verification and validation of ADAS and ADS. The examples included in the volume provide the reader foundational knowledge and follow best and proven practices from the industry. Using the information in ADAS and Automated Driving, you can kick start your career in the field of ADAS and ADS.
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Amaro Pérez, Andrea, Adrián Suárez Zapata, Pedro A. Martínez Delgado, Abraham Menéndez Márquez, Jorge Victoria Ahuir, and José Torres País. Shielding effectiveness of plastic materials for 5G applications. Editorial Científica 3Ciencias, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/ingytec.2022.79.

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The study and modelling of EMC are becoming more critical than ever due to the ubiquitous presence of electronic circuits in all aspects of our lives. Specifically, it is crucial to extend these studies to the new frequencies that, in a few years, will be a reality in modern telecommunications systems, such as 5G and its derived technologies. A specific critical field where the proper EMI shielding has been ensured to avoid EMC problems is the electric autonomous vehicles (EAVs). The huge number of electronics systems in new vehicles will dramatically extend the demands on the EMI shielding solutions used to attenuate the radiated emissions that could affect circuits in the vehicle. Metals or metal alloys are the most common EMI shielding materials since they demonstrate adequate shielding capacity against EMI. However, polymers have become up-and-coming materials for EMI shielding with the characteristics of lightweight, flexibility, cost-effective, easy processing, and resistance to corrosion. Consequently, it is necessary to develop EMI shielding materials based on polymers, plastic materials, and fiber composites that ensure compliance with the different standards that regulate 5G and the proper operation of possible systems susceptible to the intentional and unintended signals generated by this new technology. This contribution focuses on characterizing different composite structures performance based on fibers combined with conductive materials in terms of shielding effectiveness, covering the 5G sub-6 GHz frequency range.
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Book chapters on the topic "Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)"

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Köster, Nils, and Torsten-Oliver Salge. "Paving the way for trust in autonomous vehicles–How OEMs, authorities and certifiers can foster customers’ trust in AVs." In Proceedings, 29–39. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34754-3_3.

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Papantoniou, Panagiotis, V. Kalliga, and Constantinos Antoniou. "How Autonomous Vehicles May Affect Vehicle Emissions on Motorways." In Advances in Mobility-as-a-Service Systems, 296–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61075-3_29.

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Eriksen, Bjørn-Olav Holtung, and Morten Breivik. "Modeling, Identification and Control of High-Speed ASVs: Theory and Experiments." In Sensing and Control for Autonomous Vehicles, 407–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55372-6_19.

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Wilthil, Erik F., Andreas L. Flåten, and Edmund F. Brekke. "A Target Tracking System for ASV Collision Avoidance Based on the PDAF." In Sensing and Control for Autonomous Vehicles, 269–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55372-6_13.

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Lucieer, Vanessa L., and Alexander L. Forrest. "Emerging Mapping Techniques for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)." In Seafloor Mapping along Continental Shelves, 53–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25121-9_2.

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Orfanou, Foteini, Eleni Vlahogianni, and George Yannis. "A Taxonomy of Skills and Knowledge for Efficient Autonomous Vehicle Operation." In Advances in Mobility-as-a-Service Systems, 305–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61075-3_30.

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Ferreira, Tomás, and Sofia Kalakou. "Strategic Planning for Urban Air Mobility: Perceptions of Citizens and Potential Users on Autonomous Flying Vehicles." In Advances in Mobility-as-a-Service Systems, 286–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61075-3_28.

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Dimitrakopoulos, George, Aggelos Tsakanikas, and Elias Panagiotopoulos. "Consumers demand for AVs: driving forces and barriers for using AVs." In Autonomous Vehicles, 57–67. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-90137-6.00007-2.

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Borenstein, Jason, John Bucher, and Joseph Herkert. "Ethics, Autonomous Vehicles, and the Future City." In Autonomous Vehicle Ethics, 415—C24.P97. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639191.003.0024.

