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Journal articles on the topic 'Autonomic reflexes'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

MURPHY, J. D., R. S. VAUGHAN, and M. ROSEN. "Intravenous enalaprilat and autonomic reflexes." Anaesthesia 44, no. 10 (October 1989): 816–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1989.tb09098.x.

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2

Ma, Qiufu. "Somato–Autonomic Reflexes of Acupuncture." Medical Acupuncture 32, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acu.2020.1488.

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3

LAGERCRANTZ, H., D. EDWARDS, D. HENDERSON-SMART, T. HERTZBERG, and H. JEFFERY. "Autonomic Reflexes in Preterm Infants." Acta Paediatrica 79, no. 8-9 (August 1990): 721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11546.x.

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4

Tayebjee, M. H., S. P. Singh, and G. Y. H. Lip. "Autonomic reflexes in heterotopic heart transplantation." International Journal of Clinical Practice 58, no. 5 (May 28, 2004): 520–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-5031.2004.00185.x.

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5

Ekholm, E. M. K., S. J. Piha, K. J. Antila, and R. U. Erkkola. "Cardiovascular autonomic reflexes in mid-pregnancy." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 100, no. 2 (February 1993): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15217.x.

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6

Jones, A. S. "Autonomic reflexes and non-allergic rhinitis." Allergy 52 (July 1997): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04817.x.

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7

Korpelainen, J. T., K. A. Sotaniemi, K. Suominen, U. Tolonen, and V. V. Myllylä. "Cardiovascular autonomic reflexes in brain infarction." Stroke 25, no. 4 (April 1994): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.str.25.4.787.

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8

Jáuregui-Renaud, Kathrine, Antonio G. Hermosillo, Angélica Gómez, Manlio F. Márquez, Manuel Cárdenas, and Adolfo M. Bronstein. "Autonomic Function Interferes in Cardiovascular Reflexes." Archives of Medical Research 34, no. 3 (May 2003): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0188-4409(03)00023-7.

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9

Piha, Sampo J. "Cardiovascular autonomic reflexes in heavy smokers." Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 48, no. 1 (June 1994): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(94)90161-9.

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10

Kaufmann, Horacio, Kirsty Bhattacharya, Miodrag Velickovic, and Michael Schilsky. "Autonomic cardiovascular reflexes in Wilson's disease." Clinical Autonomic Research 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10286-002-0017-y.

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11

Lee, Ju-Young, and Jeong-Yoon Choi. "Anatomic and Physiologic Properties and Clinical Manifestations ofVestibulo-Autonomic Reflexes." Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 40, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17340/jkna.2022.4.1.

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The vestibular nervous system senses linear and angular acceleration upon the head during postural change and generates vestibular nerve activity changes. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary physiologic processes throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems. The vestibular and autonomic systems interplay throughout several brain regions to maintain homeostasis during the postural changes, called vestibulo-autonomic reflex. In this review, we first contemplated the anatomic and physiologic properties of vestibulo-autonomic reflex, focusing on the relationship between vestibular and cardiovascular systems and between the vestibular and respiratory systems and the role of the brainstem and cerebellum on the vestibulo-autonomic reflex. Then, we summarized the autonomic dysfunction reported in patients with various vestibular disorders, such as acute unilateral vestibulopathy, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere’s disease, and persistent perceptual postural dizziness. Finally, we described the mechanism of autonomic manifestation in vestibular disorders in detail using the recently proposed mechanism of vestibular syncope integrating the vestibular system, brainstem and cerebellum, and autonomic system functions.
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12

Widdicombe, John, and Lu-Yuan Lee. "Airway Reflexes, Autonomic Function, and Cardiovascular Responses." Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (August 2001): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3454673.

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13

Ma, Qiufu. "Somatotopic organization of autonomic reflexes by acupuncture." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 76 (October 2022): 102602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2022.102602.

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14

Widdicombe, J., and L. Y. Lee. "Airway reflexes, autonomic function, and cardiovascular responses." Environmental Health Perspectives 109, suppl 4 (August 2001): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s4579.

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15

Grundy, D. "B-afferents: The basis for autonomic reflexes?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (June 1990): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0007878x.

