Relevant bibliographies by topics / Automotive Aftertreatment system

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Automotive Aftertreatment system'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 26 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Automotive Aftertreatment system"

1

Kang, Jun-Mo, Ilya Kolmanovsky, and J. W. Grizzle. "Dynamic Optimization of Lean Burn Engine Aftertreatment." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 123, no. 2 (June 13, 2000): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1368114.

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The competition to deliver fuel efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles is driving the automotive industry to consider even more complex powertrain systems. Adequate performance of these new highly interactive systems can no longer be obtained through traditional approaches, which are intensive in hardware use and final control software calibration. This paper explores the use of Dynamic Programming to make model-based design decisions for a lean burn, direct injection spark ignition engine, in combination with a three way catalyst and an additional three-way catalyst, often referred to as a lean NOX trap. The primary contribution is the development of a very rapid method to evaluate the tradeoffs in fuel economy and emissions for this novel powertrain system, as a function of design parameters and controller structure, over a standard emission test cycle.
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Jung, Jong Hwa, and Geun Sik Lee. "The Inlet Shape Optimization of Aftertreatment System for Automotive Vehicle with Adjoint Optimization." Transaction of The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7467/ksae.2018.26.1.060.

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Devarakonda, M., G. Parker, J. H. Johnson, and V. Strots. "Model-based control system design in a urea-SCR aftertreatment system based on NH3 sensor feedback." International Journal of Automotive Technology 10, no. 6 (December 2009): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-009-0077-2.

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Gosala, Dheeraj B., Aswin K. Ramesh, Cody M. Allen, Mrunal C. Joshi, Alexander H. Taylor, Matthew Van Voorhis, Gregory M. Shaver, et al. "Diesel engine aftertreatment warm-up through early exhaust valve opening and internal exhaust gas recirculation during idle operation." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 7 (September 20, 2017): 758–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417730240.

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A large fraction of diesel engine tailpipe NOx emissions are emitted before the aftertreatment components reach effective operating temperatures. As a result, it is essential to develop technologies to accelerate initial aftertreatment system warm-up. This study investigates the use of early exhaust valve opening (EEVO) and its combination with negative valve overlap to achieve internal exhaust gas recirculation (iEGR), for aftertreatment thermal management, both at steady state loaded idle operation and over a heavy-duty federal test procedure (HD-FTP) drive cycle. The results demonstrate that implementing EEVO with iEGR during steady state loaded idle conditions enables engine outlet temperatures above 400 °C, and when implemented over the HD-FTP, is expected to result in a 7.9% reduction in tailpipe-out NOx.
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Schröder, Jörg, Franziska Hartmann, Robert Eschrich, Denis Worch, Jürgen Böhm, Roger Gläser, and Franziska Müller-Langer. "Accelerated performance and durability test of the exhaust aftertreatment system by contaminated biodiesel." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 10 (April 3, 2017): 1067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417700762.

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The consumption of fossil and especially alternative fuels from renewable sources is supposed to rise in the future. Biofuels as well as fossil fuels often contain alkali and alkaline earth metal impurities that are potential poisons for automotive exhaust catalysts. The impact of these contaminations on the long-time performance of the exhaust aftertreatment system is a major concern. However, engine test bench studies consume considerable amounts of fuel, manpower and time. The purpose of this research project was to examine whether accelerated engine tests can be achieved by a modified diesel aftertreatment system in a test bench and contamination of biodiesel with known amounts of elements potentially poisoning automotive catalysts. A variety of potentially harmful elements (sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S) and phosphorous (P)) were added all at once to enhance the contamination level in biodiesel. A diesel oxidation catalyst and a catalyst for selective catalytic reduction reaction were placed in a stream of exhaust gas generated with a single cylinder engine. For reference purposes, a second test series was performed with a commercially available biodiesel. Catalysts were analyzed post-mortem using a bench flow reactor and X-ray fluorescence regarding their activity and deposition of the harmful elements. For both diesel oxidation catalyst and selective catalytic reduction catalysts, significant deactivation and decrease in conversion rates could be proven. For diesel oxidation catalyst, linear correlations between mass fractions of added elements and aging time were observed.
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Ueda, M. "A new optimizing technique of a diesel engine aftertreatment system using HC DeNox catalyst." JSAE Review 24, no. 1 (January 2003): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0389-4304(02)00249-7.