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Abstract Optimism regarding the use of autonomous vehicles (AVs) continues to grow, particularly as a means for increasing mobility for people who were previously unable to operate a motor vehicle independently. Yet expanding the number of people who can ride in a vehicle on their own may be in tension with the commonly voiced hope that AVs will reduce traffic congestion and air pollution. And this is only one of the key ethical tensions that city planners, policymakers, transportation engineers, vehicle designers, software engineers, and others will need to address. This chapter explores the ethical responsibilities of city planners in relation to developing land use and transportation policy for the adoption of AVs. The chapter concludes with recommendations for incorporating the ethical implications of AVs into land use and transportation policy.
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Formosa, Paul. "Autonomous Vehicles and Ethical Settings." In Autonomous Vehicle Ethics, 176—C11.P55. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639191.003.0011.

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Abstract While autonomous vehicles (AVs) are not designed to harm people, harming people is an inevitable by-product of their operation. How are AVs to deal ethically with situations where harming people is inevitable? Rather than focus on the much-discussed question of what choices AVs should make, we can also ask the much less discussed question of who gets to decide what AVs should do in such cases. Here there are two key options: AVs with a personal ethics setting (PES) or an “ethical knob” that end users can control or AVs with a mandatory ethics setting (MES) that end users cannot control. Which option, a PES or an MES, is best and why? This chapter argues, by drawing on the choice architecture literature, in favor of a hybrid view that requires mandated default choice settings while allowing for limited end user control.
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Conference papers on the topic "Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)"

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Čudina Ivančev, Ana, Vesna Dragčević, and Tamara Džambas. "Road infrastructure requirements to accommodate autonomous vehicles." In 7th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2022.1462.

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In the last few years, an increasing amount of research has been dealing with the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). With the increasing deployment of the AVs on the roads over the years it is necessary to adapt road infrastructure to accommodate them. This paper gives an insight into the impact of AVs on the road infrastructure such as horizontal and vertical alignment, and dimensions of cross section elements. The implementation of the AVs into the road network will not depend just on the preparation of road infrastructure but also on the future development of vehicle automation and the proportion of AVs according to conventional vehicles (CVs) into the vehicle fleet. Therefore, according to AVs proportion into the fleet, three different scenarios for road infrastructure upgrades are given. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the introduction of AVs regarding the requirements for existing and future road infrastructure are discussed.
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Lim, Linda, and Aly M. Tawfik. "Estimating Future Travel Costs for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs)." In 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569715.

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Ujházi, Tamás. "Modelling Users’ Preferences Towards Autonomous Vehicles." In Challenges in Economics and Business in the Post-COVID Times. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.5.2022.27.

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The demand for autonomous vehicles (AVs) will most likely grow in the upcoming years, thus revolutionising transport. As highlighted by KPMG and many academics, one of the key factors of the mass implementation of AVs is their public acceptance. As a result, there is a growing body of literature investigating consumer acceptance of AVs. The authors of these studies mostly use various versions of the available technology acceptance models. However, there is a limitation to using these models to investigate the consumer acceptance of AVs, since they assume that the respondents have real-life experience of using the given technology, which is not the case with AVs. In this pilot research, the author uses conjoint analysis, which is widely applied to better understand users’ preferences during product development and research. The product attributes are formed according to the independent variables of the model of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Eighteen cards were created with a combination of different attribute levels. These cards were evaluated by 202 respondents in two steps. It was found that this research model is capable of measuring users’ preferences towards AVs, and safety is the most important factor in the decision-making process.
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Dawam, Edward Swarlat, and X. Feng. "Traffic Light Detection and Recognition in Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)." In 2022 IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasc/picom/cbdcom/cy55231.2022.9927813.

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Bezai, Nacer-Eddine, Benachir Medjdoub, Fodil Fadli, Moulay Larby Chalal, and Amin Al-Hbeibeh. "Autonomous vehicles and smart cities: future directions of ownership vs shared mobility." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/pqrn8660.

