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Journal articles on the topic 'Automotive Front End Structure'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

He, Yunfeng, and Qinfen Lu. "Permanent Magnet or Additional Electromagnet Compensation Structures of End Electromagnet Module for Mid-Low Speed Maglev Train." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13050072.

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In the mid-low speed Maglev train, the levitation force produced by end electromagnets is influenced by the train speed due to the eddy current effect, especially the front-end electromagnets at high speed. In this paper, the eddy current effect of front-end electromagnets is calculated by an analytical method, which is validated by the Finite Element method (FEM). To compensate a decrease of levitation force, two improved structures of end electromagnet modules are designed and compared. One is the permanent magnet compensation structure, designed by inserting a piece of permanent magnet (PM), and called the PM hybrid structure, and the other is an additional electromagnet compensation structure, which adopts five electromagnets, and called the five-coil structure. In terms of comparison, the five-coil structure can not only produce a high enough levitation force, but can also be easily manufactured. Its effectiveness is verified by the prototype application.

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2

Wang, Lu, Lingfeng Tang, Peng Wu, and Jiaqi CHEN. "Research on the Optimization of Automobile Plastic Front Frame Structure." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 16, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2340342.

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Plastic instead of steel technology is one of the important means of automotive lightweighting, which can greatly reduce the weight of the car while ensuring the same performance of the product. For the lightweighting of the automotive all-plastic front-end frame structure, the initial structural design of the front-end frame was carried out by HyperMesh; based on the compromise planning method and entropy weight method, the compromise planning method with weight coefficients was used to unify the planning of each subobjective to obtain the integrated response function, and the minimization of the integrated response function was the objective. The main considerations were the lock limit crash load, the cushion area load, and the pedestrian protection impact load under typical operating conditions, the shape optimization, and topology optimization, respectively. The mass of the sheet metal front-end frame was reduced from the original 10.5 kg to 6.8 kg—a weight reduction of 35.24%. The front-end frame was extracted and the mid-plane was repaired by HyperMesh, the complete mid-plane was meshed, loads and properties were added to the mesh, the front-end frame was subjected to static and modal analysis in the OptiStruct module, and the stiffness and intrinsic frequency were verified. The results show that the smallest first-order mode in the modal analysis is 57.38 Hz, which is much larger than the 30 Hz required before design. The fatigue analysis of the front-end frame was then performed using N-code to derive the damage results; it is concluded that its life is 6122 s, much larger than the specified 1200 s. Through the verification of the relevant resonance test, it is judged that the performance of the test part meets the actual requirements comprehensively by checking the status after the test.

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3

Wan Iskandar Mirza, W. I. I., M. N. Abdul Rani, M. A. Yunus, B. Athikary, and M. S. M. Sani. "Correlating Finite Element Model of a Car Spot-welded Front-End Module in the Light of Modal Testing Data." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 2 (July 9, 2020): 7974–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.17.2.2020.16.0597.

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Model updating methods can be adopted to improve the correlation level between the finite element model of a spot welded structure and its test model. However, in the presence of contact interfaces in the vicinity of the welded areas, improving the correlation level is problematic and challenging. An approach for correlating the finite element model of a welded structure with contact interfaces using finite element model updating and modal testing is proposed. The proposed approach was tested on a car front-end module structure that consisted of nine components and 76 resistance spot-welded joints used to assemble the components. CWELD and CELAS1 element connectors were used to represent the spot-welded joints and contact interfaces in the finite element modelling and updating. This approach was applied successfully to predict the modal parameters of the car spot-welded front-end module. The total error of the initial finite element model of the structure was reduced from 27.13% to 5.75%. The findings of this work suggest that the proposed approach has a great potential for use in investigating the dynamic behaviour of various spot-welded structures without a significant decline in accuracy.

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4

Elmarakbi, Ahmed. "Analysis of a new front-end structure offset impact: mass-spring-damper models with piecewise linear characteristics." International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing 5, no. 4 (2010): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvsmt.2010.038035.

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5

Ježdík, Roman, Vladislav Kemka, Jan Kovanda, František Lopot, Hynek Purš, and Barbora Hájková. "Various Approaches to Reduce Consequences of Pedestrian−Tram Front End Collision." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 35, no. 2 (April 25, 2023): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v35i2.81.

