Academic literature on the topic 'Automobiles Crash tests'
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Journal articles on the topic "Automobiles Crash tests"
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Lee, Kil Sung, Hyeon Kyeong Seo, Woo Chae Hwang, Jung Ho Kim, Yong Jun Yang, and In Young Yang. "A Study on the Energy Absorption Characteristics of CFRP Side Member for Fuel-Efficiency Improvement and Crush Safety." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.81.
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Currently, the most important objective in designing automobiles is to focus on environment-friendly and safety performance aspects. For the environment-friendly aspect, the issues relate to the shift towards lightweight automobile production, for improving fuel-efficiency and reducing exhaust fumes. However, in contrast, the issues of the safety performance such as crash safety, comfort level and muti-functional programs demand increase of automobile’s weight. Therefore, the design of automobile should be inclined towards the safety aspects, but at the same time, it also should consider reducing the structural weight of an automobile. In this study, for lightweight design of side member, CFRP side member was manufactured from CFRP unidirectional prepreg sheet. The stacking condition related to the energy absorption of composite materials, is being considered as an issue for the structural efficiency. Therefore, the axial collapse tests were performed with change of the stacking condition, such as fiber orientation angle and interlaminar number. The collapse modes and energy absorption characteristics were analyzed according to fiber orientation angle and interlaminar number.
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Garg, Ravin, Iman Babaei, Davide Salvatore Paolino, Lorenzo Vigna, Lucio Cascone, Andrea Calzolari, Giuseppe Galizia, and Giovanni Belingardi. "Predicting Composite Component Behavior Using Element Level Crashworthiness Tests, Finite Element Analysis and Automated Parametric Identification." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 11, 2020): 4501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204501.
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Fibre reinforced plastics have tailorable and superior mechanical characteristics compared to metals and can be used to construct relevant components such as primary crash structures for automobiles. However, the absence of standardized methodologies to predict component level damage has led to their underutilization as compared to their metallic counterparts, which are used extensively to manufacture primary crash structures. This paper presents a methodology that uses crashworthiness results from in-plane impact tests, conducted on carbon-fibre reinforced epoxy flat plates, to tune the related material card in Radioss using two different parametric identification techniques: global and adaptive response search methods. The resulting virtual material model was then successfully validated by comparing the crushing behavior with results obtained from experiments that were conducted by impacting a Formula SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) crash box. Use of automated identification techniques significantly reduces the development time of composite crash structures, whilst the predictive capability reduces the need for component level tests, thereby making the development process more efficient, automated and economical, thereby reducing the cost of development using composite materials. This in turn promotes the development of vehicles that meet safety standards with lower mass and noxious gas emissions.
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Lee, Min Sik, Jun Park, and Chung Gil Kang. "Drop-Test Simulations to Investigate Collision Characteristics of Automobile Center-Pillar Structures According to Partial Quenching Area." Key Engineering Materials 794 (February 2019): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.794.151.
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Development of environment-friendly materials to improve the safety and fuel efficiency of automobiles has attracted great research attention with regards to the automobile industry in recent years. With increase in demand for technological developments to improve performance and efficiency, an increased number of researches are being performed concerning the use of advanced high-strength steel in parts manufactured by means of the hot-press forming process. Furthermore, research concerning the improvement in fuel efficiency through additional weight reduction using tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) and partial quenching (PQ) has gained popularity in the automobile industry in recent times. Many car components are, nowadays, being fabricated using different materials to improve collision toughness and safety in the event of a car crash. However, no standard has yet been established to evaluate the replacement of automobile parts, and such a standard must account for mechanical properties of the material under tensile and flexural loadings. A car crash test was conducted at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) to evaluate automobile safety. However, collision-toughness evaluation of each car component is expensive and difficult to realize. In this study, drop tests were simulated, and collision characteristics of the center-pillar were correspondingly evaluated. Values of fracture toughness were compared in accordance with center-pillar types for evaluating collision-test conditions.
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Burns, Sean T., Zbigniew Gugala, Carlos J. Jimenez, William J. Mileski, and Ronald W. Lindsey. "Epidemiology and patterns of musculoskeletal motorcycle injuries in the USA." F1000Research 4 (May 12, 2015): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.4995.1.
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Introduction: Motorcycles have become an increasingly popular mode of transportation despite their association with a greater risk for injury compared with automobiles. Whereas the recent incidence of annual passenger vehicle fatalities in the United States of America (USA) has progressively declined, motorcycle fatalities have steadily increased in the past 11 years. Although motorcycle injuries (MIs) have been studied, to the author’s knowledge there are no published reports on MIs in the USA during this 11-year period.Methods: Study data were derived from a prospectively collected Level I trauma center database. Data sampling included motorcycle crash injury evaluations for the 10-year period ending on 31 August 2008. This retrospective analysis included patient demographic and medical data, helmet use, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, injury severity score (ISS), length of hospital stay (LOS), specific injury diagnosis, and death. Data statistics were analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and logistic regression.Results: The study identified 1252 motorcycle crash injuries. Helmets were worn by 40.7% of patients for which helmet data were available. The rates of the most common orthopedic injuries were tibia/fibula (19.01%), spine (16.21%), and forearm (10.14%) fractures. The most common non-orthopedic motorcycle crash injuries were concussions (21.09%), skull fractures (8.23%), face fractures (13.66%), and hemo- and pneumothorax (8.79%). There was a significant correlation between greater age and higher ISS (r=0.21, P<0.0001) and longer LOS (r=0.22, P<0.0001). Older patients were also less likely to wear a helmet (OR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.98, 0.997), associated with a significantly higher risk for death (after adjustment for helmet use OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.05). All patients without helmets had a significantly lower GCS score (P=0.0001) and a higher mortality rate (after adjustment for patient demographic data OR=2.28, 95% CI: 1.13, 4.58). Conclusion: Compared with historical reports, the prevalence of skull, face, spine, and pelvis fractures have increased in American motorcycle crashes. Compared to recent European studies, the incidence of USA skull and face fractures is much higher, while the incidence of USA spine and pelvis fractures is more comparable; however, this is not associated with increased in-hospital mortality.