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Over the last decade, there has been increasing discussions about self-driving cars and how most auto-makers are racing to launch these products. However, this discourse is not limited to transportation only, but how such vehicles will affect other industries and specific aspects of our daily lives as future users such as the concept of work while being driven and productivity, entertainment, travel speed, and deliveries. Although these technologies are beneficial, access to these potentials depends on the behaviour of their users. There is a lack of a conceptual model that elucidate the acceptance of people to Self-driving cars. Service on-demand and shared mobility are the most critical factors that will ensure the successful adoption of these cars. This paper presents an analysis of public opinions in Nottingham, UK, through a questionnaire about the future of Autonomous vehicles' ownership and the extent to which they accept the idea of vehicle sharing. Besides, this paper tests two hypotheses. Firstly, (a) people who usually use Public transportation like (taxi, bus, tram, train, carpooling) are likely to share an Autonomous Vehicle in the future. Secondly, (b) people who use Private cars are expected to own an Autonomous Vehicle in the future. To achieve this aim, a combination of statistical methods such as logistic regression has been utilised. Unexpectedly, the study findings suggested that AVs ownership will increase contrary to what is expected, that Autonomous vehicles will reduce ownership. Besides, participants have shown low interest in sharing AVs. Therefore, it is likely that ownership of AVs will increase for several reasons as expressed by the participants such as safety, privacy, personal space, suitability to children and availability. Actions must be taken to promote shared mobility to avoid AVs possession growth. The ownership diminution, in turn, will reduce traffic congestion, energy and transport efficiency, better air quality. That is why analysing the factors that influence the mindset and attitude of people will enable us to understand how to shift from private cars to transport-on-demand, which is a priority rather than promoting the technology.
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Yan, Ming, Lucia Rosa Elena Rampino, Caruso Giandomenico, and Huimin Zhao. "Implications of Human-Machine Interface for Inclusive Shared Autonomous Vehicles." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002488.

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Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), also known as self-driving cars, driverless cars, or robot cars, can perceive their environment and drive safely with little or no human inputs. Under the support of engineering, information science, anthropology, AVs have developed rapidly at the technical level, demonstrating to reduce human error operations and lessening road usage to save time. In the future, users will always be more released from driving tasks Self-driving vehicles can be more advantageous and feasible in public transportation than in private ones. Therefore, shared buses and logistics vehicles have been trial operation in various countries nowadays. Moreover, this technology will enable road traffic for people who cannot drive due to various physical and cognitive impairments. Therefore, inclusivity is often cited as one of the main reasons for promoting user acceptance of this technology, and it is fundamental in its application. Inclusive design can be achieved by identifying and addressing as many barriers to the Human-Machine Interface (HMI) as possible, focusing on human factors inside and outside the self-driving vehicle. It can enable groups with different needs to interact comfortably with the AVs and the traffic environment. Specifically, within a shared autonomous vehicle, we focus on transferring vehicle control between multiple users, reducing human error, and improving system availability. In addition, for many non-driving-related tasks (NDRT) derived from the gradual improvement of autonomous driving, the design of interactive devices and processes suitable for different groups and their cognition, the usability and comfort of the system will be improved, as well as the user experience. Concerning the scenes outside the vehicle, the impact of different types of external HMIs on the user experience of other user groups (e.g., young, old, cognitive, or physical disabilities, Etc.) attracted more attention from scholars. At the same time, communication channels and interfaces established between users and AVs will become more prominent on an inclusive basis. Consequently, HMI is essential for functional and inclusive driving automation, guaranteeing an efficient and satisfactory interaction between the automated system and different users.This paper provides an overview of the HMI challenges in shared driving automation from an inclusive design perspective, summarizing existing research on the role of HMIs in shared autonomous vehicles. The authors identified the fundamental changes in the way the user interacts with the car in shared autonomous vehicles using a systematic literature review including the following four steps: 1) identification of purposes and research questions of the literature review 2) definition of a literature search strategy by identifying a combination of sequential and iterative search queries; 3) analyze the retrieved articles compiling a concept matrix for each of them. As a result, relevant literature related to the research topic was selected; 4) identifying research gaps and inconsistent research results to make tacit domain meta-knowledge explicit. The paper will contain the analysis and discussion of the obtained data. Finally, the paper will discuss the future challenges for promoting a deeper exploration of inclusivity of HMIs for autonomous vehicles, also proposing the research avenues practical to increase the user's acceptance of this technology.
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Lawrentia Ngwu, Obiageli, Anika Rimu, and Shuchisnigdha Deb. "How to Design Traffic Infrastructure to Support Cyclists’ Interaction with Autonomous Vehicles: Teenage Cyclists’ Perceptions." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002151.