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Safety of rail vehicles is an important feature of sustainable public transport. Proofs of an effort in that area are new recommendations and regulations from the expert commission (WG2 of the Technical Committee CEN / TC 256) regarding trams and light rail vehicles aimed at vulnerable road users. Additional requirements on tram safety can be requested by the vehicle operator and/or city. Pedestrian safety measures can be adopted from the automotive sector utilising the protection principles from Regulation EC No. 78/2009, ECE/UN regulations, and EuroNCAP tests. The purpose of this publication is to introduce a simplified testing method for the tram front end with respect to pedestrian head-on collisions. Testing methods based on segment impactors were generally accepted. The wrap-around distance defines the assessment of vehicle impact areas. A mathematical model was created to compare the results of the full-scale tests and the segment tests done by the standard and simplified aluminium head impactors. The tram front-end design can be tested using this alternate method, based on a simple impactor and easy methodology, providing an efficient tool to inspire both the tram manufacturers and vehicle operators to improve the vulnerable road users’ safety in city traffic.

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6

Basso, M., C. Mingazzini, M. Scafè, E. Leoni, E. Benco, R. Garcia-Etxabe, K. Gondra, and D. Pullini. "Design of a bonnet of a sport vehicle realized with an innovative recyclable Polymeric Matrix Composite and virtual characterization of the related sandwich structure." MATEC Web of Conferences 349 (2021): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134901011.

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This article presents the design activities of an automotive component to be produced using a recyclable cleavable-epoxy Matrix Composite and Basalt-Derived Mineral Fibres. The material innovations are being studied within project C2CC (www.c2cc-project.eu), aimed at satisfying latest EU directives regarding end-of-life reuse and C-footprint reduction. The main targets are the weight reduction, obtained employing materials with lower footprint, namely a biomass derived epoxy and a cradle-to-cradle recyclable mineral fiber, that is a fibre that (differently from carbon fibre) can be remelted to long fibre with no decrease in mechanical specifications [1]. For recycling both the resin and the fibre, a the cleavable hardener was adopted [2] developed by Connnora Inc (US), which avoids the need of pyrolysis to recover and recycle the fibers from prepreg scraps and end-of-life components. The main project demonstrator is the front bonnet of segment A vehicle FIAT 500 Abarth. One approach to reach the component expected performances is using the semifinished composite materials (prepregs) produced by the project to manufacture a final structural sandwich. From the modelling point of view, this work carries out a multiscale approach starting from the basic constituents of skin and core and ending with the model at the mesoscale of the specimens of the sandwich. The simulation activity was conducted considering the possible recyclable sandwich cores, and the comparison aims at selecting the optimal ones for this specific automotive component.

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Li, Nai Yi. "Magnesium Advances and Applications in North America Automotive Industry." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 931–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.931.

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Magnesium is increasingly becoming an attractive alternative to steel, aluminum, and polymer composites for vehicle weight reduction due to its ability to meet vehicle performance requirements. To meet the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) standard and to maximize the weight reduction of vehicles in the coming years, the magnesium applications are expected to increase significantly in both structural and powertrain components where material creep resistance is required. This first half of the paper will give an overview of recent automotive magnesium R&D programs including Light Metal Cast, Magnesium Powertrain Cast Components, and Structural Cast Magnesium Development supported by the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) and the US Department of Energy. The USCAR is the umbrella organization of DaimlerChrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company and General Motors, which was formed in 1992 to further strengthen the technology base of the US automotive industry through cooperative, pre-competitive research. During the last decade, the magnesium foundry industry has grown, yet the material and manufacturing process costs of magnesium die-casting has impeded large-scale implementation into the automotive industry. As a result, Ford Motor Company initiated a Cost Reduced Magnesium Die Castings Using Heated Runners (CORMAG) program in partnership of the Advanced Technology Program of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. The second half of this paper will briefly present the program goal, progress and its impact. In addition, this paper will present some magnesium applications, including a 2004 Ford F-150 light truck Front End Support Assembly and a 2005 Ford GT instrument panel structure.

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Mauromicale, Giuseppe, Alessandro Sitta, Michele Calabretta, Salvatore Massimo Oliveri, and Gaetano Sequenzia. "Integrated Electromagnetic-Thermal Approach to Simulate a GaN-Based Monolithic Half-Bridge for Automotive DC-DC Converter." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 8302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188302.

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New technological and packaging solutions are more and more being employed for power semiconductor switches in an automotive environment, especially the SiC- and GaN-based ones. In this framework, new front-end and back-end solutions have been developed, and many more are in the design stage. New and more integrated power devices are useful to guarantee the performances in electric vehicles, in terms of thermal management, size reduction, and low power losses. In this paper, a GaN-based system in package solution is simulated to assess the structure temperature submitted to a Joule heating power loss. The monolithic package solution involves a half-bridge topology, as well as a driver logic. A novel integrated electromagnetic and thermal method, based on finite element simulations, is proposed in this work. More specifically, dynamic electric power losses of the copper interconnections are computed in the first simulation stage, by an electromagnetic model. In the second stage, the obtained losses’ geometrical map is imported in the finite element thermal simulation, and it is considered as the input. Hence, the temperature distribution of the package’s copper traces is computed. The simulation model verifies the proper design of copper traces. The obtained temperature swing avoids any thermal-related reliability bottleneck.