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Prabhaharan S. A., G. Balaji, and Krishnamoorthy Annamalai. "Numerical simulation of crashworthiness parameters for design optimization of an automotive crash-box." International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 13 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2021036.
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Automotive manufacturers rely on rigorous testing and simulations to construct their vehicles durable and safe in all aspects. One such vital factor is crash safety, otherwise known as crashworthiness. Crash tests are conventional forms of non-destructive methods to validate the vehicle for its crashworthiness and compatibility based on different operating conditions. The frontal impact test is the most primary form of crash test, which focuses on improving passenger's safety and comfort. According to NHTSA, a vehicle is rated based on these safety criteria, for which automobile manufacturers conduct a plethora of crash-related studies. Numerical simulation aids them in cutting down testing time and overall cost endured by providing a reliable amount of insights into the process. The current study is aimed at improving the crashworthiness of a crash box in a lightweight passenger car, such that it becomes more energy absorbent in terms of frontal impacts. All necessary parameters such as energy absorption, mean crush force, specific energy absorption, crush force efficiencies are evaluated based on analytical and finite element methods. There was a decent agreement between the analytical and simulation results, with an accuracy of 97%. The crashworthiness of the crash box was improved with the help of DOE-based response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM approach helped in improving the design of the crash box with enhanced EA & CFE by 30% and 8.8% respectively. The investigation of design variables on the energy absorption capacity of the thin-walled structure was also done. For the axial impact simulations, finite element solver Virtual Performance Solution − Pam Crash from the ESI group is used.
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Syazwan, Solah Mohd, Hamzah Azhar, Aqbal Hafeez Ariffin, Md Isa Mohd Hafzi, Rahman Mohd Khairudin, Mohd Jawi Zulhaidi, Noor Faradila Paiman, Ahmad Yahaya, and Abu Kassim Khairil Anwar. "ASEAN NCAP Crash Tests: Modifier Assessment Justified." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.547.
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ASEAN New Car Assessment Program (ASEAN NCAP) is a newly established automobile safety rating program in the Southeast Asia region, which the primary objective is to provide consumers with vehicle safety information and concurrently acknowledge manufacturers’ effort in elevating vehicle safety level. This information is comprehensively gathered through scientific and objective testing procedures in full scale crash test simulation. To ensure consistency and high repeatability, ASEAN NCAP operates standardized test and assessment protocols which utilize high-tech equipment and sensors, data acquisition system and also human surrogates (instrumented “dummies”). A point system is derived for marking purposes and a star rating scheme is designed to reflect the level of safety afforded to occupants. To cater for variation in crash configurations, occupants’ sizes and kinematics as well as other potential risks during crash impacts, a point deduction system (penalty-based) named as “modifiers” were introduced. Hence, this work attempts to describe the modifiers, their basis and justifications for inclusion in the safety rating scheme. A few case studies are demonstrated in this paper to enhance the understandings of modifiers concept.
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Lee, Youngmyung, and Gyung-Jin Park. "Non-linear dynamic response structural optimization for frontal-impact and side-impact crash tests." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 5 (July 18, 2016): 600–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016658146.
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Vehicle crash optimization is a representative non-linear dynamic response structural optimization that utilizes highly non-linear vehicle crash analysis in the time domain. In the automobile industries, crash optimization is employed to enhance the crashworthiness characteristics. The equivalent-static-loads method has been developed for such non-linear dynamic response structural optimization. The equivalent static loads are the static loads that generate the same displacement field in linear static analysis as those of non-linear dynamic analysis at a certain time step, and the equivalent static loads are imposed as external loads in linear static structural optimization. In this research, the conventional equivalent-static-loads method is expanded to the crash management system with regard to the frontal-impact test and a full-scale vehicle for a side-impact crash test. Crash analysis frequently considers unsupported systems which do not have boundary conditions and where adjacent structures do not penetrate owing to contact. Since the equivalent-static-loads method uses linear static response structural optimization, boundary conditions are required, and the impenetrability condition cannot be directly considered. To overcome the difficulties, a problem without boundary conditions is solved by using the inertia relief method. Thus, relative displacements with respect to a certain reference point are used in linear static response optimization. The impenetrability condition in non-linear analysis is transformed to the impenetrability constraints in linear static response optimization.
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Li, Hai Bin, and Jiang Jiang Li. "The Analysis of Cars and Pedestrians Collision Based on the PC-Crash Program and MADYMO Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 1949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1949.
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Based on the coupling of PC-Crash program and MADYMO software, thekinematics laws of pedestrian in the contact process for automobile-pedestrian collision are analyzed through modeling and simulation by establishing vehicle model and pedestrian model, and selecting main influencing factors on contact phase as independent variables for simulation tests.
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Yin, Hui Jun, Jian Jin, Ping Hui Yang, Yu Pan, and Shu Kun Ma. "Simulation Analysis of Crash Tests for the Front Side Member in LS-DYNA." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1200–1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1200.
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How to improve the collision process of safety performance has become one of the most important issue in the automobile manufacturing enterprises. This paper using LS-DYNA made a security analyses about former girders, based in half vehicle model, analyzing the security of the front side member to reflect the vehicle’s performance. At the same time, through the front side member’s assembly structure’s contrast with the modified ones, the result has proved the improvement is more effective.
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Quadfasel, Angela, Marco Teller, Manjunatha Madivala, Christian Haase, Franz Roters, and Gerhard Hirt. "Computer-Aided Material Design for Crash Boxes Made of High Manganese Steels." Metals 9, no. 7 (July 10, 2019): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070772.