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Cycling is a popular transportation mode for teenagers; however, statistics show that bicyclist fatalities on minor roads are higher for teenagers (44%) as compared to older bicyclists (28%). The implementation of automated vehicles (AVs) is expected to make roads safer. Nevertheless, very few studies have focused on cyclist-AV interaction, especially on teenage cyclist population. This study examines teenagers’ perceptions on infrastructures necessary to share roads with AVs. A virtual focus group study with twenty four participants evaluated six potential traffic infrastructure designs using discussion and survey questions. Participants’ data on demographics, generic cycling behavior, and personal innovativeness were collected. Results show that participants showing risky cycling behaviors on roads were more flexible in design guidelines compared to teenagers exhibiting positive cycling behaviors. Teenagers mentioned coherent, direct, safe, and comfortable being the most important factors to design supporting infrastructures for AVs. They preferred spacious bike lanes, clear markings, clearance between cyclist and vehicle lanes, and physical barriers separating AVs and cyclists.
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de Gelder, Erwin, and Olaf Op den Camp. "Tagging Real-World Scenarios for the Assessment of Autonomous Vehicles." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-pif-048.

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The development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) has made significant progress in the last years and it is expected that AVs will soon be introduced on our roads. An essential aspect in the development of AVs is the assessment of quality and performance aspects of the AVs, such as safety, comfort, and efficiency. Among other methods, a scenario-based approach has been proposed. With scenario-based testing, the AV is subjected to a collection of scenarios that represent real-world situations. The collection of scenarios needs to cover the variety of what an AV can encounter in real traffic. As a result, many different scenarios are considered, that are grouped into so-called scenario categories. We propose a method for defining the scenario categories using a system of tags, where each tag describes a particular characteristic of a scenario category. There is a balance between having generic scenario categories - and thus a high variety among the scenarios in the scenario category - and having specific scenario categories without much variety among the scenarios in the scenario category. For some systems, one is interested in very specific set of scenarios, while for another system one might be interested in a set of scenarios with a high variety. To accommodate this, tags are structured in trees. The different layers of the trees can be regarded as different abstraction levels. Next to presenting the method for describing scenario categories using tags, we will illustrate the method by showing applicable trees of tags using concrete examples in the Singapore traffic system. Trees of tags are shown for the vehicle under test, the dynamic environment (e.g., the other road users), the static environment (e.g., the road layout), and the environmental conditions (weather and lighting conditions). Few examples are presented to illustrate the proposed method for defining the scenario categories using tags.
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Yoon, DoHyun Daniel, and Beshah Ayalew. "Social Force Control for Human-Like Autonomous Driving." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86288.

