Journal articles: 'Automatic gas analyzers'

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Nikolaev, I. N., A. V. Litvinov, and T. M. Khalfin. "Automatic Gas Analyzers for Hydrogen in the Volumetric Concentration Range 10–6–1.0%." Measurement Techniques 47, no. 7 (July 2004): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:mete.0000043664.69022.52.

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Bulgakov, A. B., S. P. Vashchuk, and R. A. Panshin. "Application of gas analyzers for the control of fuel in the air environment of rocket and space industry enterprises." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 20, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2021-20-3-110-118.

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The presented work shows the necessity of organization of individual instrumental control of the content of rocket fuel and its products in the air of rocket-space industry enterprises. No accurate analysis of gas analyzers presented on the Russian market, providing individual instrumental control of concentrations of heptyl and its derivatives in the workplace air is available. Therefore, the task of express, automatic, selective and simultaneous monitoring of heptyl vapors and derivatives of its transformation in the air of industrial premises by one instrument and replacing the imported gas analyzers remains urgent. It is shown that the solution of the posed problem is possible on the basis of the optical absorption method. The requirements to be met by the gas analyzer are formulated. Approximate wavelengths at which simultaneous measurement of concentrations of heptyl and its derivatives in an air sample is possible have been determined. The ways of realization of individual gas analyzers having small mass-size characteristics are outlined. Structural schemes for infra-red gas analyzers have been proposed: multi-channel; single-channel (with frequency modulation of radiation). Tasks for further research are formulated.

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Fitsev, Igor M., Maria Yu Vakhitova, Vasily M. Babaev, Ksenia S. Bulygina, Ildar Kh Rizvanov, and Evgenia I. Fitseva. "Methodical aspects of quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds using automated CHNS-analyzers." Butlerov Communications 58, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-58-5-154.

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In this article the methodical aspects of quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds on the automatic CHNS-analyzers, combining the method of Dumas-Pregl and gas chromatographic separation of analytic forms elements (N2, CO2, H2O, SO2) recorded by the thermal conductivity detector are explored. Also there are shown methods of calibration of the thermal conductivity detector, including the traditional way that uses one standard sample and the way that uses three standard samples with different quantitative content determined elements. Besides, attached the methodical approach, which is used in quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds and their mixtures on the automatic CHNS-analyzers made on local and abroad plants, is based on operative control of calibration characteristics that we get from the thermal conductivity detector (characteristics and results of a standard sample of known composition before and after elemental analysis of unknown compound).

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Abdurakhmanov, E., Z. B. Murodova, M. E. Eshkobilova, and Kh G. Sidikova. "Development of a selective sensor for the determination of hydrogen." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 042086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/4/042086.

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Abstract The composition of the catalyst (70% ZrO2 and 30% Cu2O) and the optimal conditions for the selectivity of hydrogen oxidation in the presence of combustible ingredients have been developed. Using a selected catalyst and optimal conditions, selective thermocatalytic hydrogen sensors are manufactured. In the range of hydrogen concentrations of 0.11 – 4.10% vol. the dependence of the sensor signal on the concentration is rectilinear. With continuous operation of the sensor for 1000 hours, the signal value remains stable. The presence of carbon monoxide (up to 1.4%), ammonia (up to 1.7%), and methane (up to 1.2%) in the analyzed mixture does not affect the value of the output signal of the hydrogen sensor. The developed sensors can be used as part of automatic gas analyzers and signaling devices.

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Siebicke, Lukas, and Anas Emad. "True eddy accumulation trace gas flux measurements: proof of concept." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 4393–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4393-2019.