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Stiglic, P., J. Hardy, and B. Gabelman. "Control Considerations for an On-Line, Active Regeneration System for Diesel Particulate Traps." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240269.

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Garrett Automotive Group is developing an exhaust aftertreatment system aimed at particulate emissions reduction from commercial diesel engines. The system uses a ceramic wall flow filter to trap the particulates, and regeneration is effected by raising gas temperature by throttling the exhaust downstream of the turbocharger. Lab testing at steady conditions demonstrated good performance with both catalyzed and uncatalyzed traps. Road testing shows the regeneration must be accomplished under severe transient conditions created by the normal vehicle operating modes. Primary efforts are to accommodate those transients using advanced control and digital computational techniques. Some of those techniques are described and are shown to yield improved control performance.
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Upadhyay, Devesh, and Michiel Van Nieuwstadt. "Model Based Analysis and Control Design of a Urea-SCR deNOx Aftertreatment System." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 128, no. 3 (June 2, 2005): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2234494.

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In this paper we tackle issues relevant to model based control design for a Urea based Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) process relevant to automotive applications. A three state, control oriented, lumped parameter model of the system is used to investigate essential controllability and observability properties of the Urea-SCR plant. Results from the controllability and observability analysis of both nonlinear and linearized models are shown to have realistic implications. Observer design for predicting gas phase ammonia slip is outlined and results presented. An altered definition of the catalyst efficiency is used in control design. It is shown that this altered definition lends itself readily to control synthesis in the Sliding Mode framework while satisfying the dual control objectives of maximizing NOx reduction and minimizing ammonia slip.
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Vos, Kalen R., Gregory M. Shaver, Mrunal C. Joshi, and James McCarthy. "Implementing variable valve actuation on a diesel engine at high-speed idle operation for improved aftertreatment warm-up." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 7 (October 16, 2019): 1134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419880639.

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Aftertreatment thermal management is critical for regulating emissions in modern diesel engines. Elevated engine-out temperatures and mass flows are effective at increasing the temperature of an aftertreatment system to enable efficient emission reduction. In this effort, experiments and analysis demonstrated that increasing the idle speed, while maintaining the same idle load, enables improved aftertreatment “warm-up” performance with engine-out NOx and particulate matter levels no higher than a state-of-the-art thermal calibration at conventional idle operation (800 rpm and 1.3 bar brake mean effective pressure). Elevated idle speeds of 1000 and 1200 rpm, compared to conventional idle at 800 rpm, realized 31%–51% increase in exhaust flow and 25 °C–40 °C increase in engine-out temperature, respectively. This study also demonstrated additional engine-out temperature benefits at all three idle speeds considered (800, 1000, and 1200 rpm, without compromising the exhaust flow rates or emissions, by modulating the exhaust valve opening timing. Early exhaust valve opening realizes up to ~51% increase in exhaust flow and 50 °C increase in engine-out temperature relative to conventional idle operation by forcing the engine to work harder via an early blowdown of the exhaust gas. This early blowdown of exhaust gas also reduces the time available for particulate matter oxidization, effectively limiting the ability to elevate engine-out temperatures for the early exhaust valve opening strategy. Alternatively, late exhaust valve opening realizes up to ~51% increase in exhaust flow and 91 °C increase in engine-out temperature relative to conventional idle operation by forcing the engine to work harder to pump in-cylinder gases across a smaller exhaust valve opening. In short, this study demonstrates how increased idle speeds, and exhaust valve opening modulation, individually or combined, can be used to significantly increase the “warm-up” rate of an aftertreatment system.
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Kumakura, H., M. Sasaki, D. Suzuki, and H. Ichikawa. "Development of a Low-Emission Combustor for a 100-kW Automotive Ceramic Gas Turbine (II)." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816534.