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An autonomous driving control system that incorporates notions from human-like social driving could facilitate an efficient integration of hybrid traffic where fully autonomous vehicles (AVs) and human operated vehicles (HOVs) are expected to coexist. This paper aims to develop such an autonomous vehicle control model using the social-force concepts, which was originally formulated for modeling the motion of pedestrians in crowds. In this paper, the social force concept is adapted to vehicular traffic where constituent navigation forces are defined as a target force, object forces, and lane forces. Then, nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) scheme is formulated to mimic the predictive planning behavior of social human drivers where they are considered to optimize the total social force they perceive. The performance of the proposed social force-based autonomous driving control scheme is demonstrated via simulations of an ego-vehicle in multi-lane road scenarios. From adaptive cruise control (ACC) to smooth lane-changing behaviors, the proposed model provided a flexible yet efficient driving control enabling a safe navigation in various situations while maintaining reasonable vehicle dynamics.
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Li, Jinning, Liting Sun, Wei Zhan, and Masayoshi Tomizuka. "Interaction-Aware Behavior Planning for Autonomous Vehicles Validated With Real Traffic Data." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3328.

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Abstract Autonomous vehicles (AVs) need to interact with other traffic participants who can be either cooperative or aggressive, attentive or inattentive. Such different characteristics can lead to quite different interactive behaviors. Hence, to achieve safe and efficient autonomous driving, AVs need to be aware of such uncertainties when they plan their own behaviors. In this paper, we formulate such a behavior planning problem as a partially observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) where the cooperativeness of other traffic participants is treated as an unobservable state. Under different cooperativeness levels, we learn the human behavior models from real traffic data via the principle of maximum likelihood. Based on that, the POMDP problem is solved by Monte-Carlo Tree Search. We verify the proposed algorithm in both simulations and real traffic data on a lane change scenario, and the results show that the proposed algorithm can successfully finish the lane changes without collisions.
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Reports on the topic "Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)"

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Smith, Emma, Julie Webster, and Annette Stumpf. Autonomous Transport Innovation : the regulatory environment of autonomous vehicles. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42025.

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This technical note series under the Autonomous Transport Innovation research program is intended to be a primer on autonomous vehicles (AVs), their testing, and associated infrastructure. A review of the regulatory environment for autonomous vehicles is necessary to define rules imposed on technology or operations of autonomous vehicles in various capacities. Acknowledging such regulation will aid in productive closed-course site development by structuring the course based on what autonomous vehicle developers and manufacturers must program their vehicles to adhere to in a given setting.
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Gross, Matthew, and Julie Webster. Autonomous Transport Innovation : a review of enabling technologies. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42028.

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This document is the first of the technical note series under the Autonomous Transport Innovation (ATI) research program. The series intends to be an introduction on autonomous vehicles (AVs), their testing, and associated infrastructure. A review of technologies that enable vehicle autonomy is necessary to provide the basis for understanding vehicle performance in testing scenarios and in actual use.
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Porcel Magnusson, Cristina. Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection by LiDAR in Autonomous Vehicles. SAE International, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021002.

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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) utilize multiple devices, like high-resolution cameras and radar sensors, to interpret the driving environment and achieve full autonomy. One of these instruments—the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor—utilizes pulsed infrared (IR) light, typically at wavelengths of 905 nm or 1,550 nm, to calculate object distance and position. Exterior automotive paint covers an area larger than any other exterior material. Therefore, understanding how LiDAR wavelengths interact with vehicle coatings is extremely important for the safety of future automated driving technologies. Sensing technologies and materials are two different industries that have not directly interacted in the perception and system sense. With the new applications in the AV industry, multidisciplinary approaches need to be taken to ensure reliability and safety in the future. Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection by LiDAR in Autonomous Vehicles provides a transversal view of different industry segments, from pigment and coating manufacturers to LiDAR components and vehicle system development and integration. The report includes a structured decomposition of the different variables and technologies involved.
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Hovakimyan, Naira, Hunmin Kim, Wenbin Wan, and Chuyuan Tao. Safe Operation of Connected Vehicles in Complex and Unforeseen Environments. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-016.