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Abstract. Micrometeorological methods to quantify fluxes of atmospheric constituents are key to understanding and managing the impact of land surface sources and sinks on air quality and atmospheric composition. Important greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Further important atmospheric constituents are aerosols, which impact air quality and cloud formation, and volatile organic compounds. Many atmospheric constituents therefore critically affect the health of ecosystems and humans, as well as climate. The micrometeorological eddy covariance (EC) method has evolved as the method of choice for CO2 and water vapor flux measurements using fast-response gas analyzers. While the EC method has also been used to measure other atmospheric constituents including methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone, the often relatively small fluxes of these constituents over ecosystems are much more challenging to measure using eddy covariance than CO2 and water vapor fluxes. For many further atmospheric constituents, eddy covariance is not an option due to the lack of sufficiently accurate and fast-response gas analyzers. Therefore, alternative flux measurement methods are required for the observation of atmospheric constituent fluxes for which no fast-response gas analyzers exist or which require more accurate measurements. True eddy accumulation (TEA) is a direct flux measurement technique capable of using slow-response gas analyzers. Unlike its more frequently used derivative, known as the relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) method, TEA does not require the use of proxies and is therefore superior to the indirect REA method. The true eddy accumulation method is by design ideally suited for measuring a wide range of trace gases and other conserved constituents transported with the air. This is because TEA obtains whole air samples and is, in combination with constituent-specific fast or slow analyzers, a universal method for conserved scalars. Despite the recognized value of the method, true eddy accumulation flux measurements remain very challenging to perform as they require fast and dynamic modulation of the air sampling mass flow rate proportional to the magnitude of the instantaneous vertical wind velocity. Appropriate techniques for dynamic mass flow control have long been unavailable, preventing the unlocking of the TEA method's potential for more than 40 years. Recently, a new dynamic and accurate mass flow controller which can resolve turbulence at a frequency of 10 Hz and higher has been developed by the first author. This study presents the proof of concept that practical true eddy accumulation trace gas flux measurements are possible today using dynamic mass flow control, advanced real-time processing of wind measurements, and fully automatic gas handling. We describe setup and methods of the TEA and EC reference flux measurements. The experiment was conducted over grassland and comprised 7 d of continuous flux measurements at 30 min flux integration intervals. The results show that fluxes obtained by TEA compared favorably to EC reference flux measurements, with coefficients of determination of up to 86 % and a slope of 0.98. We present a quantitative analysis of uncertainties of the mass flow control system, the gas analyzer, and gas handling system and their impact on trace gas flux uncertainty, the impact of different approaches to coordinate rotation, and uncertainties of vertical wind velocity measurements. Challenges of TEA are highlighted and solutions presented. The current results are put into the context of previous works. Finally, based on the current successful proof of concept, we suggest specific improvements towards long-term and reliable true eddy accumulation flux measurements.

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Mammarella, I., P. Werle, M. Pihlatie, W. Eugster, S. Haapanala, R. Kiese, T. Markkanen, Ü. Rannik, and T. Vesala. "A case study of eddy covariance flux of N2O measured within forest ecosystems: quality control and flux error analysis." Biogeosciences 7, no. 2 (February 2, 2010): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-427-2010.

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Abstract. Eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) obtained by using a 3-D sonic anemometer and a tunable diode laser gas analyzer for N2O were investigated. Two datasets (Sorø, Denmark and Kalevansuo, Finland) from different measurement campaigns including sub-canopy flux measurements of energy and carbon dioxide are discussed with a focus on selected quality control aspects and flux error analysis. Although fast response trace gas analyzers based on spectroscopic techniques are increasingly used in ecosystem research, their suitability for reliable estimates of EC fluxes is still limited, and some assumptions have to be made for filtering and processing data. The N2O concentration signal was frequently dominated by offset drifts (fringe effect), which can give an artificial extra contribution to the fluxes when the resulting concentration fluctuations are correlated with the fluctuations of the vertical wind velocity. Based on Allan variance analysis of the N2O signal, we found that a recursive running mean filter with a time constant equal to 50 s was suitable to damp the influence of the periodic drift. Although the net N2O fluxes over the whole campaign periods were quite small at both sites (~5 μg N m−2 h−1 for Kalevansuo and ~10 μg N m−2 h−1 for Sorø), the calculated sub-canopy EC fluxes were in good agreement with those estimated by automatic soil chambers. However, EC N2O flux measurements show larger random uncertainty than the sensible heat fluxes, and classification according to statistical significance of single flux values indicates that downward N2O fluxes have larger random error.

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Mammarella, I., P. Werle, M. Pihlatie, W. Eugster, S. Haapanala, R. Kiese, T. Markkanen, Ü. Rannik, and T. Vesala. "A case study of eddy covariance flux of N2O measured within forest ecosystems: quality control and flux error analysis." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 14, 2009): 6949–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-6949-2009.

