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Journal articles on the topic 'Automatic tool changing'
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1
Obreja, Claudiu, Gheorghe Stan, Dragoș Andrioaia, and Marian Funaru. "Design of an Automatic Tool Changer System for Milling Machining Centers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 371 (August 2013): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.371.69.
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In the field of manufacturing processes it is observed that the trend is to produce more and more fast, efficiently parts with high complexity, which involves using a high number of tools in the machining process. One of the main solutions for high speed and efficient manufacturing is based on the full automation of the entire manufacturing process. The automatic changing of the tools involved in the manufacturing process is carried out by the automatic tool changing mechanism, thus the auxiliary non-productive time consumed with the tool change is highly minimized. In this paper we present a novel automatic tool changer which is both simple and compact, and any milling machining center provided with chain or disc tool magazine can be equipped with. Also by adopting the use of this tool changing mechanism other subassemblies of the tool changing system, such as the tool transfer mechanism and the waiting position, are substituted by this changing mechanism. The auxiliary movements needed to bring the tool from the magazine into the waiting position are overlapped with the machining time, so that the total time for exchanging the tool in the spindle with the tool from the magazine is minimized.
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Obreja, Claudiu, Gheorghe Stan, Lucian Adrian Mihaila, and Marius Pascu. "Application of Tree Graph Method for Reducing the Total Time of Tool Changing in Milling and Boring Machine Tools." Applied Mechanics and Materials 371 (August 2013): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.371.431.
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With a view of increasing the productivity on CNC machine tools one of the main solution is to reduce, as much as possible, the auxiliary time consumed with the set-up and replacement of the tools and work pieces engaged in the machining process. Reducing the total time of the tool changing process by the automatic tool changer system can be also achieved through minimizing the number of movements needed for the actual exchange of the tool, from the tool magazine to the machine spindle (the optimization of the tool changing sequences). This paper presents a new design method based on the tree-graph theory. We consider an existing automatic tool changing system, mounted on the milling and boring machining centre, and by applying the new method we obtain all the possible configurations to minimize the tool changing sequence of the automatic tool changer system. By making use of the method proposed we obtain the tool changing sequences with minimum necessary movements needed to exchange the tool. Reconfiguring an existing machine tool provided with an automatic tool changer system by making use of the proposed method leads to obtaining the smallest changing time and thus high productivity.
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Lu, Xiao Hong, Peng Zhuo Han, Wen Yi Wu, and Wei Jie. "Reliability Evaluation of Circular Tool Magazine and Automatic Tool Changer." Advanced Materials Research 630 (December 2012): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.630.245.
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Tool magazine and automatic tool changer is important parts to fulfill the machining center tool reserve and automatic changing of the spindle tool. The reliability of them directly affects the performance of the host. But recently there are no researches on the reliability evaluation methods, so considering this situation, the reliability evaluation researches on CNC machine tools and their main parts at home and abroad are analyzed and concluded. Combining the collected failure data of the circular tool magazine and automatic tool changer, use MTBF (Mean Time between Failures), MTTR (Mean Time To Repair) and the inherent availability index to realize the reliability evaluation of the circular tool magazine and automatic tool changer. Thus put forward a method to study the reliability evaluation of circular tool magazine and automatic tool changer.
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Li, Li Jun, Wei Sun, Shao Xiong Huang, Yu Jiang, and Wei Tao Bai. "Countermeasure Research about Cost Control of Automatic Lathe Tool Changing System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 2093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.2093.
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For automatic lathe tool changing system being widely used in mechanical manufacturing enterprises, this article analyses the life distribution and fault probability of tools. Considering a complete service life circle of the tool, and taking minimum expectation of average cost for producing qualified components as evaluation indicator, the most reasonable tool changing strategy is put forward to reduce production cost in this paper.
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Xiong, Zhuang, Yan Chao Yin, and Yi Long Yan. "The Macro Program Design and Digital Simulation of the Automatic Tool Changer for 5-Axis Machine." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 1282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.1282.
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In order to reduce non-cutting time and improve machining efficiency, the macro program of automatic tool changer (ATC) has been designed firstly, which was based on the macro theory and parameter settings. Then, the machining simulation environment of the automatic tool changing was established, based on which, the digital simulation of automatic tool changing process is realized by mapping of the practical changing tool process in the virtual machining environment. The simulation results effectively verify and improve the macro program performance.
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Mihaila, Lucian Adrian. "Material Handling Mechanisms Used in Flexible Manufacturing Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 245 (December 2012): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.245.197.
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In small and medium batch series manufacturing the small tool and workpiece changing time is one of the main objectives to follow in obtaining high productivity. These auxiliary times are defined as the times consumed with preparing and changing the next tool or workpiece to follow the machining process, times that usually overlap the machining process. For this purpose machining centres are equipped with an automatic tool changer system and an automatic pallet changer system. The palletizing systems imply eliminating the times consumed with the alignment, fixing and clamping of the workpieces, these systems consisting of several mechanisms: the pallet, the automatic pallet changing mechanism, the positioning mechanism and the pallet clamp/unclamp mechanism. In this paper we present an general overview of the automatic pallet changing mechanisms used both in flexible manufacturing systems and machining centres.
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Li, Yan Sheng, Yan Heng Zhang, Han Xu Sun, Hai Yang Dong, and Shun Li Zhao. "An Improved Design of the Manipulator on Automatic Tool Changer." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.259.
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The tool falling and vibration faults often occur in the process of tool changing, In order to improve the stability of the tools on automatic tool changer, a new structure of the manipulator is presented. The new manipulator contains two-point locking instead of the original one-point locking, and the tools can be clamped more tightly. When the old manipulator is slotting the tool, the forces are analyzed, and the working load and parameters is determined by calculating and analyzing the output curve of manipulator. The three-dimensional model is built in ADMS, and the validity of the new designed manipulator is verified by the simulation in a limit state. The simulation result shows that the new manipulator can increase the ability of tool clamping effectively.
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Lu, Xiao Hong, Peng Zhuo Han, and Wen Yi Wu. "Reliability Evaluation of Chain-Type Tool Magazine and ATC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.461.
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As the tool magazine and automatic tool changer (ATC) are the important function units to reserve and change tools for the machining center, the tool-changing rate affects their reliability life which directly influences the performance level of the machining center. However, the reliability of the tool magazine and ATC has not yet got a reasonable evaluation index. Directing at the features of the tool magazine and ATC system, the mean tool change numbers between failures evaluation index is proposed, which is used to calculate the mean time to repair and estimate the collected failure data of the chain-type tool magazine and ATC. It can be seen that the tool magazine with continuous tool-changing adopts the mean tool change numbers between failures as the reliability evaluation index.
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Li, Fu Yu, Qi Wang, Xue Jun Wang, and Yong Xin Peng. "Research on RFID Technology in Tool Changing of the NC System." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 1873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.1873.
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In order to avoid the problem of tool destroyed and machine damaged because the NC (numerical control) system appeares tool identification error in the tool changing process, in the paper, the author constructed a based on RFID(radio frequency identification) technology tool changing model of the numerical control system. It can improve the tool's high reliability recognition, shorten tool changing process time and reduce the failure rate. it can realize RFID equipment and tool management information system integration that the tag sticked in the tool of the NC system is regarded as information identification basis. The author analyzes automatic tool changing process based on RFID, constructs the system hardware platform and designs software.
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Poppeova, Viera, Vladimir Bulej, Robert Zahoranský, and Juraj Uríček. "Parallel Mechanism and its Application in Design of Machine Tool with Numerical Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 282 (January 2013): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.282.74.