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16

Gutrecht, JoséA. "Autonomic cardiovascular reflexes in progressive supranuclear palsy." Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 39, no. 1 (June 1992): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(92)90248-f.

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17

Ford, Anthony P., Bradley J. Undem, Lori A. Birder, David Grundy, Wioletta Pijacka, and Julian F. R. Paton. "P2X3 receptors and sensitization of autonomic reflexes." Autonomic Neuroscience 191 (September 2015): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2015.04.005.

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18

Martín, Rosario, Cristina Ribera, Jose Manuel Moltó, Carolina Ruiz, Luz Galiano, and Jorge Matías-Guiu. "Cardiovascular Reflexes in Patients With Vascular Headache." Cephalalgia 12, no. 6 (December 1992): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.1992.00360.x.

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We have investigated the autonomic function of 75 patients with migraine by examining cardiovascular reflex function. The results were compared with those of 78 healthy volunteers. Measurements were made between attacks. Patients with migraine showed a smaller heart-rate response to deep breathing but a greater heart-rate response and higher blood pressure to standing when compared to controls. Migraine patients had a higher percentage of established sympathetic lesions (51% vs 17%) and severe (25% vs 5%) or atypical (24% vs 11.5%) global autonomic dysfunction. No significant differences were found among patients with migraine with aura, migraine without aura, and migraine with prolonged aura. Our findings indicate that patients with migraine have sympathetic hypofunction.
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19

Latson, T. W., V. A. Hyndman, and M. A. Mirhej. "RAPID CHANGES IN AUTONOMIC REFLEXES INDUCED BY PENTOTHAL." Anesthesia & Analgesia 70, Supplement (February 1990): S226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199002001-00226.

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20

Armour, J. A. "Cardiac effects of electrically induced intrathoracic autonomic reflexes." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 714–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-114.

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Electrical stimulation of the afferent components in one cardiopulmonary nerve (the left vagosympathetic complex at a level immediately caudal to the origin of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve) in acutely decentralized thoracic autonomic ganglionic preparations altered cardiac chronotropism and inotropism in 17 of 44 dogs. Since these neural preparations were acutely decentralized, the effects were mediated presumably via intrathoracic autonomic reflexes. The lack of consistency of these reflexly generated cardiac responses presumably were due in part to anatomical variation of afferent axons in the afferent nerve stimulated. As stimulation of the afferent components in the same neural structure caudal to the heart (where cardiopulmonary afferent axons are not present) failed to elicit cardiac responses in any dog, it is presumed that when cardiac responses were elicited by the more cranially located stimulations, these were due to activation of afferent axons arising from the heart and (or) lungs. When cardiac responses were elicited, intramyocardial pressures in the right ventricular conus as well as the ventral and lateral walls of the left ventricle were augmented. Either bradycardia or tachycardia was elicited. Following hexamethonium administration no responses were produced, demonstrating that nicotonic cholinergic synaptic mechanisms were involved in these intrathoracic cardiopulmonary–cardiac reflexes. In six of the animals, when atropine was administered before hexamethonium, reflexly generated responses were attenuated. The same thing occurred when morphine was administered in four animals. In contrast, in four animals following administration of phentolamine, the reflexly generated changes were enhanced. As electrical excitation of afferent axons in one cardiopulmonary nerve of an acutely decentralized preparation can alter cardiac chronotropism and (or) inotropism, it is concluded that intrathoracic autonomic neuronal mechanisms exist which can modify heart rate and contractility in the absence of influences from central nervous system neurons. Furthermore, it appears that intrathoracic cardiopulmonary–cardiac reflexes capable of modifying the heart utilize a number of different synaptic mechanisms.
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21

Navarro, X., and W. R. Kennedy. "Influence of testing posture on autonomic cardiorespiratory reflexes." Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 43 (April 1993): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(93)90264-u.

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22

Ekholm, Eeva M. K., Sampo J. Piha, Risto U. Erkkola, and Kari J. Antila. "Autonomic cardiovascular reflexes in pregnancy. A longitudinal study." Clinical Autonomic Research 4, no. 4 (August 1994): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01826181.

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23

Meco, Giuseppe, Luca Pratesi, and Vincenzo Bonifati. "Cardiovascular reflexes and autonomic dysfunction in parkinson's disease." Journal of Neurology 238, no. 4 (July 1991): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00314779.

