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1
Didmanidze, O. N., R. T. Khakimov, E. P. Parlyuk, and N. A. Bol’shakov. "Test Results of a Polymer Radiator of MTZ-80 Tractor Cooling System." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 14, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2020-14-1-55-60.
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Global car manufacturers wish to increase the number of manufactured products, reduce their cost and labor input. The choice of research areas, design and technological developments in radiator construction is an extremely important and urgent task, due to the mass production of radiators for tractors and automobiles on the one hand, and the favorable development prospects of these interrelated industries, on the other. (Research purpose) To substantiate theoretically and experimentally the use of a combined cooling system containing both aluminum and polymeric water radiators and similarly liquid-oil heat exchangers based on the four principles listed above on automobiles and tractors. (Materials and methods) The authors performed bench tests using a special wind tunnel to study the thermal and aerodynamic characteristics of a prototype tractor radiator with a polyurethane core. After reaching the steady-state operating mode of the installation, the experimental values were determined for the control and measuring instruments. (Results and discussion) The authors carried out measurements of all parameters of both coolants in series at each steady-state operating mode of the bench. They obtained the main indicators dependences (reduced heat transfer, aerodynamic and hydraulic drag) of the heat exchanger, close to the operating conditions of the vehicles. (Conclusions) A prototype MTZ-80 radiator with a polyurethane core has great prospects as a future alternative radiator. An increase by 10-15 percent in the radiator heat transfer is possible by using aluminum fi ns on the surface of the polyurethane plate. A 15-20 percent reduction in hydrodynamic resistance is achieved by increasing the diameter of the capillary throughput in a polyurethane plate and the number of plates themselves in the radiator cell.
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Myhren, Jonn Are, and Sture Holmberg. "Design considerations with ventilation-radiators: Comparisons to traditional two-panel radiators." Energy and Buildings 41, no. 1 (January 2009): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.07.014.
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Kara, Levent Burak, and Kenji Shimada. "Supporting Early Styling Design of Automobiles Using Sketch-based 3D Shape Construction." Computer-Aided Design and Applications 5, no. 6 (January 2008): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3722/cadaps.2008.867-876.
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Xu, Wan Hong, Guo Ying Wang, and Wen Xuan Ma. "Analysis and Construction of Automobile Steering Gear Model Library Based on CATIA." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 1702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.1702.
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Automobile steering devices are key parts that change driving direction of automobiles and maintain them stable in a straight line. In order to construct steering gear model quickly and accurately, this paper does parameterized modeling to automobile steering gear through knowledge engineering module of CATIA software. By using Visual Basic can be interactive interface created, modeling can be recorded and modified procedure through the macro mode, and write program code, by using process of external access to realize secondary development of CATIA and complete construction of steering gear model library. Users input corresponding design parameter values that can automatically call parts model; therefore, it shortens product design cycle and improves design efficiency of product.
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Justin Dhiraviam, F., V. Naveen Prabhu, T. Suresh, and C. Selva Senthil Prabhu. "Improved Efficiency in Engine Cooling System by Repositioning of Turbo Inter Cooler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 792–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.792.
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Turbochargers are an integral part of today’s modern diesel engines and are a major reason that they are able to produce more power. Unlike a super charger that is driven via a belt from the engine, a turbo takes the exhaust that the engine is producing and puts it to good use. As Turbochargers are driven by exhaust, heat is an unwelcome by product and something that wasn’t really taken into account in automobiles. Then those intercoolers started to come into play in turbocharged automobiles. The forced air produced by the turbocharger is routed through the intercooler where its temperature is reduced before reaching the engine. The use of intercoolers has made turbocharged vehicles far more reliable and, in the case of today’s heavy duty diesel trucks, is a very important component. The inlet air of an IC engine from turbocharger temperature is very much high (due to compression) means oxygen content is very much less. And also air with high temperature causes pre-ignition and detonation. So fuel combustion does not take place properly. Inter Cooling of inlet air is very much essential according to performance point of view. Turbo intercoolers are used for cooling the inlet air of an IC engine from turbo chargers. Moreover cooling of air makes it denser and contributes for better combustion and more power they are mounted close to the radiators for achieving lower air temperature. This arrangement affects the performance of both. So in this project an attempt will be made to increase the efficiency of the turbo intercooler arrangement through design modification and repositioning of intercooler by taking the TATA MARCOPOLO-Star Bus 909 as a reference.
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Ravi Ghule and Simran Shaikh, Prof Nivedita, Pall Choudhury, Ashutosh Jagdale,. "A Review Paper on Electric Assisted Steering System for Automobiles." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 7, no. 03 (April 10, 2021): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst0703009.
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Electric Assisted Steering system is an Electric System, which reduces the amount of steering effort by directly applying the output from the electric motor to the steering system.In this system the mechanical link between the steering wheel and road wheels of an automobile are replaced by a control system consisting of sensors, actuators and controllers seem to offer great advantages such as enhanced system performance, simplified construction, design flexibility etc.It offers greater vehicle safety by adapting variable steering ratios to human needs, filtering drive train influences and even adjusting active steering torque in critical situations. In addition, it can make cars even lighter and more fuel efficient when compared to those using hydraulic steering systems. The central electronic elements of today’s steering systems are modern microcontrollers
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Ma, Yiteng, and M. Zaheeruddin. "Dynamic modeling, adaptive control and energy performance simulation of a hybrid hydronic space heating system." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 39, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 406–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624417749454.
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A dynamic model of a hybrid hydronic heating system has been developed. The overall model consists of a boiler, a heat exchanger, a ground loop heat pump, a ground loop heat exchanger, baseboard heaters (convector–radiators), and radiant floor hydraulic piping system. Two control strategies for improving the overall system performance were explored: (1) a conventional proportional-integral (PI) control and (2) an adaptive gain control. The simulation results showed that the performance of the adaptive controller is better than the fixed gain PI controller in disturbance rejection and stability. Energy simulations under three different operating strategies were conducted: (1) a fixed set-point PI control, (2) an outdoor air temperature reset control, and (3) an optimal set-point adaptive PI control. It was shown that the outdoor temperature reset strategy can save 4.5 and 19.9% energy under cold day and mild day conditions compared to the fixed set-point PI control strategy. The optimal adaptive PI control strategy resulted in higher energy savings of 6.6 and 22% as compared to the PI control under cold and mild day conditions, respectively. Practical application: Energy efficiency and sustainability are a major issue of importance in the design and operation of space heating systems. The proposed hybrid system combines a ground-source heat pump and a hot water boiler for space heating of both residential and commercial building applications. The heating system consists of radiant floor piping for the residential zones and hot water baseboard heaters (convector–radiators) for the commercial zones. An energy optimal adaptive control strategy is designed to improve energy efficiency and temperature control performance of the hybrid system. The control strategy is simple and can be implemented on the existing building control systems.
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Hou, Wenbin, Xianzhe Xu, Xiao Han, Haifeng Wang, and Liyong Tong. "Multi-objective and multi-constraint design optimization for hat-shaped composite T-joints in automobiles." Thin-Walled Structures 143 (October 2019): 106232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.106232.
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Ramakrishnan, R., Somashekhar S. Hiremath, and M. Singaperumal. "Modeling, Simulation and Design Optimization of a Series Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.727.
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Crude oil resources in the world continue to diminish; automobile, agricultural machinery and construction machinery manufacturing companies are placing more emphasis on energy efficient series hydraulic hybrid systems which can replace their conventional transmission systems. Series hydraulic hybrid system is a mechatronics system with two source of power (that includes prime mover and hydro-pneumatic accumulator) which drives the vehicle. Even though, it has been proven as an energy efficient system, sizing of the components or sub-system for automobiles has got a major influence on energy efficiency of vehicle. In this paper, a power bond graph approach is used to model the dynamics of series hydraulic hybrid system and simulation results elucidate various modes of operations. It also shows the dynamic response of hydro-pneumatic accumulator, prime-mover and system output speed. Further, design optimization of system is carried out to optimize the physical /process parameters for the maximum system's output energy that, leads to increase in energy efficiency and environmental friendly vehicle.
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Sa’adu, L., Y. Yusuf, I. Abdullahi, S. B. Muhammad, and A. B. Isah. "Design and Implementation of Buck Converter for Electric Vehicle’s Appliances." International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability 8, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.57233/ijsgs.v8i4.369.