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During the last decades, high manganese steels (HMnS) were considered as promising materials for crash-relevant automobile components due to their extraordinary energy absorption capability in tensile tests. However, in the case of a crash, the specific energy, absorbed by folding of a crash box, is lower for HMnS as compared to the dual phase steel DP800. This behavior is related to the fact that the crash box hardly takes advantage of the high plastic formability of a recrystallized HMnS during deformation. It was revealed that with the help of an alternative heat treatment after cold rolling, the strength of HMnS could be increased for low strains to achieve a crash behavior comparable to DP800. In this work, a multi-scale finite element simulation approach was used to analyze the crash behavior of different material conditions of an HMnS. The crash behavior was evaluated under consideration of material efficiency and passenger safety criteria to identify the ideal material condition and sheet thickness for crash absorption by folding. The proposed simulation methodology reduces the experimental time and effort for crash box design. As a result of increasing material strength, the simulation exhibits a possible weight reduction of the crash box, due to thickness reduction, up to 35%.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Automobiles Crash tests"
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Cridelich, Carine caroline. "Influence of retraint systems during an automobile crash : prediction of injuries for frontal impact sled tests based on biomechanical data mining." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2009.
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La sécurité automobile est l’une des principales considérations lors de l’achat d’un véhicule. Avant d’ être commercialisée, une voiture doit répondre aux normes de sécurité du pays, ce qui conduit au développement de systèmes de retenue tels que les airbags et ceintures de sécurité. De plus, des ratings comme EURO NCAP et US NCAP permettent d’évaluer de manière indépendante la sécurité de la voiture. Des essais catapultes sont entre autres effectués pour confirmer le niveau de protection du véhicule et les résultats sont généralement basés sur des valeurs de référence des dommages corporels dérivés de paramètres physiques mesurés dans les mannequins.Cette thèse doctorale présente une approche pour le traitement des données d’entrée (c’est-à-dire des paramètres des systèmes de retenue définis par des experts) suivie d’une classification des essais catapultes frontaux selon ces mêmes paramètres. L’étude est uniquement basée sur les données du passager, les données collectées pour le conducteur n’ étant pas assez complètes pour produire des résultats satisfaisants. L’objectif principal est de créer un modèle qui définit l’influence des paramètres d’entrées sur la sévérité des dommages et qui aide les ingénieurs à avoir un ordre de grandeur des résultats des essais catapultes selon la législation ou le rating choisi. Les valeurs biomécaniques du mannequin (outputs du modèle) ont été regroupées en clusters dans le but de définir des niveaux de dommages corporels. Le modèle ainsi que les différents algorithmes ont été implémentés dans un programme pour une meilleur utilisation quotidienneSafety is one of the most important considerations when buying a new car. The car has to achievecrash tests defined by the legislation before being selling in a country, what drives to the developmentof safety systems such as airbags and seat belts. Additionally, ratings like EURO NCAP and US NCAPenable to provide an independent evaluation of the car safety. Frontal sled tests are thus carried outto confirm the protection level of the vehicle and the results are mainly based on injury assessmentreference values derived from physical parameters measured in dummies.This doctoral thesis presents an approach for the treatment of the input data (i.e. parameters ofthe restraint systems defined by experts) followed by a classification of frontal sled tests accordingto those parameters. The study is only based on data from the passenger side, the collected datafor the driver were not enough completed to produce satisfying results. The main objective is tocreate a model that evaluates the input parameters’ influence on the injury severity and helps theengineers having a prediction of the sled tests results according to the chosen legislation or rating.The dummy biomechanical values (outputs of the model) have been regrouped into clusters in orderto define injuries groups. The model and various algorithms have been implemented in a GraphicalUser Interface for a better practical daily use
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Miyasaki, Grant W. "Automobile crash test facility and preliminary analysis of low speed crush characteristics." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26722.
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A large percentage of automobile accidents in city traffic occur at speeds below 15 mph. Unfortunately there is a scarcity of experimental crash data at these low speeds to help investigators to reconstruct accidents. Accident reconstruction experts have consequently attached a low level of confidence to speed predictions from vehicle crush at the low end of the speed spectrum. The need for more experimental crash data, especially in a low speed range, has repeatedly been mentioned by accident investigators. The University of British Columbia Accident Research Croup has constructed a crash test facility in conjunction with the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia to address this need. The lCBC-UBC barrier is a low speed crash test facility.
A description of the ICBC-UBC crash barrier, its systems and crash testing techniques at the ICBC-UBC facility are presented in this thesis. Also multiple impacts on the same vehicle are investigated to see if this technique provided accumulated crush data that reproduced known high speed crashes. In addition, the preliminary findings are presented on the impact speed to initiate permanent crush and subsequent implications toward vehicle crush characteristics in a low speed range.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Herry, Bertrand. "Développement d'une approche multiéchelle parallèle pour la simulation de crash automobile." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DENS0018.
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Gstalter, Étienne. "Réduction d’ordre de modèle de crash automobile pour l’optimisation masse / prestations." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2576.