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This paper describes the design of machine tool based on the mechanism with parallel kinematic structure (PKS) called hexapod. The advantages of mechanisms with PKS predetermine them to the field of machining and robotics. Machine tool is designed like fully automated device contains system for automatic tool and part changing too. There was necessary to solve also a question of operation safety according to the real risk of injury. Some information about the design process, main requirements, the problems and the final solution can be found in this paper.
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Carpenter, I. D., and P. G. Maropoulos. "Automatic tool selection for milling operations Part 2: Tool sorting and variety reduction." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 214, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954405001517676.
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The first part of this paper introduced a procedure for rapidly calculating optimized cutting data for all the feasible tools for a given milling operation. Having produced this list of tools with associated optimized cutting conditions, the preferred tool is selected by sorting the list by a composite objective function incorporating a combination of four desirable conditions: maximum metal removal rate, maximum tool life, minimum overall cost and minimum overall cutting time. These four criteria are normalized by a constant multiplier and prioritized by user-defined weighting coefficients. The tool selection procedure is implemented in software with a graphical user interface. The system includes material data for more than 750 ferrous alloys and specifications for 35988 possible holder/insert combinations. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the capability of the system and the subtle interplay of technological constraints that makes optimized tool selection a difficult process to perform manually. This automated procedure offers consistent selection of tools with efficient cutting data that can produce considerable reductions in machining cost when compared with non-optimal solutions. This tool selection procedure is designed to select tools and associated cutting conditions for single milling operations. As many machining centres have a limited number of tool positions available for automated tool changing, it is possible that the optimal set of tools for a given component is not the set of tools that are optimal for each operation considered singly. A post-processing method is presented which rationalizes a set of tools so as to reduce the number of unique tools with the minimal decrease in performance when compared with the set of individually optimized tools.
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Collins, James, and Glen Bright. "NINTENDO WII REMOTES PROVIDE A RECONFIGURABLE TOOL-CHANGING UNIT WITH AN AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION CAPABILITY." South African Journal of Industrial Engineering 25, no. 2 (August 18, 2014): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.7166/25-2-884.
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Gao, Qian, and Pingchuan Zhang. "The Errors Recognition and Compensation for the Numerical Control Machine Tools Based on Laser Testing Technology." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0090.
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Abstract To improve the accuracy of numerical control machine tools error, this paper studies the application of laser testing technology in numerical control machine tool, and put forward a laser interferometer automatic aiming system which can conduct space error measurement. The system, in the process of the NC machine tool operating, can measure the machine tool space curve through changing the direction of the laser. The principle of laser interferometer and matlab analysis are adopted, through the experiment of laser interference technology in the numerical control machine tool, the law curve of error in NC machine tools is obtained, getting the method of error of NC machine tools. When conducting laser testing error experiment in NC machine tool, the results show that the laser testing can measure aggregated error and thermal error of NC machine tool better, with small control of environment and high accuracy of measurement.
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Umezu, Kyosuke, Kazuhito Ohashi, and Shinya Tsukamoto. "Study on the Restraint Method of Thermal Deformation in the Machine Tools." Advanced Materials Research 797 (September 2013): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.797.603.
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In the NC machine tools for automatic mass production processing lines, it is demanded that high stable machining accuracy is maintained for a long time. The main factor of deterioration in machining accuracy depends on the thermal deformation of machine tool, and the measures are one of the most important issues in the machine tool design. The thermal deformation is practically estimated by the temperature changing state of machine tools based on obtained data of their thermal deformation chracteristics. The estimation accuracy of thermal deformation depends on the thermometry points of machine tool greatly. This study describes an approach to the most suitable thermometry points in machine tool to determine the effective thermal deformation measures experimentally. As a result, the existence of points where the temperature of components changed with relation to thermal deformation very closely was confirmed.
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Akbar, Muhammad Ekka Januar, and Joni Welman Simatupang. "Perancangan dan Analisis dari Automation Gasket Assembling Machine untuk Pengurangan Jumlah Tenaga Kerja." JIE Scientific Journal on Research and Application of Industrial System 3, no. 1 (November 12, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jie.v3i1.496.
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<p>Manufacturing process need lot of man power for assembling parts process, but every year minimum of basic salary for man power always increase, however price product to customer increase not significant same as basic salary increase. Therefore management must think how to solve this problem, because if there is no counter measure profit, the company will face loss. There are at least three ways to counter measure this condition: first is by changing manual process for part assembling using automation system, second is to get the import parts from local supplier, and third is change import consumable tool to local supplier. This paper will explain about the process and impact of changing manual proses in gasket part assembling to full automatic gasket part assembling with new automatic machine. This machine using programmable logic controller (PLC), where all process which was done by man power will change to mechanical structure, so this process will change to automatic process. At the end, this process can reduce the need for man power and give effect to the reduction of direct labor cost also to be about 9,2 million rupiah in one shift production/month, however this nominal will fluctuate due to the number of total production quantity/month. Anothe effect with the use of automatic machine for quality process level is the increase of product quality level development because all item process check will be done by 100% sensor check, so the human error factor will be eliminated by using full automatic gasket assembling machine.<br />Keywords: Increasing of salary, average minimum salary, Automation process, man power reduction, decreased of direct labor cost, PLC system control.</p>
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Hu, Ye, Zhao Jun Yang, Xiao Ming Zeng, Peng Fei Song, Yu Peng Ma, Yang Wang, and Qiao Lou. "Fault Detection System and Reliability Analysis for Chain-Type Tool Magazine." Advanced Materials Research 542-543 (June 2012): 941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.542-543.941.
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By analyzing the structure features and tool changing process of a large-scale national Automatic Tool Changer (ATC) with a chain-type tool magazine, a chain-type tool magazine reliability test bench is designed with a new fault detection system, where a new failure data collecting method is applied for taking failure data statistics and reliability analysis. This set of fault detecting and reliability analyzing system not only provides a way for ATC to predict system faults, but also creates good conditions for further ATC reliability research.
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Mihaila, Lucian Adrian, Gheorghe Stan, Marian Funaru, and Dragoș Andrioaia. "Transmission Ratio Optimization of Electric Driven Palletizing Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 371 (August 2013): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.371.421.
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One of the main objectives in obtaining high productivity on machining centers is the reduction of auxiliary times consumed with the tool and workpiece change. In the case of workpiece change the auxiliary time is reduced by adopting the use of an automatic pallet changer system and implicitly of pallets, while in the case of tool change this time is reduced using an automatic tool changer system. The optimization of the constructive and functional parameters of palletizing systems, in the purpose of decreasing auxiliary times, implies increased speed and accelerations, inertia reduction, an optimum transmission ratio, component mechanisms coupled movements, increasing the positioning accuracy of the pallet on the machine table. This paper presents the methodology of transmission ratio optimization of an electric driven pallet changer mechanism, the main purpose is to obtain the maximum acceleration. In order to find the maximum acceleration of the electric driven pallet changing mechanism considered, and thus minimizing the total changing time, we use the equilibrium equation of the moments reduced to the motor shaft. Following the proposed methodology we obtain the maximum acceleration of the considered pallet changer mechanism. Also we issue some constructive indications for future designing of electric driven pallet changer mechanisms.
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Rao, Ming Ze. "The Control Design of the Chain Magazine Test Bench." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.330.