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Buck converter is a unidirectional DC-DC power converter that primarily steps down potential difference (PD) of the power bank of batteries or supercapacitors. Electric vehicles usually operate on higher voltage ranging from 45 to 72 volts. However, the electrical accessories of automobiles such as horns, trafficators, radio/players and brake or parking lights were designed to operate on 12 V DC voltage. This necessitates the use of buck converter for stepping down the voltage values to 12 volts. Nonetheless, replacing the converter when the need arises is indeed financially challenging, thus, in such a situation, the vehicles are mostly operated during the day time. Herein, we designed a buck converter using Proteus software and then constructed it with the aim of stepping down the voltage values to 12 volts at a reduced price. The design materials and the construction components used are readily available in most of the electronics shops. An outstanding performance was achieved and results indicated that the designed converter is suitable for use in electric vehicles.
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Gelis, Kadir. "Factorial experimental design for second law analysis of panel radiators as a function of radiator dimension." Journal of Building Engineering 43 (November 2021): 102872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102872.
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Akasaka, Shuichi. "Construction of omni-directional elastic modulus evaluation system using lamb wave for fabric." Impact 2020, no. 9 (December 30, 2020): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.9.80.
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Engineers and materials scientists are constantly working to improve the quality of our built environments and vehicles, including noise levels and vibration. The researchers pursuing the duel goals of safety and comfort are increasingly being challenged as the projects they work on advance technologically, in size and are constructed with new materials. Buildings grow taller and must compensate for greater movement and vibrations from wind or shifting foundations. Cars especially are undergoing drastic changes that require a rethinking of the material and designs of their frames, panels, doors and windows. The advent of electric motors for example, has reduced overall noise but shifted the frequency of sound higher, making them more uncomfortable. Assistant Professor Shuichi Akasaka, who is based in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan, is carrying out research to design new materials that reduce vibration and noise, and create the quiet, safe automobiles and living spaces of the future.
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Mangrich, Camila Poeta, Luis Henrique Pavan, Fernanda Gomes, Lucas Oliveira, Jose Kos, and Jean Everson Martina. "Campus regenerative design supported by university Wi-Fi connections." International Journal of Architectural Computing 17, no. 2 (May 23, 2019): 206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478077119849682.
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A 60-year-old Brazilian university campus reflects its development actions throughout history. The degradation of its water streams and automobiles prioritization has significantly impacted the ecosystems’ resilience and the university’s activities. This article explores data analytics and visualization of Wi-Fi authentication processes, whose data have been stored in the last 10 years. This noteworthy connections database is a powerful tool, still overlooked due to the remarkable risks for users’ privacy. Brazil has followed 2018 European regulations to protect data privacy, when working with personal data. Therefore, we present an anonymization process that prevents one to identify and distinguish a subject within a set of subjects of the database. Three studies illustrate our examination of data potential to understand the university’s dynamics. These inquiries present relevant contributions to the process of planning and implementing campus green areas at the rivers’ edges, pedestrian and cycle paths, and places to facilitate interdisciplinary encounters.
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Underwood, Gerald T. "Highway Metrication: Approaching the General Public." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1552, no. 1 (January 1996): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155200114.
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Commendable progress has been made in recent years in the application of metric dimensions and standards to the design and construction of U.S. road and highway systems and affected industries. The metrication experience of other U.S. industries has clearly shown that the rates of assimilation and adaptation to a change in measurement system correlate closely with the extent of technical background of those directly involved. In less than a decade and with very limited difficulty, the entire U.S. automobile industry changed to the use of the metric system throughout its vast network of design, manufacturing, and service organizations. Remarkably, that elaborate changeover yielded almost no public outcry because of the excellent strategy used by the industry. Use of the metric system was given a very low level of publicity because very few retail customers were affected. Beyond p-metric tire designations and mile-kilometer speed indications, few consumers were aware then, or are concerned today, that their automobiles, like all others worldwide, are manufactured entirely to metric dimensions and standards. A similar strategy is now being effectively pursued in that part of the construction industry responsible for major buildings. For all the same reasons and to the fullest extent possible, that strategy should be continued in the metrication of U.S. highway design, construction, and systems management.
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Maevskaya, Alla. "Fast Interaction Trigger for the upgrade of the ALICE experiment at CERN: design and performance." EPJ Web of Conferences 204 (2019): 11003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920411003.
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ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) at the CERN LHC is designed to study the properties of the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP) in heavy-ion collisions. In 2019–2020 the upgrade of the LHC will increase the luminosity and the collision rate beyond the design parameters of the current ALICE setup. To be able to benefit from the improved performance of the LHC, ALICE will upgrade several of its key detector systems including the Fast Interaction Trigger (FIT). FIT is designed to provide the functionality of the existing forward detectors while retaining or even improving their performance. It will provide minimum bias (MB) trigger with an efficiency higher than 90% for pp collisions, measure the luminosity for pp and Pb–Pb collisions, and sustain interaction rates up to 1 MHz and 50 kHz, respectively. FIT will determine the collision time with a resolution better than 50 ps and will be used to measure the event multiplicity, the centrality, and the reaction plane. The detector consists of two arrays of Cherenkov radiators with micro-channel plate photo-multiplier (MCP-PMT) sensors, placed on both sides of the interaction point and of a single large-diameter scintillator ring. This article discusses the main design concepts, detector construction, beam test results, Monte Carlo simulations, and the results of detector performance studies.
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Mitra, Anirban C., Tanushri Soni, and G. R. Kiranchand. "Optimization of Automotive Suspension System by Design of Experiments: A Nonderivative Method." Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2016 (July 27, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3259026.
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A lot of health issues like low back pain, digestive disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders are caused as a result of the whole body vibrations induced by automobiles. This paper is concerned with the enhancement and optimization of suspension performance by using factorial methods of Design of Experiments, a nonderivative method. It focuses on the optimization of ride comfort and determining the parameters which affect the suspension behavior significantly as per the guidelines stated in ISO 2631-1:1997 standards. A quarter car test rig integrated with a LabVIEW based data acquisition system was developed to understand the real time behavior of a vehicle. In the pilot experiment, only three primary suspension parameters, that is, spring-stiffness, damping, and sprung mass, were considered and the full factorial method was implemented for the purpose of optimization. But the regression analysis of the data obtained rendered a very low goodness of fit which indicated that other parameters are likely to influence the response. Subsequently, steering geometry angles, camber and toe and tire pressure, were included in the design. Fractional factorial method with six factors was implemented to optimize ride comfort. The resultant optimum combination was then verified on the test rig with high correlation.
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Wang, Jiaying, Shen Ye, Yongjin Xu, Lixin Wang, Jian Yuan, and Jinrong Wang. "Electric Vehicle Battery Power Estimation and Remote Monitoring Method Based on Optimization Algorithm." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2310, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2310/1/012011.
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Abstract With the leap-forward development of China’s economy and society, people have put forward higher demands for travel convenience. As a daily means of transportation, automobiles have gradually approached thousands of households. Therefore, the automobile industry has also developed rapidly in recent years. The construction of digital factories for automobile manufacturing and production has rapidly promoted the progress of the new energy automobile industry. The main purpose of this paper is to study the battery power estimation and remote monitoring program of electric vehicles based on the optimization algorithm. This paper mainly selects the battery model, compares and analyzes different algorithms, and completes the database design and the construction of the relevant development environment according to the functional requirements and combined with the actual situation. Experiments show that low temperature has a great influence on the discharge capacity of the battery. The battery can release 74% of the rated capacity at -5°C, while the battery can release only 56% of the rated capacity at -20°C.
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Carella, Alberta, Luca Del Ferraro, and Annunziata D’Orazio. "Air/Water Heat Pumps in Existing Heating and Hot Water Systems for Better Urban Air Quality and Primary Energy Savings: Scenarios of Two Italian Cities." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010377.