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Performance tests were conducted on a low-emission combustor, which has a pre-vaporization–premixing lean combustion system and is designed for a 100 kW automotive ceramic gas turbine. The results of steady-state combustion tests performed at an inlet temperature of 1000–1200 K and pressure of 0.1–0.34 MPa indicate that the combustor would meet Japan’s emission standards for gasoline engine passenger cars without using an aftertreatment system. Flashback was suppressed by controlling the mixture velocity and air ratios. Strength tests conducted on rings and bars cut from the actual ceramic parts indicate that the combustor has nearly the same level of strength as standard test specimens.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Automotive Aftertreatment system"

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Soleimani, Morteza, I. Felician Campean, and Daniel Neagu. "Reliability challenges for automotive aftertreatment systems: a state-of-the-art perspective." 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16655.

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Yes
This paper provides a critical review and discussion of major challenges with automotive aftertreatment systems from the viewpoint of the reliability of complex systems. The aim of this review is to systematically explore research efforts towards the three key issues affecting the reliability of aftertreatment systems: physical problems, control problems and fault diagnostics issues. The review covers important developments in technologies for control of the system, various methods proposed to tackle NOx sensor cross-sensitivity as well as fault detection and diagnostics methods, utilized on SCR, LNT and DPF systems. This paper discusses future challenges and research direction towards assured dependability of complex cyber-physical systems.
InPowerCare Project - JLR (Jaguar Land Rover)
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Soleimani, Morteza, I. Felician Campean, and Daniel Neagu. "Integration of Hidden Markov Modelling and Bayesian Network for Fault Detection and Prediction of Complex Engineered Systems." 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18518.

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yes
This paper presents a methodology for fault detection, fault prediction and fault isolation based on the integration of hidden Markov modelling (HMM) and Bayesian networks (BN). This addresses the nonlinear and non-Gaussian data characteristics to support fault detection and prediction, within an explainable hybrid framework that captures causality in the complex engineered system. The proposed methodology is based on the analysis of the pattern of similarity in the log-likelihood (LL) sequences against the training data for the mixture of Gaussians HMM (MoG-HMM). The BN model identifies the root cause of detected/predicted faults, using the information propagated from the HMM model as empirical evidence. The feasibility and effectiveness of the presented approach are discussed in conjunction with the application to a real-world case study of an automotive exhaust gas Aftertreatment system. The paper details the implementation of the methodology to this case study, with data available from real-world usage of the system. The results show that the proposed methodology identifies the fault faster and attributes the fault to the correct root cause. While the proposed methodology is illustrated with an automotive case study, its applicability is much wider to the fault detection and prediction problem of any similar complex engineered system.
The full text will be available at the end of the publisher's embargo: 28th May 2023
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(9976460), Xu Zhang. "Model-based co-design of sensing and control systems for turbo-charged, EGR-utilizing spark-ignited engines." Thesis, 2021.

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Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (AFR) and air/EGR flow control are essential control problems in today’s advanced spark-ignited (SI) engines to enable effective application of the three-way-catalyst (TWC) and generation of required torque. External exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can be used in SI engines to help mitigate knock, reduce enrichment and improve efficiency[1 ]. However, the introduction of the EGR system increases the complexity of stoichiometric engine-out lambda and torque management, particularly for high BMEP commercial vehicle applications. This thesis develops advanced frameworks for sensing and control architecture designs to enable robust air handling system management, stoichiometric cylinder air-fuel ratio (AFR) control and three-way-catalyst emission control.