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The stable operation of the chain magazine which is important functional parts of the machining centers affects the processing efficiency directly, requiring test bench and related experiments in progress for the chain magazine performance parameters. We design the hardware and software and complete PLC chain magazine test bench based on the control and experimental testing requirements in the analysis of specific institutions and chain magazine movement principle. PLC is the core of the test bench which can achieve the operation of the magazine and the control automatic tool changer. The PLC program according to the experimental requirements can control tool magazine and automatic tool changer different motion process for related test. PC can achieve magazine movement simulation, monitoring the process of the tool changing, as well as recording and analysis of test data. The Anti-interference cabinet of the test bench ensure the stable operation of control system. The tests proved that PLC-based test bench able to meets the test requirements and complete the default action for a series of related tests with simple control, stable operation and scalability.
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Zhao, X. M., Y. Z. Bi, and Hai Long Wang. "Collision and Determination of Workpiece Location in Parallel Mechanism Type Machine Tools." Materials Science Forum 471-472 (December 2004): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.471-472.855.
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This paper uses HexaM made by Toyoda Machine Works Co. as an analytical model of parallel mechanism type machine tools. Much collision may be generated for its complicated structure and working space, using this machine. For example, those collisions are generated between the moving components of the parallel mechanism, between the moving components and a workpiece and between the moving components and the tool storage for automatic changing. In this paper, an algorithm for detecting and avoiding those collisions is proposed. The method for avoiding the collisions is conducted by readjusting the location of the workpiece without amending the tool path. It is confirmed through experimental works that the proposed algorithm is useful for detecting the collisions and determining the location of the workpiece prior to the actual machining.
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Avent, Brendan, Javier González, Tom Diethe, Andrei Paleyes, and Borja Balle. "Automatic Discovery of Privacy–Utility Pareto Fronts." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2020, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2020-0060.
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AbstractDifferential privacy is a mathematical framework for privacy-preserving data analysis. Changing the hyperparameters of a differentially private algorithm allows one to trade off privacy and utility in a principled way. Quantifying this trade-off in advance is essential to decision-makers tasked with deciding how much privacy can be provided in a particular application while maintaining acceptable utility. Analytical utility guarantees offer a rigorous tool to reason about this tradeoff, but are generally only available for relatively simple problems. For more complex tasks, such as training neural networks under differential privacy, the utility achieved by a given algorithm can only be measured empirically. This paper presents a Bayesian optimization methodology for efficiently characterizing the privacy– utility trade-off of any differentially private algorithm using only empirical measurements of its utility. The versatility of our method is illustrated on a number of machine learning tasks involving multiple models, optimizers, and datasets.
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Stankutė, Martyna. "Legal services today and in the future: how is changing the job of a lawyer?" Vilnius University Open Series, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 248–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/os.tmp.2020.12.
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This article is analyzing law and information technologies scientists works, were law technologies and their realization in lawyer work implies also its benefits and disadvantages through the following future. To rely on the linguistic and analysis method in this article explains the way legal technologies work in different fields, modifying individual legal services actions. Analyzing innovative technology tools and showing their practical integration and applicability trough examples. An analysis of the relationship between law technology and a lawyer today has shown what the technology gaps are and what features a lawyer will need in the future. Technologies being an innovative creations of a human and working in virtual field can‘t function without humans, so it could emerge cybernetic attacks risks. To that point helping tools would be automatic, yet it will remain an aid tool. Laws and decision making would be left for human being, however, lawyers should maintain abilities that would let them successfully integrate with modern technology changes.
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HAAKE, JOERG M., TIM HUSSEIN, BJÖRN JOOP, STEPHAN LUKOSCH, DIRK VEIEL, and JÜRGEN ZIEGLER. "MODELING AND EXPLOITING CONTEXT FOR ADAPTIVE COLLABORATION." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 19, no. 01n02 (March 2010): 71–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843010002115.
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Collaborative work is characterized by frequently changing situations and corresponding demands for tool support and interaction behavior provided by the collaboration environment. Current approaches to address these changing demands include manual tailoring by end-users and automatic adaptation of single user tools or for individual users. Few systems use context as a basis for adapting collaborative work environments, mostly focusing on document recommendation and awareness provision. In this paper, we present, firstly, a generic four layer framework for modeling and exploiting context. Secondly, a generic adaptation process translating user activity into state, deriving context for a given focus, and executing adaptation rules on this context. Thirdly, a collaboration domain model for describing collaboration environments and collaborative situations. Fourthly, examples of exploiting our approach to support context-based adaptation in four typical collaboration situations: co-location, co-access, co-recommendation, and co-dependency.
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Beisembetov, Iskander, Sabyi Ussupov, Bakhyt Absadykov, Beken Arymbekov, and Birzhan Bektibay. "Studying Systems of Stabilization of Supports in Hydrostatic Machine Tool." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.489.
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Development relevance to improve the operational parameters of the support units of machine tools in their design elements is introduced that increase the rigidity of the components, their carrying capacity, damp occurring vibrations in the process, the coefficient of performance (COP), smoothness of motion, positioning accuracy, reducing the wear of their working surfaces and maintain the original accuracy. A number of engineering development [1], [2], aimed at improving the above characteristics of the machine by changing and improving design of reference nodes used in these rails rolling bearings, aerostatic and hydrostatic guides, as well as the use of automatic control systems of its basic parameters, determine its quality. However, in some operating conditions in which errors occur, mainly due to the instability of oil-film thickness (gap) between the mobile and immobile elements of the hydrostatic bearing. For high accuracy requirements it will negatively affect the quality of machined parts and equipment performance. On this basis, it becomes apparent urgency of the problem of automatic stabilization of oil-film thickness (gap) in the IR. To ensure high precision equipment to improve power system hydrostatic bearing units of machine tools. This, in turn, creates the prerequisite for the development of stabilization systems of the gap in the hydrostatic bearing, with the help of which the thickness of oil layer in them would be kept constant even with significant dynamic load on the support.
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Rafl, Jakub, Veronika Huttova, Knut Möller, Thomas E. Bachman, Leos Tejkl, Petr Kudrna, Martin Rozanek, and Karel Roubik. "Computer model of oxygenation in neonates." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2019-0019.
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AbstractMaintaining a prescribed peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) target during routine care of neonates is challenging and inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO2) titration practices differ among caregivers and centers. Algorithms for automatic feedback control of SpO2 are being developed and tested, that would adapt to the changing neonatal organism and better maintain the required SpO2 target range. While clinical data is necessary to validate differences in the titration strategies, a continuous physiological model of oxygenation in neonates would facilitate baseline testing of different approaches, manual or automated. The objective of our study was to enhance a mathematical model of oxygenation of the neonate and to compare the performance of the model with available clinical data. We have implemented the diffusion resistance into the model as well as a variable oxyhemoglobin dissociation relationship and the bias between arterial and peripheral oxygen saturation. Values of model parameters were scaled to fit preterm infant scenarios. The comparison of the clinical data and computer simulations suggest that the model can reliably simulate episodes of oxygen desaturation and describe the relation between ventilation, FiO2and SpO2. It appears that the model may be an effective tool to test manual and automatic FiO2titration strategies.
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Kim, Jong-Won, Sangho Lee, TaeWon Seo, and Jongwon Kim. "A new non-servo motor type automatic tool changing mechanism based on rotational transmission with dual four-bar linkages." Meccanica 53, no. 9 (January 10, 2018): 2447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11012-017-0813-z.
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Ye, Zhijian, Fanhe Kong, Baocheng Zhang, Wei Gao, and Jianfeng Mao. "A Method Framework for Automatic Airspace Reconfiguration-Monte Carlo Method for Eliminating Irregular Sector Shapes Generated by Region Growth Method." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 3934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183934.