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Cette thèse est une contribution à un thème de recherche sur les applications de la réduction de modèle à l’ingénierie RENAULT. Elle fait suite aux travaux du projet IRT SystemX ROM (Réduction de modèles et Optimisation Multidisciplinaire) et aux thèses CIFRE RENAULT [Vuong], [Charrier]. L’application industrielle principale du thème est la mise au point de la structure d’un véhicule sollicité en crash; des travaux sont également en cours sur la combustion, l’acoustique et l’aérodynamique. Les travaux de cette thèse sont à la fois un apport à la méthode générique ReCUR et son adaptation à l’optimisation de la caisse d’un véhicule pour le crash. RENAULT utilise largement l’optimisation pour la mise au point de la caisse en crash, avec un outil d’optimisation numérique basé sur la méthode des plans d’expériences. Cette méthode nécessite beaucoup de calculs crash car cette simulation est considérée comme une boite noire, en utilisant uniquement les entrées et sorties. La méthode ReCUR prend le contre-pied en exploitant un maximum d’informations de chaque simulation crash, dans le but de réduire fortement leur nombre. Les travaux de cette thèse ont permis de remplir cet objectif pour les applications de mise au point au nominal et pour l’optimisation robuste dans des cas complexes comme le choc frontal et arrièreThis thesis is a part of a global research work dedicated to reduced-order modelling applications in the Renault engineering direction. It's research topic has been improved in the IRT System)('s project on Reduced Order Model and Multi-disciplinary Optimization. Some previous thesis can help understand the context. ([Vuong], [Charrier]). The main industrial application of the research theme is the focus on a body structure, in a crash loading. Some research works on acoustic, combustion and aerodynamic are currently ongoing. This thesis is both a contribution to the generic ReCUR method, and its application to a car body structure optimization for crash loadings. Engineering teams at Renault uses optimization to obtain the best crash simulation, with a numerical optimization software, based on designs of experiments. It requires a lot of crash simulation because each simulation is considered as unique, with only one response for each parameter. Only Inputs and Outputs are known. The ReCUR method consider that each simulation is a huge mine that needs our attention. We hope that we can decrease the number of crash simulation required to compute a model, by using much more data for each simulation
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Vittecoq, Éric Degallaix Suzanne. "Du crash-test aux essais mono-filamentaires, quelques apports dans le domaine de la caractérisation expérimentale du comportement de matériaux et de structures." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/163.
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Reproduction de : Habilitation à diriger des recherches : Mécanique : Lille 1 : 2004.N° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 424. Synthèse des travaux en français. Recueil de publications non reproduit dans la version électronique. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. à la suite de chaque chapitre. Liste des publications et communications.
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Le, Tellier Bérenger. "Méthode d'évaluation des systèmes de retenue des enfants dans un environnement automobile." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAD010.
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Suite à l’évolution de la réglementation relative aux dispositifs de retenue pour enfants en juillet 2013, une campagne d’évaluation expérimentale a permis de constater que la situation des plus jeunes impliqués dans un choc latéral était particulièrement critique. Pour y remédier, une méthodologie originale a été développée dans le but de dimensionner les matériaux d’absorption d’énergie « idéaux » à intégrer aux sièges-auto au niveau des zones d’impact de la tête, de l’épaule et du bassin. Une étude paramétrique basée sur ce concept a alors consisté à piloter la retenue de ces trois segments corporels dans le but de minimiser, soit les critères réglementaires (mannequins Q0 et Q1), soit les critères biomécaniques (modèle hybride Q0-6WOC). Les recommandations issues de cette étude ont ensuite été appliquées à un dispositif de retenue existant afin de l’optimiser en choc latéral. Après avoir vérifié que les valeurs d’accélération linéaire résultante de la tête et de HPC étaient bien inférieures aux seuils imposés par la réglementation, un modèle par Eléments Finis (EF) du siège-auto optimisé a été développé puis validé en situation dynamique. Finalement, après couplage de ce modèle EF du dispositif de retenue optimisé avec le modèle hybride Q0-6WOC, il a été montré que les résultats de simulation numérique en choc latéral étaient deux fois plus faibles que ceux obtenus avec le dispositif de retenue de référenceFollowing changes in Child Restraint System (CRS) regulation in July 2013, an experimental CRS evaluation campaign has been conducted. Then, it has been noticed that the situation amongst the youngest involved in side impact was particularly critical. An original methodology has been therefore developed in order to define the “best” energy absorption materials to use in child seats for head, shoulder and pelvis areas. A parametric study in which the restraint of each body segments was independently piloted has then been conducted. The aim was to minimize either regulatory criteria of Q0 and Q1 dummies, or biomechanical criteria based on Q0-6WOC hybrid model. Those recommendations have thereafter been applied to improve an existing child restraint system under side impact. First, it has been checked that resultant linear acceleration of the head and HPC criteria were below regulation limits. Second, Finite Element (FE) model of the optimized car seat has been created and validated in several dynamical steps. Third, both reference child restraint system and optimized child seat has been evaluated in side impact with Q0-6WOC hybrid model. Finally, it has been showed that technical changes helped to cut in half the biomechanical results
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Robache, Frédéric. "Évaluation sur simulateur de conduite du comportement humain en situation de pré-crash : application à l'amélioration des airbags." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0013/document.