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In a previous work, a significant contribution to urban air pollution, related to fuel-fired heating systems, was recorded. Thus, the replacement of existing boilers for space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) production systems with high-temperature air/water heat pumps (which can operate with radiators, the most common terminals in the existing building stock), is proposed for the improvement of the urban air quality. Scenarios of substitution within the entire residential building stock of two Italian cities, Milan and Salerno, belonging to different climate zones and with their own thermophysical characteristics, were analyzed. For each of them, the consequences of the replacement intervention on emission reduction, primary energy savings and lower CO2 production were evaluated. The results show that reduction of primary energy consumption, evaluated at design outdoor temperature and for the present generation mix, varied between 34% and 54% in Milan and between 43% and 60% in Salerno, for two values of renewable fraction in electricity generation. The reduction of CO2 production was in the range 30–52% in Milan and 39–58% in Salerno, respectively. The only unfavorable case occurred for Milan for a completely non-renewable electricity generation scenario. The replacement intervention, which implies a significant decrease of emissions of pollutants in urban areas, is unobtrusive to citizens, since the heat pumps (HPs) are coupled with current radiators, without the internal distribution system being modified.
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Nogueira, Teresa, José Carvalho, and José Magano. "Eco-Friendly Ester Fluid for Power Transformers versus Mineral Oil: Design Considerations." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 5418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155418.
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Mineral oil has long been used as an adequate coolant and dielectric medium in power transformer design. However, it is flammable and environmentally risky as it may be leaked or spilled. Therefore, ester fluids, which have been increasingly used in the last two decades, look promising as an ideal dielectric option. This research aims to better understand how using ester fluid insulation in power transformers impacts their physical and electrical dimensions, including their load-losses, impedance, masses, and equipment dimensions. Three case studies were carried out in a Portuguese electrical equipment manufacturer’s facility, with varying electrical parameters and physical properties of the mineral oil and ester-filled power transformers. The main results enhanced the known good electrical behavior of ester fluids, namely creating a lower electric field around winding wedges, yet the use of ester fluids led to higher load-losses, larger masses, additional radiators and, consequently, higher manufacturing costs. Nevertheless, the contribution of ester-filled power transformers to the improved environmental safety (reducing spillage and fire risks), among other advantages, makes ester fluids a truly eco-friendly option for power transformer design.
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Johar, Tehseen, and Chiu-Fan Hsieh. "Design Challenges in Hydrogen-Fueled Rotary Engine—A Review." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020607.
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The rotary engine (RE) is a potential power plant for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and automobiles because of its structural and design merits. However, it has some serious drawbacks, such as frequent maintenance requirements and excessive fuel consumption. This review paper presents the current status of hydrogen-fueled rotary engine (HRE) technology and identifies the existing research and development gaps in combustion efficiency and performance of this engine that might benefit transportation sector. Focusing primarily on the research from past ten years, the crucial challenges encountered in hydrogen-powered rotary engines have been reviewed in terms of knock, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, and seal leakages. The paper identifies the recent advances in design concepts and production approaches used in hydrogen-fueled rotary engines such as geometric models of trochoid profiles, port configurations, fuel utilization systems, and currently available computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools. This review article is an attempt to collect and organize literature on existing design methods up to date and provide recommendations for further improvements in RE technology.
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Pietrenko-Dabrowska, Anna, and Slawomir Koziel. "Nested Kriging with Variable Domain Thickness for Rapid Surrogate Modeling and Design Optimization of Antennas." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101621.
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Design of modern antennas faces numerous difficulties, partially rooted in stringent specifications imposed on both electrical and field characteristics, demands concerning various functionalities (circular polarization, pattern diversity, band-notch operation), but also constraints imposed upon the physical size of the radiators. Conducting the design process at the level of full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations, otherwise dictated by reliability, entails considerable computational expenses, which is another and a serious challenge. It is especially pronounced for the procedures involving repetitive EM analyses, e.g., parametric optimization. Utilization of fast surrogate models as a way of mitigating this issue has been fostered in the recent literature. Unfortunately, construction of reliable surrogates for antenna structures is hindered by their highly nonlinear responses and even more by the utility requirements: design-ready models are to be valid over wide ranges of operating conditions and geometry parameters. Recently proposed performance-driven modeling, especially the nested kriging framework, addresses these difficulties by confining the surrogate model domain to a region that encapsulates the designs being optimum with respect to the relevant figures of interest. The result is a dramatic reduction of the number of training samples needed to render a usable model. This paper introduces a variable-thickness domain, which is an important advancement over the basic nested kriging. The major benefit demonstrated using two antenna examples is a further and significant (up to seventy percent) reduction of the training data acquisition cost. It is achieved while ensuring that the model domain covers the regions containing optimum designs for various sets of performance specifications.
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OH, SANG YEOB, HYUNG SEOP SHIN, and CHANG-MIN SUH. "THE EFFECTS OF STACKING SEQUENCE ON THE IMPACT DAMAGE SHAPE IN DISSIMILAR LAMINATED PLATES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 4309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206041276.
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A systematic investigation has been performed regarding the mechanisms that lead to damage of dissimilar laminated construction, with a different stacking sequence. Also, such construction of materials involving glass/polymer is used in blast-proof safety screens or bullet-proof windows or windshields in automobiles, architectural glazing, aerospace and aeronautical fields. In many cases, the laminated plate can be effectively used if it has properties such as high-performance and a low specific weight. In this work, the impact induced damages in glass/PMMA and PMMA/glass, and laminated circular plates with an upside-down stacking sequence are investigated by using an instrumental long bar impact tester in a biaxial bending state. In order to improve the damage tolerance of other types of laminated circular plates, various geometric (ratio of inner to outer layer thickness) and stacking sequence parameters were considered in determining their effect in absorbing an impact. The measured impact force profiles and the impulse of the force explained the impact damage behavior that is induced in dissimilar laminated circular plates. We have shown that a stacking sequence could have an effect on the initiation of radial cracks and in the impact damage area of laminated plates, in inner and outer layers. Also, the greater the inner layer thickness, the less damage the areas sustain. A design guideline of a stacking sequence is proposed for effective dissimilar laminated plate construction.
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Wang, Meilin, and Pengyuan Shen. "Investigation of Indoor Asymmetric Thermal Radiation in Tibet Plateau: Case Study of a Typical Office Building." Buildings 12, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020129.
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The unique climate in cold plateaus leads to long and cold winters, which result in the characteristics and creation of an indoor thermal environment different from that of plain areas. However, there is a lack of detailed research on and evaluation of indoor temperature distributions. This study took an office building in Lhasa as an example to study the indoor non-uniform temperature distributions with radiator and solar radiation. The indoor and outdoor thermal environment parameters were tested. Next, a numerical model was established and verified. On a typical winter weather day, although the average indoor air temperature and radiation temperature in Lhasa are higher than those in Beijing (both are cold areas), the temperature in both is lower than comfortable levels. The indoor vertical air temperature differences are below 3 °C, with a 5% dissatisfaction most of the time. Solar radiation and radiators seriously affect the uniformity of the indoor thermal environment. The radiation asymmetry in Lhasa is significant, and the maximum radiation temperature asymmetry can reach 8.73 °C. In addition, the setting of north-facing windows should be avoided as far as possible in Tibetan areas. Suitable design and evaluation standards should pay attention to the obvious phenomenon of uneven indoor temperature distribution.
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Wong, Pak Kin, Zhengchao Xie, Yueqiao Chen, and Lap Mou Tam. "Development of a Novel Dual-Belt Van Doorne's Continuously Variable Transmission for Automobiles — A Preliminary Study." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 02 (February 2018): 1850016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418500165.
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The continuously variable transmission (CVT) is one of the prevailing automotive transmissions. Nowadays, the most popular design is Van Doorne's CVT with single metal pushing V-belt. However, it is only applicable to low-power passenger cars because of its low torque capacity. To overcome this limitation of traditional single-belt Van Doorne's CVT, this research proposes a novel parallel Van Doorne's dual-belt CVT system which can be applied to heavy-duty vehicles. As the first attempt, an analytical model for both torque capacity and power efficiency based on effective radii instead of traditional working radii for the single-belt CVT is developed for this novel CVT system, and this newly developed model is experimentally validated. Evaluation result reveals that the new analytical model based on effective radii is more accurate than that based on working radii. Experimental and simulation results show that the proposed dual-belt CVT system can greatly improve the torque capacity as compared with the single-belt CVT. Moreover, the newly proposed analytical model can provide a foundation for further study of multi-belt CVTs.