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With the growth of air traffic demand in busy airspace, there is an urgent need for airspace sectorization to increase air traffic throughput and ease the pressure on controllers. The purpose of this paper is to develop a method framework that can perform airspace sectorization automatically, reasonably, which can be used as an advisory tool for controllers as an automatic system, especially for eliminating irregular sector shapes generated by simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) based on the region growth method. The two graph cutting method, dynamic Monte Carlo method by changing location of flexible vertices (MC-CLFV) and Monte Carlo method by radius changing (MC-RC) were developed to eliminate irregular sector shapes generated by SAA in post-processing. The experimental results show that the proposed method framework of airspace sectorization (AS) can automatically and reasonably generate sector design schemes that meet the design criteria. Our methodology framework and software can provide assistant design and analysis tools for airspace planners to design airspace, improve the reliability and efficiency of airspace design, and reduce the burden of airspace planners. In addition, this lays the foundation for reconstructing airspace with the more intelligent method.
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Wu, L. I., and P. H. Fang. "Synthesis of Stationary Cams." Journal of Mechanical Design 121, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829419.
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This paper presents a method for designing stationary cams with constant speed roller followers. A stationary cam is immovable, but it guides its follower to produce a desired motion with the follower being driven by other links. In order to avoid infinite jerk of the follower motion, the pitch curve of a stationary cam should consist of pieces of transition curve, which provide gradual change in curvature and are interposed between straight lines and circular arcs. The general parametric equations of transition curves are derived and the cam design process is demonstrated. This method is applicable for designing the guideways of tool magazine in automatic tool-changing system of the machine center.
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Tamsir, Afzeri. "Development of Automatic Storage Retrieval System for Variable Loads." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi dan Industri 18, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/sitekin.v18i1.11587.
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Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS) have been widely used in warehousing systems to speed up load movements and save storage space. ASRS is an integrated system that is equipped with a controller and arm for the collection and storage of goods. This paper discusses the results of developing a system for taking and storing goods for various loads. The prototype element consists of a mechanism for retrieving, placing and application for data collection into the database. In this research, the design and development of ASRS was carried out to be applied in the storage of products of various sizes which is suitable for small size industries. The development process includes investigating features that have been developed in the ASRS, operating procedures, hardware selection and software development in accordance with the mechanism designed. Numerical control which moves the carrier element with high resolution is applied to be able to place the load in a changing position. Development and testing is carried out to ensure the performance of the tool runs well and the data storage that includes the identification and size of the load can be recorded properly.
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Kist, Andreas M., Pablo Gómez, Denis Dubrovskiy, Patrick Schlegel, Melda Kunduk, Matthias Echternach, Rita Patel, et al. "A Deep Learning Enhanced Novel Software Tool for Laryngeal Dynamics Analysis." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 1889–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00498.
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Purpose High-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) is an emerging, but barely used, endoscopy technique in the clinic to assess and diagnose voice disorders because of the lack of dedicated software to analyze the data. HSV allows to quantify the vocal fold oscillations by segmenting the glottal area. This challenging task has been tackled by various studies; however, the proposed approaches are mostly limited and not suitable for daily clinical routine. Method We developed a user-friendly software in C# that allows the editing, motion correction, segmentation, and quantitative analysis of HSV data. We further provide pretrained deep neural networks for fully automatic glottis segmentation. Results We freely provide our software Glottis Analysis Tools (GAT). Using GAT, we provide a general threshold-based region growing platform that enables the user to analyze data from various sources, such as in vivo recordings, ex vivo recordings, and high-speed footage of artificial vocal folds. Additionally, especially for in vivo recordings, we provide three robust neural networks at various speed and quality settings to allow a fully automatic glottis segmentation needed for application by untrained personnel. GAT further evaluates video and audio data in parallel and is able to extract various features from the video data, among others the glottal area waveform, that is, the changing glottal area over time. In total, GAT provides 79 unique quantitative analysis parameters for video- and audio-based signals. Many of these parameters have already been shown to reflect voice disorders, highlighting the clinical importance and usefulness of the GAT software. Conclusion GAT is a unique tool to process HSV and audio data to determine quantitative, clinically relevant parameters for research, diagnosis, and treatment of laryngeal disorders. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14575533
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Moltchanov, D. "Automatic Bandwidth Adjustment for Content Distribution in MPLS Networks." Advances in Multimedia 2008 (2008): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/624941.
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Aggregates of real-time traffic may experience changes in their statistical characteristics often manifesting non stationary behavior. In multi protocol label switching (MPLS) networks this type of the traffic is assigned constant amount of resources. This may result in ineffective usage of resources when the load is below than expected or inappropriate performance when the load is higher. In this paper we propose new algorithm for dynamic resource adaptation to temporarily changing traffic conditions. Assuming that network nodes may reallocate resources on-demand using automatic bandwidth adjustment capability of MPLS framework, the proposed algorithm, implemented at ingress MPLS nodes, dynamically decides which amount of resources is currently sufficient to handle arriving traffic with given performance metrics. This decision is then communicated to interior MPLS nodes along the label switched path. As a basic tool of the algorithm we use change-point statistical test that signals time instants at which statistical characteristics of traffic aggregates change. The major advantage of the proposed approach is that it is fully autonomous, that is, network nodes do not need any support from hosts in terms of resource reservation requests. The proposed algorithm is well suited for traffic patterns experiencing high variability, especially, for non stationary type of the traffic.
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Fabio, P., G. T. Aronica, and H. Apel. "Towards automatic calibration of 2-D flood propagation models." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 6 (June 7, 2010): 911–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-911-2010.
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Abstract. Hydraulic models for flood propagation description are an essential tool in many fields and are used, for example, for flood hazard and risk assessments, evaluation of flood control measures, etc. Nowadays there are many models of different complexity regarding the mathematical foundation and spatial dimensions available, and most of them are comparatively easy to operate due to sophisticated tools for model setup and control. However, the calibration of these models is still underdeveloped in contrast to other models like e.g. hydrological models or models used in ecosystem analysis. This has two primary reasons: first, lack of relevant data against which the models can be calibrated, because flood events are very rarely monitored due to the disturbances inflicted by them and the lack of appropriate measuring equipment in place. Second, 2-D models are computationally very demanding and therefore the use of available sophisticated automatic calibration procedures is restricted in many cases. This study takes a well documented flood event in August 2002 at the Mulde River in Germany as an example and investigates the most appropriate calibration strategy for a simplified 2-D hyperbolic finite element model. The model independent optimiser PEST, that enables automatic calibrations without changing model code, is used and the model is calibrated against over 380 surveyed maximum water levels. The application of the parallel version of the optimiser showed that (a) it is possible to use automatic calibration in combination of 2-D hydraulic model, and (b) equifinality of model parameterisation can also be caused by a too large number of degrees of freedom in the calibration data in contrast to a too simple model setup. In order to improve model calibration and reduce equifinality, a method was developed to identify calibration data, resp. model setup with likely errors that obstruct model calibration.
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DOROKHOV, ALEKSEI S., ALEKSEI V. SIBIRYOV, ALEKSANDR G. AKSENOV, and MAKSIM A. MOSYAKOV. "ANALYTICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF TILLAGE DEPTH." Agricultural engineering, no. 3 (2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-3-19-23.
