Academic literature on the topic 'Autonomous vehicle safety measures'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Autonomous vehicle safety measures.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Autonomous vehicle safety measures"
1
Pauwels, Alex, Nadia Pourmohammad-Zia, and Frederik Schulte. "Safety and Sustainable Development of Automated Driving in Mixed-Traffic Urban Areas—Considering Vulnerable Road Users and Network Efficiency." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 13486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013486.
Full textAbstract:
Next to environmental aspects, establishing areas for safe and economically viable automated driving in mixed-traffic settings is one major challenge for sustainable development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). This work investigates safety in the interactions between AVs, human-driven vehicles, and vulnerable road users, including cyclists and pedestrians, within a simulated urban environment in the Dutch city of Rotterdam. New junction and pedestrian models are introduced, and virtual AVs with an occlusion-aware driving system are deployed to deliver cargo autonomously. The safety of applying this autonomous cargo delivery service is assessed using a large set of Surrogate Safety Indicators (SSIs). Furthermore, Macroscopic Fundamental Diagrams (MFDs) and travel time loss are incorporated to evaluate the network efficiency. By assessing the impact of various measures involving Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications, infrastructure modifications, and driving behavior, we show that traffic safety and network efficiency can be achieved in a living lab setting for the considered case. Our findings further suggest that V2X gets implemented, new buildings are not placed close to intersections, and the speed limit of non-arterial roads is lowered.
2
Morando, Mark Mario, Qingyun Tian, Long T. Truong, and Hai L. Vu. "Studying the Safety Impact of Autonomous Vehicles Using Simulation-Based Surrogate Safety Measures." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6135183.
Full textAbstract:
Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology has advanced rapidly in recent years with some automated features already available in vehicles on the market. AVs are expected to reduce traffic crashes as the majority of crashes are related to driver errors, fatigue, alcohol, or drugs. However, very little research has been conducted to estimate the safety impact of AVs. This paper aims to investigate the safety impacts of AVs using a simulation-based surrogate safety measure approach. To this end, safety impacts are explored through the number of conflicts extracted from the VISSIM traffic microsimulator using the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM). Behaviours of human-driven vehicles (HVs) and AVs (level 4 automation) are modelled within the VISSIM’s car-following model. The safety investigation is conducted for two case studies, that is, a signalised intersection and a roundabout, under various AV penetration rates. Results suggest that AVs improve safety significantly with high penetration rates, even when they travel with shorter headways to improve road capacity and reduce delay. For the signalised intersection, AVs reduce the number of conflicts by 20% to 65% with the AV penetration rates of between 50% and 100% (statistically significant at p<0.05). For the roundabout, the number of conflicts is reduced by 29% to 64% with the 100% AV penetration rate (statistically significant at p<0.05).
3
Bai, Jiarui. "Research on the Application of Deep Learning in Automatic Vehicle." SHS Web of Conferences 144 (2022): 03021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214403021.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, various kinds of applications of artificial intelligence technology to the automatic driving vehicle were widely reported by the media, also aroused public interest. According to a survey by the Ministry of Public Security, there are more than 500 million motor vehicles in China in 2021 and more than 200 thousand traffic accidents occurred in 2021, which is a great challenge to traffic safety protection. Human reaction time, which consists of perception time and judgment time, is too long to take measures. Besides, human drivers may find it difficult to even make the right response in some complex road conditions. To improve this situation, the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) may transform the traditional passive safety that takes protective measures after accidents into active safety that focuses on prevention. Deep learning network receives information through the vehicle-loaded sensor then makes judgments by its computing unit and prompts drivers the possible danger. This article reviewed the performance of different deep learning models in autonomous driving vehicles.
4
Shin, Woo-Ri, Hyun-Bin Jo, Min-Sang Cho, and Ho-Dae Cho. "A Study on the Safety Management Measures of Autonomous vehicle in disaster situation." Korean Journal of Security Convergence Management 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24826/kscs.9.1.9.
Full text
5
Zheng, Binshuang, Xiaoming Huang, Runmin Zhao, Zhengqiang Hong, Jiaying Chen, and Shengze Zhu. "Study on the Rut Control Threshold of Asphalt Pavement Considering Steering Stability of Autonomous Vehicles Based on Fuzzy Control Theory." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 17, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8879900.
Full textAbstract:
To fully consider the impact of asphalt pavement rut on steering stability of autonomous vehicles, the sensitivity of various indicators of rut shape to vehicle stability was comprehensively measured, and pavement rut control standards based on comfort demands of autonomous vehicles were investigated. Firstly, a steering control system for autonomous vehicles was built in Simulink according to fuzzy control theory. Then, through orthogonal experiment design theory, different rut shape indicators are simulated in CarSim. The influence sensitivity of different rut shape indicators and the allowable rut range considering driving comfort were studied. The results show that both the rut depth and the rut side angle have a greater effect on the vehicle vertical acceleration within a certain parameter range. The maximum roll angle of vehicle body is mainly affected by the rut depth, and the rut width has a small effect on the vehicle driving stability. Meanwhile, considering human comfort, the rut side angle should not be greater than 1° when the rut depth reaches 2 cm. For autonomous driving, the rut depth should not exceed 2.5 cm. When the rut depth exceeds 2.5 cm, the vehicle body roll angle caused by the rut exceeds the inertial centrifugal force of the vehicle itself, which has a significant impact on the passenger comfort and safety.
6
Žuraulis, Vidas, Vytenis Surblys, and Eldar Šabanovič. "TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES OF FOREFRONT ROAD IDENTIFICATION FOR VEHICLE COMFORT AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENT." Transport 34, no. 3 (May 27, 2019): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.10372.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents the technological measures currently being developed at institutes and vehicle research centres dealing with forefront road identification. In this case, road identification corresponds with the surface irregularities and road surface type, which are evaluated by laser scanning and image analysis. Real-time adaptation, adaptation in advance and system external informing are stated as sequential generations of vehicle suspension and active braking systems where road identification is significantly important. Active and semi-active suspensions with their adaptation technologies for comfort and road holding characteristics are analysed. Also, an active braking system such as Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) have been considered as very sensitive to the road friction state. Artificial intelligence methods of deep learning have been presented as a promising image analysis method for classification of 12 different road surface types. Concluding the achieved benefit of road identification for traffic safety improvement is presented with reference to analysed research reports and assumptions made after the initial evaluation.
7
El-Hansali, Youssef, Siham Farrag, Ansar Yasar, Elhadi Shakshuki, and Khalid Al-Abri. "Using Surrogate Measures to Evaluate the Safety of Autonomous Vehicles." Procedia Computer Science 191 (2021): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.07.020.
Full text
8
Lahdya, S., and T. Mazri. "DATA SECURITY CHALLENGES IN SELF-DRIVING CAR." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W3-2022 (December 2, 2022): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w3-2022-61-2022.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. As modern vehicles are sophisticated IoT devices with intelligence, capable of connecting to external infrastructure and utilizing vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, communications need to be secured so that cyberattacks do not reach their destination. In addition, the various organs of the car (sensors, communications, and controls) can have weaknesses that lead to accidents or potential fatalities. Automakers have a major responsibility for the safety of their customers and should not ignore important security research, but should ensure that important security measures are implemented that are less likely to attack your vehicle. This paper addresses the relevant attacks and threats to modern vehicles and presents a security analysis and possible countermeasures. We discussed the future of modern and autonomous vehicles and concluded that further countermeasures must be taken to create a future-proof concept.