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Abstract. Eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements of nitrous oxide obtained by using a 3-D sonic anemometer and a tunable diode laser gas analyzer for N2O were investigated. Two datasets (Sorø, Denmark and Kalevansuo, Finland) from different measurement campaigns including sub-canopy flux measurements of energy and carbon dioxide are discussed with a focus on selected quality control aspects and flux error analysis. Although fast response trace gas analyzers based on spectroscopic techniques are increasingly used in ecosystem research, their suitability for reliable estimates of eddy covariance fluxes is still limited, and some assumptions have to be made for filtering and processing data. The N2O concentration signal was frequently dominated by offset drifts (fringe effect), which can give an artificial extra contribution to the fluxes when the resulting concentration fluctuations are correlated with the fluctuations of the vertical wind velocity. Based on Allan variance analysis of the N2O signal, we found that a recursive running mean filter with a time constant equal to 50~s was suitable to damp the influence of the periodic drift. Although the net N2O fluxes over the whole campaign periods were quite small at both sites (~5 μg N m−2 h−1 for Kalevansuo and ~10 μg N m−2 h−1 for Sorø), the calculated sub-canopy EC fluxes were in good agreement with those estimated by automatic soil chambers. However EC N2O flux measurements show larger random uncertainty than the sensible heat fluxes, and classification according to statistical significance of single flux values indicates that downward N2O fluxes have larger random error.

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Kasapidou, Eleni, Zoitsa Basdagianni, Vasileios Papadopoulos, Chrysoula Karaiskou, Anastasios Kesidis, and Arsenios Tsiotsias. "Effects of Intensive and Semi-Intensive Production on Sheep Milk Chemical Composition, Physicochemical Characteristics, Fatty Acid Profile, and Nutritional Indices." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): 2578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092578.

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Dairy sheep farming is a vital sector of the agricultural economy in Greece. Information on the effect of the farming system on sheep milk characteristics is critical for producing dairy products with improved nutritional value according to the current guidelines for healthy food consumption. This study aimed to investigate the basic composition, physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid composition, and nutritional indices of milk produced in intensive and semi-intensive sheep farms. Bulk tank milk samples from 20 intensive and 20 semi-intensive sheep farms were examined. Sheep in the intensive farms were kept indoors and were fed with roughage, silage, and concentrates. Sheep in the semi-intensive farms were kept indoors during the night and were moved to the pastures during the day. Sheep were fed with roughage, silage, and concentrates in combination with grazing. Milk composition and somatic cell count were determined with automatic analyzers. The physicochemical characteristics were determined with standard laboratory methods. The fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography. The farming system did not affect milk chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics. However, milk fatty acid composition and nutritional value were significantly improved in milk from farms using the semi-intensive production system, and this favorable effect was attributed to the inclusion of pasture in sheep diet.

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Saliba, Martin, Francelle Azzopardi, Rebecca Muscat, Marvic Grima, Alexander Smyth, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Lasse Johansson, et al. "Trends in Vessel Atmospheric Emissions in the Central Mediterranean over the Last 10 Years and during the COVID-19 Outbreak." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 11, 2021): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070762.

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Giordan Lighthouse, located on the island of Gozo in the Malta-Sicily Channel within the central Mediterranean region, is ideally located to study the primary sources of atmospheric pollution. A total of 10 years of data have been accumulated from the reactive gas and greenhouse gas detectors and the aerosol analyzers found at this Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) regional station. The data has been evaluated, resulting in trends in emissions from shipping recorded within the same region coming to the fore. The other source of emissions that was evident within the recorded data originated from Mt. Etna, located on the island of Sicily and representing the highest active volcano in Europe. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of ship emissions on trace gases and aerosol background measurements at Giordan Lighthouse, including the putative influence of COVID-19 on the same emissions. The model used to evaluate ship emissions was the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM). From trace gas measurements at Giordan Lighthouse, a slowly decreasing trend in sulfur oxide (SOx) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions was noted. To better understand the air quality results obtained, the STEAM model was fed, as an input, an Automatic Identification System (AIS) dataset to describe the vessel activity in the area concerned. This study also investigates the effects of the COVID19 pandemic on marine traffic patterns within the area and any corresponding changes in the air quality. Such an analysis was carried out through the use of SENTINEL 5 data.

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Li, Tao. "Design of an Automatic Detector for Gas Desorption of Coal Samples." Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 19, no. 5 (November 15, 2020): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/i2m.190505.