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24

Sato, Akio. "Biowarning system and autonomic nervous system: Somato-autonomic reflexes regulate visceral organ function." Neuroscience Research Supplements 15 (January 1990): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8696(90)90054-7.

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25

Sato, Akio. "Biowarning system and autonomic nervous system: Somato-autonomic reflexes regulate visceral organ function." Neuroscience Research Supplements 11 (January 1990): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8696(90)90477-k.

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26

Berrios, G. E., C. Campbell, and B. E. Politynska. "Autonomic Failure, Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 6 (June 1995): 789–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.6.789.

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BackgroundThe study tested the hypothesis that subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) have more autonomic complaints and more attenuation of autonomic reflexes than controls, and that both clusters of variables are related to the presence of anxiety and depression.MethodThirty-two subjects and 32 healthy controls matched by age and sex were prospectively compared on psychiatric, cognitive and autonomic tests.Results‘Autonomic’ symptoms: were more frequent in PD patients than in healthy controls; were not related to age or changes in autonomic reflexes; were significantly associated with depression and anxiety (medication was not relevant to the association); and did not correlate with motor symptoms.ConclusionsThe diagnosis of anxiety and depression in some PD subjects is likely to be a behavioural phenocopy caused by autonomic failure. This explains why antidepressant medication is often unhelpful in PD subjects diagnosed as depressed.
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27

Moffitt, Julia A., Angela J. Grippo, Philip V. Holmes, and Alan Kim Johnson. "Olfactory bulbectomy attenuates cardiovascular sympathoexcitatory reflexes in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 283, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): H2575—H2583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00164.2002.

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Bilateral removal of the olfactory lobes in rats produces a number of behavioral, endocrine, and neurochemical alterations in the brain. Little is known, however, regarding the effects of this treatment on cardiovascular function and autonomic reflexes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral surgical ablation of the olfactory bulbs ( n = 10) or were sham operated ( n = 8). After 3 wk of recovery, animals were instrumented with femoral catheters and a lumbar sympathetic nerve recording electrode. After 24 h of recovery, cardiovascular responses to arterial baroreflex manipulation, air jet stress, and smoke exposure were recorded. Olfactory bulbectomized rats demonstrated attenuated sympathoexcitatory responses to hypotension, air jet stress, and smoke exposure, as well as elevated basal blood pressure, compared with sham-operated rats. These data indicate that the integrity of the olfactory bulbs in rats is important for the elicitation of normal cardiovascular and autonomic responses to a number of evocative stimuli.
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28

Woods, R. L., and J. J. Smolich. "Regional blood flow effects of ANP in conscious dogs: preferential gastrointestinal vasoconstriction." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 261, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): H1961—H1969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.6.h1961.

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We studied total and regional blood flow responses to human atrial natriuretic peptide (alpha-hANP) using radioactive microspheres in six conscious dogs. Hemodynamic responses to infusions of alpha-hANP at 75 ng.kg-1.min-1 were determined in each dog in the presence and absence of autonomic reflexes using the ganglion blocking agent pentolinium. When autonomic reflexes were blocked, alpha-hANP caused a substantial reduction in gastrointestinal (GI) vascular conductance (35%) but had no significant effects in brain, kidneys, liver, skeletal muscle, or skin. This alpha-hANP-induced fall in GI conductance contributed more than 40% to the fall in total peripheral conductance (TPC) of 24% occurring after autonomic blockade. A fall in myocardial vascular conductance, most prominent in the left ventricle, contributed a further 40% to the fall in TPC. When autonomic reflexes were intact, alpha-hANP caused vasoconstriction in the GI region (29% fall in vascular conductance), had no significant effects on myocardial vascular conductance but significantly increased splenic vascular conductance. In addition to these systemic responses, alpha-hANP infusion also significantly reduced pulmonary vascular conductance, independent of autonomic reflex activity or changes in pulmonary artery pressure. Thus our results in conscious dogs demonstrate that alpha-hANP causes a systemic vasoconstriction, most pronounced in the GI region.
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29

Cardone, C., P. Paiusco, G. Marchetti, F. Burelli, M. Feruglio, and D. Fedele. "Cough Test to Assess Cardiovascular Autonomic Reflexes in Diabetes." Diabetes Care 13, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.13.7.719.