The first work in this thesis derives a physically-based, control-oriented model for turbocharged SI engines utilizing cooled EGR and flexible VVA systems. The model includes the impacts of modulation to any combination of 11 actuators, including the throttle valve, bypass valve, fuel injection rate, waste-gate, high-pressure (HP) EGR, low-pressure (LP) EGR, number of firing cylinders, intake and exhaust valve opening and closing timings. A new cylinder-out gas composition estimation method, based on the inputs’ information of cylinder charge flow, injected fuel amount, residual gas mass and intake gas compositions, is proposed in this model. This method can be implemented in the control-oriented model as a critical input for estimating the exhaust manifold gas compositions. A new flow-based turbine-out pressure modeling strategy is also proposed in this thesis as a necessary input to estimate the LP EGR flow rate. Incorporated with these two sub-models, the control-oriented model is capable to capture the dynamics of pressure, temperature and gas compositions in manifolds and the cylinder. Thirteen physical parameters, including intake, boost and exhaust manifolds’ pressures, temperatures, unburnt and burnt mass fractions as well as the turbocharger speed, are defined as state variables. The outputs such as flow rates and AFR are modeled as functions of selected states and inputs. The control-oriented model is validated with a high fidelity SI engine GT-Power model for different operating conditions. The novelty in this physical modeling work includes the development and incorporation of the cylinder-out gas composition estimation method and the turbine-out pressure model in the control-oriented model.

The second part of the work outlines a novel sensor selection and observer design algorithm for linear time-invariant systems with both process and measurement noise based on H2 optimization to optimize the tradeoff between the observer error and the number of required sensors. The optimization problem is relaxed to a sequence of convex optimization problems that minimize the cost function consisting of the H2 norm of the observer error and the weighted l1 norm of the observer gain. An LMI formulation allows for efficient solution via semi-definite programing. The approach is applied here, for the first time, to a turbo-charged spark-ignited (SI) engine using exhaust gas recirculation to determine the optimal sensor sets for real-time intake manifold burnt gas mass fraction estimation. Simulation with the candidate estimator embedded in a high fidelity engine GT-Power model demonstrates that the optimal sensor sets selected using this algorithm have the best H2 estimation performance. Sensor redundancy is also analyzed based on the algorithm results. This algorithm is applicable for any type of modern internal combustion engines to reduce system design time and experimental efforts typically required for selecting optimal sensor sets.

The third study develops a model-based sensor selection and controller design framework for robust control of air-fuel-ratio (AFR), air flow and EGR flow for turbocharged stoichiometric engines using low pressure EGR, waste-gate turbo-charging, intake throttling and variable valve timing. Model uncertainties, disturbances, transport delays, sensor and actuator characteristics are considered in this framework. Based on the required control performance and candidate sensor sets, the framework synthesizes an H1 feedback controller and evaluates the viability of the candidate sensor set through analysis of the structured
singular value μ of the closed-loop system in the frequency domain. The framework can also be used to understand if relaxing the controller performance requirements enables the use of a simpler (less costly) sensor set. The sensor selection and controller co-design approach is applied here, for the first time, to turbo-charged engines using exhaust gas circulation. High fidelity GT-Power simulations are used to validate the approach. The novelty of the work in this part can be summarized as follows: (1) A novel control strategy is proposed for the stoichiometric SI engines using low pressure EGR to simultaneously satisfy both the AFR and air/EGR-path control performance requirements; (2) A parametrical method to simultaneously select the sensors and design the controller is first proposed for the internal combustion engines.

In the fourth part of the work, a novel two-loop estimation and control strategy is proposed to reduce the emission of the three-way-catalyst (TWC). In the outer loop, an FOS estimator consisting of a TWC model and an extended Kalman-filter is used to estimate the current TWC fractional oxygen state (FOS) and a robust controller is used to control the TWC FOS by manipulating the desired engine λ. The outer loop estimator and controller are combined with an existing inner loop controller. The inner loop controller controls the engine λ based on the desired λ value and the control inaccuracies are considered and compensated by the outer loop robust controller. This control strategy achieves good emission reduction performance and has advantages over the constant λ control strategy and the conventional two-loop switch-type control strategy.
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(9179864), John Foster. "Advanced Control Strategies for Diesel Engine Thermal Management and Class 8 Truck Platooning." Thesis, 2020.