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9

Asri, M. N. A. M., N. A. Z. Abdullah, and Mohd Shahrir Mohd Sani. "The effect of modal properties of crash box structures with trigger mechanisms towards the crashworthiness by using finite element analysis." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 15, no. 3 (September 23, 2021): 8459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.15.3.2021.22.0666.

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In the automotive structure, there are different components that utilise aluminium alloy (AA) sheets and it is used widely in the car body-in-white which comprise bumpers and the crash box structure at the front end of the car which specifically designed to withstand the event of collision. As the structures are also experiencing dynamic loading, it were also a concern for the structures to show satisfied modal properties. In this study, the modal properties of the crash box structures are investigated along with the effect of the modal properties towards the crashworthiness behaviour of the structure itself with the approach of finite element analysis. Experimental modal analysis was also done to further validating the finite element analysis of the modal properties. Three different designs of trigger mechanisms are applied towards the crash box structure to observe on both findings. For the connector element, equivalent nodes of both parts of the crash box structures are used. For the results, the correlation from both findings did show that the presence of trigger mechanism did decreased the magnitude of natural frequencies as well as the mode shape as shown by crash box type 3 by 9.50% and for the crashworthiness output, the crashworthiness behaviour of the crash box with trigger mechanisms were better in term of the collisions phases indicated by the primary peak force and the secondary peak force from the force-displacement curve as also shown by crash box structure type 3 with the percentage of 22.59%. The study does shows that the stiffness and mass distribution due to the presence of trigger mechanism do affect the modal properties of a structure as well as its crashworthiness output.

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10

Zhang, Chuanwei, Lei Lei, Xiaowen Ma, Rui Zhou, Zhenghe Shi, and Zhongyu Guo. "Map Construction Based on LiDAR Vision Inertial Multi-Sensor Fusion." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (December 12, 2021): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040261.

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In order to make up for the shortcomings of independent sensors and provide more reliable estimation, a multi-sensor fusion framework for simultaneous localization and mapping is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point cloud is screened in the front-end processing to eliminate abnormal points and improve the positioning and mapping accuracy. Secondly, for the problem of false detection when the LiDAR is surrounded by repeated structures, the intensity value of the laser point cloud is used as the screening condition to screen out robust visual features with high distance confidence, for the purpose of softening. Then, the initial factor, registration factor, inertial measurement units (IMU) factor and loop factor are inserted into the factor graph. A factor graph optimization algorithm based on a Bayesian tree is used for incremental optimization estimation to realize the data fusion. The algorithm was tested in campus and real road environments. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can realize state estimation and map construction with high accuracy and strong robustness.

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11

Song, Yuyang, Umesh Gandhi, Adam Koziel, Srikar Vallury, and Anthony Yang. "Effect of the initial fiber alignment on the mechanical properties for GMT composite materials." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705716681400.

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A glass-mat-reinforced thermoplastic (GMT) material is widely used in the automotive industry for components such as underbody shields, seat structures, front/rear bumper, and front-end modulus. Due to the higher residual length of the glass strands, GMT usually offers better mechanical properties than injection-molded fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. The GMT material is typically manufactured by compression molding (CM) of preimpregnated fibers–reinforced resin sheets called mat. Two types of mats, one with discontinuous random (RD) fibers and other with aligned continuous fibers, are considered in this study. A stack of such mats with different combinations is used to tailor the mechanical properties of the final part. During the CM, the fibers in the mat flow with the resin and change the alignment. In this study, we are presenting an approach to account for the initial condition, such as fiber length, orientation and concentration of the fibers in the mat, and process conditions used, to develop a material model for the finished part. First, a stack of mat with known fiber orientation, length, and concentration as initial conditions is simulated for CM to predict the fiber orientation in the finished part. Next, the material model for the finished parts is developed using a Mori–Tanaka homogenization approach. The fiber orientation in the finished part is mapped from the CM simulation. For the fiber concentration and fiber length distribution, we used an empirical approach. The cross section of the finished part is investigated under optical microscope, and the fiber length and concentration are estimated based on the microstructure and initial stacking of mats. The predicted fiber orientation tensor is verified with orientations measured using computerized tomography (CT) scan on actual parts. The material model is verified by comparing the predicted performance with the actual tensile and bending test results.

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12

Cíba, Jakub. ""Fuzzy Front End" v inovačnom procese." Pošta, Telekomunikácie a Elektronický obchod 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/pte.c.2014.1.1.

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13

Dragoi, Beniamin. "Optimizing the front-end power solution for automotive ADAS systems." Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal 2, no. 3 (August 2017): 1647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25046/aj0203204.