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30

AL-KHUDHAIRI, D., and J. G. WHITWAM. "AUTONOMIC REFLEXES AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL." British Journal of Anaesthesia 58, no. 8 (August 1986): 897–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/58.8.897.

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31

Sopher, S. M., M. L. Smith, D. L. Eckberg, J. M. Fritsch, and M. E. Dibner-Dunlap. "Autonomic pathophysiology in heart failure: carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflexes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 259, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): H689—H696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1990.259.3.h689.

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We evaluated reflex cardiac responses mediated by carotid baroreceptors in 14 patients with treated congestive heart failure and 14 age-matched healthy subjects. We used a neck chamber to deliver two types of pressure change: 5 s of continuous 50-mmHg suction and an R wave triggered, ramped neck pressure-suction sequence. Reflex latencies (functions of baroreflex arc duration) were comparable in heart failure patients and healthy subjects. However, the average maximum baroreflex slope (gain) was less in heart failure patients than healthy subjects (2.0 vs. 3.5 ms/mmHg, P less than 0.010), the R-R interval response range was smaller (91 vs. 188 ms, P = 0.002), and the resting R-R interval position on stimulus-response relation (operational point) was significantly (13 vs. 40%, P = 0.001) closer to threshold. Stepwise regression analysis suggested that baseline R-R interval variability, used as an index of ongoing vagal-cardiac nerve traffic, and the inverse of antecubital vein plasma norepinephrine level, used as an index of sympathetic nerve activity, contributed significantly to the prediction of abnormal carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflex responses. Thus our results suggest that in heart failure patients, carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflex abnormalities are related significantly to ongoing abnormalities of vagal and sympathetic cardiovascular outflow.
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32

Piha, Sampo J., and Helena Hämäläinen. "Effect of Coronary Bypass Grafting on Autonomic Cardiovascular Reflexes." Annals of Medicine 26, no. 1 (January 1994): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07853899409147327.

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33

Venkat-Raman, G., and C. G. MacIntosh. "The Effect of Nifedipine on Autonomic Reflexes in Hypertension." Clinical Science 72, s16 (January 1, 1987): 78P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs072078p.

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34

Ludin, Sabina M., Ursula H. Steiger, and H. P. Ludin. "Autonomic disturbances and cardiovascular reflexes in idiopathic Parkinson's disease." Journal of Neurology 235, no. 1 (October 1987): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00314190.

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35

Andersen, E. B., and F. Boesen. "Sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes in Parkinson's disease with autonomic dysfunction." Clinical Autonomic Research 7, no. 1 (February 1997): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02267620.

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36

Kenny, R. A., J. A. Allen, and W. F. M. Wallace. "Autonomic reflexes in patients with cardioinhibitory carotid sinus syncope." Clinical Autonomic Research 3, no. 2 (April 1993): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01818994.

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37

Middleton, James W., and Janet R. Keast. "Artificial autonomic reflexes: using functional electrical stimulation to mimic bladder reflexes after injury or disease." Autonomic Neuroscience 113, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2004.04.008.

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38

Liu, L., N. Milkova, M. Ali, K. Sharma, J. D. Huizinga, and J. Chen. "A35 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION, COLONIC DYSMOTILITY AND ABSENT DEFECATION REFLEXES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC REFRACTORY CONSTIPATION." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 4, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): 276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab002.034.