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Les constructeurs automobiles sont tenus de respecter des minima sécuritaires vérifiés lors de crash-tests normalisés, d'où un nombre de scénarios de tests limité ne tenant pas compte des particularités individuelles. Ce mémoire propose d'évaluer le comportement humain réel en phase de pré-crash sur simulateur de conduite. L'expérimentation, intégrant un scénario d'accident difficilement évitable, a permis d'étudier le comportement de 76 conducteurs dont 40 sur simulateur dynamique. Pour ce groupe, 43 voies de mesures centrées sur le conducteur ont été intégrées au protocole. Parmi les résultats obtenus, on retiendra la possible détection précoce de l'accident, pour la moitié des conducteurs, sur la base de leur interaction avec le véhicule. Les manœuvres d’évitement amènent 25% des sujets à positionner l'avant-bras devant le volant au moment de l’impact. Cette situation peut compromettre l'efficacité des airbags, ce qui est vérifié sur banc statique, par le déploiement d'airbags face à un mannequin de type Hybrid III-50%. La projection du bras entraine un impact de 120g à la tête. De plus, l'intégration de membres supérieurs issus de SHPM montre que la situation provoque des fractures de l'avant-bras. Un modèle numérique a été conçu pour estimer les effets de la position atypique lors d'un crash frontal à 50km/h. L'accélération de la tête atteint 270g, synonyme de risques lésionnels élevés. Enfin, une modification technologique des airbags est proposée, basée sur l'hypothèse que la détection à distance peut permettre un déclenchement anticipé et plus lent des airbags. Testée expérimentalement et numériquement, cette évolution permet de respecter les critères lésionnelsAutomakers are lawfully required to achieve a minimum level of security which is checked during standardized crash tests. This results in a limited number of scenarios, which do not take individual specificities into account. This dissertation evaluates real human behaviour during the pre-crash phase, by means of a driving simulator. The experiment, integrating an unavoidable accident, studied the behaviour of 76 drivers, of which 40 drivers on a dynamic simulator. Concerning this group, 43 acquisition channels dedicated to drivers were added. From the results, one can retain that the crash can be predicted for half of the drivers through the observation of their behaviour and their interaction with the car. Due to swerving manoeuvres, 25% of the drivers have their forearm just in front of the steering wheel at the time of crash. This situation may compromise the efficiency of the airbags, that is verified experimentally on a static bench, by the deployment of airbags in front of a Hybrid III-50% dummy. The throwing of the arm causes an impact of 120 g to the head. In a second stage, the integration of left upper limbs from PMHS reveals that the situation is likely to generate fractures in the forearm. A numerical model has been designed to estimate the consequences of the atypical position during a frontal crash at 50km/h. The head acceleration reaches 270 g, synonymous with high lesion risks. Finally, a technological modification of the airbags is proposed to reduce this risk. The assumption is made that the use of remote sensors technologies can allow an early detection of the crash and therefore slower triggering of airbags. Tested experimentally and then numerically, this technical evolution reduces the violence of the impact to respect the injury criteria
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Diet, Stéphane. "Mécanismes de rupture des côtes et critères de tolérance thoracique en choc automobile." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers - ENSAM, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00568920.
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La mise en évidence d'une divergence entre l'accidentologie et les crashs tests demande de revisiter les critères de tolérance thoracique. En parallèle, l'émergence des mannequins numériques de crash permet d'appréhender des lésions particulières ; ce que ne permet pas le mannequin physique Hybrid III. Parmi ces lésions, il y a la fracture de côte. Dans ce contexte, ce travail s'est centré sur la réalisation et la validation d'un modèle numérique lésionnel personnalisé des côtes en choc automobile. Se référant à la bibliographie, il a été choisi de faire des essais de flexion trois points, en incluant des mesures de déformations par jauges et un suivi cinématique par vidéo. Les conditions d'essais ont été définies à partir de plusieurs modèles : système masse-ressort ; RDM ; calculs en éléments finis ; et des mesures réalisées sur SHPM. En amont des essais, chaque côte a été scannée pour étudier la géométrie et pouvoir générer son maillage personnalisé en éléments finis. Les essais statiques, utilisant les côtes 6, 8 et 10, montrent un effort maxi croissant des côtes 6 vers 10 et un déplacement à l'effort maxi nettement supérieur pour la côte 10. Les essais dynamiques, avec une vitesse par niveau de côte et un impacteur différent par côté (impacteurs cylindrique et type ceinture) donnent une influence très nette de la vitesse ainsi que de la géométrie de l'impacteur. Il existe une vitesse optimum concernant cet essai, en terme d'effort maxi, comprise entre 0,10 et 0,25 m.s-1. Alors que la ruine de la côte a lieu pour un même déplacement, l'impacteur ceinture permet de supporter un effort maximum supérieur de 30% ; ce qui est cohérent avec les observations en accidentologie. L'étude géométrique montre que les caractéristiques de la côte évoluent avec le niveau, mais pas la concentration linéique de minéraux. Enfin, les premiers modèles numériques lésionnels personnalisés, visant dans un premier temps à reproduire les essais, valident la faisabilité de la démarche et ouvrent des perspectives de développement.
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Hošek, Štěpán. "Návrh konstrukčních úprav pro zmírnění následků předního nárazu automobilu do nedeformovatelné bariéry." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400464.
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There are many collisions on the roads every day. Automotive companies do number of different types of crash-tests to reduce the consequences of these collisions. Crash-tests are supposed to uncover problems of tested vehicles. Then it is possible to propose constructional changes to reduce the consequences of different types of collisions. Indipendent organisations then test productional vehicles according to their standarts and evaluate safety of these vehicles. One of these crash-tests is the small overlap test which is being done by Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. The small overlap test will be the subject of this thesis. Computational modelling of small overlap test is realised for basic variant and for variants with changes. There is also comparison of basic variant and variants with changes.
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Goubel, Clément. "Modélisation d’essais de choc sur dispositifs de retenue de véhicules : Application aux dispositifs mixtes acier-bois." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10333/document.
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En France, un tiers des personnes tuées sur la route le sont lors d’un accident sur un obstaclefixe. Dans 90% des cas, ces accidents surviennent après une perte de contrôle du véhicule.Les dispositifs de retenue de véhicule ont pour but de maintenir les véhicules en perdition surla chaussée en limitant la sévérité de l’impact.Ces dispositifs doivent subir des essais de chocs normatifs afin de pouvoir être installés sur lebord des routes européennes et d’évaluer leurs performances en termes de sévérité et dedéflexion.Les tolérances existantes sur les paramètres d’essai (véhicule, masse du véhicule, vitesse,angle et point d’impact …) et les incertitudes sur les caractéristiques mécaniques desmatériaux constituant le dispositif ont un effet sur les performances de ce dispositifs etdoivent être prises en compte lors des calculsLes dispositifs mixtes (acier-bois) présentent une difficulté supplémentaire en raison del’hétérogénéité du matériau et de sa sensibilité aux variables d’environnement telles que latempérature et l’humidité.Afin de prendre en compte cette variabilité et d’évaluer son impact sur les performances d’undispositif, des essais dynamiques sur des échantillons de structure ont été réalisés et modélisésnumériquement.Enfin, un modèle complet d’un dispositif de retenue de véhicule a été effectué et corrélé surun essai de choc réel à l’aide d’une méthode prenant en compte la variation de paramètresphysiques liés à l’apparition des modes de ruine de la structure. Une fois corrélé, le modèle aété utilisé afin d’évaluer l’incidence de la modification des caractéristiques mécaniques dubois liée aux variations des conditions environnementalesIn France, one third of the people dying on the roads are killed after impacting against ahazard. In 90% of the reported cases, these accidents result from loss of control. VehicleRestraint Systems (VRS) are specially designed to restrain an errant vehicle and to limitimpact severity.Before being installed on the roadsides, these devices have to be crash-tested according tostandards in order to evaluate their safety and deflexion performances.Tolerances exist on impact parameters (vehicle, vehicle mass, impact speed, impact angle,impact point …) and material’s mechanical characteristic uncertainties have an effect towardsdevice performances and have to be taken into account during numerical simulations.Steel-wood structures present an additional numerical challenge due to wood heterogeneityand its sensibility to environment variables such as temperature and moisture content.In order to assess the effect of this variability toward safety performances, three point bendingdynamic experiments on structural samples are performed and modelled.Finally, a complete model of a vehicle restraint system is built and validated according to realcrash test results thanks to a parametric method. This method takes into account the variabilityof the parameters associated to the failure modes of the structure. Once validated the model isused to assess the effect of wood mechanical properties modifications due to environmentvariable variations
Books on the topic "Automobiles Crash tests"
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Willke, Donald T. CRASH III model improvements: Derivation of new side stiffness parameters from crash tests. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1987.