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The authors have carried out analytical studies on the development and rationalization of a system for automatic controlling the depth of tillage, a block diagram and an algorithm for a linear positional control system, as well as off ered a design scheme to develop a control algorithm. A mathematical model describing the control object that regulates the tillage depth has been determined, provided that the motion trajectory of the moving parts of the driving links and the actuator rods of the automatic system controlling the tillage depth is perfectly traced. A structural diagram of a linear system of positional control of the soil tillage depth has been developed, which is a mechanism for adjusting the support wheel with an acting disturbance on the control object, changing the distance between the O axis of the wheel rotation of the tillage machine power tool and the rotation axis of the support wheels of a soil cultivation machine. A design scheme to develop a control algorithm for changing the tillage depth has been obtained. To determine the required accuracy and modes of using hardware in various phase states of the soil layer, a basic set of hardware was identifi ed and analyzed to ensure that it meets the requirements for controlling the tillage depth of the working elements. They include a sensor for determining the penetration depth of the working element; microcontroller (setting and control of regulated force impact on the soil, i.e. vertical movement of the electric cylinder rod); electric cylinders (linear actuators). To test the developed algorithms for the functioning of the automatic control system for adjusting the travel depth of the working elements for presowing soil cultivation, it is necessary to conduct experimental studies in laboratory and production conditions.
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Radityatami, Sela. "Pengaruh Cognitive Behavior Therapy terhadap Penurunan Kecemasan pada Pasien Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronis (PPOK) Rawat Inap di Rumah Sakit Paru dr. H. A. Rotinsulu Bandung." Humanitas (Jurnal Psikologi) 2, no. 3 (December 6, 2018): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/hmn.v2i3.1750.
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This study was conducted to obtain an overview of the influence of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) to reduce anxiety by changing negative automatic thoughts (NATs) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospitalization in Lung Hospital Dr. H. A. Rotinsulu Bandung became a positive thoughts. Krauskopf et al (2015) revealed that illness beliefs and medication beliefs can affect NATs of COPD patients. The samples in this research were two patients with COPD inpatient at Lung Hospital Dr. H. A. Rotinsulu Bandung who has high degree of anxiety. The main measuring tool used in this research is Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) which has been translated into Indonesian. The therapy sessions were conducted over five sessions. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that Cognitive Behavior Therapy can reduce the degree of anxiety in COPD patients hospitalized by changing the NATs related to illness beliefs and medication beliefs.
Keywords: anxiety, cognitive behavior therapy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inpatient
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Floyer-Lea, A., and P. M. Matthews. "Changing Brain Networks for Visuomotor Control With Increased Movement Automaticity." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 4 (October 2004): 2405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01092.2003.
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Learning a motor skill is associated with changes in patterns of brain activation with movement. Here we have further characterized these dynamics during fast (short-term) learning of a visuomotor skill using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects ( n = 15) were studied as they learned to visually track a moving target by varying the isometric force applied to a pressure plate held in the right hand. Learning was confirmed by demonstration of improved performance and automaticity (the relative lack of need for conscious attention during task execution). We identified two distinct, time-dependent patterns of functional changes in the brain associated with these behavioral changes. An initial, more attentionally demanding stage of learning was associated with the greatest relative activity in widely distributed, predominantly cortical regions including prefrontal, bilateral sensorimotor, and parietal cortices. The caudate nucleus and ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere also showed significant activity. Over time, as performance improved, activity in these regions progressively decreased. There was an increase in activity in subcortical motor regions including that of the cerebellar dentate and the thalamus and putamen. Short-term motor-skill learning thus is associated with a progressive reduction of widely distributed activations in cortical regions responsible for executive functions, processing somatosensory feedback and motor planning. The results suggest that early performance gains rely strongly on prefrontal-caudate interactions with later increased activity in a subcortical circuit involving the cerebellum and basal ganglia as the task becomes more automatic. Characterization of these changes provides a potential tool for functional “dissection” of pathologies of movement and motor learning.
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Valenzuela, Alex, Silvio Simani, and Esteban Inga. "Automatic Overcurrent Protection Coordination after Distribution Network Reconfiguration Based on Peer-To-Peer Communication." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 3253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113253.
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Electrical power systems represent a fundamental part of society, and their efficient operations are of vital importance for social and economic development. Power systems have been designed to withstand interruptions under already provided safety and quality principles; however, there are some extreme and not so frequent events that could represent inconveniences for the correct operation of the entire system. For this reason, in recent years the term resilience, which serves to describe the capacity of a system to recover from an unwanted event, has been analyzed on planning, operation and remedial actions. This work is focused on the implementation of a topological reconfiguration tool, which is oriented to change the structure of primary feeders based on changing the status of switchgears. Once the distribution network has been reconfigured, an algorithm of protection coordination is executed based on communication peer-to-peer between Matlab and PowerFactory, which develops an adaptive calculation to determine the current setting and the time multiplier setting. The reconfiguration and coordination protection algorithms could be implemented and evaluated on different distribution networks, areas and locations.
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Tsvetkova, Olga, Andrey Aidinyan, and Elena Chujkova. "Automation of the process of applying plaster on the walls of agricultural premises." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 11010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017511010.
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Plastering works are distinguished by complex technology and the use of a large number of manual working methods. Eliminate manual labor, significantly increase productivity and improve the quality of the plastering is possible based on the automation of applying plaster. The article discusses two ways to control the amount of plaster mixture: direct regulation of the amount of plaster mixture by changing the performance of the nozzle and regulation of the amount of plaster mixture by optimizing the speed of the nozzle. The disadvantage of the first method is the need for preliminary calculation of the time instant of the nozzle productivity change. The difficulty in solving this problem is due to the inertia of the device. In connection with these difficulties, it is proposed to use the second method of adjusting the amount of plaster mixture by optimizing the speed of the nozzle. The simulation of the proposed control system was carried out in the Matlab Simulink. The developed technique for applying plaster during automatic adjustment of the nozzle speed provides the necessary speed of the working tool depending on the surface irregularities.
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Wang, Ke, Ji Hang Liu, Guo Kui Wu, and Xing Wei Sun. "Thermal Structure Coupling Analysis of Lathe Built-In Electric Spindle under Intermittent Load." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 2922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.2922.
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Built-in electric spindle has been the core component of machine tool, whose temperature problem is serious. Internal heat source are greatly influenced by load. Based on which has the function of automatic clipping chuck inversion type vertical lathe built-in electric spindle prototype as the research object, using the theory of thermal stress and finite element, established the intermittent load cases hot - structure coupling numerical analysis model of the electric spindle. After overall analyzing electric spindle within the transient temperature field under the action of the intermittent load, the winding temperature changing with time curve is given. On that basis, electric spindle thermal deformation has been carried on the analysis and calculation, gets the shaft extension end axial thermal deformation, provides theoretical basis for the thermal error compensation.
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Sidik, Sanji Muhammad, and Hermawaty Hermawaty. "Android-based Prototype of Automated Cloth Hanger Using Arduino." Journal of Information Technology 1, no. 2 (August 23, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47292/joint.v1i2.13.