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Myniv, R. M. "Modern technologies of equipping of animal husbandry rooms." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 92 (May 8, 2020): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9210.
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Modern technologies for the construction of livestock rooms, inexpensive foundations, short construction time, low material capacity of the building, the possibility of using a leasing payment scheme are factors that will minimize construction costs. At much lower initial cost, frame and awning livestock rooms pay off much faster than capital buildings, with the construction of livestock rooms cost 3–5 times cheaper. The standard hangar designs are versatile and versatile. The form determines the amount of working space inside the hangar, depending on the purpose of the operation. Width standard up to 30 m. Length – proportional, step between arches 3 m. They are tent, arched and straight. Frame and awning hangars up to 1500 square meters, m. are considered to be high-speed mobile structures of temporary type. No permits are required for their construction. There is no need for the construction of the foundation, the involvement of large machinery. Despite the “temporary type”, metal construction is reliable. Construction is carried out according to the developed design standards – SP 384.1325800.2018. If necessary, the awning membrane can be easily and quickly repaired or replaced with a new one after 10–15 years. The most effective way to insulate a hangar today is to insulate it by spraying polyurethane foam. Depending on the technological scheme of installation of equipment of livestock premises, the required number, size and location of the farm gate is determined. The ends of the livestock premises are equipped with swing gates for the entry of transport, distributing feed to the feeding table, the gates can be awning or metal, sectional, recoil or swing. At the request of the customer can be designed passages for pushing. In order to reduce electricity consumption for heating purposes and to save money on electricity, we propose to equip the heating system of frame and awning hangars with another source of heat supply – a heat pump. To reduce electricity costs for heating radiators, it is necessary to install thermostatic valves at the rate of one valve per radiator. The electric power of the heat pump with a minimum conversion factor (KP) will be 12.5 kW. Electricity costs for circulation of such volume of a brine at resistance of 8 m make about 0,5 kW. Energy savings when using a heat pump in monetary terms at an electricity tariff of 193.28 kopecks. without VAT for 1 kW. year will be 59976 × 193.28 = 115.922 thousand UAH without VAT.
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Balsas, Carlos J. L. "The right to walk in cities, a comparative review of Macau, Lisbon and Las Vegas." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 9, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-03-2017-0012.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze walking activity and recent efforts at augmenting walkability conditions in the cities of Macau, Lisbon and Las Vegas. Design/methodology/approach The methodology consisted mostly of in-loco observations, pedestrian counts and extensive reviews of the literature, city plans and regulations. Findings The findings include the need to properly design, maintain and retrofit pedestrian facilities, while reducing safety conflicts among street users as well as the establishment and the nurturing of a culture of walking. Research limitations/implications A fivefold international walkability research agenda with implications for other cities around the world is established: the value and the need for comparative studies and best practices; the need for urban design interventions; the cultivation of attractiveness and aesthetics; the implementation of safety, construction and maintenance criteria; and responsible funding programs. Practical implications This paper has twofold implications for stakeholders with direct responsibilities in the design, planning, building and maintenance of streets and public spaces, and for those who simply use those places at their own discretion. Social implications A succinct set of recommendations include the need to augment endogeneity, the need to make cities for people and not for automobiles and commitment to resolving pedestrian safety concerns. Originality/value This paper discusses the factors affecting street vibrancy from both a stakeholder’s and a user’s perspective. The fundamental and inalienable right to walk is analyzed using the WPPFUS framework (walking levels, purposes, primacy of walking, facilities, unique features and safety concerns).
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Zhang, Yupeng, and Gaowei Zhao. "Conservative Treatment and Rehabilitation Training for Rectus Femoris Tear in Basketball Training Based on Computer Vision." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2022 (May 5, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6230025.
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Computer vision is an emerging artificial intelligence subject, whose purpose is to make computers have the same ability to perceive and understand image semantic information as humans. Computer vision technology is based on high-performance computers, which can obtain massive amounts of information and data in a short period of time and use intelligent algorithms to perform high-speed data processing on the information, which is conducive to the integration of information related to product design, production process management, etc. Due to the rapid development of visual sensing technology, computer technology, and image processing technology, computer vision technology has been widely used in the fields of food, medicine, construction, chemical industry, electronics, packaging, and automobiles. This article uses computer vision technology to compare four conservative treatments and rehabilitation training for rectus femoris in basketball training and analyze the best rehabilitation treatment for rectus femoris tear. The experimental results show that the average electroacupuncture plus muscle stretching exercise group after treatment has an average EMG value of 55.49, an average muscle strength rating of five, an average motor function score of 23.45, and an average treatment recovery time of 11.6 days. This group has the best treatment effect.
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Lu, Hongyou, Yunchan Zhu, Yu Qi, and Jinliang Yu. "Do Urban Subway Openings Reduce PM2.5 Concentrations? Evidence from China." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 11, 2018): 4147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114147.
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With the fast-growing consumption of automobiles in China, vehicle fumes appear to be one of the major contributors to PM2.5 (fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less) emissions. As a type of green transportation, Chinese urban subway transit has developed rapidly in recent years. This paper estimates the effect of urban subway openings on PM2.5 concentrations in Chinese cities. Using daily air quality data for 29 Chinese cities from 2013 to 2018, and using regression discontinuity design, we find that new subway openings reduce PM2.5 concentrations by an average of 18 μg/m3. The potential mechanism for this emission reduction is due to the offset in on-road transportation, and the use of cleaner energy. Also, central heating in winter, population scale, and city tier play crucial roles in the emission-reducing effect of subway openings. A series of robustness tests are conducted to support the fundamental empirical results. Targeted policy implications, such as optimizing the planning of urban subway construction and road network, fostering awareness of green travel, and promoting the innovation of emission-reducing technologies, are suggested for sustainable development in Chinese cities.
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Zhong, Qing, Alex Karner, Michael Kuby, and Aaron Golub. "A multiobjective optimization model for locating affordable housing investments while maximizing accessibility to jobs by public transportation." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 3 (July 20, 2017): 490–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317719708.
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This paper develops a new optimal location model for siting affordable housing units to maximize the accessibility of low-income workers to appropriate jobs by public transportation. Transit-accessible housing allows disadvantaged populations to reduce their reliance on automobiles, which can lead to savings on transportation-related expenditures. The housing location model developed here maximizes transit accessibility while reducing the clustering of affordable housing units in space. Accessibility is maximized using a high-resolution space-time metric of public transit accessibility, originally developed for service equity analysis. The second objective disperses subsidized housing projects across space using a new minimax dispersion model based on spatial interaction principles. The multiobjective model trades off accessibility maximization and affordable housing dispersion, subject to upper and lower bounds on the land acquisition and construction budget. The model is tested using data for Tempe, AZ including actual data for vacant parcels, travel times by light rail and bus, and the location of low-wage jobs. This model or similar variants could provide insightful spatial decision support to affordable-housing providers or tax-credit administrators, facilitating the design of flexible strategies that address multiple social goals.
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Shahjalal, Mohammad, Tamanna Shams, Moshammed Nishat Tasnim, Md Rishad Ahmed, Mominul Ahsan, and Julfikar Haider. "A Critical Review on Charging Technologies of Electric Vehicles." Energies 15, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 8239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218239.
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The enormous number of automobiles across the world has caused a significant increase in emissions of greenhouse gases, which pose a grave and mounting threat to modern life by escalating global warming and polluting air quality. These adverse effects of climate change have motivated the automotive sector to reform and have pushed the drive towards the transformation to fully electric. Charging time has been identified as one of the key barriers in large-scale applications of Electric Vehicles (EVs). In addition, various challenges are associated with the formulation of a safe charging scheme, which is concerned with appropriate charging converter architecture, with the aim of ensuring a safe charging protocol within a range of 5–10 min. This paper provides a systematic review of thharging technologies and their impacts on battery systems, including charger converter design and associated limitations. Furthermore, the knowledge gap and research directions are provided with regard to the challenges associated with the charger converter architecture design at the systems level.
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Li, Ran, Xue Wei, Hui Sun, Hao Sun, and Xiaoyu Zhang. "Fast Charging Optimization for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Improved Electro-Thermal Coupling Model." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 25, 2022): 7038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197038.