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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have a great potential to transform the way we live and work, significantly reducing traffic accidents and harmful emissions on the one hand and enhancing travel efficiency and fuel economy on the other. Nevertheless, the safe and efficient control of AVs is still challenging because AVs operate in dynamic environments with unforeseen challenges. This project aimed to advance the state-of-the-art by designing a proactive/reactive adaptation and learning architecture for connected vehicles, unifying techniques in spatiotemporal data fusion, machine learning, and robust adaptive control. By leveraging data shared over a cloud network available to all entities, vehicles proactively adapted to new environments on the proactive level, thus coping with large-scale environmental changes. On the reactive level, control-barrier-function-based robust adaptive control with machine learning improved the performance around nominal models, providing performance and control certificates. The proposed research shaped a robust foundation for autonomous driving on cloud-connected highways of the future.
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Alexander, Serena, Asha Weinstein Agrawal, and Benjamin Y. Clark. Local Climate Action Planning as a Tool to Harness the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation and Equity Potential of Autonomous Vehicles and On-Demand Mobility. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1818.

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This report focuses on how cities can use climate action plans (CAPs) to ensure that on-demand mobility and autonomous vehicles (AVs) help reduce, rather than increase, green-house gas (GHG) emissions and inequitable impacts from the transportation system. We employed a three-pronged research strategy involving: (1) an analysis of the current literature on on-demand mobility and AVs; (2) a systematic content analysis of 23 CAPs and general plans developed by municipalities in California; and (3) a comparison of findings from the literature and content analysis of plans to identify opportunities for GHG emissions reduction and mobility equity. Findings indicate that maximizing the environmental and social benefits of AVs and on-demand mobility requires proactive and progressive planning; yet, most cities are lagging behind in this area. Although municipal CAPs and general plans in California have adopted a few strategies and programs relevant to AVs and on-demand mobility, many untapped opportunities exist to harness the GHG emissions reduction and social benefits potential of AVs and on-demand mobility. Policy and planning discussions should consider the synergies between AVs and on-demand mobility as two emerging mobility trends, as well as the key factors (e.g., vehicle electrification, fuel efficiency, use and ownership, access and distribution, etc.) that determine whether deployment of AVs would help reduce GHG emissions from transportation. Additionally, AVs and on-demand mobility can potentially contribute to a more equitable transportation system by improving independence and quality of life for individuals with disabilities and the elderly, enhancing access to transit, and helping alleviate the geographic gap in public transportation services.
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Alexander, Serena, Asha Weinstein Agrawal, and Benjamin Y. Clark. Local Climate Action Planning as a Tool to Harness the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation and Equity Potential of Autonomous Vehicles and On-Demand Mobility. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1818.

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This report focuses on how cities can use climate action plans (CAPs) to ensure that on-demand mobility and autonomous vehicles (AVs) help reduce, rather than increase, green-house gas (GHG) emissions and inequitable impacts from the transportation system. We employed a three-pronged research strategy involving: (1) an analysis of the current literature on on-demand mobility and AVs; (2) a systematic content analysis of 23 CAPs and general plans developed by municipalities in California; and (3) a comparison of findings from the literature and content analysis of plans to identify opportunities for GHG emissions reduction and mobility equity. Findings indicate that maximizing the environmental and social benefits of AVs and on-demand mobility requires proactive and progressive planning; yet, most cities are lagging behind in this area. Although municipal CAPs and general plans in California have adopted a few strategies and programs relevant to AVs and on-demand mobility, many untapped opportunities exist to harness the GHG emissions reduction and social benefits potential of AVs and on-demand mobility. Policy and planning discussions should consider the synergies between AVs and on-demand mobility as two emerging mobility trends, as well as the key factors (e.g., vehicle electrification, fuel efficiency, use and ownership, access and distribution, etc.) that determine whether deployment of AVs would help reduce GHG emissions from transportation. Additionally, AVs and on-demand mobility can potentially contribute to a more equitable transportation system by improving independence and quality of life for individuals with disabilities and the elderly, enhancing access to transit, and helping alleviate the geographic gap in public transportation services.
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Fang, Chen. Unsettled Issues in Vehicle Autonomy, Artificial Intelligence, and Human-Machine Interaction. SAE International, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021010.