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14

Le, Viet Hoang, Hoa Thai Duong, Anh Trong Huynh, Chien M. Ta, Fan Zhang, Robin J. Evans, and Efstratios Skafidas. "A CMOS 77-GHz Receiver Front-End for Automotive Radar." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 61, no. 10 (October 2013): 3783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2013.2279368.

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15

Beeh, Elmar, and Horst E. Friedrich. "Front End Structure with Adjustable Impact Properties." Auto Tech Review 5, no. 7 (June 22, 2016): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s40112-016-1165-0.

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16

Kehrbeck, Jürgen, Eberhardt Heidrich, and Werner Wiesbeck. "Microwave Front End for True Ground Speed Measurements." Journal of Navigation 48, no. 1 (January 1995): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300012522.

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A dual channel microwave Doppler-Sensor-Module for 24 GHz is presented. This front end is well suited for true ground speed and distance measurements in all kinds of automotive applications. The microwave components such as oscillator, mixer, antenna and their characteristics in the MIC are discussed. The influence of the antenna pattern and the road surface on the Doppler spectrum is treated in a 3D-field theoretical simulation. This simulation takes the antenna nearfield and the distributed scattering of the road into account.

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17

Dukkipati, Rao V., Guojun Qie, Jun Zhu, and Mohamad Qatu. "Vibrations and Instability in Automotive Front End Accessory Drive Belt System." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 2, no. 1 (April 20, 2009): 1222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-1417.

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18

Beeh, Elmar, and Horst E. Friedrich. "Front End Structure with Easily Adjustable Impact Properties." ATZ worldwide 117, no. 10 (October 2015): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-015-0064-3.

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19

Bennbaia, Shada, Elsadig Mahdi, Galal Abdella, and Aamir Dean. "Composite Plastic Hybrid for Automotive Front Bumper Beam." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 4 (April 12, 2023): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7040162.

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The bumper beam is a crucial component of the automobile bumper system, responsible for absorbing impact energy and enhancing the safety of passengers during collisions. This paper presents the design and experimental analysis of a 3D-printed composite–plastic hybrid light structure, designed as a collapsible energy absorber. Exploratory testing was conducted using low-impact tests to investigate the failure mechanism and energy absorption capacity of a spiral structure. The design process involved optimizing the spiral diameter by testing specimens with varying diameters between 0.5 cm and 2.5 cm, while keeping other geometric parameters constant. The study employed three types of 3D composite structures, including printed thermoplastic, printed thermoplastic reinforced with Kevlar fiber composite, and printed thermoplastic filled with foam. The thermoplastic–foam composite with nine spirals (diameter = 0.97 cm) yielded the best results. The new design demonstrated high energy absorption capacity and a controlled and progressive failure mechanism, making it a suitable candidate for energy absorption applications.

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20

Qie, Guojun, Rao Dukkipati, Jun Zhu, and Mohamad Qatu. "Vibrations and instability of front-end accessory drive belt system." International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration 4, no. 3 (2008): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvnv.2008.021898.

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21

Selim, Bassant, Sami Muhaidat, Paschalis C. Sofotasios, Arafat Al-Dweik, Bayan S. Sharif, and Thanos Stouraitis. "Radio-Frequency Front-End Impairments: Performance Degradation in Nonorthogonal Multiple Access Communication Systems." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 14, no. 1 (March 2019): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2018.2867646.

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22

Friedrich, Horst E., Elmar Beeh, and Michael Kriescher. "Cost-Efficient lightweight design in the front-end structure." ATZproduktion worldwide 1, no. 4 (October 2008): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03224166.

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23

Peng, Baiyu, Qi Sun, Shengbo Eben Li, Dongsuk Kum, Yuming Yin, Junqing Wei, and Tianyu Gu. "End-to-End Autonomous Driving Through Dueling Double Deep Q-Network." Automotive Innovation 4, no. 3 (June 27, 2021): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-021-00151-3.

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AbstractRecent years have seen the rapid development of autonomous driving systems, which are typically designed in a hierarchical architecture or an end-to-end architecture. The hierarchical architecture is always complicated and hard to design, while the end-to-end architecture is more promising due to its simple structure. This paper puts forward an end-to-end autonomous driving method through a deep reinforcement learning algorithm Dueling Double Deep Q-Network, making it possible for the vehicle to learn end-to-end driving by itself. This paper firstly proposes an architecture for the end-to-end lane-keeping task. Unlike the traditional image-only state space, the presented state space is composed of both camera images and vehicle motion information. Then corresponding dueling neural network structure is introduced, which reduces the variance and improves sampling efficiency. Thirdly, the proposed method is applied to The Open Racing Car Simulator (TORCS) to demonstrate its great performance, where it surpasses human drivers. Finally, the saliency map of the neural network is visualized, which indicates the trained network drives by observing the lane lines. A video for the presented work is available online, https://youtu.be/76ciJmIHMD8 or https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNDM4ODc0MTM4NA==.html.