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Markusic, C. A. Final report of 270 moving pole barrier impact into a 1986 Ford Escort 3-door hatchback in support of Crash III damage algorithm reformulation. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1991.
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Markusic, C. A. Final report of a 1987 Hyundai Excel into a 0ʻ́ frontal pole barrier in support of crash III damage algorithm reformulation. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1991.
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Markusic, C. A. Final report of 315 ̊contoured moving barrier impact into a 1982 Audi 5000 4-door sedan in support of Crash III damage algorithm reformation. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1990.
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Varat, Michael S. Crash reconstruction research: 20 years of progress, 1988-2007. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2008.
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Varat, Michael S. Crash reconstruction research: 20 years of progress, 1988-2007. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2008.
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Volt vehicle fire: What did NHTSA know and when did they know it? : hearing before the Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs, Stimulus Oversight, and Government Spending of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, second session, January 25, 2012. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.
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Johnston, S. A. Reducing heavy truck aggressiveness: Moving heavy truck into a 1987 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan at 80.3 kph. [Washington, D.C.]: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1993.
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Johnston, S. A. Reducing heavy truck aggressiveness: Moving heavy truck into a 1988 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan at 80.5 kph. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1993.
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Johnston, S. A. Reducing heavy truck aggressiveness: Moving heavy truck into a 1993 Honda Civic 3-door hatchback at 80.4 kph. : final report. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Automobiles Crash tests"
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Moreira, António, Monica Gouveia, and Pedro Macedo. "Car Safety." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 305–31. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0997-4.ch017.
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Car safety is an essential feature of marketing strategies for automobile companies. In this work, a statistical analysis on crash tests is conducted based on data available from European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP). The research work developed in this chapter presents a statistical analysis of the information produced by Euro NCAP, using the SPSS and MATLAB software, and seeks to answer the following research questions: - are there statistically significant differences on adult occupant safety in the six years under study? - are there statistically significant differences among the best-selling car classes regarding safety in frontal collisions? - are electric and hybrid automobiles less secure than their traditional counterparts with respect to frontal collisions?
Conference papers on the topic "Automobiles Crash tests"
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Krauss, Ryan W. "Two Hindrances to More Accurate Automotive Crash Simulations." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68758.
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Automobile crashes cost the lives of 30,000 Americans in an average year. Some of these deaths might be prevented through the design of safer automobiles. Crashworthiness design relies heavily on computer simulations because reliable physical tests cannot be run until very late in the design of a vehicle. There are often discrepancies between simulations and the results of physical tests and these differences can lead to failures of critical tests late in the design cycle when correcting the problem is often costly and difficult. This paper discusses two hindrances to more accurate crash simulations: not being able to get accurate material data at impact speeds and the difficulty of modeling the contact between two colliding bodies during a crash. Getting accurate material properties at impact speeds is difficult because the testing often excites vibrations within the test device. The natural frequencies of the test device can lead to mechanical ringing that contaminates the impact response data. If the frequency of this ringing is not sufficiently high, it is very difficult to filter out this mechanical noise without affecting the material response data. Initial investigations have lead to the discovery of a test device whose internal resonances are well separated in frequency from the material response data, allowing material data to be filtered without adversely affecting the data. Two designs for an improved device are also being pursued. This paper also presents an open-source software module that is being developed for modeling impact and contact problems using the finite element method. The software is being written in Python and will be freely distributed. The open-source nature of the software will allow others to review, modify, and build on the algorithms for contact modeling. The software module and contact algorithms will be verified by comparison with experimental results.
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Melnyk, Richard, Olivia Beattie, and Bogue Waller. "Scaled Crash Testing Using Modeling, Similitude, and Experimentation." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-66606.