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Commercial vehicles in the United States account for a significant fraction of greenhouse gas emissions and NOx emissions. The objectives of this work are reduction in commercial vehicle NOx emissions through enhanced aftertreatment thermal management via diesel engine variable valve actuation and the reduction of commercial vehicle fuel consumption/GHG emissions by enabling more effective class 8 truck platooning.


First, a novel diesel engine aftertreatment thermal management strategy is proposed which utilizes a 2-stroke breathing variable value actuation strategy to increase the mass flow rate of exhaust gas. Experiments showed that when allowed to operate with modestly higher engine-out emissions, temperatures comparable to baseline could be achieved with a 1.75x exhaust mass flow rate, which could be beneficial for heating the SCR catalyst in a cold-start scenario.


Second, a methodology is presented for characterizing aerodynamic drag coefficients of platooning trucks using experimental track-test data, which allowed for the development of high-fidelity platoon simulations and thereby enabled rapid development of advanced platoon controllers. Single truck and platoon drag coefficients were calculated for late model year Peterbilt 579’s based on experimental data collected during J1321 fuel economy tests for a two-truck platoon at 65 mph with a 55’ truck gap. Results show drag coefficients of 0.53, 0.50, and 0.45 for a single truck, a platoon front truck, and a platoon rear truck, respectively.


Finally, a PID-based platoon controller is presented for maximizing fuel savings and gap control on hilly terrain using a dynamically-variable platoon gap. The controller was vetted in simulation and demonstrated on a vehicle in closed-course functionality testing. Simulations show that the controller is capable of 6-9% rear truck fuel savings on a heavily-graded route compared to a production-intent platoon controller, while increasing control over the truck gap to discourage other vehicles from cutting in.

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Book chapters on the topic "Automotive Aftertreatment system"

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Nilsson, P., C. Wang-Hansen, M. Lundgren, and M. Hicks. "Lean Upgrade of Aftertreatment Systems to Euro6b Compliance." In Sustainable Automotive Technologies 2014, 93–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17999-5_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Automotive Aftertreatment system"

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Farsodia, Mitesh, Satyam Pandey, and Gourav Ganguly. "Advance Data Analytics Methodologies to Solve Diesel Engine Exhaust Aftertreatment System Challenges." In Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-5035.

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Takeori, Hiroki, Katsuji Wada, Yuichi Matsuo, Tomoko Morita, Takashi Konomoto, Yuichiro Murata, Munekazu Kimura, and Atsuhiro Miyauchi. "Study of an Aftertreatment System for Homogeneous Lean Charge Spark Ignition (HLSI) Lean-Burn Engine." In Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-5040.

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Kababji, Alaa, Atul Abhyankar, Huiling Li, S. M. Boopathi, and Arthur Reining. "Design and Durability of Vanadium-SCR Catalytic Aftertreatment System to Meet Tier 4 Emission Regulations in a Locomotive Application." In Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-5015.

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Andersen, Kasper Steen, and Fuyang Liu. "Transfer Matrix Coupling Approach for Predicting the Acoustic Performance of a Complete Aftertreatment Exhaust System." In 8th International Styrian Noise, Vibration & Harshness Congress: The European Automotive Noise Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2056.

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Asami, Satoshi, Adam Cranmer, Mahdi Shahbakhti, and J. Karl Hedrick. "Model-Based Control via Balanced Realization for Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Reduction." In ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-5965.

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High automotive hydrocarbon emission during cold start is a well recognized challenge with increasing importance in moving towards green vehicles. In this work the application of a linear model reduction technique on the design of a controller for a nonlinear system is discussed. A reduced order cold start model of an SI engine and aftertreatment system is realized using a balanced truncation technique. Sliding mode controllers, derived from a nonlinear physical model and the reduced order model, are designed to reduce tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions. The comparison results indicate the controller derived from the balanced truncated model performs better since it adjusts the control inputs such that it favors the certain desired trajectories which are more influential on the final control target.
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Upadhyay, Devesh, and Michiel Van Nieuwstadt. "Control Design of an Automotive Urea SCR Catalyst." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32103.