9
Giuffrè, Tullio, Anna Granà, and Salvatore Trubia. "Safety Evaluation of Turbo-Roundabouts with and without Internal Traffic Separations Considering Autonomous Vehicles Operation." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 8810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168810.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents a microsimulation approach for assessing the safety performance of turbo-roundabouts where Cooperative Autonomous Vehicles “CAVs” have been introduced into the traffic mix alongside conventional vehicles “CVs”. Based on the analysis of vehicle trajectories from VISSIM and subsequent analysis of traffic conflicts through the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM), the research aims to evaluate the safety benefits of turbo-roundabouts where the lanes are physically separated by raised curbs, compared to roundabouts without such curbs. The paper will then describe the methodological path followed to build VISSIM models of turbo-roundabouts with and without raised curbs in order to calibrate the simulation models and estimate the potential conflicts when a higher percentage of CAVs are introduced into the traffic mix. A criterion has been also proposed for setting properly the principal SSAM filters. The results confirmed both higher safety levels for turbo-roundabouts equipped with raised lane dividers compared to turbo-roundabout solutions without curbs, and better safety conditions under the traffic mix of CVs and CAVs. Therefore, it follows that, in absence of crash data including CAVs, the surrogate measures of safety are the only approach in which the safety performance of any roundabout or road entity can be evaluated.
10
Wang, Song, and Zhixia Li. "Roadside Sensing Information Enabled Horizontal Curve Crash Avoidance System Based on Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Technology." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 5 (March 22, 2019): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119837957.
Full textAbstract:
Horizontal curves are a major cause of road departure crashes that lead to fatal and severe injuries. Existing curve crash avoidance systems are typically enabled by displaying safety messages via in-vehicle heads-up/down display. However, these systems just pass the information to drivers. The final decision to reduce or maintain speed in response to the safety message is still the human driver’s. Because of the involvement of the human factor, there is potential for road departure crashes to happen if human drivers do not respond to safety messages appropriately. Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology targets elimination of human error in driving through an automated driving system. In this context, this paper proposes a conceptual prototype of a connected and AV-based horizontal curve crash avoidance system (CAV-HCCAS), aiming at achieving a permanent solution to horizontal curve safety by excluding human error through automated driving. In CAV-HCCAS, a roadside sensor detects pavement wetness level at the horizontal curve and communicates it to the vehicle via dedicated short-range communication. By processing the pavement wetness information, the AV applies a safe curve travel speed that reflects the real-time pavement conditions. An automated driving simulation experiment was performed to prove the concept. Dry and wet pavement conditions were simulated for a horizontal curve. Lane deviation data and the resulting lane departure conflicts were measured as safety performance measures. Results indicate a significant reduction of lane departure conflicts when CAV-HCCAS is implemented under both dry and wet pavement conditions, which reflects a substantial safety benefit.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Autonomous vehicle safety measures"
1
Volland, Kirk N. "Design, construction and testing of a prototype holonomic autonomous vehicle." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FVolland.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S. in Applied Physics)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Harkins, Richard. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 24, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-192). Also available in print.
2
Aslansefat, K., Sohag Kabir, Amr R. A. Abdullatif, Vinod Vasudevan, and Y. Papadopoulos. "Toward Improving Confidence in Autonomous Vehicle Software: A Study on Traffic Sign Recognition Systems." IEEE, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18591.
Full textAbstract:
YesThis article proposes an approach named SafeML II, which applies empirical cumulative distribution function-based statistical distance measures in a designed human-in-the loop procedure to ensure the safety of machine learning-based classifiers in autonomous vehicle software. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) and data-driven decision-making systems in autonomous vehicles is growing rapidly. As autonomous vehicles operate in dynamic environments, the risk that they can face an unknown observation is relatively high due to insufficient training data, distributional shift, or cyber-security attack. Thus, AI-based algorithms should make dependable decisions to improve their interpretation of the environment, lower the risk of autonomous driving, and avoid catastrophic accidents. This paper proposes an approach named SafeML II, which applies empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF)-based statistical distance measures in a designed human-in-the-loop procedure to ensure the safety of machine learning-based classifiers in autonomous vehicle software. The approach is model-agnostic and it can cover various machine learning and deep learning classifiers. The German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) is used to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed approach.
This work was supported by the Secure and Safe MultiRobot Systems (SESAME) H2020 Project under Grant Agreement 101017258.
3
Todescatt, Daniel 1973. "Influência do sistema pré-crash de segurança veicular em ocupantes de diferentes estaturas : Influence of vehicle pre-crash safety system in occupants of different sizes." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265952.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Antonio Celso Fonseca de ArrudaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T20:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Todescatt_Daniel_M.pdf: 4563684 bytes, checksum: 112b516ee4dd9c22aab0bea92df347f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Esta dissertação visa comparar o desempenho de um sistema convencional de proteção de ocupantes (sistema de retenção) em um veículo de passeio com um sistema pre-crash, considerando ocupantes de três tamanhos diferentes. O termo pre-crash significa que pode ocorrer o disparo do air-bag e pré-tensionador antes do instante de impacto enquanto que no sistema convencional o disparo ocorre sempre após o impacto. Com esta finalidade foi utilizado um modelo de simulação desenvolvido no programa `Madymo¿ combinado ao programa de otimização multidisciplinar `Mode-Frontier¿. Este modelo corresponde à parte do veículo que envolve o motorista e é constituído por parte da carroçaria, assento, coluna de direção e o sistema de retenção. Todo o modelo está sujeito a uma curva de aceleração que representa um impacto frontal contra uma barreira rígida a 50 km/h. São utilizados três tamanhos padronizados de ocupantes representados por bonecos (dummies) que possuem sensores em certas partes do corpo com a finalidade de identificar os índices biomecânicos resultantes do impacto. Estes índices biomecânicos identificam o nível de carga sobre estas partes do corpo e podem ser comparados com critérios estabelecidos em norma. Os três tamanhos de ocupante são definidos da seguinte forma: 5%, 50% e 95%. Onde 5% representa a parcela de 5% da população de menor estatura, 50% representa uma estatura equivalente à média da população e 95% a estatura que é maior que 95% da população. Este padrão é definido de acordo com o tamanho da população americana da época em que estes dummies foram desenvolvidos. O trabalho é dividido em três etapas. Na primeira é utilizado o programa de otimização para dimensionar um sistema de retenção que seja ideal para o 'dummy' tamanho 50%. A partir dos parâmetros determinados para o sistema de retenção são avaliados e comparados os índices biomecânicos dos ocupantes de tamanhos 5% e 95%. O objetivo é demonstrar os riscos a que os ocupantes de dimensões fora do tamanho 50% estão sujeitos. Posteriormente são encontrados, também por meio de algoritmo de otimização, os parâmetros do sistema de retenção que são ideais para os ocupantes 5% e 95%. Novamente é feita uma comparação dos resultados. Por fim é feito um procedimento similar considerando a possibilidade de adiantamento no disparo de dois dispositivos do sistema de retenção: air-bag e pré-tensionador. Novamente é utilizado o algoritmo de otimização para encontrar os parâmetros ideais do sistema de retenção para o ocupante de estatura 50%. Neste caso pode-se verificar se ocorre a melhora dos índices biomecânicos para o ocupante de tamanho 50% comparando-se com os resultados obtidos em um sistema de retenção convencional. Porém, neste caso, o aspecto mais importante deste trabalho é verificar se o adiantamento no tempo de disparo possibilita de redução do risco de ferimentos também para os ocupantes com dimensões 5% e 95% mesmo utilizando-se um sistema de retenção dimensionado para o ocupante de tamanho 50%. Palavras-Chave: segurança veicular, impacto veicular frontal, estatura, simulação, otimização