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New energy automobiles possess broad application prospects, and the charging technology of vehicle power batteries is one of the key technologies in the development of new energy automobiles. Traditional lithium battery charging mostly adopts the constant current-constant voltage method, but continuous and frequent charging application conditions will cause temperature rise and accelerated capacity decay, which easily bring about safety problems. Aiming at the above-mentioned problems related to the charging process of lithium-ion batteries, this paper proposes an optimization strategy and charging method for lithium-ion batteries based on an improved electric-thermal coupling model. Through the HPPC experiment, the parameter identification of the second-order RC equivalent circuit model was completed, and the electric-thermal coupling model of the lithium battery was established. Taking into account the two factors of charging time and charging temperature rise, the multi-stage charging strategy of the lithium-ion battery is optimized by the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The experimental results show that the multi-stage constant current charging method proposed in this paper not only reduces the maximum temperature during the charging process by an average of 0.83% compared with the maximum temperature of the battery samples charged with the traditional constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging method but also reduces the charging time by an average of 13.87%. Therefore, the proposed optimized charging strategy limits the charging temperature rise to a certain extent on the basis of ensuring fast charging and provides a certain theoretical basis for the thermal management of the battery system and the design and safe charging method of the battery charging system.
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Ahmad, Fareed, Mohammed Al Awadh, Muhammad Abas, Sahar Noor, and Asad Hameed. "Optimization of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Curing Parameters for Aerospace Application." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 4307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094307.
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The use of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is increasing in engineering applications such as aerospace, automobiles, defense, and construction. Excellent strength-to-weight ratio, high impact toughness, and corrosion resistance make CFRP highly suitable for aerospace applications. Curing temperature, curing time, and autoclave pressure are among the most important curing parameters affecting the properties of CFRP. Tensile strength, impact toughness, and hardness of CFRP were selected as desirable properties for optimization. A 23 full factorial design of experiment (DOE) was employed by varying curing temperature (120 and 140 °C), curing time (90 and 120 min), and autoclave pressure (3 and 7 bar) while keeping the number of experiments to a minimum level. The cured samples were subjected to tensile strength, impact toughness, and hardness tests at room temperature as per relevant ASTM standards. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, and it was found that tensile strength, impact toughness, and hardness were influenced most significantly by temperature and time. The maximum tensile strength and hardness were achieved for curing cycle parameters of 140 °C, 120 min, and 7 bar, and impact toughness was maximized for 140 °C, 120 min, and 3 bar. A concept of composite desirability function was used to achieve simultaneous optimization of conflicting tensile strength and impact toughness properties for the specific application of aircraft skin.
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Ahmad, Fareed, Mohammed Al Awadh, Muhammad Abas, Sahar Noor, and Asad Hameed. "Optimization of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Curing Parameters for Aerospace Application." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 4307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094307.
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The use of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is increasing in engineering applications such as aerospace, automobiles, defense, and construction. Excellent strength-to-weight ratio, high impact toughness, and corrosion resistance make CFRP highly suitable for aerospace applications. Curing temperature, curing time, and autoclave pressure are among the most important curing parameters affecting the properties of CFRP. Tensile strength, impact toughness, and hardness of CFRP were selected as desirable properties for optimization. A 23 full factorial design of experiment (DOE) was employed by varying curing temperature (120 and 140 °C), curing time (90 and 120 min), and autoclave pressure (3 and 7 bar) while keeping the number of experiments to a minimum level. The cured samples were subjected to tensile strength, impact toughness, and hardness tests at room temperature as per relevant ASTM standards. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, and it was found that tensile strength, impact toughness, and hardness were influenced most significantly by temperature and time. The maximum tensile strength and hardness were achieved for curing cycle parameters of 140 °C, 120 min, and 7 bar, and impact toughness was maximized for 140 °C, 120 min, and 3 bar. A concept of composite desirability function was used to achieve simultaneous optimization of conflicting tensile strength and impact toughness properties for the specific application of aircraft skin.
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El Hadraoui, Hicham, Mourad Zegrari, Fatima-Ezzahra Hammouch, Nasr Guennouni, Oussama Laayati, and Ahmed Chebak. "Design of a Customizable Test Bench of an Electric Vehicle Powertrain for Learning Purposes Using Model-Based System Engineering." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 10923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710923.
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Nowadays, electric vehicles attract significant attention because of the increasingly stringent exhaust emission policies all over the world. Moreover, with the fast expansion of the sustainable economy, the demand for electric vehicles is expanding. In the recent age, maintenance has seriously hampered the marketing and use of electric automobiles. As a result, the technique for maintaining electric vehicles is regarded as vital since it directly affects the security and availability for the end user and the passengers. Another key aspect of electric mobility is the integration of artificial intelligence in control, diagnostics, and prognostics. Meanwhile, a lot of research efforts are still devoted to developing and innovating electric traction systems, especially for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Furthermore, topics covering important, current, and sustainability challenges should contain more than theoretical knowledge in high-quality education, particularly in engineering education. The purpose is to bridge the gap between the new technology and the learner’s circumstances through giving practical technical expertise and training in the sphere of overall engineering competences, to avoid non-standard, unskilled maintenance work. This article presents the first phase towards designing and developing a test bench of an electric vehicle’s powertrain used for research, learning and e-learning purposes, employing model-based systems engineering (MBSE) and systems modeling language (SysML) through the CESAM architecting and modeling framework. The aforementioned approach is used on our case study to build and present an operational viewpoint layout of the control, energy management, diagnostic, and prognostic test bench as part of the system’s initial phase of designing the system; the test bench layout proposed in this paper represents a flexible, low-cost, multidisciplinary downsized laboratory providing basic experiments related to e-mobility and covering numerous branches and study fields.
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Chakraborty, Suprava, Devaraj Elangovan, Karthikeyan Palaniswamy, Ashley Fly, Dineshkumar Ravi, Denis Ashok Sathia Seelan, and Thundil Karuppa Raj Rajagopal. "A Review on the Numerical Studies on the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Flow Channel Designs for Automotive Applications." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 9520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249520.
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Climate change and the major threat it poses to the environment and human lives is the major challenge the world faces today. To overcome this challenge, it is recommended that future automobiles have zero carbon exhaust emissions. Even though battery electric vehicles reduce carbon emissions relative to combustion engines, a carbon footprint still remains in the overall ecosystem unless the battery is powered by renewable energy sources. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an alternate source for automotive mobility which, similar to battery electric vehicles, has zero carbon emissions from its exhaust pipe. Moreover, the typical system level efficiency of a PEMFC is higher than an equivalent internal combustion powertrain. This review article covers the background history, working principles, challenges and applications of PEMFCs for automotive transportation and power generation in industries. Since the performance of a PEMFC is greatly influenced by the design of the anode and cathode flow channels, an in-depth review has been carried out on different types of flow channel designs. This review reveals the importance of flow channel design with respect to uniform gas (reactant) distribution, membrane proton conductivity, water flooding and thermal management. An exhaustive study has been carried out on different types of flow channels, such as parallel, serpentine, interdigitated and bio-inspired, with respect to their performance and applications.
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Pervez, S., G. Balakrishna, and S. Tiwari. "Source apportionment of mercury in dust fallout at urban residential area of Central India." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 5 (October 19, 2009): 21915–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-21915-2009.
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Abstract. The components and quantities of atmospheric dust fallout have been reported to be the pollution indicator of large urban areas. The multiplicity and complexity of sources of atmospheric dusts in urban regions (e.g. industrial complexes composed of a variety of industrial processes, automobiles, construction activities etc.) has put forward the need of source apportionment of these sources indicating their contribution to specific environmental receptor. The study presented here is focused on investigation of source contribution estimates of Mercury in urban dust fallout in an urban-industrial area, Raipur, India. Source-receptor based representative sampling plan using longitudinal study design has been adopted. Six sampling sites have been identified on the basis of land use for development plan of anthropogenic activities and factors related to the transportation and dispersion pattern of atmospheric dusts. 24 samples of dust fallout has been collected from each site (one in each month) and subjected to chemical analysis of selected chemical constituents known as markers of selected major dust emitting sources (Steel making average, Road traffic-borne dusts, construction activities, Auto mobile exhaust, and soils). Chemical composition of dust measured at sites marked for identified sources alongwith SPECIATE of USEPA has been used for the preparation of source profiles. Three classified residential receptors (ambient-outdoor, house-indoors and local street-outdoors) have been chosen for development of receptor compositional profiles. Source apportionment has been done using Chemical Mass Balance (CMB 8). Good fit parameters and relative source contribution has been analysed and documented. Dust fallout and respective mercury levels were found tobe higher compared to prescribed standards. Variation in relative contribution of selected sources from site to site within the study area has been occurred. Dominance of local line and area sources (road-traffic and construction borne dusts) on mercury levels measured at selected residential receptors compared to stationary industrial sources has been observed. Road-traffic has shown highest contribution of dust and mercury in house-indoors, while in case of ambient-outdoor the receptor has shown different higher susceptibility of identified sources for dust and mercury. The results of CMB output and regression data of source-receptor dust matrices have shown comparable pattern.