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Abstract Due to the complexity and challenging nature of predicting the effects of impact on a vehicle, much of the crash-testing industry remains one which operates at full-scale. Automobiles and even aircraft are often crashed at full size, which is an expensive and time-consuming process. This paper details a novel approach to crash-testing that combines early use of simulation, scaling of the appropriate parameters using similitude, and limited testing. The method was used to predict the crashworthiness of a small, commercial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The authors were involved in an undergraduate design project to develop a system capable of safely decelerating the RQ-7 Shadow Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) from an operational flight without the use of a runway. For contingency reasons or tactical purposes, the use of a larger runway for the UAS was not feasible. The team developed an airbag-like system that used controlled release of air to decelerate the vehicle. However, due to testing constraints the team was unable to test the airbag system at full-scale with an actual RQ-7 vehicle. The system is already far in it’s life-cycle so there were no prototypes available and the team’s available facilities would not facilitate a large, high-speed test. As a result, the team built a model of the existing vehicle, focusing on key components and materials. The team then conducted testing at both geometric and dynamic scale and used the results of those tests to determine if actual loading would potentially damage the vehicle. The paper demonstrates the utility of such an approach using the RQ-7 case study. Key aspects of the approach were the use of a model of the vehicle to determine the likely loading conditions that would lead to material failure. An analysis of the important scaling characteristics was conducted and a novel, non-dimensional ratio was developed. Scaled testing was conducted using instrumentation to determine the unknown scaling parameters. The results were then compared to the actual vehicle through the use of the non-dimensional ratio. The ratio compared the size, the approach speed, and the mass of the model to the actual air vehicle with the ultimate goal of determining whether the decelerations experienced by the model when impacting the airbag, would result in damage to key components on the vehicle when decelerated at full-scale. Testing showed that the model airbag was capable of adequately decelerating the UAV, although improvements needed to be made for greater reliability.
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Miyasaki, Grant W., Francis Navin, and Michael MacNabb. "A Crash Test Facility to Determine Automobile Crush Coefficients." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/880224.
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Dixit, Y., P. Begeman, G. S. Dhaliwal, G. Newaz, D. Board, Y. Chen, and O. Faruque. "Crashworthiness Performance of Carbon Fiber Composite (CFC) Vehicle Front Bumper Crush Can (FBCC) Assemblies Subjected to High Speed 40% Offset Frontal Impact." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70357.
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This research article presents the crashworthiness response of carbon fiber composite front bumper crush can (FBCC) assembly subjected to 40% offset frontal impact loading. Automobile manufacturers continue to strive for overall vehicle weight reduction while maintaining or enhancing safety performance. Therefore, the physical testing of lightweight materials becomes extremely important under a crash scenario in order to apply them to automotive structures to reduce the overall weight of the vehicle. In this study carbon fiber/epoxy lightweight composite material is chosen to develop frontal bumper beam crush can assemblies. Due to lack of available studies on carbon fiber composite FBCCs assemblies under frontal offset crash scenario, a new component-level experimental study is conducted in order to develop data that will provide assistance to CAE models for better correlation. A sled-on-sled testing method was utilized to perform tests in this study. 40 % offset frontal tests on FBCC structures were conducted by utilizing three high-speed cameras (HSCs), several accelerometers and load wall. Impact histories i.e. crash pulse, force-time history, force-displacement, impact characteristics and deformation patterns from all FBCC tests were consistent. The standard deviation and coefficient of variance for the energy absorbed were very low suggesting the repeatability of the 40% offset tests. Excellent correlation was achieved between video tracking and accelerometers results for time histories of displacement and velocity. Post-impact photographs showed the progressive crushing of composite crush cans, bumper beam/crush can adhesive joint failure located on unimpacted side and breakage of the bumper beam due to the production of shear stresses as it is stretched due to its curvature after hitting the sled.
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Salmon, J. L., and A. H. Nayfeh. "Crash Worthiness of Automobile Mechanisms." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-1191.
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Abstract Two methods for performing transient inertia analysis of vehicle mechanism systems are presented in this paper. The analysis techniques are used to predict the response of automotive mechanisms to the accelerations associated with vehicle impacts. General analytical methods for evaluating rotational system dynamics are presented. The utility of the techniques are demonstrated by evaluation of a vehicle outside door handle. The methods, along with time dependent accelerations associated with vehicle impact, are used in a specific example to perform a dynamic analysis of an automobile outside door handle. The first method utilizes generalized Lagrange equations for a non-conservative system to formulate a second order nonlinear differential equation that defines the response of the handle components to the transient input. The differential equation is solved numerically by employing a fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The second method uses commercially available two dimensional rigid body dynamics software to evaluate the events. The results predicted using the analytical techniques are compared to experimental data generated by high speed film analysis of latch tests performed on a high G acceleration sled at Ford Motor Company.
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Caliskan, Ari G., Richard A. Jeryan, Huibert Mees, and Simon Iregbu. "Experimental and Analytical Study of the Crashworthiness for the 2005 Ford GT Aluminum Spaceframe." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-83019.
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The use of aluminum structures in the automobile industry have been increasing in the past decade due partly to the demand for light-weight vehicles, and in some instances, lower investment costs. In the case of the 2005 Ford GT, an aluminum spaceframe architecture was chosen. The spaceframe structure consists mainly of extruded 6xxx series aluminum profiles with aluminum castings acting as suspension attachment points. The aluminum castings, located at both the front and rear of the vehicle, also act as nodes to which a number of extrusions are welded. This architecture resulted in a very stiff, yet light-weight vehicle. In addition to stiffness and weight advantages, the use of both aluminum members and the spaceframe construction proved to have good crashworthiness properties for all impact modes. In this paper, the crash performance of the front end of the vehicle consisting of an extruded bumper and double-cell rail system is shown. Once the components were manufactured, specimen level tests were conducted to measure the stress-strain behavior of the extruded material. This information, along with the geometric data of the bumper and rails, was used to create models of the front-end of the vehicle. A series of analyses were conducted using a rigid barrier impact to determine crush loads as well as mode of collapse. Concurrently, the components were assembled and tested using a sled impact facility at speeds comparable to full vehicle impact speeds. The results of the component tests and the analyses showed that the models predicted both the crush loads as well as the crush modes accurately. This validation exercise proved to be key in creating accurate full vehicle models for all the crash modes that are required for certification of the vehicle. As such, development time as well as the number of full vehicle tests was reduced.
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Bhosale, Prashant V. "Modeling of Motorcycle Anthropometric Test Device Neck Using Reverse Engineering Technique." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66896.