Abstract: This dissertation aims to compare the performance of a conventional occupants protection system in a passenger vehicle with the performance of a pre-crash system, considering occupants of three different sizes. The term pre-crash means that the firing of the airbag and pretensioner may occur before the instant of impact, while in the conventional system the trigger always occurs after impact. With this purpose a simulation model was developed in the software 'MADYMO' combined with the multidisciplinary optimization software 'Mode-Frontier'. The frontal region of the passengers compartment, the seat, the steering column and the restraint system are modelled. The whole model is subject to an acceleration curve that represents a frontal impact against a rigid barrier at 50 km/h. Three standard occupant sizes represented by dummies are used. They have sensors in certain parts of the body with the purpose of identifying the biomechanical results from an impact. The level of biomechanical loads on parts of the body can be compared with the criteria established in the regulations. The three sizes of occupant are defined as follows: 5%, 50% and 95%. Where 5% is the share of 5% of the population with smaller stature, 50% represents a height equivalent to the average of the population and 95% height that is greater than 95% of the population. The default size is set according to the size of the U.S. population at the time that these dummies were developed. The work is divided into three stages. The first uses an optimization program to obtain a restraint system that is ideal for the dummy size 50%. From the parameters determined for the restraint system the biomechanical indices of occupant sizes 5% and 95% are evaluated and compared. The purpose is to demonstrate the risks to which occupants of dimensions out of size 50% are subject. In the second stage the parameters of the restraint system which are ideal for the sizes 5% and 95% are found, also by means of the numerical optimization algorithm. A comparison of the results for the dummy 5% with parameters for 5 and 50% is made. Also a comparison of the results for the dummy 95% with parameters for 95 and 50% is made. Finally, in the third stage, a similar procedure is done considering the advance in the firing time of two devices from the restraint system: air-bag and pretensioner. Again the optimization algorithm is used to find the optimal parameters for the restraint system considering the occupant height 50%. In this case it is checked whether there are improvements of biomechanical indexes for the occupant size 50%, comparing with the results obtained in a conventional restraint system. Here we reach the most important aspect of this work, which is checking if the advance in firing time results in a reduction of the risk of injury also for occupants with dimensions 5% and 95%, even using a retention system sized for the occupant size 50%. Key Words: vehicle safety, vehicle frontal impact, stature, simulation, optimization
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
4
Hamersma, H. A. (Herman Adendorff). "Longitudinal vehicle dynamics control for improved vehicle safety." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40829.
Full textAbstract:
An autonomous vehicle is a vehicle that is capable of navigating and driving with no human intervention whatsoever through the utilization of various sensors and positioning systems. The possible applications of autonomous vehicles are widespread, ranging from the aerospace industry to the mining and military sectors where the exposure of human operators to the operating conditions is hazardous to their health and safety. Automobile accidents have become the leading cause of death in certain segments of the world population. Removing the human driver from the decision-making process through automation may result in significantly safer highways. Although full autonomy may be the ultimate goal, there is huge scope for systems that aid the driver in decision making or systems that take over from the driver under conditions where the human driver fails.
The aim of the longitudinal control system to be implemented on the Land Rover test vehicle in this study is to improve the vehicle’s safety by controlling the vehicle’s longitudinal behaviour. A common problem with sports-utility-vehicles is the low rollover threshold, due to a high centre of gravity. Rather than modifying the vehicle to increase the rollover threshold, the aim of the control system presented here is to prevent the vehicle from exceeding speeds that would cause the vehicle to reach its rollover threshold.
In order to develop a control system that autonomously controls the longitudinal degree of freedom, a model of the test vehicle (a 1997 Land Rover Defender 110 Wagon) was developed in MSC.ADAMS/View and validated experimentally. The model accurately captures the response of the test vehicle to supply forces as generated by the engine and demand forces applied through drag, braking and engine braking. Furthermore, the model has been validated experimentally to provide reliable simulation results for lateral and vertical dynamics.
The control system was developed by generating a reference speed that the vehicle must track. This reference speed was formulated by taking into account the vehicle’s limits due to lateral acceleration, combined lateral and longitudinal acceleration and the vehicle’s performance capabilities. The control system generates the desired throttle pedal position, hydraulic pressure in the brake lines, clutch position and gear selection as output. The MSC.ADAMS\View model of the test vehicle was used to evaluate the performance of the control system on various racetracks of which the GPS coordinates were available. The simulation results indicate that the control system performs as expected.
Finally, the control system was implemented on the test vehicle and the performance was evaluated by conducting field tests in the form of a severe double lane change manoeuvre. The results of the field tests indicated that the control system limited the acceleration vector of the vehicle’s centre of gravity to prescribed limits, as predicted by the simulation results.Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
unrestricted
5
Dowd, Garrett E. "Improving Autonomous Vehicle Safety using Communicationsand Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574861007798385.
Full text
6
Guan, Wenyang. "Adaptive QoS control of DSRC vehicle networks for collaborative vehicle safety applications." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42507.
Full textAbstract:
Road traffic safety has been a subject of worldwide concern. Dedicated short range communications (DSRC) is widely regarded as a promising enabling technology for collaborative safety applications (CSA), which can provide robust communication and affordable performance to build large scale CSA system. The main focus of this thesis is to develop solutions for DSRC QoS control in order to provide robust QoS support for CSA. The first design objective is to ensure robust and reliable message delivery services for safety applications from the DSRC networks. As the spectrum resources allocated to DSRC network are expected to be shared by both safety and non-safety applications, the second design objective is to make QoS control schemes bandwidth-efficient in order to leave as much as possible bandwidth for non-safety applications. The first part of the thesis investigates QoS control in infrastructure based DSRC networks, where roadside access points (AP) are available to control QoS control at road intersections. After analyse DSRC network capabilities on QoS provisioning without congestion control, we propose a two-phases adaptive QoS control method for DSRC vehicle networks. In the first phase an offline simulation based approach is used to and out the best possible system configurations (e.g. message rate and transmit power) with given numbers of vehicles and QoS requirements. It is noted that with different utility functions the values of optimal parameters proposed by the two phases centralized QoS control scheme will be different. The conclusions obtained with the proposed scheme are dependent on the chosen utility functions. But the proposed two phases centralized QoS control scheme is general and is applicable to different utility functions. In the second phase, these configurations are used online by roadside AP adaptively according to dynamic traffic loads. The second part of the thesis is focused on distributed QoS control for DSRC networks. A framework of collaborative QoS control is proposed, following which we utilize the local channel busy time as the indicator of network congestion and adaptively adjust safety message rate by a modified additive increase and multiplicative decrease (AIMD) method in a distributed way. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed QoS control schemes.