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Gas content measurement is a common technique in the prevention of coalmine gas disasters. During the measurement, the gas desorption amount of field coal samples needs to be obtained by an instrument working under the principle of gas collection by water displacement (GCWD). The instrument is poorly automated, and susceptible to the influence of subjective factors. To overcome these defects, this paper designs an automatic detector of gas desorption, aiming to realize automated detection. Firstly, the authors analyzed the gas desorption detection process, and clarified the contents and features of the information to be collected. On this basis, the hardware and software systems of the multi-data automatic detector were developed based on digital circuit design and multi-sensor detection. To further improve the measuring accuracy of gas desorption, the multi-range multi-stage mode was introduced to the automatic detector. Application results show that the proposed detector can automatedly collect and store gas desorption amount, ambient pressure, and temperature, greatly improve the degree of automation, and minimize the influence of subjective factors. The popularization of this detector will make gas desorption measurement more efficient and effective, laying a solid basis for the prevention of coalmine gas disasters.

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Rustemli, Sabir, Cigdem P. Dautov, and Leyla Gazigil. "Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality Detection using Programmable Microprocessor and Sensor Technologies." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.1000.

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Most living forms of life need clean water, air and nutrient resources to maintain a healthy life. The increased population and industrial and technological development have caused more energy needs. This affects air quality (AQ) and hence human health negatively. Because AQ is critical for human health, various measurement and analysis methods are developed and the amount and variety of airborne pollutants are examined by today's methods such as passive and active samplers, automatic analyzers and remote sensors. In this study, AQ measurement is aimed to create an alternative to ready remote sensing systems by designing low cost and programmable microprocessor system which allows in place and instant data collection. Arduino, an electronic prototype platform, is used to collect, transfer and process sensor data. An interface was coded using the Visual Studio to make the data instantaneously analyzed by any program on the computer. The BEUHavaKalite device is a handheld AQ measurement device providing a wide range of measurements, gas diversity, calibrated according to the internal and external environment, high sensitivity and low cost. The other unit of this system is HavaKaliteSoft, the user interface for transferring and processing the sensor measurement results to the computer. This system tests have been carried out in Tatvan and Merkez districts of Bitlis province and the measurements confirm the accuracy of the device. The device is especially important because it allows scientists working in this field to collect data related to the field of AQ and carry out detailed studies.

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Rustemli, Sabir, Cigdem P. Dautov, and Leyla Gazigil. "Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality Detection using Programmable Microprocessor and Sensor Technologies." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.12.1000.

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Most living forms of life need clean water, air and nutrient resources to maintain a healthy life. The increased population and industrial and technological development have caused more energy needs. This affects air quality (AQ) and hence human health negatively. Because AQ is critical for human health, various measurement and analysis methods are developed and the amount and variety of airborne pollutants are examined by today's methods such as passive and active samplers, automatic analyzers and remote sensors. In this study, AQ measurement is aimed to create an alternative to ready remote sensing systems by designing low cost and programmable microprocessor system which allows in place and instant data collection. Arduino, an electronic prototype platform, is used to collect, transfer and process sensor data. An interface was coded using the Visual Studio to make the data instantaneously analyzed by any program on the computer. The BEUHavaKalite device is a handheld AQ measurement device providing a wide range of measurements, gas diversity, calibrated according to the internal and external environment, high sensitivity and low cost. The other unit of this system is HavaKaliteSoft, the user interface for transferring and processing the sensor measurement results to the computer. This system tests have been carried out in Tatvan and Merkez districts of Bitlis province and the measurements confirm the accuracy of the device. The device is especially important because it allows scientists working in this field to collect data related to the field of AQ and carry out detailed studies.

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Khodzher, T. V., V. A. Obolkin, E. V. Molozhnikova, and M. Yu Shikhovtsev. "Some Results of Digital (in situ) Monitoring of Atmospheric Pollution with Gaseous Impurities in the Central Ecological Zone of South Baikal." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences 34 (2020): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2020.34.141.