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Clothesline that is used in the community is still in the form of a manual so that the community must raise it directly. People who have more interests or who work may not have to raise clothes directly so they have to leave their more important work. When traveling or there are other jobs the community is still confused how to pick up clothesline with changing weather. From these problems, a prototype model of automatic clothesline was built using Android-based Arduino, this is to simplify and shorten the time in lifting clothesline or drying clothes when our weather changes. Having designed an automatic clothesline using Android-based Arduino. In this study, the Arduino UNO microcontroller functions as a data processing center obtained from the LDR sensor to detect light, uses a water sensor to detect rainwater and uses a DC motor to move the clothesline out / in, and uses the Bluetooth HC-05 module to move the clothesline with Android. The test results show that this tool works well, when the device is turned on the sensor will check the weather outside whether the weather is sunny or rainy. When the weather is sunny or hot outside, the clothesline will automatically come out and if the weather outside is raining, the clothesline will automatically go inside. When the sensor does not function or has trouble the automatic clothesline can be controlled via a smartphone that is connected to the Bluetooth HC-05 module.
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Kminiak, Richard, Mikuláš Siklienka, Rastislav Igaz, Ľuboš Krišťák, Tomáš Gergeľ, Miroslav Němec, Roman Réh, Alena Očkajová, and Martin Kučerka. "Effect of cutting conditions on quality of milled surface of medium-density fibreboards." BioResources 15, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 746–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.1.746-766.
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The quality of milled surface medium-density fibreboards (MDF) and the effect of the wrong milling direction during the process of automatic milling in real conditions in practice (production machine, production tool, and material) are presented in the paper. Moreover, the effect of the double vs. single bladed milling cutter on the final surface quality with the simultaneous changes in individual parameters of feed rate, thickness of the removed layer, and cutting direction was investigated. The MDF was separated using the strategy “one per pass“ with required cutting direction (climb or conventional) and the required thick strips cutting off (4 mm to 16+ mm) at a constant operation speed of the milling cutter (n = 20000 min−1) and a changing feed rate from vf = 1 m/min−1 to vf = 5 m/min−1. The use of a multi-bladed milling cutter resulted in the higher quality of the milled surface in all cases (change in feed rate, thickness of removed layer, and cutting direction). The effect of the wrong milling direction during automatic milling was observed only for a single-bladed milling cutter used. An increase in surface roughness (Ra) occurred; therefore, using the double-bladed milling cutter, which was not associated with an increase in surface roughness, is recommended.
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Lu, Xiaohong, Zhenyuan Jia, Xiaochen Hu, and Wentao Wang. "Double position sensitive detectors (PSDs) based measurement system of trajectory tracking of a moving target." Engineering Computations 34, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 781–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-08-2015-0214.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to achieve the trajectory tracking measurement of a moving target based on double position sensitive detectors (PSDs). Design/methodology/approach In this paper, first, a double PSD-based measurement system including hardware system and software system is built up. Then, the working principle is studied to calculate parameters, and calibration experience is conducted. Finally, this double PSD-based measurement system is used to test angular displacement and axial displacement on the tool magazine and automatic tool changer. Findings In the experiment, the maximum position error of a space point based on double PSD measurement system is 0.8566 mm, and the average error is 0.4716 mm. These results show that the built double PSD-based measurement system of trajectory tracking of a moving target is reasonable. Originality/value Combining the characteristics of the PSD and principles of binocular visual measurement, a non-contact three-dimensional measuring system based on double PSDs is developed. The designed double-based measurement system is quite suitable for measurement of a fast-changing illuminant or in the case that the tracking accuracy is not tight.
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Urbano, Dario Giuseppe, Gianmaria Noventa, Antonio Ghidoni, and Adriano M. Lezzi. "A Semi-Empirical Fluid Dynamic Model of a Vacuum Microgripper Based on CFD Analysis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 14, 2021): 7482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167482.
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Vacuum microgrippers are devices used to handle and manipulate small objects. Despite their simple working principle and low cost, they show low efficiency in detaching performance, especially when the object to be grasped is very small. In this work, a particular design for vacuum microgrippers with an incorporated automatic release tool is considered. The final goal of this study was to present a numerical model that can supply reliable estimates of the aerodynamic force acting on the release tool and of the air flow rate inside the gripper as a function of geometric parameters and the outlet pressure value. A complete CFD analysis of a simplified model of the device is presented. Grid independence analysis was also performed to define a suitable grid and guarantee a good trade-off between accuracy and computing time. According to Design of Experiments (DOE) techniques, 81 simulations were performed, changing the values of the outlet pressure (p2), the body inner diameter (D), the lateral holes’ diameter (d) and the releasing mass length (L). Every design variable could assume three different values. Linear regression, based on the least square method, was employed to determine mass flow rate and lifting force empirical correlations.
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Di Caprio, Francesco, Valerio Acanfora, Stefania Franchitti, Andrea Sellitto, and Aniello Riccio. "Hybrid Metal/Composite Lattice Structures: Design for Additive Manufacturing." Aerospace 6, no. 6 (June 16, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6060071.
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This paper introduces a numerical tool developed for the design and optimization of axial-symmetrical hybrid composite/metal structures. It is assumed that the defined structures are produced by means of two different processes: Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM) for the metallic parts and Filament Winding (FW) for the composite parts. The defined optimization procedure involves two specific software: ANSYS and ModeFrontier. The former is dedicated to the production of the geometrical and FE models, to the structural analysis, and to the post-process, focusing on the definition of the Unit Cells for the modelling of the metal part. The latter is dedicated to the definition of the best design set and thus to the optimization flow management. The core of the developed numerical procedure is the routine based on the Ansys Parametric Design Language (APDL), which allows an automatic generation of any geometrical model defined by a generic design set. The developed procedure is able to choose the best design, in terms of structural performance, changing the lattice metallic parameters (number of unit cells and their topology) and the composite parameters (number of plies and their orientation). The introduced numerical tool has been used to design several hybrid structures configurations. These configurations have been analysed in terms of mechanical behaviour under specific boundary conditions and compared to similar conventional metal structure.
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Turton, Jenny V., Thomas Mölg, and Emily Collier. "High-resolution (1 km) Polar WRF output for 79° N Glacier and the northeast of Greenland from 2014 to 2018." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 1191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1191-2020.
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Abstract. The northeast region of Greenland is of growing interest due to changes taking place on the large marine-terminating glaciers which drain the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream. Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden, or 79∘ N Glacier, is one of these that is currently experiencing accelerated thinning, retreat, and enhanced surface melt. Understanding both the influence of atmospheric processes on the glacier and feedbacks from changing surface conditions is crucial for our understanding of present stability and future change. However, relatively few studies have focused on the atmospheric processes in this region, and even fewer have used high-resolution modelling as a tool to address these research questions. Here we present a high-spatial-resolution (1 km) and high-temporal-resolution (up to hourly) atmospheric modelling dataset, NEGIS_WRF, for the 79∘ N and northeast Greenland region from 2014 to 2018 and an evaluation of the model's success at representing daily near-surface meteorology when compared with automatic weather station records. The dataset (Turton et al., 2019b: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/53E6Z) is now available for a wide variety of applications in the atmospheric, hydrological, and oceanic sciences in the study region.
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Markowska, Anna, and Jolanta Korycka-Skorupa. "An evaluation of GIS tools for generating area cartograms." Polish Cartographical Review 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcr-2015-0002.