7
Adolfsson, Alexander, and Daniel Arrhenius. "Overseeing Intersection System for Autonomous Vehicle Guidance." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254219.
Full textAbstract:
Intersections represents one of the most common accident sites in traffic today. The biggest cause of accidents is obstructed view and subpar communication between vehicles. Since autonomous vehicles rely on sensors that require a direct view intersections are some of the most complex situations. Where the potential for inter vehicular communication exists between modern vehicles, it is absent in the older generation. An overseeing intersection system can fill this function during the transition period to fully autonomous traffic. This project aimed to implement an intersection system to assist autonomous vehicles through a crossroad. The assist system’s objective was to collect and transmit data from cars close to the junction to the autonomous vehicles nearby. The concept was tested in simulations by having models traverse a crossroad to evaluate how it utilised the external information. No persistent conclusion could be made due to insufficient simulation environment and vehicle model control.
8
Yevdokymenkova, Kateryna, and Катерина Андріївна Євдокименкова. "Autonomous transport of the future." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50582.
Full textAbstract:
1. GEAR 2030 and Strategy 2018-2020 – Comparative analysis of the competitive position of the EU automotive industry and the impact of the introduction of autonomous vehicles [Electronic resource] // Publications Office of the EU. – 2020. – Access mode: https://cutt.ly/QcoLTmU.
2. Unmanned multi-purpose vehicles: modern technologies / O. Ya. Nikonov, L. E. Kulakova, T. O. Polosukhina, V. O. Chernyshov. // Automotive and Electronics. Modern technology.. – 2017. – №11. – С. 46–49.
Scientific adviser - doctor of Economics, professor Yanchuk M.B.The idea of autonomous car control has existed for almost a century. However, only now advances in sensors, efficient drives, new materials, and increased computing power led to the realization of this idea
Ідея автономного управління автомобілем існує майже століття. Однак лише зараз досягнення в сенсорах, ефективних приводах, нових матеріалах та збільшеній обчислювальній потужності призвели до її реалізації.
9
Wang, Yuan-Fang. "Computer Vision Analysis for Vehicular Safety Applications." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/596451.
Full textAbstract:
ITC/USA 2015 Conference Proceedings / The Fifty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2015 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NVIn this paper, we present our research on using computer-vision analysis for vehicular safety applications. Our research has potential applications for both autonomous vehicles and connected vehicles. In particular, for connected vehicles, we propose three image analysis algorithms that enhance the quality of a vehicle's on-board video before inter-vehicular information exchange takes place. For autonomous vehicles, we are investigating a visual analysis scheme for collision avoidance during back up and an algorithm for automated 3D map building. These algorithms are relevant to the telemetering domain as they involve determining the relative pose between a vehicle and other vehicles on the road, or between a vehicle and its 3D driving environment, or between a vehicle and obstacles surrounding the vehicle.
10
Ojdanic, Milos. "SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF SAFETY-RELATED CHALLENGES FOR AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS IN SAFETY-CRITICAL APPLICATIONS." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-43980.
Full textAbstract:
An increased focus on the development of autonomous safety-critical systems requiresmore attention at ensuring safety of humans and the environment. The mainobjective of this thesis is to explore the state of the art and to identify the safetyrelatedchallenges being addressed for using autonomy in safety-critical systems. Inparticular, the thesis explores the nature of these challenges, the different autonomylevels they address and the type of safety measures as proposed solutions. Above all,we focus on the safety measures by a degree of adaptiveness, time of being activeand their ability of decision making. Collection of this information is performedby conducting a Systematic Literature Review of publications from the past 9 years.The results showed an increase in publications addressing challenges related to theuse of autonomy in safety-critical systems. We managed to identify four high-levelclasses of safety challenges. The results also indicate that the focus of research wason finding solutions for challenges related to full autonomous systems as well assolutions that are independent of the level of autonomy. Furthermore, consideringthe amount of publications, results show that non-learning solutions addressing theidentified safety challenges prevail over learning ones, active over passive solutionsand decisive over supportive solutions.
Books on the topic "Autonomous vehicle safety measures"
1
ISATA International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation (27th 1994 Aachen, Germany). Road and vehicle safety. Croydon: Automotive Automation, 1994.
Find full text
2
Peters, George A. Automotive Vehicle Safety. London: Taylor & Francis Inc, 2004.
Find full text
3
1950-, Peters Barbara J., ed. Automotive vehicle safety. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.
Find full text
4
Society of Automotive Engineers. Nomenclature Advisory Committee., ed. Motor vehicle safety and environmental terminology. 2nd ed. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1989.
Find full text
5
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION. Ground vehicle operations on airports. Washington, D.C. (800 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington 20591): U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, 2002.
Find full text
6
Brodbeck, John E. Motor fleet safety manual. Edited by National Safety Council. 5th ed. Itasca, Ill: National Safety Council, 2010.
Find full text
7
Brodbeck, John E., and John E. Brodbeck. Motor fleet safety manual. Edited by National Safety Council. 5th ed. Itasca, Ill: National Safety Council, 2010.
Find full text
8
executive, Health and safety. Health & safety in motor vehicle repair. Sudbury: HSE Books, 1997.
Find full text
9
Hartman, Kate. Commercial vehicle safety technology and practice in Europe. Washington, D.C: Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2000.
Find full text
10
L, Collins Rebecca, Eiseman Elisa, and National Defense Research Institute (U.S.), eds. Understanding and reducing off-duty vehicle crashes among military personnel. Santa Monica, CA: RAND National Defense Research Institute, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Autonomous vehicle safety measures"
1
Nilsson, Petter, and Necmiye Ozay. "Provably-Correct Compositional Synthesis of Vehicle Safety Systems." In Safe, Autonomous and Intelligent Vehicles, 97–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97301-2_6.
Full text
2
Fallah, Zehra, Vinod Kumar Shukla, and Mohammad Nadeem Khalid. "Redefining Safety in Autonomous Vehicle Through Remote Teleoperation." In Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition, 219–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2543-5_19.
Full text
3
Fabrizi, Elisabetta, Giuseppe Oriolo, and Giovanni Ulivi. "Accurate Map Building via Fusion of Laser and Ultrasonic Range Measures." In Fuzzy Logic Techniques for Autonomous Vehicle Navigation, 257–79. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1835-2_11.
Full text
4
Spriggs, John. "Developing a Safety Case for Autonomous Vehicle Operation on an Airport." In Current Issues in Safety-Critical Systems, 79–98. London: Springer London, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0653-1_5.
Full text
5
Fainello, M. "Optimizing passive vehicle dynamics for active safety and autonomous driving." In Proceedings, 243–51. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18459-9_17.
Full text
6
Saraoğlu, Mustafa, Qihang Shi, Andrey Morozov, and Klaus Janschek. "Virtual validation of autonomous vehicle safety through simulation-based testing." In Proceedings, 419–34. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29943-9_33.
Full text
7
Jiang, Zhenyu, Zhongli Wang, Xin Cui, and Chaochao Zheng. "Intelligent Safety Decision-Making for Autonomous Vehicle in Highway Environment." In Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 702–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89092-6_64.
Full text
8
Prakash, Rishita, Himanshu Malviya, Arushi Naudiyal, Rajesh Singh, and Anita Gehlot. "An Approach to Inter-vehicle and Vehicle-to-Roadside Communication for Safety Measures." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1603–10. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5903-2_166.