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Lee, Kibum, Soojin Park, Younghyoung Lee, Jinho Kim, and Soo-Hyun Kim. "New concept carrier of front-end module with structural topology optimization for automotive." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 5 (May 2022): 168781322210962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221096201.

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The vehicle front-end module (FEM) is an integrated system in which major modules are assembled in the front of the vehicle. Among the FEM components, a carrier occupies the largest volume and weight. In recent years, the requirements of a carrier are increasing due to the diversification of vehicle size, enlargement of headlight, and so on. So, recent requirements are difficult to satisfy with the existing design. Therefore, this study was attempted to solve the current problems by applying only plastic, not the existing hybrid type, to the most important Member-radiator Support Upper (MRSU) of the carrier. As a process, topology optimization was performed using Altair’s Optistruct, thereby implementing a new concept of MRSU. In addition, the strength analysis was conducted using ABAQUS of Simulia. An initial model and an optimized model were compared and verified to determine the validity of optimization. After that, a prototype of carrier was manufactured and the final verification was conducted through HLR test. As a result, the strength and weight of the carrier were improved by about 24% and 15% respectively. In addition, the waste-generating process was improved, resulting in a development time reduction of approximately 32%.

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Horowitz, Avraham D. "Human Factors Issues in Automotive Front-To-Rear-End Collision Warning Systems [Symposium]." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 13 (October 1992): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601317.

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Pan, Dongfang, Zongming Daun, Liguo Sun, and Ping Gui. "Compact and high‐linearity 77 GHz CMOS receiver front‐end for automotive radar." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 13, no. 8 (October 25, 2019): 1203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2018.5601.

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Ragonese, Egidio, Angelo Scuderi, Vittorio Giammello, and Giuseppe Palmisano. "A SiGe BiCMOS 24-GHz receiver front-end for automotive short-range radar." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 67, no. 2 (October 28, 2010): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-010-9549-6.

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Atefi, Yashar, Michael Ahearne, Sebastian Hohenberg, Zachary Hall, and Florian Zettelmeyer. "Open Negotiation: The Back-End Benefits of Salespeople’s Transparency in the Front End." Journal of Marketing Research 57, no. 6 (October 1, 2020): 1076–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243720951153.

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Negotiations today are less likely to be characterized by information asymmetry—the notion that buyers are less informed than sellers—due to the amount of information available to buyers. A number of industries have reacted to this change by shifting their attention to earning profits in aftermarkets: products and services that augment the main purchase (e.g., add-ons, insurance, financing, service and maintenance). In these aftermarkets, firms often retain an information advantage, even if information asymmetries are eliminated from the main purchase. This has given rise to an interesting setting untapped by prior research: information “symmetry” in the front end (main purchase) and information “asymmetry” in the back end (aftermarket). The authors argue that symmetry in the front end provides an opportunity to build trust, as the knowledgeable customer can verify the information disclosed by the seller. In an observational study in the automotive industry, the authors find that customers to whom the salesperson revealed the cost of a car at the beginning of the negotiation spent significantly more in the back end than others. As corroborated in subsequent studies, this effect holds only when cost is disclosed at the beginning of the negotiation and when customers can verify the cost information.

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Balaji, Raghavan, and Eric M. Mockensturm. "Dynamic analysis of a front-end accessory drive with a decoupler/isolator." International Journal of Vehicle Design 39, no. 3 (2005): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2005.008472.

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Subhan, K. Mabu. "Designing of Digital Front-End Structure for ECG Acquisition System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 3 (March 31, 2018): 2233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.3353.

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Meesapyodsuk, Dauenpen, and Xiao Qiu. "The Front-end Desaturase: Structure, Function, Evolution and Biotechnological Use." Lipids 47, no. 3 (October 19, 2011): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-011-3617-2.

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32

Kang, Woo-Jong, and Sung-Tae Kim. "High Strain Rate Tensile Test of Composite Material for Automotive Front End Module Carrier." Journal of The Korean Society for Composite Materials 24, no. 3 (June 30, 2011): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7234/kscm.2011.24.3.012.

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33

Chua-Chin Wang, Gang-Neng Sung, Po-Cheng Chen, and Chin-Long Wey. "A Transceiver Front End for Electronic Control Units in FlexRay-Based Automotive Communication Systems." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 57, no. 2 (February 2010): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2009.2023932.

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Dwi Jatmoko, Agus Haryadi, Arif Susanto, Aci Primartadi, and Mohammad Reza Listiana. "Salwa Cars Structure Testing Standards Regulation Formula Society of Automotive Engineers." Jurnal E-Komtek (Elektro-Komputer-Teknik) 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37339/e-komtek.v6i2.1054.