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Abstract Background A defecation reflex involves sensory information from the colon sent to the central nervous system which results in propulsive motor patterns in the colon through programmed neural activity from the autonomic nervous system. Neurological causes of constipation are recognized but specific neurological pathways that contribute to pathophysiology of the disease is underexplored. Diagnosis and treatment usually do not involve the autonomic nervous system. Aims Our objective was to assess autonomic dysfunction and abnormal defecation reflexes as a possible cause of chronic constipation. Methods Defecation reflexes were assessed by high-resolution colonic manometry through balloon distention, meal intake, and rectal bisacodyl. Specific heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were used to assess general orthostatic autonomic reactivity, and autonomic functioning during high resolution colonic manometry, in 14 patients with chronic refractory constipation considered for surgery. Results All patients had a unique combination of motility, reflex ability and HRV profiles. Patients overall did not generate HAPWs or had lower HAPW amplitude and lower propulsive activity compared to healthy individuals. Half of the 14 patients were tested to have high sympathetic tone based on Baevsky’s stress index prior to HRCM, and 11 of the patients had sympathetic hyper-reactivity and/or low parasympathetic reactivity to at least one type of colonic stimulation during HRCM. Abnormal autonomic tone or autonomic reactivity to colonic stimulation was present in all four patients with absence of the vagosacral defecation reflex. Five of the seven patients with absence of the sacral defecation reflex showed high sympathetic tone or high sympathetic reactivity to stimulation. Only two patients had abnormality in coloanal coordination and this was associated with low parasympathetic reactivity to stimulation in both patients. Conclusions The assumption that colonic resection was needed to remove an inert colon was wrong in most patients, but most patients had some form of reflex abnormality. Sympathetic dominance far outweighed parasympathetic dysfunction. Incorporation of assessments of defecation reflexes and autonomic nervous system activity into diagnosis of chronic refractory constipation provides a comprehensive pathophysiological understanding of specific defective neurological pathways contributing to dysmotility. This forms the basis for our individualized treatment efforts through sacral neuromodulation. Funding Agencies CIHR
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39

Bramato, V., C. Rocchi, M. Conti, C. Liguori, A. Pagano, A. Castelli, N. Manfredi, et al. "Cardiovascular autonomic function in chronic insomnia assessed by cardiovascular reflexes." Sleep Medicine 100 (December 2022): S111—S112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.309.

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40

Buchholz, Bruno. "Autonomic Reflexes in Ventricular Extrasystoles as Possible Cause of Cardiomyopathy." Revista Argentina de Cardiologia 87, no. 5 (October 2019): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.7775/rac.v87.i5.16499.

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41

Niijima, Akira. "B-afferents: An important afferent input to the autonomic reflexes." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (June 1990): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00078894.

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42

Zhang, Y., L. A. Critchley, Y. H. Tam, and B. Tomlinson. "Short-term postural reflexes in diabetic patients with autonomic dysfunction." Diabetologia 47, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-003-1286-2.

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43

Ajayi, A. A., K. R. Lees, and J. L. Reid. "Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, perindopril, on autonomic reflexes." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 30, no. 2 (1986): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00614298.

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44

Scaramuzza, Andrea, Fabrizio Salvucci, Stefano Leuzzi, Alberto Radaelli, Giuseppe d'Annunzio, Pietro Fratino, Renata Lorini, and Luciano Bernardi. "Cardiovascular Autonomic Testing in Adolescents with Type I (Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus: An 18-Month Follow-up Study." Clinical Science 94, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0940615.

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1. Autonomic abnormalities are frequent in adult patients with diabetes mellitus and progress slowly; little is known about frequency and progression of autonomic abnormalities in childhood. 2. To assess whether autonomic abnormalities are already present in childhood, we evaluated the cardiovascular reflexes, the spectral analysis of spontaneous fluctuations in RR interval and blood pressure (low- and high-frequency), and the baroreflex sensitivity at rest, and after vagal (controlled breathing) and sympathetic activation (tilting) in 25 adolescents with Type I diabetes mellitus, aged 10–17 years, at baseline and after 18 months follow-up, and in 20 age- and sex-matched controls. 3. Cardiovascular reflexes were similar in both patients and controls. Similar significant changes in percentage low- and high-frequency (P < 0.005) from rest to tilting and to control breathing were observed in both patients and controls. The baroreflex sensitivity was also similar in patients and controls. Mild and non-systematic correlations were observed between autonomic tests and disease duration or metabolic control. After 18 months follow-up no changes were observed in any of the measured variables. Correlations with metabolic control remained unchanged. 4. These results indicate a substantial stability of cardiovascular autonomic function in childhood diabetes, and suggest that autonomic abnormalities are likely to develop at an older age.
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45

Shalaby, Tamer, Constantinos Papoutsos, Louise Tiemens, Iain Crossingham, and Catherine Williamson. "Exertional Syncope as a presenting feature in Guillain-Barré syndrome." Acute Medicine Journal 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52964/amja.0581.