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Esakov, A. E., A. V. Kretov, I. V. Potepun, and K. V. Balabanov. "Theoretical study of the static characteristics of automotive friction clutch as the automatic control facility." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66947.
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Reduction of costs related to automobile operation due to increase of their systems resource is the actual scientific and technical task that can be done in various ways. One of the ways is to use automatics which provide optimal operating modes. It is known that clutch friction pairs of self-propelled machines are less durable components of transmissions therefore above mentioned ideas are especially relevant for them. The disk friction clutch is a system whose state changes during operation due to wear disk pads. Considering it as one of the objects of automatic control of stepped mechanical transmission, it should be mentioned that the change in its state entails a change in the characteristics of work processes flow. If there is no means to address this change or to track and compensate it in automatic control system the algorithm used by system will gradually lose the adequacy to object, which will result the accelerated wear of pads and increase of costs related with both disc replacement and downtime of automobiles during repairs. The presence of clutch elements that have non-linear elastic characteristics in the design allows to assume that this process will have a non-trivial nature requiring to study regularities that in the future will assess their impact on the loading of friction pairs. In this paper, the construction and implementation of appropriate mathematical model solves first of these tasks in relation to the friction of single-disc dry clutch, where pressure is created by the split diaphragm spring with a direct installation.
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Moeini Korbekandi, Ramin, Nick J. Baker, Mehmet C. Kulan, Aslan S. Jalal, Dawei Wu, and Mingqiang Li. "Dynamic Characteristics and Demonstration of an Integrated Linear Engine Generator with Alternative Electrical Machines." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 5295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145295.
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A linear engine generator with a compact double-acting free piston mechanism allows for full integration of the combustion engine and generator, which provides an alternative chemical-to-electrical energy converter with a higher volumetric power density for the electrification of automobiles, trains, and ships. This paper aims to analyse the performance of the integrated engine with alternative permanent magnet linear tubular electrical machine topologies using a coupled dynamic model in Siemens Simcenter software. Two types of alternative generator configurations are compared, namely long translator-short stator and short translator-long stator linear machines. The dynamic models of the linear engine and linear generator, validated with lab-scale prototypes, are applied to investigate the influence of alternative topologies of the generator on system performance. The coupled model will facilitate the early design phase and reveal the optimal match of the key parameters of the engine and generator. Then, experimental tests on an integrated compressor cylinder-generator prototype were successfully performed, and it is shown that this concept is feasible and electrical power and compressed working fluid, such as air, can be generated by this prototype.
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Ratushnyak, G., O. Pankevych, and V. Pankevych. "HEAT ENGINEERING FEATURES OF TRANSPARENT FENCING STRUCTURES OF BUILDINGS." Modern technology, materials and design in construction 30, no. 1 (2021): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2311-1429-2021-1-148-156.
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The use of glass fencing structures - panoramic windows in the residential segment of modern city development is investigated. The peculiarities of the use of panoramic windows in the residential segment of the region are determined. An analysis of scientific publications in magazines with the impact - a factor and the approaches to increasing the energy efficiency of the thermal insulation shell of the building with glass elements of the facade are determined. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of panoramic windows in terms of heat engineering properties of a fencing structure are outlined. It is determined that according to the normative method of calculating the given thermal resistance, there may be a significant difference in calculating the entire facade and design for one room. To confirm the comparative calculation, which resulted in the resulting thermal resistance for a fragment of the facade (where there are two windows) is 3,3 m2 K / W (corresponding to the requirements of the normative value), and when calculating the fragment of this facade of a separate room with a panoramic window with a panoramic window. The result of the given thermal resistance is 2,6 m2 K / W (which is significantly lower than the normative value). The factors influencing the technical state of panoramic windows are outlined and lead to a decrease in the heat-insulating characteristics of the enclosing structures of the building; As well as measures and organizational and technical solutions, which allows the use of panoramic windows in modern housing construction. It is proposed for the heating of premises with panoramic windows of the scheme of placement of heating systems, namely: installation of vertical radiators on the side of the double-glazed windows; Planting a convector-type floor battery; arrangement of the system "Warm floor" and combined systems; internally floor convectors; infrared heaters; Installing slit or plinth convectors in the floor below the window, on the wall or ceiling. Recommended investors of new apartments to pay attention not only to the facade of the facade in the design decisions of external enclosures of buildings with the use of panoramic windows, as well as technical solutions of windows, ventilation and heating systems, which significantly affect the energy efficiency of the future apartment.
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Chicherin, Stanislav. "Analysis of procedures for heating, ventilation and air conditioning for transfer to low-temperature heat supply." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2019.3.8.
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Introduction. Renovation of housing stock supposes construction of new buildings, where the main utilities consuming heat energy will be heating and hot water supply (HWS) systems. Under such conditions the task of heat consumption reduction by transfer to low-temperature and use of the associated procedures is relevant. Materials and Methods. Research was performed on the basis of residential and administration buildings designed within the whole Russia, the facilities were selected based on the year of putting into operation and their purpose. The source of data concerning buildings became documents included into the scope of the design and detailed documentation: plans, drawings and explanatory notes. As meeting the demands of hot water supply makes the main contribution to daily nonuniformities of heat energy consumption, the attention was paid to equipment of hot water supply systems. For calculations, the commercial product of Microsoft Office Excel 2010 was used. Results. During selection of roof boiler house as a source of heat supply increase in consumption of equivalent fuel in relation to the variant of connection to heat power plant operating on solid fuel by 187,314 tons of fuel oil equivalent is possible. General refusal from power-and-heat generation complicates operation of large district heat supply systems. The design parameters of coolant in building heating system differ from project to project: from 95/70 °С, used everywhere till the beginning of the XXI century, up to 90/65 °С corresponding to existing practice of designing or 80/60 °С as at the facility in Sevastopol. Reduction of design temperatures by 5 % is insufficient to decrease general heat consumption of the building. Reduction of heat consumption is explained by selection of advanced materials for pipeline heat insulation. Use of automation diagrams for heat points on the basis of regulator ECL Comfort 310 contributes to improvement of hydraulic control for heating systems, however, concealed automation results in violation of high-quality mode for heat network control and decrease of coolant parameters on adjacent (often non-automated) consumers. Conclusions. Supplement of central high-quality control by local constant temperature/variable flow control at individual heat unit and installation of temperature controllers on heating radiators with mechanical thermostatic head have potential for reduction of the heat energy volume used ineffectively. Increase in level of controllability for heating system together with cheaper and responsive automation systems are basic conditions for increase in quality of heat supply in future.
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Bazhenov, E. E., S. K. Bujnachev, and A. N. Kustovskij. "Limits of applicability of the standard method for estimating the torsional rigidity of spatial frames of buggy vehicle." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 12, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66839.
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The article provides an assessment of the limits of applicability of the standard methodology for estimating the torsional rigidity of spatial rod-bearing systems of automobiles. Torsional stiffness, as shown by numerous studies and practices, is one of the most important indicators of the carrying capacity of vehicle bodies (frames) of all types of vehicles - including such highly specialized ones as buggy. The authors show on the example of the bearing structure of an off-road vehicle of the “buggy” class that the general application approach to the assessment of the torsional rigidity of the bearing systems using torsion deflection stumbles upon limitations when it comes to spatial frames of complex construction. These restrictions are dictated by the difference in stiffness between design zones (zones should be understood as the floor area, the waist area and the roof area), which is reflected in the significantly different distribution of displacements in them. As a result, it becomes impossible to unequivocally give an opinion on the torsional rigidity of the frame using torsion deflection, since it is impossible to select a reference point in any of the zones (or the entire zone) to adequately describe the torsional rigidity of the whole structure (or a separate substructure). In this regard, the authors proposed the limits of applicability of the traditional method for estimating the torsional stiffness of a spatial core structure, and also proposed a method for overcoming these difficulties encountered when trying to assess the torsional stiffness of the supporting structure. The object of the research is a typical spatial frame of an all-terrain automobile of the D2 class buggy.