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The leading aftertreatment technologies for NOx removal from the exhaust gas of lean burn engines, Diesels in particular, are urea based Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), Lean NOx Traps (LNT) and Active Lean NOx Catalysts (ALNC). It is generally believed that the SCR technique has the potential of providing the best NOx conversion efficiency relative to the other techniques. Nonetheless, it is crucial that the high conversion efficiencies be achieved with a minimum slippage of unreacted ammonia as tail pipe emissions. This necessitates a precise control over the urea injection process. The complex behavior of the catalyst substrate with respect to adsorption and desorption of ammonia in conjunction with a lack of “stored ammonia” sensing capabilities makes the control problem challenging. In this paper we present a model-based control design approach using a lumped parameter model of an SCR system that includes the essential dynamics of the plant. The model includes the adsorption, desorption and surface coverage dynamics, along with the NOx reduction and ammonia oxidation dynamics based on the relevant chemical reaction rates.
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Kumakura, Hirotaka, Masafumi Sasaki, Daishi Suzuki, and Hiroyuki Ichikawa. "Development of a Low-Emission Combustor for a 100-kW Automotive Ceramic Gas Turbine: II." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-033.

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Perfomance tests were conducted on a low-emission combustor which has a prevaporization-premixing lean combustion system and is designed for a 100 kW automotive ceramic gas turbine. The results of steady-state combustion tests performed at an inlet temperature of 1000–1200 K and pressure of 0.1–0.34 MPa indicate that the combustor would meet Japan’s emission standards for gasoline engine passenger cars without using an aftertreatment system. Flashback was suppressed by controlling the mixture velocity and air ratios. Strength tests conducted on rings and bars cut from the actual ceramic parts indicate that the combustor has nearly the same level of strength as standard test specimens.
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Moscherosch, Benjamin W., Christopher J. Polonowski, Scott A. Miers, and Jeffrey D. Naber. "Combustion and Emissions Characterization of Soy Methyl Ester Biodiesel Blends in an Automotive Turbocharged Diesel Engine." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76158.

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Recent increases in petroleum fuel costs, CAFE standards, and environmental concerns about CO2 emissions from petroleum based fuels have created an increased opportunity for diesel engines and renewable alternative fuels such as biodiesel. Additionally, the Environmental Protection Agencies Tier II heavy duty and light duty emissions regulations require significant reductions in NOx and diesel particulate matter emissions for diesel engines. As a result, the diesel engine and aftertreatment system is a highly calibrated system that is sensitive to changing fuel characteristics. This study focuses on the impact of soy methyl ester biodiesel blends on combustion performance, carbonaceous soot matter and NOX emissions. Tests were completed with an I4 1.9L, turbocharged, high speed, direct injection diesel engine using commercially available 15 ppm ultra low sulfur diesel, a soy methyl ester B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% ultra low sulfur diesel) biodiesel blend and a pure soy methyl ester biodiesel. Results show a reduction in NOx and carbonaceous soot matter emissions and an increase in brake specific fuel consumption with the use of biodiesel. Further, traditional methodology assumes that diesel fuels with a high cetane number have a reduced ignition delay. However, results from this study show the cetane number is not the only parameter effecting ignition delay.
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Johannessen, Tue, Henning Schmidt, Jakob Svagin, Johnny Johansen, Jan Oechsle, and Ryan Bradley. "Ammonia Storage and Delivery Systems for Automotive NOx Aftertreatment." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1027.

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Lourenço, Álvaro Augusto de Mattos, Fábio Luz Almeida, and Leandro Seizo Glovaski Glovaski. "OPTIMIZATION OF SELECTIVE-TYPE AFTERTREATMENT SYSTEMS IN DIESEL ENGINES." In XXIII Simpósio Internacional de Engenharia Automotiva. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/engpro-simea2015-pap203.

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