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The article presents the results of continuous automatic monitoring of atmospheric transport of pollutants in the source area of the Angara river (South Baikal) at the "Listvyanka" atmospheric monitoring station in 2019-2020. The temporal variability of the concentrations of oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury in the atmosphere of the сentral ecological zone of the lake Baikal is analyzed with high resolution from minutes to days. The use of automatic high-resolution gas analyzers for atmospheric impurities and meteorological parameters allows real-time monitoring of the flow of atmospheric pollution into the сentral ecological zone of South Baikal. Depending on the meteorological and synoptic conditions, observations demonstrate a high variability in the concentrations of anthropogenic impurities in the atmosphere over South Baikal. It is shown that the most severe atmospheric pollution occurs during the transfer of air masses from the north-northwest in winter. When transported from the South Baikal, atmospheric pollution is minimal. The temporal variability of the concentrations of the studied impurities occurs synchronously, which indicates their common source of origin – the combustion of fossil fuel. The highest time fluctuations are determined for the concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, the fluctuations in mercury concentrations are less significant. The average (median) and maximum (one-time) concentrations of sulfur oxides at "Listvyanka" station are given, depending on the prevailing wind directions. Direct trajectories of air mass transfer from the source cities of the Irkutsk region (Irkutsk, Angarsk, Shelekhov) are presented. At the time of the increase in the concentration of gas impurities at the "Listvyanka" station, pollution was transferred from the industrial complexes of the Baikal region. In the conclusion of the article, it is concluded that there are two main mechanisms of atmospheric pollution in the central ecological zone of Lake Baikal: direct transfer of individual weakly scattered plumes of separate regional thermal power plants with jet air currents at the upper boundary of the night boundary layers of the atmosphere (from 200 to 500 m above ground level); large-scale northwestern transport of mixed emissions from many regional and remote sources under the influence of synoptic-scale processes. Small settlements located on the coast, due to small volumes of emissions, do not make a significant contribution to the pollution of the lake's atmosphere. The work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant No. 075-15-2020-787 for implementation of large scientific project "Fundamentals, methods and technologies for digital monitoring and forecasting of the environmental situation on the Baikal natural territory".

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Passaro, Robert Eugene, Raymond Earl Rogers, and Craig James Griffith. "Infrared gas analyzer with automatic zero adjustment." Environment International 14, no. 1 (January 1988): VI—VII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(88)90403-5.

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Nguyen, Thi Ngoc Lan, Van Quy Vu, and Huu Loc Le. "Comparison of electrolyte test results on blood gas analyzer and automatic biochemistry analyzer." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 64, no. 5 (May 25, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.64(5).01-05.

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Electrolyte testing is often ordered clinically, especially important in patients treated in the intensive care unit (ICU). In addition to the requirement for the accuracy of results, the turnaround time testing also needs to be shortened to ensure care and treatment. Currently, laboratories can perform electrolyte tests on two systems, a blood gas analyzer and a routine biochemistry analyzer. This study aims to find the correlation between the results of electrolyte tests performed on blood gas analyzer and automatic biochemistry analyzer. The study was conducted on 910 patients who were assigned both arterial blood gas and electrolyte tests at the Laboratory Department - Hanoi Medical University Hospital. The results showed that a high correlation between electrolyte results performed on a blood gas machine and an automatic biochemistry analyzer (r: 0.751-0.874). The difference exceeded the allowable cut-off and depended on the concentration of these electrolytes in the blood. The mean differences of the concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl- in the blood were 1.4254 [-4.233-7.084], -0.4874 [-1.337-0.363], and -0.8388 [-7.346-5.668], respectively. The difference in electrolyte results on the two systems is clinically significant, clinicians therefore should pay attention to the use of these test results.

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Diesch, J. M., F. Drewnick, T. Klimach, and S. Borrmann. "Investigation of gaseous and particulate emissions from various marine vessel types measured on the banks of the Elbe in Northern Germany." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 8 (August 29, 2012): 22269–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-22269-2012.

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Abstract. Measurements of the ambient aerosol, various trace gases and meteorological parameters using a mobile laboratory (MoLa) were performed on the banks of the Lower Elbe in an emission control area (ECA) which is passed by numerous private and commercial marine vessels reaching and leaving the port of Hamburg, Germany. From 25–30 April 2011 a total of 178 vessels were probed at a distance of about 0.8–2 km with high temporal resolution. 139 ship emission plumes were of sufficient quality to be analyzed further and to determine emission factors (EFs). Concentrations of aerosol number and mass as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and black carbon were measured in PM1 and size distribution instruments covered the size diameter range from 6 nm up to 32 μm. The chemical composition of the non-refractory submicron aerosol was measured by means of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Aerodyne HR-ToF-AMS). Gas phase species analyzers monitored various trace gases (O3, SO2, NO, NO2, CO2) in the air and a weather station provided wind, precipitation, solar radiation and other parameters. Together with ship information for each vessel obtained from Automatic Identification System (AIS) broadcasts a detailed characterization of the individual ship types and of features affecting gas and particulate emissions is provided. Particle number EFs (average 2.6×1016 # kg −1) and PM1 mass EFs (average 2.4 g kg −1) positively correlate with the fuel sulfur content and depend on the engine type and performance. Observed PM1 composition of the vessel emissions was dominated by organic matter (72%), sulfate (22%) and black carbon (6%) while PAHs only account for 0.2% of the submicron aerosol mass. Measurements of gaseous components showed an increase of SO2 (average EF: 7.7 g kg−1) and NOx (average EF: 53 g kg−1) while O3 decreased when a ship plume reached the sampling site. The particle number size distributions of the vessels are generally characterized by a bimodal size distribution, with the nucleation mode in the 10–20 nm diameter range and a combustion aerosol mode centered at about 35 nm while particles >1 μm were not found. "High particle number emitters" are characterized by a dominant nucleation mode. By contrast, a third weaker mode at 150 nm primarily occurred for "high black carbon emitters". Classifying the vessels according to their gross tonnage shows a decrease of the number, black carbon and PAH EFs while EFs of SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, AMS species (particulate organics, sulfate) and PM1 mass concentration increase with increasing gross tonnages.