Full text
9
Kuutti, Sampo, Saber Fallah, and Richard Bowden. "Safety Validation of Neural Networks." In Deep Learning for Autonomous Vehicle Control: Algorithms, State-of-the-Art, and Future Prospects, 31–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01502-1_4.
Full text
10
Morandi, Angelica, Monica Verga, Elettra Oleari, Lorenza Gasperotti, and Paolo Fiorini. "A Methodological Framework for the Definition of Patient Safety Measures in Robotic Surgery: The Experience of SAFROS Project." In Frontiers of Intelligent Autonomous Systems, 381–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35485-4_33.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Autonomous vehicle safety measures"
1
Alghodhaifi, Hesham, and Sridhar Lakshmanan. "Simulation-based model for surrogate safety measures analysis in automated vehicle-pedestrian conflict on an urban environment." In Autonomous Systems: Sensors, Processing and Security for Vehicles & Infrastructure 2020, edited by Michael C. Dudzik and Stephen M. Jameson. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2558830.
Full text
2
Raemy, Nicola, and Galia Kondova. "Distributed Ledger Technology in Autonomous Driving: A Security Protection Layer." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2022) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100953.
Full textAbstract:
Cybersecurity in autonomous driving is of utmost importance since a hacked self-driving car could turn into a remote-controlled weapon. Appropriate measures must be taken and implemented to ensure future road safety. The substantially shorter renewal cycles in the hardware (e.g., sensors, computer hardware) and especially software domain compared to the current service life of a vehicle represent a further challenge The use of blockchain technology could enhance security in autonomous driving and thus reduce cybersecurity risks. This paper studies current developments of Swiss pilot projects in autonomous driving and discusses existing solutions for increasing safety of autonomous driving through blockchain.
3
Sjaarda, Matthew, and Alain Nussbaumer. "The impact of heavy vehicle platoons on bridge traffic loads." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.0700.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Traffic experts expect that interconnected autonomous vehicles will be implemented on roads in the near future to reduce emissions and to increase safety on roads [1], [2]. Since the navigation of vehicles in platoons is highly time synchronized, current inter-vehicle distances will decrease. Simulations have been conducted to measure the effect of platoons on bridge traffic loads in this study. Information regarding vehicle characteristics in current traffic is gathered using weigh-in- motion (WIM) technology so that synthetic traffic may be generated. Platoons are created through a “swapping” algorithm; the result is a traffic stream with platoons, and an otherwise equivalent basic traffic stream. A library of bridge influence lines is then subjected to each traffic stream to observe the effects of platoons on maximum load effects. The goal is to provide policy-makers and bridge authorities with the knowledge to make wise decisions during this transportation revolution.</p>
4
Sjaarda, Matthew, and Alain Nussbaumer. "The impact of heavy vehicle platoons on bridge traffic loads." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.0700.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Traffic experts expect that interconnected autonomous vehicles will be implemented on roads in the near future to reduce emissions and to increase safety on roads [1], [2]. Since the navigation of vehicles in platoons is highly time synchronized, current inter-vehicle distances will decrease. Simulations have been conducted to measure the effect of platoons on bridge traffic loads in this study. Information regarding vehicle characteristics in current traffic is gathered using weigh-in- motion (WIM) technology so that synthetic traffic may be generated. Platoons are created through a “swapping” algorithm; the result is a traffic stream with platoons, and an otherwise equivalent basic traffic stream. A library of bridge influence lines is then subjected to each traffic stream to observe the effects of platoons on maximum load effects. The goal is to provide policy-makers and bridge authorities with the knowledge to make wise decisions during this transportation revolution.</p>
5
Jinzhu Wang, Jinzhu Wang, Jie Bai Jie Bai, Libo Huang Libo Huang, and Huanlei Chen Huanlei Chen. "Autonomous Driving Decision-making Based on the Combination of Deep Reinforcement Learning and Rule-based Controller." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2021-acm-108.
Full textAbstract:
As autonomous vehicles begin to drive on the road, rational decision making is essential for driving safety and efficiency. The decision-making of autonomous vehicles is a difficult problem since it depends on the surrounding dynamic environment constraints and its own motion constraints. As the result of the combination of deep learning (DL) and reinforcement learning (RL), deep reinforcement learning (DRL) integrates DL's strong understanding of perception problems such as visual and semantic text, as well as the decision-making ability of RL. Hence, DRL can be used to solve complex problems in real scenarios. However, as an end-to-end method, DRL is inefficient and the final result tend to be poorly robust. Considering the usefulness of existing domain knowledge for autonomous vehicle decision-making, this paper uses domain knowledge to establish behavioral rules and combine rule-based behavior strategies with DRL methods, so that we can achieve efficient training of autonomous vehicle decision-making models and ensure the vehicle to chooses safe actions under unknown circumstances. First, the continuous decision-making problem of autonomous vehicles is modeled as a Markov decision process (MDP). Taking into account the influence of unknown intentions of other road vehicles on self-driving decisions, a recognition model of the behavioral intentions of other vehicles was established. Then, the linear dynamic model of the conventional vehicle is used to establish the relationship between the vehicle decision-making behavior and the motion trajectory. Finally, by designing the reward function of the MDP, we use a combination of RL and behavior rules-based controller, the expected driving behavior of the autonomous vehicle is obtained. In this paper, the simulation environment of scenes of intersections in urban roads and highways is established, and each situation is formalized as an RL problem. Meanwhile, a large number of numerical simulations were carried out, and the comparison of our method and the end-to-end form of DRL technology were discussed. "Due to its robust operation and high performance during bad weather conditions and overnight as well as the ability of using the Doppler Effect to measure directly the velocity of objects, the radar sensor is used in many application fields. Especially in automotive many radar sensors are used for the perception of the environment to increase the safety of the traffic. To increase the security level especially for vulnerable road users (VRU’s) like pedestrians or cyclists, radar sensors are used in driver assistance systems. Radar sensors are also used in the infrastructure, e.g. a commercial application is the detection of cars and pedestrians to manage traffic lights. Furthermore, radar sensors installed in the infrastructure are used in research projects for safeguarding future autonomous traffic. The object recognition and accuracy of radar-based sensing in the infrastructure can be increased by cooperating radar systems, which consist out of several sensors. This paper focus on the data fusion method of two radar sensors to increase the performance of detection and localization. For data fusion the high level cluster data of the two radar sensors are used as input data in a neuronal net (NN) structure. The results are compared to the localization obtained by using only a single radar sensor operating with an ordinary tracking algorithm. First, different models for chosen region of interests (ROI) and operating mode of cooperative sensors are developed and the data structure is discussed. In addition, the data are preprocessed with a coordinate transformation and time synchronization for both sensors, as well as the noise filtering to reduce the amount of clusters for the algorithm. Furthermore, three NN structures (CNN, DNN and LSTM) for static + dynamic objects and only dynamic objects are created, trained and discussed. Also, based on the results further improvements for the NN performance will be discussed."
6
Hassani, Vahid, Naveena Crasta, and António M. Pascoal. "Cyber Security Issues in Navigation Systems of Marine Vessels From a Control Perspective." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61771.