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Abstract The purpose of this article is to report a study aimed at systematic assessment of the functionality of commercially available software for the automatic generation of area cartograms. The issue of the wide choice of algorithms developed over the years for generating various types of surfaces has also been raised. Cartograms (called also anamorphic maps) are constructed by changing the surface area of each spatial unit in step with the corresponding value of the mapped thematic variable (area cartogram) or changing accordingly the distance between the preselected focal point and other points on the map (distance cartogram). Depending on the shape of mapping units, the following three types of area cartograms can be distinguished: proportional symbol cartograms were the original shapes of mapping units have been replaced with simple geometric shapes such as squares, rectangles or circles (for example, Dorling Circle Cartograms, square cartogram); continuous regular cartograms where the shapes of areal units on the map resemble the actual shapes of the mapped units but their boundaries have been geometrized to consist of perpendicular sections; continuous irregular cartograms where the shapes of areal units on the map resemble the actual shapes of the mapped units but unit boundaries are not straight lines. Cartograms can also be constructed to preserve spatial contiguity (continuous cartograms) or not (noncontinuous cartograms), with the latter often preserving the underlying neighborhood relationships to some degree. While constructing area cartogram, one needs to decide first the type of a surface to be developed, and therefore, the algorithm to be applied. The next step in map construction is the choice of software, where tool selection depends often on the predetermined type of the cartogram. The study surveyed five programs for the construction of area cartograms – all available free of charge. Each of those software tools was used to generate area cartograms portraying data from the 2010 presidential election in Poland. Two groups of area cartograms where generated for the purpose of this study: maps of the entire Poland by voivodships, showing the number of valid votes cast for the two presidential candidates in each voivodship, and maps of the Mazowieckie voivodship by county, portraying the number of valid votes cast for the individual candidates in each county. The subsequent in-depth assessment of surveyed programs took into account eleven criteria including the number of cartogram types that might be developed using each program, availability of tools for the proper legend construction and display, possibility of supplementing the cartogram with complementary choropleth maps, the option for inserting map labels, the type of spatial data that can be used in the software (reference to points, lines, polygons) and so on. The study has demonstrated that the tool included in the ArcGIS (Cartogram Utility for ArcGIS) best met the survey criteria scoring 9 points. The application Scape Toad placed second (7.5 pts.), while MapViewer 7 came third (6.25 pts.). When generating cartograms in the available GIS programs, one should also pay attention to the visual qualities of the generated maps, and in particular, to the resemblance of shapes of spatial units on the map to the their actual geographic boundaries. Since the shape outlines obtained on the map vary depending on the underlying geodetic reference system, the best coordinate system for the mapped area should be selected. However, if such system cannot be used within a given cartogram generating tool, then the obtained cartogram should be exported and refined with some general software package for graphic editing.
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McLaren, Ian, and I. Gorlach. "Development of a Tool Changer for a Reconfigurable Machine Tool." Applied Mechanics and Materials 798 (October 2015): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.798.324.
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Automated tool changing of CNC machines reduces the cycle time of operations as most processes require a number of different tools to complete a task. The machine can be pre-loaded with the required tools and programmed to automatically retrieve the tools as required. CNC machines will often run unattended or work too quickly for manual intervention, so it is important that safety features and checks are built in to prevent damage. The purpose of this research project was to modify a tool changing system for a reconfigurable machine tool (RMT), which was previously developed in the Department of Mechatronics. The RMT is capable of performing milling, drilling and electric discharge machining (EDM). In this research, the automated tool changer (ATC) was developed and successfully integrated into the RMT, and interfaced with the machine controller. The redesigned ATC is able to provide fast, reliable and safe tool changing for a variety of tools.
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Sena, José I. V., Cedric Lequesne, L. Duchene, Anne-Marie Habraken, Robertt A. F. Valente, and Ricardo J. Alves de Sousa. "Single point incremental forming simulation with adaptive remeshing technique using solid-shell elements." Engineering Computations 33, no. 5 (July 4, 2016): 1388–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-06-2015-0172.
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Purpose – Numerical simulation of the single point incremental forming (SPIF) processes can be very demanding and time consuming due to the constantly changing contact conditions between the tool and the sheet surface, as well as the nonlinear material behaviour combined with non-monotonic strain paths. The purpose of this paper is to propose an adaptive remeshing technique implemented in the in-house implicit finite element code LAGAMINE, to reduce the simulation time. This remeshing technique automatically refines only a portion of the sheet mesh in vicinity of the tool, therefore following the tool motion. As a result, refined meshes are avoided and consequently the total CPU time can be drastically reduced. Design/methodology/approach – SPIF is a dieless manufacturing process in which a sheet is deformed by using a tool with a spherical tip. This dieless feature makes the process appropriate for rapid-prototyping and allows for an innovative possibility to reduce overall costs for small batches, since the process can be performed in a rapid and economic way without expensive tooling. As a consequence, research interest related to SPIF process has been growing over the last years. Findings – In this work, the proposed automatic refinement technique is applied within a reduced enhanced solid-shell framework to further improve numerical efficiency. In this sense, the use of a hexahedral finite element allows the possibility to use general 3D constitutive laws. Additionally, a direct consideration of thickness variations, double-sided contact conditions and evaluation of all components of the stress field are available with solid-shell and not with shell elements. Additionally, validations by means of benchmarks are carried out, with comparisons against experimental results. Originality/value – It is worth noting that no previous work has been carried out using remeshing strategies combined with hexahedral elements in order to improve the computational efficiency resorting to an implicit scheme, which makes this work innovative. Finally, it has been shown that it is possible to perform accurate and efficient finite element simulations of SPIF process, resorting to implicit analysis and continuum elements. This is definitively a step-forward on the state-of-art in this field.
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Permana, Anggi, and Iman Setiono. "SISTEM PENGENDALIAN SUHU DAN PEMANTAUAN KELEMBABAN BIJI KOPI PADA MESIN PENYANGRAI BERBASIS ARDUINO 2560." Gema Teknologi 19, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v19i2.21866.
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Anggi Permana, Iman Setiono, in this paper explain that along with the development of modern times. Technological advancements were increasingly found in manufacturing products, everything was done to be easy and practical. These products are made with the aim of helping human work. However, not all manufacturing products are automated. Some products still work manually. Therefore, we are required to be able to innovate by changing the manual process with a more efficient method by using products that are automatic. One tool is the roasting machine for coffee beans. Currently on the market it is rare for automatic coffee roasters to be designed. Most coffee roasters are done manually, use hand mixers, and use wood stoves or gas stoves. This situation becomes less efficient where the roasting is still using the hands, causing it to ripen evenly and burn. Though to get the right coffee is from the roasting process. Roasting determines the color and variety of flavors of coffee to be consumed. The effect of temperature and time also affects the results of roasting, even when roasting here we monitor the thickness of coffee beans. to produce good roasting. The principle is to give the right amount of time and the right temperature so that coffee will not only have a fragrant aroma but also create the right taste. To solve the problem, in this article we made coffee bean roasters. This coffee bean roasting system is based on Arduino MEGA type 2560. The roasting process uses the mlx90614 sensor and DHT11 sensor to monitor the moisture of coffee beans that will be displayed on the 7-segment. The heating media used is using heat elements instead of stoves. This tool is able to roast as much as 400 grams of coffee. It is expected that the roasting machine of coffee beans will be more optimal Keywords: Arduino MEGA, heat element, DHT11 sensor, MLX90614 sensor and, 7-segment. ReferencesMusbikhin. 2011. Penegertian sensor dan macam-macam sensor. (http://www.musbikhin.com/pengertian-sensor-dan-macam-macam-sensor). diakses tanggal 4 juni 2017.Ardy, faisal. 2016. Pengertian DHT11. (https://docslide.net/documents/2012-2-00944-sk-bab2001pdf.html). diakses tanggal 4 juni 2017.Elok, Dhinda. 2016. Aplikasi Arduino Untuk Monitoring Dan Setting Suhu Piringan Logam Dengan Sensor MLX90614 Pada Aplikasi Pemanas Roti. Tugas Akhir. Tidak diterbitkan. PSD III Teknik Elektro Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.Ecadio. 2017. Teori arduino. (http://ecadio.com/belajar-dan-mengenal-arduino-mega). diakses tanggal 30 april 2017.Syahwil, muhammad. 2017. Panduan Mudah Balajar Arduino Menggunakan Simulasi Proteus. Andi Offset. jakartaKho, Dickson. 2017. Pengertian 7segment. (http://teknikelektronika.com/pengertian-seven-segment-display-layar-tujuh-segmen/). diakses tanggal 2 mei 2017.Permata, Redi. (2016). Rancang Bangun Sistem Pengontrol BATCH MIXER Pada Industri Minuman Dengan Metode PID Berbasis Arduino Uno R3. Tugas Akhir. Tidak diterbitkan. PSD III Teknik Elektro Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.Restiawan, Masde. (2016). Otomatisasi Pengatur Suhu Dan Waktu Pada Penyangrai Kopi ( Roaster Coffee ) Berbasis Atmega 16 Pada Tampilan Lcd ( Liquid Crystal Display). Tugas Akhir. Tidak diterbitkan. PSD III Teknik Elektro Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.