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Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute demyelinating disorder of the peripheral nervous system that results in motor weakness, absent reflexes and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Autonomic failure is reported in approximately 65 % of patientswith GBS and usually follows extensive motor involvement. In this case our patient presented with syncope and other signs of autonomic failure before the motor weakness developed. Few cases in the literature have reported features of autonomic failure before established weakness in GBS; to our knowledge, syncope has not been described previously as a presenting feature of GBS.
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46

Canning, Brendan J. "Reflex regulation of airway smooth muscle tone." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 3 (September 2006): 971–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00313.2006.

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Autonomic nerves in most mammalian species mediate both contractions and relaxations of airway smooth muscle. Cholinergic-parasympathetic nerves mediate contractions, whereas adrenergic-sympathetic and/or noncholinergic parasympathetic nerves mediate relaxations. Sympathetic-adrenergic innervation of human airway smooth muscle is sparse or nonexistent based on histological analyses and plays little or no role in regulating airway caliber. Rather, in humans and in many other species, postganglionic noncholinergic parasympathetic nerves provide the only relaxant innervation of airway smooth muscle. These noncholinergic nerves are anatomically and physiologically distinct from the postganglionic cholinergic parasympathetic nerves and differentially regulated by reflexes. Although bronchopulmonary vagal afferent nerves provide the primary afferent input regulating airway autonomic nerve activity, extrapulmonary afferent nerves, both vagal and nonvagal, can also reflexively regulate autonomic tone in airway smooth muscle. Reflexes result in either an enhanced activity in one or more of the autonomic efferent pathways, or a withdrawal of baseline cholinergic tone. These parallel excitatory and inhibitory afferent and efferent pathways add complexity to autonomic control of airway caliber. Dysfunction or dysregulation of these afferent and efferent nerves likely contributes to the pathogenesis of obstructive airways diseases and may account for the pulmonary symptoms associated with extrapulmonary disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, cardiovascular disease, and rhinosinusitis.
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47

Ponna, Dasharatham, E. Ashok Kumar, and Arun Kumar Ponna. "A study of cardiovascular reflexes in diabetic autonomic neuropathy patients at a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, no. 6 (November 22, 2017): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20175189.

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Abstract:
Background: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus which is generally neglected by the treating doctor as well as patient. The objective of the study was to study cardiovascular reflexes in diabetic autonomic neuropathy at a tertiary care hospital.Methods: Present hospital based cross sectional study was conducted at Osmania Medical College and General Hospital which is a tertiary care hospital for a period of two years among 80 known cases of diabetes. Institutional Ethics Committee permission was obtained, and informed consent was taken.Results: In the present study, maximum i.e. 60% were males. Postural hypotension was noted in the long-standing diabetics. The average duration of diabetes showing postural hypotension was 13.5 years. The highest recorded postural hypotension was 50 mmHg. 30% showed the autonomic damage. 45% showed normal variation. 25% showed border line variation. 30% had abnormal response (A Valsalva ratio of 1.10 and less is abnormal). 35% showed abnormal response (If the ratio is 1.00 or less, vagal damage is probably present).Conclusions: The average duration of diabetes showing postural hypotension was 13.5 years. The highest recorded postural hypotension was 50 mmHg. 25% of the patients had blood pressure fall of 30 mmHg and more. In 55% of the cases, the fall was between 10-20 mmHg. 30% showed the autonomic damage. 30% had abnormal Valsalva ratio.
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Machado, B. H., H. Mauad, D. A. Chianca Jr., A. S. Haibara, and E. Colombari. "Autonomic processing of the cardiovascular reflexes in the nucleus tractus solitarii." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 30, no. 4 (April 1997): 533–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x1997000400015.

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Broens, Paul M. A., Symen K. Spoelstra, and Willibrord C. M. Weijmar Schultz. "Dynamic Clinical Measurements of Voluntary Vaginal Contractions and Autonomic Vaginal Reflexes." Journal of Sexual Medicine 11, no. 12 (December 2014): 2966–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12700.

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AARS, H., B. GAZELIUS, L. EDWALL, and L. OLGART. "Effects of autonomic reflexes on tooth pulp blood flow in man." Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 146, no. 4 (December 1992): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09443.x.

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