Full textAbstract:
Autonomous marine vessels are the way forward to revolutionize maritime operations. However, the safety and success of autonomous missions depend critically on the availability of a reliable positioning system and time information generated using global positioning system (GPS) data. GPS data are further used for guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) of vehicles. At a mission planning level GPS data are commonly assumed to be reliable. From this perspective, this article aims to highlight the perils of maritime navigation attacks, showing the need for the enhancement of standards and security measures to intercept any serious threats to marine vessels emanating from cyber attacks and GPS spoofing. To this end, we consider a case where a cyber attacker blocks the real GPS signals and dupes the GPS antennas on board the marine vehicle with fake signals. Using the Nomoto model for the steering dynamics of a marine vessel and exploiting tools from linear control theory we show analytically, and verify using numerical simulations, that it is possible to influence the state variables of the marine vessel by manipulating the compromised GPS data.
7
Oh, Kwangseok, and Kyongsu Yi. "A Longitudinal Model Based Probabilistic Fault Diagnosis Algorithm of Autonomous Vehicles Using Sliding Mode Observer." In ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems collocated with the ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2017-5467.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes a longitudinal model based probabilistic fault diagnosis algorithm of autonomous vehicles using sliding mode observer. Autonomous vehicles use various sensors such as radar, lidar, and camera to obtain environment information. And internal sensors such as wheel speed, acceleration, and steering angle sensors have been used in vehicle to measure vehicle dynamic states. Based on the measured environment and vehicle states information, autonomous vehicle decides how to drive and control steering, throttle, and brake. Therefore, fault diagnosis of sensors used in autonomous vehicles is the most important for safe driving. In order to diagnosis longitudinal acceleration sensor fault of autonomous vehicle, longitudinal kinematic model has been used. The relative acceleration has been reconstructed using sliding mode observer based on environment information such as relative displacement and velocity between preceding vehicle and subject vehicle. The reconstructed relative acceleration has been used to compute longitudinal acceleration probabilistically based on analyzed longitudinal vehicle’s acceleration. The computed acceleration has been compared with measured acceleration for fault diagnosis of the acceleration sensor. The probabilistic fault diagnosis algorithm has been proposed and evaluated using actual data with arbitrary fault signal. The evaluation results of the proposed fault diagnosis algorithm show the reasonable fault diagnosis performance.
8
Kretzschmar, Florian, Matthias Beggiato, and Alois Pichler. "Detection of Discomfort in Autonomous Driving via Stochastic Approximation." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002437.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most important goals in the field of autonomous driving development is to make the experience for the passenger as pleasant and comfortable as possible. In addition to traditional influence factors on passenger comfort, new aspects arise due to the transfer of control from the human to the vehicle. Some of these are apparent safety, motion sickness, user preferences regarding driving style and information needs. Ideally, the vehicle and the passenger should form a team, whereby the vehicle should be able to detect and predict situations of discomfort in real time and take measures accordingly. This requires not only the continuous monitoring of the passengers state but also the implementation of adequate mathematical models. To investigate how this teaming of human and automated agents can be shaped in the most effective way is a key topic of the Collaborative Research Center “Hybrid Societies (https://hybrid-societies.org/). In this framework, driving simulator data from the previous project “KomfoPilot” (https://bit.ly/komfopilot) is re-analyzed using new mathematical models. The participants in the study completed several automated drives and reported continuously situations of discomfort using a handset control. Sensor data was collected simultaneously using eye tracking glasses, a smart band, seat pressure sensors and video cameras for motion and face tracking. While pupil diameter, heart rate, interblink intervals, skin conductance and head movement have already been identified as potential single indicators of discomfort, it is now necessary to integrate these and other findings of the project into a functional multivariate model. In this paper, we investigate how such a model can be shaped to offer high prediction accuracy and viable practical implementation. The first important question – which arises from the heterogeneity of the participants – is whether to work with training data on an individual or aggregated level. We compare both possibilities by applying techniques from the field of stochastic approximation for clustering of the chosen training set and subsequent classification of the test data. In the case of an individual model for each participant, we furthermore divide the participants into subgroups and analyze whether there is a connection between the physiological reactions of a passenger and his/her demographic characteristics and driving experience. Finally, we discuss the potential of our method as a reliable prediction model as well as implications for future driving simulator studies and related research.
9
Nicolás Palomares, Nicolás Palomares, Juan Manuel Belda, Sofía Iranzo Sofía Iranzo, Javier Silva Javier Silva, Begoña Mateo Begoña Mateo, José Laparra-Hernández José Laparra-Hernández, and José Solaz José Solaz. "Enhancing the acceptance of future automated vehicles through understanding the emotional state of passengers." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2021-acm-117.
Full textAbstract:
"One of the main causes of lack of acceptance in innovation is ignoring the needs and preferences of potential customers in the development phases. In the case of the connected automated vehicle (CAV), there is an important degree of user skepticism based on the awareness of the complexity and the risks of this technology. Public acceptance is a multi-faceted construct, tightly related to emotional processes and trust in a new technology, beyond the accomplishment of functional performance. However, the current approach based on the technology push threatens social viability of innovative technology like CAV, as it creates a gap between the well-thought technical reliability and public acceptance. The H2020 project SUaaVE (SUpporting acceptance of automated VEhicle) aims to make a change in the current situation of public acceptance of CAV. SUaaVE formulates a new concept called ALFRED, a human centered artificial intelligence to humanize the vehicle actions by understanding the emotions of the passengers of the CAV while also managing corrective actions in vehicle for enhancing trip experience. In line with this research, the H2020 project DIAMOND (Revealing fair and actionable knowledge from data to support women’s inclusion in transport systems) seeks to generate knowledge from data for more inclusive and efficient transport systems, being one of the main objectives to enhance the acceptance of women using and driving automated vehicles. This paper presents the main results obtained of two experimental tests carried out in each of the two projects. More than 50 subjects participated in each test, experiencing different scenarios of L4 automated vehicles in an immersive dynamic driving simulator. In both tests, the physiological response of the participants was measured (HR, EDA and facial EMG), considering other additional biometrics (breathing rate, temperature, sweating) and behavioral (facial expression, blinking, etc.) in the case of SUaaVE project. In case of DIAMOND, the experimentation was focused on estimating the participant emotional state, arousal and valence, by HR, EDA and facial EMG in autonomous driving scenarios. The goal was to explore the influence of gender and related intersectional variables in the emotional response that could lead to autonomous vehicle acceptance. The analysis of the test in SUaaVE has allowed a scientific advance defining an emotional model based on the contextual factors involving the experience in the Ego Car - The trip purpose (work travel, day shift, holidays, etc.) and the state of road (density of cars, weather conditions, safety envelop, etc.) – together with complete monitoring the passenger’s physiology and behavior. The approach presented will facilitate that automated vehicles are able to understand how we feel and use such information to make system more empathic, responding to the occupant emotions in real time. This will allow to OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers a detailed characterization of the passenger needs, enabling them the development of strategies to enhance the in-cabin experiences and, in case of DIAMOND project, include needs in women in CAV deployment strategies."
10
CHOPPALA, SAM, POOJHITA VURTURBADARINATH, MARIA CHIERICHETTI, and FATEMEH DAVOUDI KHAKI. "APPLICATIONS OF SURROGATE FINITE ELEMENT MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH FOR STRUCTURAL MONITORING." In Structural Health Monitoring 2021. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2021/36284.