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Тretyak, V. M., V. V. Sheban, R. V. Oliadnichuk, O. F. Govorov, and R. V. Melnik. "Influence of hinged device parameters on negative resonance oscillations during the operation of machine-tractor unit in transport mode." Mehanization and electrification of agricultural, no. 12 (2020): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2020-12-15.
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Annotation Purpose. Reducing the influence of resonance phenomena on the structural elements of a tractor of the KIY 14102 type when driving with an attached implement in transport mode. Methods. To solve this problem means of graph-analytical constructions, analytical geometry, oscillation theory and theoretical mechanics were used. Results. On the basis of the graphic-analytical analysis of the kinematic diagram of the tractor attachment of the KIY 14102 type, it was found that the position of the instantaneous center of its rotation significantly depends on the change in the angle between the tractor frame and the levers, which are united by the CA-1 automatic connection device. The frequency range of forced oscillations of the tractor frame, which occur when driving in a certain speed range, can coincide with the relative natural frequency of the tractors, which leads to resonance phenomena. Resonant longitudinal-angular vibrations of the tractor frame reduce the normal reactions of the steered wheels with the supporting surface, which worsens controllability. Changing the frequency of the natural resonance of the elements connecting the tractor with the implement can be done by changing the kinematic stiffness of the mounted system. Conclusions 1. The kinematic diagram of the hinged device of tractors significantly affects the dependence of the position of the instantaneous center of rotation of the hinged device relative to the mass of the implement that is aggregated. 2. The existing parameters of the mounted systems of tractors of the KIY 14102 type can lead to the occurrence of resonance phenomena when driving in transport mode on unpaved field roads, which negatively affects the controllability of the MTA. 3. Reducing the resonant frequency of natural vibrations of the attachment system with the tool, by reducing the kinematic stiffness, improves the dynamics of the interaction of the elements of the machine-tractor unit with each other and with the supporting surface. Keywords: machine-tractor unit, clutch system, tests, dynamic loads, strain gauge measurements, air pressure in tires.
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Zhang, Li. "Evaluation of Incision Margin and Radiotherapy Adjustment in Breast Cancer-Conserving Surgery Based on VR Pathology 3D Reconstruction." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (August 16, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2709461.
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At present, the incidence of breast cancer is high worldwide and the most effective way to treat breast cancer is surgery. This study mainly explores the application of pathological three-dimensional reconstruction based on VR technology in the evaluation of the margins of breast-conserving surgery and the adjustment of radiotherapy for breast cancer. In the process of making pathological large slices, the slice markers are counted and the upper and outer cutting edges are located and placed in a large embedding box to prevent tissue deformation. ACDSEE6.0 is used to convert the aligned image BMP format into JPG format, the JPG images of each breast are cropped in batches under the same range and size, and then 3DDOCTOR1.0 is imported to edit the images. The boundary edit tool is activated to segment the target area layer by layer to create a boundary data set of the target structure. The stored file is opened and 3D rendering simple surface and volume rendering on the computer is run to display the surface data 3D display and the volume data 3D display. During VR image processing, the data are imported into the VR image workstation and the Radio Dexter software system is used for image adjustment, trimming, and sequence extraction. Then, the preliminary processed CT and MRI data are displayed in pairs. Through multiplane comparison, manual or automatic fusion tools are used to reduce the gap between image sequences. The surgical process is simulated under VR: by changing the window size and viewing angle; using virtual electric drills, cutting tools, and other virtual instruments; ad selecting the operating microscope perspective; and simulating steps such as breast opening, visual field exposure, and tumor resection. The breast tomographic image was reconstructed in multiple planes, and two-dimensional images of any plane could be observed. 10 cases showed high-density shadows and 5 cases showed isodensity shadows. This research contributes to the precise treatment of breast-conserving surgery.
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Noei, Shirin, Mohammadreza Parvizimosaed, and Mohammadreza Noei. "Longitudinal Control for Connected and Automated Vehicles in Contested Environments." Electronics 10, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10161994.
Full textAbstract:
The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) defines six levels of driving automation, ranging from Level 0 to Level 5. Automated driving systems perform entire dynamic driving tasks for Levels 3–5 automated vehicles. Delegating dynamic driving tasks from driver to automated driving systems can eliminate crashes attributed to driver errors. Sharing status, sharing intent, seeking agreement, or sharing prescriptive information between road users and vehicles dedicated to automated driving systems can further enhance dynamic driving task performance, safety, and traffic operations. Extensive simulation is required to reduce operating costs and achieve an acceptable risk level before testing cooperative automated driving systems in laboratory environments, test tracks, or public roads. Cooperative automated driving systems can be simulated using a vehicle dynamics simulation tool (e.g., CarMaker and CarSim) or a traffic microsimulation tool (e.g., Vissim and Aimsun). Vehicle dynamics simulation tools are mainly used for verification and validation purposes on a small scale, while traffic microsimulation tools are mainly used for verification purposes on a large scale. Vehicle dynamics simulation tools can simulate longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamics for only a few vehicles in each scenario (e.g., up to ten vehicles in CarMaker and up to twenty vehicles in CarSim). Conventional traffic microsimulation tools can simulate vehicle-following, lane-changing, and gap-acceptance behaviors for many vehicles in each scenario without simulating vehicle powertrain. Vehicle dynamics simulation tools are more compute-intensive but more accurate than traffic microsimulation tools. Due to software architecture or computing power limitations, simplifying assumptions underlying convectional traffic microsimulation tools may have been a necessary compromise long ago. There is, therefore, a need for a simulation tool to optimize computational complexity and accuracy to simulate many vehicles in each scenario with reasonable accuracy. This research proposes a traffic microsimulation tool that employs a simplified vehicle powertrain model and a model-based fault detection method to simulate many vehicles with reasonable accuracy at each simulation time step under noise and unknown inputs. Our traffic microsimulation tool considers driver characteristics, vehicle model, grade, pavement conditions, operating mode, vehicle-to-vehicle communication vulnerabilities, and traffic conditions to estimate longitudinal control variables with reasonable accuracy at each simulation time step for many conventional vehicles, vehicles dedicated to automated driving systems, and vehicles equipped with cooperative automated driving systems. Proposed vehicle-following model and longitudinal control functions are verified for fourteen vehicle models, operating in manual, automated, and cooperative automated modes over two driving schedules under three malicious fault magnitudes on transmitted accelerations.