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This research was to find out the results of the bending and torsional stiffness testing of the SALWA car according to Formula SAE 2021 regulations. The research method was by designing through Solidworks 2014 software. Testing of test specimens referred to Formula SAE 2021 regulations. The front impact test results produced max Von Mises 1046.921 MPA with a displacement of 8,540 mm; the rear impact test resulted in a max Von Mises of 222,529 MPa with a max displacement of 6.85 mm; and the side impact test resulted in max Von Mises Stress of 104.15 MPa with a max displacement of 9,116 mm. In the front torsional test, the max Von Misses Stress reached 135,266 MPa with a total max displacement of 4,844 mm. The rear torsional test had a max Von Mises Stress value of 147,144 MPa with a displacement of 5.51 mm. The feasibility test still found connection and construction placement errors, and there was a low Factor of Safety value. In conclusion, the construction of the SALWA Electric Car prototype frame is not in accordance with Formula SAE regulations.

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Tsui, Lok-kun, and Fernando Garzon. "CarbonXS GUI: a graphical front-end forCarbonXS." Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, no. 6 (November 14, 2017): 1830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576717015035.

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The crystallographic structure of disordered carbons impacts their performance in components for fuel cells, batteries and catalyst supports. Obtaining parameters such as lattice constants and crystal domain size requires an appropriate model for these carbons, a task accomplished with the Fortran programCarbonXSpublished in 1993.CarbonXS GUIcontains an updated version ofCarbonXSand a graphical user interface wrapper. This new version provides a graphical method of configuring and operatingCarbonXS, a calculation mode to simulate diffraction patterns, and immediate feedback in the form of fit–source and difference plots.CarbonXS GUIis available for free on Windows, Linux and Mac OSX at http://github.com/lktsui/carbon_xs_gui.

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Petrović, Nikola, Marija Petrović, and Vladimir Milovanović. "Radar Signal Processing Architecture for Early Detection of Automotive Obstacles." Electronics 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2023): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081826.

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With the mass adoption of automotive vehicles, road accidents have become a common occurrence. One solution to this problem is to employ safety systems that can provide early warning for potential accidents. These systems alert drivers to brake or take active control of a vehicle in order to make braking safer and smoother, thereby protecting drivers and all other road traffic participants. Most such safety systems utilize millimeter-wave radar as primary sensors, and one of the main challenges is real-time data processing from multiple sensors integrated into a single passenger car. When an obstacle is too close to a vehicle, often there is insufficient time to run higher-order digital signal processing algorithms; hence, the decision to brake must be made based on low-level hardware processing only. For that purpose, a hardware generator for the early detection of automotive obstacles that does not impede the operation of higher-order signal processing algorithms is described. The proposed generator is captured in the Chisel hardware design language and a method for reducing the overall ranging latency is presented. The system constraints are calculated using an exemplary radar front-end and the proposed generator parameters. The obtained analytical results are experimentally confirmed with a prototype composed of a typical industrial radar front-end while the signal processing back-end instance of the described generator was implemented on an FPGA board. The measurements demonstrate that with the fast proximity alert, objects can be detected in less than a hundred microseconds, thus considerably reducing the system reaction delay and braking distance.

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Liang, Zuyi, Zongwei Liang, Yubin Zheng, Beichen Liang, and Linfeng Zheng. "Data Analysis and Visualization Platform Design for Batteries Using Flask-Based Python Web Service." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (October 14, 2021): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040187.

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Battery operating data of electric vehicles is becoming increasingly quantified and complicated. A data analysis platform is necessary to excavate high-value battery status information for more efficient battery management. This paper proposes a Flask framework and Pyecharts-based lithium-ion data analysis and visualization platform. The design processes including the front-end and back-end frameworks, data preprocessing, data visualization, and data storage are elaborated. In the proposed data platform, a case study of battery state of charge estimation using different machine learning methods is demonstrated, and most of the estimation errors are less than 2.0%, highlighting the effectiveness of the platform.

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Li, Jixiong, Jianliang Tan, and Jianbin Dong. "Lightweight Design of Front Suspension Upright of Electric Formula Car Based on Topology Optimization Method." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11010015.

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In order to obtain a lightweight front upright of an electric formula car’s suspension, the topology optimization method is used in the front upright structure design. The mathematical model of the lightweight optimization design is constructed, and the geometric model of the initial design of the front upright is subjected to the ultimate load condition. The structural optimization of a front upright resulted in the mass reduction of the upright by 60.43%. The optimized model was simulated and verified regarding the strength, stiffness, and safety factor under three different conditions, namely turning braking, emergency braking, and sharp turning. In the experiment, the uprights were machined and assembled and integrated into the racing suspension. The experimental results showed that the optimized front uprights met the requirements of performance.