Full textAbstract:
Current maintenance intervals of mechanical systems are scheduled a priori based on the life of the system, resulting in expensive maintenance scheduling, and often undermining the safety of passengers. This problem is particularly relevant in the development of autonomous vehicles, especially in the concept of urban air mobility. The actual usage of the vehicle will be used to predict stresses in the structure and therefore to define maintenance scheduling. Supervised regression machine learning algorithms are used to map a reduced set of data coming from real-time measurements of a structure into a detailed/high-fidelity finite element analysis (FEA) model of the same system, therefore creating a surrogate of the finite element model. The paper will present applications of the approach to a one-dimensional beam structure, modeled with finite element methods. Based on the response of the beam measured at a few reference locations, the surrogate finite element approach determines the entire response of the beam at all spatial locations (displacements, velocities, accelerations, stresses, strains) using neural networks. The FEA-based machine learning approach estimates the stress distribution over the entire system during operations, thus improving the ability to define ad-hoc, safe and efficient maintenance procedures. The effect of type of input features and output and their relationship on the performance of the neural network is discussed, as well as the effect of the beam boundary conditions on network performance.
Reports on the topic "Autonomous vehicle safety measures"
1
Rolufs, Angela, Amelia Trout, Kevin Palmer, Clark Boriack, Bryan Brilhart, and Annette Stumpf. Autonomous Transport Innovation (ATI) : integration of autonomous electric vehicles into a tactical microgrid. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42160.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the Autonomous Transport Innovation (ATI) technical research program is to investigate current gaps and challenges then develop solutions to integrate emerging electric transport vehicles, vehicle autonomy, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) charging and microgrid technologies with military legacy equipment. The ATI research area objectives are to: identify unique military requirements for autonomous transportation technologies; identify currently available technologies that can be adopted for military applications and validate the suitability of these technologies to close need gaps; identify research and operational tests for autonomous transport vehicles; investigate requirements for testing and demonstrating of bidirectional vehicle charging within a tactical environment; develop requirements for a sensored, living laboratory that will be used to assess the performance of autonomous innovations; and integrate open standards to promote interoperability and broad-platform compatibility. The research performed resulted in an approach to develop a sensored, living laboratory with operational testing capability to assess the safety, utility, interoperability, and resiliency of autonomous electric transport and V2G technologies in a tactical microgrid. The living laboratory will support research and assessment of emerging technologies and determine the prospect for implementation in defense transport operations and contingency base energy resilience.
2
Wang, Shenlong, and David Forsyth. Safely Test Autonomous Vehicles with Augmented Reality. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-015.
Full textAbstract:
This work exploits augmented reality to safely train and validate autonomous vehicles’ performance in the real world under safety-critical scenarios. Toward this goal, we first develop algorithms that create virtual traffic participants with risky behaviors and seamlessly insert the virtual events into real images perceived from the physical world. The resulting composed images are photorealistic and physically grounded. The manipulated images are fed into the autonomous vehicle during testing, allowing the self-driving vehicle to react to such virtual events within either a photorealistic simulator or a real-world test track and real hardware systems. Our presented technique allows us to develop safe, hardware-in-the-loop, and cost-effective tests for self-driving cars to respond to immersive safety-critical traffic scenarios.
3
Lever, James, Allan Delaney, Laura Ray, E. Trautman, Lynette Barna, and Amy Burzynski. Autonomous GPR surveys using the polar rover Yeti. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43600.
Full textAbstract:
The National Science Foundation operates stations on the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland to investigate Earth’s climate history, life in extreme environments, and the evolution of the cosmos. Understandably, logistics costs predominate budgets due to the remote locations and harsh environments involved. Currently, manual ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys must preceed vehicle travel across polar ice sheets to detect subsurface crevasses or other voids. This exposes the crew to the risks of undetected hazards. We have developed an autonomous rover, Yeti, specifically to conduct GPR surveys across polar ice sheets. It is a simple four-wheel-drive, battery-powered vehicle that executes autonomous surveys via GPS waypoint following. We describe here three recent Yeti deployments, two in Antarctica and one in Greenland. Our key objective was to demonstrate the operational value of a rover to locate subsurface hazards. Yeti operated reliably at −30 ◦C, and it has good oversnow mobility and adequate GPS accuracy for waypoint-following and hazard georeferencing. It has acquired data on hundreds of crevasse encounters to improve our understanding of heavily crevassed traverse routes and to develop automated crevasse-detection algorithms. Importantly, it helped to locate a previously undetected buried building at the South Pole. Yeti can improve safety by decoupling survey personnel from the consequences of undetected hazards. It also enables higher-quality systematic surveys to improve hazard-detection probabilities, increase assessment confidence, and build datasets to understand the evolution of these regions. Yeti has demonstrated that autonomous vehicles have great potential to improve the safety and efficiency of polar logistics.
4
Porcel Magnusson, Cristina. Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection by LiDAR in Autonomous Vehicles. SAE International, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021002.
Full textAbstract:
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) utilize multiple devices, like high-resolution cameras and radar sensors, to interpret the driving environment and achieve full autonomy. One of these instruments—the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor—utilizes pulsed infrared (IR) light, typically at wavelengths of 905 nm or 1,550 nm, to calculate object distance and position. Exterior automotive paint covers an area larger than any other exterior material. Therefore, understanding how LiDAR wavelengths interact with vehicle coatings is extremely important for the safety of future automated driving technologies. Sensing technologies and materials are two different industries that have not directly interacted in the perception and system sense. With the new applications in the AV industry, multidisciplinary approaches need to be taken to ensure reliability and safety in the future. Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection by LiDAR in Autonomous Vehicles provides a transversal view of different industry segments, from pigment and coating manufacturers to LiDAR components and vehicle system development and integration. The report includes a structured decomposition of the different variables and technologies involved.
5
Rolufs, Angela, Amelia Trout, Kevin Palmer, Clark Boriack, Bryan Brilhart, and Annette Stumpf. Integration of autonomous electric transport vehicles into a tactical microgrid : final report. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42007.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the Autonomous Transport Innovation (ATI) technical research program is to investigate current gaps and challenges and develop solutions to integrate emerging electric transport vehicles, vehicle autonomy, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) charging and microgrid technologies with military legacy equipment. The ATI research area objectives are to: identify unique military requirements for autonomous transportation technologies; identify currently available technologies that can be adopted for military applications and validate the suitability of these technologies to close need gaps; identify research and operational tests for autonomous transport vehicles; investigate requirements for testing and demonstrating of bidirectional-vehicle charging within a tactical environment; develop requirements for a sensored, living laboratory that will be used to assess the performance of autonomous innovations; and integrate open standards to promote interoperability and broad-platform compatibility. This final report summarizes the team’s research, which resulted in an approach to develop a sensored, living laboratory with operational testing capability to assess the safety, utility, interoperability, and resiliency of autonomous electric transport and V2G technologies in a tactical microgrid. The living laboratory will support research and assessment of emerging technologies and determine the prospect for implementation in defense transport operations and contingency base energy resilience.