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Artificial intelligence (AI)-based solutions are slowly making their way into our daily lives, integrating with our processes to enhance our lifestyles. This is major a technological component regarding the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, as of today, no existing, consumer ready AV design has reached SAE Level 5 automation or fully integrates with the driver. Unsettled Issues in Vehicle Autonomy, AI and Human-Machine Interaction discusses vital issues related to AV interface design, diving into speech interaction, emotion detection and regulation, and driver trust. For each of these aspects, the report presents the current state of research and development, challenges, and solutions worth exploring.
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Dahal, Sachindra, and Jeffery Roesler. Passive Sensing of Electromagnetic Signature of Roadway Material for Lateral Positioning of Vehicle. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-039.

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Autonomous vehicles (AV) and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) offer multiple safety benefits for drivers and road agencies. However, maintaining the lateral position of an AV or a vehicle with ADAS within a lane is a challenge, especially in adverse weather conditions when lane markings are occluded. For significant penetration of AV without compromising safety, vehicle-to-infrastructure sensing capabilities are necessary, especially during severe weather conditions. This research proposes a method to create a continuous electromagnetic (EM) signature on the roadway, using materials compatible with existing paving materials and construction methods. Laboratory testing of the proposed concept was performed on notched concrete-slab specimens and concrete prisms containing EM materials. An induction-based eddy-current sensor and magnetometers were implemented to detect the EM signature. The detected signals were compared to evaluate the effects of sensor height above the concrete surface, type of EM materials, EM-material volume, material shape, and volume of EM concrete prisms. A layer of up to 2 in. (5.1 cm) of water, ice, snow, or sand was placed between the sensor and the concrete slab to represent adverse weather conditions. Results showed that factors such as sensor height, EM-material volume, EM dosage, types of the EM material, and shape of the EM material in the prism were significant attenuators of the EM signal and must be engineered properly. Presence of adverse surface conditions had a negligible effect, as compared to normal conditions, indicating robustness of the presented method. This study proposes a promising method to complement existing sensors’ limitations in AVs and ADAS for effective lane-keeping during normal and adverse weather conditions with the help of vehicle-to-pavement interaction.
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Moorehead, Stewart. Unsettled Topics in Obstacle Detection for Autonomous Agricultural Vehicles. SAE International, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021029.

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Agricultural vehicles often drive along the same terrain day after day or year after year. Yet, they still must detect if a moveable object, such as another vehicle or an animal, happens to be on their path or if environmental conditions have caused muddy spots or washouts. Obstacle detection is one of the major missing pieces that can remove humans from highly automated agricultural machines today and enable the autonomous vehicles of the future. Unsettled Topics in Obstacle Detection for Autonomous Agricultural Vehicles examines the challenges of environmental object detection and collision prevention, including air obscurants, holes and soft spots, prior maps, vehicle geometry, standards, and close contact with large objects.
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Kwiat, Paul, Eric Chitambar, Andrew Conrad, and Samantha Isaac. Autonomous Vehicle-Based Quantum Communication Network. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-020.

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Quantum communication was demonstrated using autonomous vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), as well as autonomous vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I). Supporting critical subsystems including compact size, weight, and power (SWaP) quantum sources; optical systems; and pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT) subsystems were designed, developed, and tested. Novel quantum algorithms were created and analyzed, including quantum position verification (QPV) for mobile autonomous vehicles. The results of this research effort can be leveraged in support of future cross-platform, mobile quantum communication networks that provide improved security, more accurate autonomous sensors, and connected quantum computing nodes for next-generation, smart-infrastructure systems.
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