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In developing countries like India there are very limited resources for conducting actual crash tests on a motorcycle with dummy installed and it is also rare to get the design details of every object used in the actual crash tests conducted elsewhere in the world. With these limitations, safety of motorcyclist was studied using Finite Element (FE) Analysis and FE models of the objects under consideration were developed by reverse engineering technique wherever possible. In contrast to automobile occupants, a motorcyclist is unconstrained and can follow enumerable trajectories depending on the crash scenario. Airbag as a safety device for motorcyclist is under consideration for reducing fatality of the motorcyclist during the crash [1]. To arrive on any conclusion with reasonable accuracy on injury prediction for motorcyclist exposed to deploying airbags, the dummy neck construction should be more biofidelic in nature. This led to development of the Motorcycle Anthropometric Test Device (MATD) neck, which can accommodate different postures of the motorcyclist. The FE model of MATD neck was developed using HyperMesh™ [2] by estimating dimensions of each part of the MATD neck from the photographs available and following construction details specified in ISO13232 standards [3]. Overall performance of the MATD neck is dependent on the properties of mid section four rubber disks made up of Adiprene polyurethane material [4]. The material properties of different grades of Adiprene polyurethane available on internet site of the Crompton Corporation [5] were input to the MATD neck model with constraint that the weight of the MATD neck remains 1.55±0.1kg. Simulations for various tests specified in ISO13232 were run using Pamcrash™ [6]. Finally it was found that the MATD neck model satisfied all the corridors specified for Frontal Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion and Torsion tests as mentioned in ISO13232 standards when Adiprene LF1700A material properties were used for four mid section rubber disks.
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Meyer, Steven E., Stephen Forrest, Joshua Hayden, Brian Herbst, and Anthony Sances. "The Effect of Vertical Acceleration on Emergency Locking Seatbelt Retractors." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2608.
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Abstract Contemporary production seatbelt retractors have been proven very effective in the crash environment for which they have been primarily designed and most adequately tested, that is, in the full frontal crash mode. The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 outlines specific crash test and occupant injury measure requirements for testing and evaluation of seatbelt systems in production vehicles. Automobile manufacturers routinely test exhaustively in compliance of these requirements with respect to full frontal barrier crashes. However, government requirements are not nearly as complete for alternative accident modes often seen in the real world. Offset, angled, override, underride, and rollover crashes will often require seatbelt retractors to manage acceleration pulses in varying directions, including the vertical plane. Occupant motions during these real world accident modes may also impart loads into the belts and belt hardware (webbing and buckle assemblies) that also may not be immediately apparent in the frontal barrier test mode.
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Schulz, Nathan, Chiara Silvestri Dobrovolny, and Abhinav Mohanakrishnan. "Investigation of Heavy Truck Restraint System Effectiveness Through Finite Element Computer Simulations in Frontal Crashes." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67356.
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Computer finite element simulations play an important role in reducing the cost and time taken for prediction of a crash scenario. While interior crash protection has received adequate attention for automobiles, very little is known for commercial vehicle such as heavy trucks. The understanding of injury types for heavy trucks occupants in relation to different crash scenarios would help mitigation of the injury severity. Finite element computer models of the heavy truck cabin structure, interior cabin components, anthropomorphic test device (ATD) (also called dummy) and passive restraint systems were developed and assembled to simulate head-on crash of a heavy truck into a rigid barrier. The researchers developed a computer simulation parametric evaluation with respect to specific seat belt restraint system parameters for a speed impact of 56.3 km/h (35 mph). Restraint parameter variations within this research study are seat belt load limiting characteristics, inclusion of seat belt pretensioner, and variation of seat belt D-ring location. Additionally an airbag was included to investigate another restraint system. For each simulated impact characteristic and restraint system variation, the occupant kinematics were observed and occupant risks were assessed. Within the approximations and assumptions included in this study, the results presented in this paper should be considered as preliminary guidance on the effectiveness of the use of seat belt as occupant injury mitigation system.
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Meyer, Steven E., Steven Forrest, and Brian Herbst. "Restraint System Performance and Injury Potential to Belted Occupants in Automobile Rollover Crashes." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-16068.
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It has long been recognized within the automotive safety community and by numerous biomechanical research studies that providing effective occupant protection in automotive rollover crashes requires effective occupant restraint. Effective occupant restraint includes, at the most basic level, preventing occupant ejection and providing sufficient control of occupant kinematics through the rollover event to prevent potentially injurious contacts with interior vehicle components. This paper examines both laboratory and real-world accident analysis of restraint performance in rollover-type environments. This includes studies involving static and dynamic testing with human surrogates and anthropometric test devices (ATDs). Additionally, the effects of rollover roof deformation on the restraint systems ability to control or affect occupant kinematics, when those restraint systems are anchored to the dynamically deforming structural components of the vehicle, are examined. Finally, various production and alternative restraint system designs are considered and discussed relative to their ability to control occupant kinematics and their influence on belted occupants' injury potential in the rollover crash mode. This paper will focus on the effect of seat belt looseness, or slack, and its relationship to occupant excursion during a rollover. Literature is referenced establishing that increased occupant excursion produces increased injury potential in rollovers, both by increasing the likelihood of injurious contacts with interior vehicle components as well as an increased risk of full and partial ejection. Four complete vehicle inversion studies (spit tests) are conducted with live surrogate occupants in production vehicle restraint systems. These studies document occupant excursions under a 1G inverted environment with various amounts of seat belt slack in production restraint systems as well as comparison tests using various alternative restraint configurations. Additionally three complete vehicle inverted drop tests are conducted in which the vehicles' roof structures and the upper torso belt anchors (D-ring) are instrumented to document their displacement while producing typical real-world type roof structure damage. The effect of this restraint anchor deformation is then examined relative to the occupant excursions evaluated in the spit tests. Lastly, a complete dolly rollover test conducted on a contemporary production mini van with production restrained anthropometric test devices (ATDs) is examined with a focus on the restraint system's geometry alterations and effectiveness through the multiple roll/roof contact events.