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Zhu, P., Y. Zhang, and G.-L. Chen. "Metamodel-based lightweight design of an automotive front-body structure using robust optimization." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 223, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 1133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto1045.

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Both conventional automobiles and new energy cars require urgently lightweight design to realize energy economy and environmental protection in a long run. The weight reduction of the body structure plays a rather important role in decreasing the weight of the full vehicle. In real engineering problems, the variation in sheet gauge, geometrical size, and material parameters caused by environmental factors and other uncertainties may affect the structural performances of body components. Therefore, a lightweight design without considering this kind of tolerance may result in the loss of feasibility and reliability in engineering application. From the viewpoint of crashworthiness performance, this paper presents a study on the lightweight design of the automotive front-body structure based on robust optimization, considering the variation in design variables including sheet gauge and yield limit of materials. Coupled with the design and analysis of a computer experiment, four metamodelling techniques, namely support vector regression, kriging, radial basis functions, and artificial neural networks, are employed to build the metamodels of structural crashworthiness performance indicators for comparison of approximation accuracy. An adaptive deterministic optimization process is used to upgrade further the approximation accuracy of metamodels for the following robust optimization. A double-loop strategy is chosen when solving the robust optimization formulation and the basic Monte Carlo simulation method is applied to perform a reliability analysis. A genetic algorithm solver is used to obtain both the deterministic and the robust optimum results for comparison. The reduced weight obtained by using robust optimization is 7.8003kgf (19.45 per cent) and the result achieved from robust optimization is more conservative than that obtained through deterministic optimization as expected. However, the robust optimum design is ensured to be feasible and reliable when the variation in design variables works in a real engineering application.

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Linz, Sarah, Gabor Vinci, Sebastian Mann, Stefan Lindner, Francesco Barbon, R. Weigel, and Alexander Koelpin. "A Compact, Versatile Six-Port Radar Module for Industrial and Medical Applications." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/382913.

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The Six-port receiver has been intensively investigated in the last decade to be implemented as an alternative radar architecture. Plenty of current scientific publications demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of the Six-port radar for special industrial, automotive, and medical applications, ranging from accurate contactless vibration analysis, through automotive radar calibration, to remote breath and heartbeat monitoring. Its highlights, such as excellent phase discrimination, trivial signal processing, low circuit complexity, and cost, have lately drawn the attention of companies working with radar technology. A joint project involving the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and InnoSenT GmbH (Innovative Sensor Technology) led to the development of a highly accurate, compact, and versatile Six-port radar module aiming at a reliable high-integration of all subcomponents such as antenna, Six-port front-end, baseband circuitry, and digital signal processing in one single package. Innovative aspects in the RF front-end design as well as in the integration strategy are hereby presented, together with a system overview and measurement results.

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Hansen, Seng, Eric Too, and Tiendung Le. "Retrospective look on front-end planning in the construction industry: Aliterature review of 30 years of research." International Journal of Construction Supply Chain Management 8, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14424/ijcscm801018-19-42.

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Academics and practitioners have paid close attention to front-end planning research, especially in the construction industry. It is known with many acronyms including pre-project planning and front-end loading. Since 1994, Construction Industry Institute (CII) has set front-end planning as one of themain research topicareas in their knowledge structure. A lot of research related to front-end planning and project scope definition has been conductedsince then. However, there lacks a comprehensive review of the currentstudies on the topic. Thus, the objective of this research was to undertake a comprehensive literature review of papers related to front-end planning. Reviewing 83 selected papers, this research raises several important issues regarding front-end planning such as the position of front-end planning in project life cycle, the differentiation between front-end planning and project planning, the significance of front-end planning, the front-end planning organization management, the front-end planning phases, the challenges in front-end planning implementation, and the identification of research gaps in front-end planning. The findings of this research contribute to furtherunderstanding of front-end planning andwould be useful for practitioners and academics to conduct further empirical studies on the subject matter.

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Tai, Qian, and Xiao Yu Zhang. "Research and Application on Automotive Aluminum Bumper Based on Topology Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 189 (July 2012): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.189.495.

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Based on the explicit dynamic finite element analysis software, the use of hybrid cellular automata (HCA) as an optimization model, the collision of beams in the aluminum front structure optimization design. The 6061 aluminum alloy before the collision of beams to replace a model of the original steel beams, trolley collision simulation and experimental validation of the results show that the aluminum front impact beams than the original steel before the collision beam quality to reduce by 25% and has a higher flexural strength, low-speed collision, aluminum front impact beams than the original steel system energy absorption increased by 45.6%.

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Liu, Meng, Fuzhen Sun, Baoming Wang, Jianfeng Wang, and Na Yang. "Study on Automobile Front-End Structure Based on Pedestrian Leg Protection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1965, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 012092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1965/1/012092.