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Günel, Gökçe. "Air Conditioning the Arabian Peninsula." International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 3 (August 2018): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743818000570.
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With much of the Arabian Peninsula characterized by hot and arid weather conditions during long summer seasons, residents are forced to rely on air conditioning to cool their surroundings. Before the construction of air conditioning infrastructures, many would leave the coast during the summer months to head to oases, such as Al Ain near Abu Dhabi, or live in tents in the desert to find relief from the heat. From the 1950s, European and American building practices shaped the region with little consideration of vernacular design elements or energy conservation. These building practices introduced air conditioning as a cooling method. For instance, the 1951 Report of Operations to the Saudi Arab Government by the Arabian American Oil Company explained how “automobiles, air conditioning units, sewing machines, washing machines, refrigerators, and many other modern conveniences are now readily available” in Al Hasa, a significant region for Aramco's operations on the east of Saudi Arabia. By 1952, workers residing in Aramco's camps could have air conditioning units installed in their rooms on a rental basis. Air conditioning technology reconfigured urban environments, altering the relationship between indoors and outdoors, and ultimately constituting what Jiat-Hwee Chang and Tim Winter term a “thermal modernity” that transforms how built forms are imagined and inhabited. The current widespread use of air conditioning in the region is therefore connected not only to high temperatures, but also to how air conditioning is singled out as the ultimate technical fix in confronting the climate. Other solutions to managing heat, such as improving insulation mechanisms for residences and office buildings, have been less pervasive.
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Singh, Ravinder, Archana Khurana, and Sunil Kumar. "Optimized 3D laser point cloud reconstruction by gradient descent technique." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 47, no. 3 (February 15, 2020): 409–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-12-2019-0244.
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Purpose This study aims to develop an optimized 3D laser point reconstruction using Descent Gradient algorithm. Precise and accurate reconstruction of 3D laser point cloud of the complex environment/object is a key solution for many industries such as construction, gaming, automobiles, aerial navigation, architecture and automation. A 2D laser scanner along with a servo motor/pan tilt/inertial measurement unit is used for generating 3D point cloud (either environment/object or both) by acquiring the real-time data from sensors. However, while generating the 3D laser point cloud, various problems related to time synchronization problem between laser and servomotor and torque variation in servomotors arise, which causes misalignment in stacking the 2D laser scan for generating the 3D point cloud of the environment. Because of the misalignment in stacking, the 2D laser scan corresponding to the erroneous angular and position information by the servomotor and the 3D laser point cloud become distorted in terms of inconsistency for measuring the dimension of the objects. Design/methodology/approach This paper addresses a modified 3D laser system assembled from a 2D laser scanner coupled with a servomotor (dynamixel motor) for developing an efficient 3D laser point cloud with the implementation of an optimization technique: descent gradient filter (DGT). The proposed approach reduces the cost function (error) in the angular and position coordinates of the servo motor caused because of torque variation and time synchronization, which resulted in enhancing the accuracy in 3D point cloud mapping for the accurate measurement of the object’s dimensions. Findings Various real-world experiments are performed with the proposed DGT filter linked with laser scanner and servomotor and an improvement of 6.5 per cent in measuring the accurate dimension of object is obtained while comparing with conventional approaches for generating a 3D laser point cloud. Originality/value This proposed technique may be applicable for various industrial applications that are based on robotics arms (such as painting, welding and cutting) in the automobile industry, the optimized measurement of object, efficient mobile robot navigation, precise 3D reconstruction of environment/object in construction, architecture applications, airborne applications and aerial navigation.
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Dragomirov, S. G., M. S. Dragomirov, P. Ig Eydel, and A. Y. Gamayunov. "Analysis of the current level of technology and equipment development of coolant filtration in automotive and tractor engines." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 4 (2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2020-4-12-20.
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The article analyzes modern technologies and means of filtering (cleaning) of the coolant of au-tomobile and tractor engines. A critical and still unresolved problem of contamination of the coolant and engine cooling systems in general is considered. A general assessment of existing filtration technologies and devices is given. All filtration devices are divided into three groups and an analysis of their principal disadvantages and advantages for each of the groups is given. It is shown that foreign filter designs do not perform the filtering function so much, but serve as carriers of special chemical additives to improve the physicochemical properties of coolant. In principle, these filters cannot be full-flow, because if they are completely clogged, the circulation of coolant will stop. In general, technologies for filtering of coolant through porous materials (microporous cardboard, chemical fibers) or metal grids cannot be considered as promising. This is justified by the fact that in the process of cleaning the coolant, filter elements of this type quickly become clogged and sig-nificantly reduce the amount of the passed coolant. In the extreme case, they stop passing coolant at all. Moreover, due to rapid contamination, such filters need to be replaced or cleaned. A new con-cept of a modified hydrocyclone coolant cleaning and a hydrocyclone filter-separator developed on its basis (the Russian Federation patent for invention No. 2625891) is considered. The comparison of competitive indicators of the developed hydrocyclone filter-separator with foreign analogues is given. Hydrocyclone filter-separators have a lot of fundamental advantages: high productivity and continuous operation; extremely simple design; the absence of the filter element itself, etc. There is made a conclusion about the prospects of this approach to solving the problem of cleaning the cool-ant of engines of automobiles, buses, tractors, road construction and forestry machinery, agricultural and army equipment, etc.
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Narahari Prasad, S., and M. Narayana Rao. "Stainless Steel - A Versatile Engineering Material for Critical Applications." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.44.
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Stainless Steel is a family of versatile materials that has been put into a wide variety of application by mankind. Stainless steels are iron-based alloys containing minimum 12% chromium and upto 25% nickel with minor additions of carbon, nitrogen, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, niobium, copper and selenium. It has a wide range of applications from small pins to the construction of automobiles, petrochemical, space, aeronautical, ship building industries, nuclear and thermal power stations. Certain grades of stainless steels, because of their biocompatibility are used for manufacture of biomedical implants. In fact steel touches every sphere of our daily life. By and large stainless steel family consists of hundreds of grades with varieties of compositions and a large spectrum of mechanical properties. The corrosion and oxidation resistance of stainless steels have been significantly improved through fine-tuned chemical compositions and microstructural constituents, leading to the evolution of super stainless steels. Stainless steel development from design to application is a long-term continuous effort. The recent advances in stainless steels are mainly due to new ways of manufacture, processing and usage of advanced equipments. In spite of inroads by a range of competing materials, stainless steels occupy an important place as structural materials, because of their outstanding strength to weight ratios, ductility, fracture toughness, repairability, corrosion, etc for a given cost. Over the years, MIDHANI has catered to the requirements of Indian Space, Nuclear, Thermal, aeronautical and Defence sector for many high performance materials. A wide range of special stainless steels many of them being tailor made to customers specific needs have been developed and supplied. This has been possible with the help of state of the art facility and excellent quality assurance system available in MIDHANI. The presentation will high light MIDHANI role in development and commercial production of different varieties of stainless steels for critical applications.