6
Larkin, Lance, Thomas Carlson, William D’Andrea, Andrew Johnson, and Natalie Myers. Network development and autonomous vehicles : a smart transportation testbed at Fort Carson : project report summary and recommendations. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45941.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, a smart transportation testbed was utilized at Fort Carson to demonstrate three use cases for the primary purpose to plan, develop, demonstrate, and employ autonomous vehicle technologies at military installations and within the surrounding communities to evaluate commercially available Connected and Automated Vehicles and the potential to reduce base operating costs, improve safety and quality of life for military service members and their families, and deliver services more efficiently and effectively. To meet this purpose, an automated vehicle shuttle, an unmanned aerial system, and a wireless network were used and tested during the project. Results for the automated shuttle indicated that despite the quantity of data generated by operations, the contractors may not be ready to share information in a readily usable format. Additionally, successful use by the public is predicated on both knowing their mobility pat-terns and staff members promoting trust in the technology to prospective riders. Results for the unmanned aerial system showed successful identification of foreign object debris and runway cracks at the airfield. The wireless network is now operational and is used for additional work which utilizes the installed traffic cameras.
7
Dahal, Sachindra, and Jeffery Roesler. Passive Sensing of Electromagnetic Signature of Roadway Material for Lateral Positioning of Vehicle. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-039.
Full textAbstract:
Autonomous vehicles (AV) and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) offer multiple safety benefits for drivers and road agencies. However, maintaining the lateral position of an AV or a vehicle with ADAS within a lane is a challenge, especially in adverse weather conditions when lane markings are occluded. For significant penetration of AV without compromising safety, vehicle-to-infrastructure sensing capabilities are necessary, especially during severe weather conditions. This research proposes a method to create a continuous electromagnetic (EM) signature on the roadway, using materials compatible with existing paving materials and construction methods. Laboratory testing of the proposed concept was performed on notched concrete-slab specimens and concrete prisms containing EM materials. An induction-based eddy-current sensor and magnetometers were implemented to detect the EM signature. The detected signals were compared to evaluate the effects of sensor height above the concrete surface, type of EM materials, EM-material volume, material shape, and volume of EM concrete prisms. A layer of up to 2 in. (5.1 cm) of water, ice, snow, or sand was placed between the sensor and the concrete slab to represent adverse weather conditions. Results showed that factors such as sensor height, EM-material volume, EM dosage, types of the EM material, and shape of the EM material in the prism were significant attenuators of the EM signal and must be engineered properly. Presence of adverse surface conditions had a negligible effect, as compared to normal conditions, indicating robustness of the presented method. This study proposes a promising method to complement existing sensors’ limitations in AVs and ADAS for effective lane-keeping during normal and adverse weather conditions with the help of vehicle-to-pavement interaction.
8
Singh, Niranjan, Jone Tawaketini,, Roman Kudin, and Gerry Hamilton. Are We Building Agile Graduate Capabilities to Meet Automotive Service Industry Trends? Unitec ePress, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.085.
Full textAbstract:
The inexorable use of electronic technology and rising user expectations of motorised transport are quickly moving the service industry towards a rapidly changing environment. To maintain the ability to deal with new and emerging technologies, industry leaders will need to rethink how they will address their staffing strategies. In this research, we found that the New Zealand automotive service industry is markedly different from what it was twenty years ago as technology in vehicles have been increased due to environmental legislation and customer demands. The service industry is going through a technological revolution as new more environmentally friendly vehicles are introduced into the fleet. Further technological complications are added as vehicle safety is improved through automation of vehicles and soon to become common, fully autonomous vehicles. Service technician training programmes must be modified to ensure that the industry is capable of dealing with high technology vehicles when they come up for service or repair.
9
Bell, Matthew, Rob Ament, Damon Fick, and Marcel Huijser. Improving Connectivity: Innovative Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures for Wildlife, Bicyclists, and/or Pedestrians. Nevada Department of Transportation, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.09.
Full textAbstract:
Engineers and ecologists continue to explore new methods and adapt existing techniques to improve highway mitigation measures that increase motorist safety and conserve wildlife species. Crossing structures, overpasses and underpasses, combined with fences, are some of the most highly effective mitigation measures employed around the world to reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) with large animals, increase motorist safety, and maintain habitat connectivity across transportation networks for many other types and sizes of wildlife. Published research on structural designs and materials for wildlife crossings is limited and suggests relatively little innovation has occurred. Wildlife crossing structures for large mammals are crucial for many highway mitigation strategies, so there is a need for new, resourceful, and innovative techniques to construct these structures. This report explored the promising application of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) to a wildlife crossing using an overpass. The use of FRP composites has increased due to their high strength and light weight characteristics, long service life, and low maintenance costs. They are highly customizable in shape and geometry and the materials used (e.g., resins and fibers) in their manufacture. This project explored what is known about FRP bridge structures and what commercial materials are available in North America that can be adapted for use in a wildlife crossing using an overpass structure. A 12-mile section of US Highway 97 (US-97) in Siskiyou County, California was selected as the design location. Working with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), a site was selected for the FRP overpass design where it would help reduce WVCs and provide habitat connectivity. The benefits of a variety of FRP materials have been incorporated into the US-97 crossing design, including in the superstructure, concrete reinforcement, fencing, and light/sound barriers on the overpass. Working with Caltrans helped identify the challenges and limitations of using FRP materials for bridge construction in California. The design was used to evaluate the life cycle costs (LCCs) of using FRP materials for wildlife infrastructure compared to traditional materials (e.g., concrete, steel, and wood). The preliminary design of an FRP wildlife overpass at the US-97 site provides an example of a feasible, efficient, and constructible alternative to the use of conventional steel and concrete materials. The LCC analysis indicated the preliminary design using FRP materials could be more cost effective over a 100-year service life than ones using traditional materials.
10
She, Ruifeng, and Yanfeng Ouyang. Generalized Link-Cost Function and Network Design for Dedicated Truck-Platoon Lanes to Improve Energy, Pavement Sustainability, and Traffic Efficiency. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-037.
Full textAbstract:
Recent development of autonomous and connected trucks (ACT) has provided the freight industry with the option of using truck platooning to improve fuel efficiency, traffic throughput, and safety. However, closely spaced and longitudinally aligned trucks impose frequent and concentrated loading on pavements, which often accelerates pavement deterioration and increases the life cycle costs for the highway agency. Also, effectiveness of truck platooning can be maximized only in dedicated lanes; and its benefits and costs need to be properly balanced between stakeholders. This paper proposes a network-design model to optimize (i) placement of dedicated truck-platoon lanes and toll price in a highway network, (ii) pooling and routing of ACT traffic from multiple origins and destinations to utilize these lanes, and (iii) configuration of truck platoons within these lanes (e.g., lateral displacements and vehicle separations). The problem is formulated as an integrated bi-level optimization model. The upper level makes decisions on converting existing highway lanes into dedicated platoon lanes, as well as setting user fees. The lower-level decisions are made by independent shippers regarding the choice of routes and use of platoon lanes vs. regular lanes; and they collectively determine truck traffic in all lanes. Link-cost functions for platoon lanes are obtained by simultaneously optimizing, through dynamic programming, pavement-rehabilitation activities and platoon configuration in the pavement's life cycle. A numerical case study is used to demonstrate the applicability and performance of the proposed model framework over the Illinois freeway system. It is shown that the freight traffic is effectively channelized on a few corridors of platoon lanes and, by setting proper user fees to cover pavement-rehabilitation costs, systemwide improvements for both freight shippers and highway agencies can be achieved.