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Pan, Feng, and Ping Zhu. "Lightweight design of vehicle front-end structure: contributions of multiple surrogates." International Journal of Vehicle Design 57, no. 2/3 (2011): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2011.044718.

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Zhao, Shuang, and Dian Ren Chen. "Design of the Millimeter-Wave Receiver." Applied Mechanics and Materials 662 (October 2014): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.662.235.

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The millimeter-wave transceiver front-end as a subsystem of high-frequency component is an important part of the radar, navigation, electronic warfare and communication systems. The millimeter receiver front-end developed herein, using the second harmonic mixer, reduces the frequency of the local oscillator. Using the bottom surface outlet ladder microstrip - waveguide structure, it strengthens the structure. Test results show that the developed front-end receiver has gain of 25dB and the transmit band is 35.5-36GHz.

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Sahari, B. B., M. Mujahid Azni, S. V. Wong, Mohd Fauzy Ahmad, Y. A. Khalid, and A. M. Hamouda. "Finite element lateral crash analysis of front natural gas vehicle platform with tank mounting structure." International Journal of Vehicle Safety 3, no. 2 (2008): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvs.2008.022214.

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GERNREICH, CHRIS C., and SEBASTIAN KNOP. "EMPOWERING CREATIVE EMPLOYEES: PHASE-SPECIFIC SUPPORT IN THE FRONT-END OF INNOVATION." International Journal of Innovation Management 23, no. 08 (December 2019): 1940007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919619400073.

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Employees often do not speak about raw ideas, to avoid a loss of face. Therefore, they struggle to develop their ideas further and share them in the workplace. Since research on the unconscious processes of idea development in the front-end of innovation is scarce, we explore this phenomenon by identifying the most prevalent needs for ideation in literature. We evaluate these needs by surveying 122 employees of a German automotive company. Our results show an overall hierarchy of needs and four clusters of employees based on the indicated needs in different phases of their idea development process. Employees with many ideas have the most demands. Employees with fewer ideas demand more social interaction and access to information technology to gather information and evaluate ideas. We find that the demand for resources varies significantly throughout the idea development process. Therefore, organizations must address employees’ needs differently, depending on what phase of the idea development process their ideas are in, and the number of ideas submitted.

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Lo Presti, I., L. Cavazzoni, F. Calacci, and S. Mantovani. "Optimization Methodology for an Automotive Cross-Member in Composite Material." Key Engineering Materials 754 (September 2017): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.754.291.

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Optimization methods are useful and effective techniques for the design and development of components from the weight reduction point of view. This paper presents an optimization methodology applied to the front cross-member of a Maserati chassis for metal replacement application with the objective of the minimization of the mass of the structure using composite materials. Firstly, a topological optimization of the front side of the vehicle is performed, and the available design space is considered to determine the optimal load path of the design volume and, consequently, to assess a preliminary geometry of the component under scrutiny. Secondly, free-size optimization of the preliminary cross-member design is developed, initially neglecting and subsequently considering the manufacturing constraints. In addition, a linear analysis of the cross-member, modeled as a rigid component, is carried out to evaluate the maximum contribution of this component on the structural performance of the front side of the vehicle. Finally, size and shuffle optimizations are carried out on the new design concept to determine the number and the thickness of the composite plies, and the optimal stacking sequence, respectively, in order to fulfill the structural requirements. A comparison between the new composite structure and the aluminium Maserati cross-member is presented.

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Zhang, Y., P. Zhu, G. L. Chen, and Z. Q. Lin. "Study on Structural Lightweight Design of Automotive Front Side Rail Based on Response Surface Method." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 5 (June 9, 2006): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2712223.

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Nowadays, vehicle lightweight design is a main topic in automotive industry. Crashworthiness, which is the most important performance of a full vehicle, must be always satisfied in the study on body lightweight design. This paper presents research, from the point of view of safety, of structural lightweight design of the front side rail of a passenger car. The response surface method is used to create mathematical models that represent the relationship between structural sheet thicknesses and absorbed energy of the entire structure in the frontal crash simulation, and the relationship between structural sheet thicknesses and the mass of the entire structure. Then an optimization process is performed, and the structural mass and original absorbed energy are defined as objective and constraint functions, respectively. Minimum mass and structural sheet thicknesses are obtained with the satisfaction of original absorbed energy of the front side rail structure. The weight reduction of the front side rail is 26.95%.

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Xiong, Feng, Dengfeng Wang, Zhengdong Ma, Shuming Chen, Tiantong Lv, and Fang Lu. "Structure-material integrated multi-objective lightweight design of the front end structure of automobile body." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 57, no. 2 (August 18, 2017): 829–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-017-1778-1.

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