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Lyashenko, M. V., V. V. Shekhovtsev, and A. P. Chebanenko. "Experimental and computational study of the loading of parts of the wheel gear reducer of a snow thrower." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 11, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66899.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents an analysis of the results of the experimental study, during which the load was determined for the gear wheel shaft of the rear-axle gearbox of the all-terrain vehicle transmission on ultra-low pressure tires TREKOL-39041. These all-terrain vehicles have very good cross-country ability and are indispensable for off-road operation during mudslide or deep snow, but they often have transmission failures, especially the shafts on which the wheel reduction gear of both the front and rear axles are installed. In the transmission of these vehicles on the tires of ultra-low pressure, the units from a number of commercially produced vehicles were used. The use of such units reduces the cost of construction and simplifies the production technology, maintenance and repair, but also creates certain difficulties in the design of this type of ATV, in some cases, increases the weight and dimensions. The experimental data are compared with the data of other authors and with calculated data. The obtained data are compared with the experimental and calculated data on the loading of the transmission elements of the UAZ-31512 automobile, the main units of which are used in the layout diagram of the snow aerial vehicle. The results of the studies indicate that the main reason for the failure in the transmission of the snow thrower TREKOL-39041 is the operating conditions, including somewhat different from ordinary tires, the interaction of the ultra-low pressure tires with the best traction and coupling properties with the supporting surface, and a more complex transmission scheme, than for conventional all-terrain vehicles, in which the transmission is simply assembled from the units of a number of serially produced automobiles and calculations of the dynamic loading of its elements on the forced modes are not conducted, which leads to the appearance of significantly exceeding the permissible values of stresses in the splined joint of the wheel gear shaft, to its plastic deformation and failure.
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Marcinkowski, Mateusz, Dawid Taler, Jan Taler, and Katarzyna Węglarz. "Air-Side Nusselt Numbers and Friction Factor’s Individual Correlations of Finned Heat Exchangers." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 5630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155630.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, when designing finned heat exchangers (FHE), the average value of the entire heat transfer coefficient (HTC) is considered. However, each row of the heat exchanger (HEX) has different hydraulic-thermal characteristics. The novelty of this research is to present the differentiation of the individual air-side Nusselt number and Darcy-Weisbach friction factor correlations in each row of FHE using CFD modelling. FHE has four-rows, circular tubes, and continuous fins with a staggered tube arrangement. Relationships for the Nusselt number and D-W friction factor derived for the entire exchanger based on CFD modelling were compared with those available in the literature, determined using experimental data. The maximum relative differences between the Nusselt number for a four-row FHE determined experimentally and by CFD modelling are in the range from 22% for a Reynolds number based on a tube outside diameter of 1000 to 30% for a Reynolds number of 13,000. The maximum relative differences between the D-W friction factor for a four-row FHE determined experimentally and by CFD modelling are in the range of 50% for a Reynolds number based on a tube outer diameter of 1000 to 10% for a Reynolds number of 13,000. The CFD modelling performed shows that in the range of Reynolds numbers based on hydraulic diameters from 150 to 1400, the Nusselt number for the first row in a four-row FHE is about 22% to 15% higher than the average Nusselt number for the entire exchanger. In the range of Reynolds number changes based on hydraulic diameter from 2800 to 6000, the Nusselt numbers on the first and second rows of tubes are close to each other. Correlations of Nusselt numbers and D-W friction factors derived for individual tube rows can be used in the design of plate-fin and tube heat exchangers used in equipment such as air-source heat pumps, automotive radiators, air-conditioning systems, and in air hot-liquid coolers. In particular, the correlations can be used to select the optimum number of tube rows in the exchanger.
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Takeuchi, Yoshimi. "Message from Editor-in-Chief." International Journal of Automation Technology 1, no. 1 (September 5, 2007): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2007.p0003.
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On behalf of the editorial committee of International Journal of Automation Technology, I would like to sincerely ask all of you a favour of me to activate this journal since I am convinced that the automation technology is indispensable to the convenience and prosperity of human being. The automation technology began with the development and introduction of numerical control (NC) machine tools in the latter of 1950s. In 1960s, the technology was applied to assemble electric goods and automobiles together with the development of a wide variety of automationrelated methods such as industrial robots, semiconductor technologies and so on. In 1970s, this tendency had greatly affected the automation of production systems, which was called FA (Factory Automation or Flexible Manufacturing System), that is, flexible systems to rapidly cope with the change in the sort and quantity of products. The construction of FA is still continuing even now. The current state of art in production automation is the evolution by making the most of IT (Information Technology), where there are infinite tasks to be solved, for example, the cooperation with design, manufacturing and sales, life cycle control of products from production to waste by IC tag, product liability management, lean production taking account of environment protection and energy saving, product development with individuality and characteristic, production sustaining human skill, manufacture of high value-added products, development of future products, etc. After the bubble disruption in 1990, Japan has been suffering from the economical recession for 15 years, thus resulting in hanging low of automation technology development as well as decreased equipment investment. In addition, our serious problem in Japan is the disappearance of valuable technologies and manufacturing spirit by the mass retirement of engineers who have born the automation technology and supported excellent product manufacture. Thus, it is an important issue to improve and develop the automation technologies further. From the above mentioned viewpoint, the journal focuses on the advanced automation technologies ranging from fundamental technologies to a variety of industrial applications, which meet the requirements, especially from industries. The journal covers all sorts of automation technologies regarding design, manufacturing, assembly, inspection, transportation, logistics, machine tools, robotic system, control system and instruments, and so on. There are some journals with respect to the automation specific to scientific and fundamental research, however, no journal exists, which aims at providing engineering researches and practical developments. Thus, the journal takes up a large amount of practical examples relating advanced automation technologies as review papers, research and development papers, news and interview so that the readers can take interest in the journal. The editorial committee wants IJAT to serve engineers and managers for the requirement of automation technology developments, and is all concerned for your contribution to IJAT.
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Gopinathan, Nandan, and Prabhakar Karthikeyan Shanmugam. "Energy Anxiety in Decentralized Electricity Markets: A Critical Review on EV Models." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 5230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145230.
Full textAbstract:
The automobile sector is a promising avenue for enhancing energy security, economic opportunity, and air quality in India. Before penetrating a large number of electric vehicles (EV) into the power grid, a thorough investigation and assessment of significant parameters are required, as additional nonlinear and EV loads are linked to the decentralized market. Many automobile companies have already invested in electric vehicle research; hence, a detailed analysis on range anxiety and grid connectivity concerns are the important factors affecting the future of the electric vehicle industry. In this paper, the initial review is about the decentralized market in India and sustainable aspects of electric mobility based on the Indian context, as it is a developing nation with an enormous resource and scope for EV markets. With recent literature from the last three years, the substantial constraints observed in benefits and challenges are reviewed. The financial stability aspects and the incentives to overcome the barriers to EV adoption are briefly discussed. From the review, it has come to the limelight that infrastructure availability, technology, load demand, and consumer behaviour are all major obstacles in the electric vehicle ecosystem. For the overall design and study of the vehicle to grid (V2G) infrastructure, this paper also provides insight into the representation of electric vehicles in different energy-efficient models and their categorization while connecting to the grid. The methodology adopted for energy-efficient models includes lifecycle emissions, economy, smart charging, real-time optimization, aggregated EV resource modelling, and a support vector machine (SVM)-based method. This paper gives a positive impact on EV fleet integration and electric mobility in general, as it critically reviews the influential parameters and challenges. This classification depends on crucial parameters that are at the frontline of EV grid integration research. This review is a solution to enhance grid stability in regard to new EV models. With the advanced electric motors development and renewed battery technology models, longer-distance automobiles are now available on the market. This paper investigates the constraints of EV grid integration and analyzes different EV models to ease the grid stability for a decentralized market.
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Babalola, A. D., and M. S. Olokun. "Design and Construction of Smart Vehicle Security System Using GPS and Spy Cam." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, October 19, 2021, 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2021/v21i217444.
Full textAbstract:
Aims: Vehicle security is critical in today's world because car thefts are on the rise. robbery, and impersonation are among the crimes committed against automobiles. As a result, keeping track of and safeguarding vehicles has grown to be a significant problem in modern life.
Study Design: The system combines GPS (Global Positioning Service), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), and Spy Cam technologies interfaced with an Arduino UNO to track the location of a car in real time.
Methodology: Short Message Service (SMS) messages are sent to the user or Vehicle authority mobile phone together with images of the current vehicle operator when SMS with the word "Track" is composed and sent to the SIM number inserted into the GSM module. BLYNK Android application serves as database for storing and retrieving cloud information when requested.
Results: The vehicle current location and the image of the current user will be displayed on Google Maps application of the sender. This technology enhances mobile vehicle security and avoid loss and impersonation. An SMS security warning is also sent to the owner when there is a lot of movement in front of the camera.
Conclusion: This system helps in detection and reporting of vehicle theft in real time. It can be employed in individual cars since it is affordable; also vehicle safety authorities can employ this technology to help them secure vehicles better.