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Diesch, J. M., F. Drewnick, T. Klimach, and S. Borrmann. "Investigation of gaseous and particulate emissions from various marine vessel types measured on the banks of the Elbe in Northern Germany." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2013): 3603–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3603-2013.

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Abstract. Measurements of the ambient aerosol, various trace gases and meteorological quantities using a mobile laboratory (MoLa) were performed on the banks of the Lower Elbe in an emission control area (ECA) which is passed by numerous private and commercial marine vessels reaching and leaving the port of Hamburg, Germany. From 25–29 April 2011 a total of 178 vessels were probed at a distance of about 0.8–1.2 km with high temporal resolution. 139 ship emission plumes were of sufficient quality to be analyzed further and to determine emission factors (EFs). Concentrations of aerosol number and mass as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and black carbon were measured in PM1 and size distribution instruments covered the diameter range from 6 nm up to 32 μm. The chemical composition of the non-refractory submicron aerosol was measured by means of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Aerodyne HR-ToF-AMS). Gas phase species analyzers monitored various trace gases (O3, SO2, NO, NO2, CO2) in the air and a weather station provided wind, precipitation, solar radiation data and other quantities. Together with ship information for each vessel obtained from Automatic Identification System (AIS) broadcasts a detailed characterization of the individual ship types and of features affecting gas and particulate emissions is provided. Particle number EFs (average 2.6e+16 # kg−1) and PM1 mass EFs (average 2.4 g kg−1) tend to increase with the fuel sulfur content. Observed PM1 composition of the vessel emissions was dominated by organic matter (72%), sulfate (22%) and black carbon (6%) while PAHs only account for 0.2% of the submicron aerosol mass. Measurements of gaseous components showed an increase of SO2 (average EF: 7.7 g kg−1) and NOx (average EF: 53 g kg−1) while O3 decreased when a ship plume reached the sampling site. The particle number size distributions of the vessels are generally characterized by a bimodal size distribution, with the nucleation mode in the 10–20 nm diameter range and a combustion aerosol mode centered at about 35 nm while particles \\textgreater 1 μm were not found. "High particle number emitters" are characterized by a dominant nucleation mode. By contrast, increased particle concentrations around 150 nm primarily occurred for "high black carbon emitters". Classifying the vessels according to their gross tonnage shows a decrease of the number, black carbon and PAH EFs while EFs of SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, AMS species (particulate organics, sulfate) and PM1 mass concentration increase with increasing gross tonnages.

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ILYASOV, L. V. "AUTOMATIC TRANSFUSION ANALYZER OF HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION IN MULTICOMPONENT GAS MEDIAS." Bulletin of the Tver State Technical University Series «Engineering», no. 2 (2021): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46573/2658-5030-2021-70-76.

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Samarin, I. V., A. V. Kryuchkov, and A. Yu Strogonov. "Thermochemical gas analyzer readiness assessment model." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 29, no. 6 (January 13, 2021): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/pvb.2020.29.06.61-74.

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Introduction. The importance of fire safety (FS) measures at fuel and energy industry facilities, in particular over the course of continuous technological processes of oil refineries (OR), is highlighted in the article. Decision makers are able to manage the process of planning and implementing these measures thanks to special software integrated into automated process control systems. The fire and explosion prevention subsystem designated for managing gas analyzing equipment and its control processes was chosen as the object of research. Theoretical framework. The fire safety of oil refineries, that entails the maintenance of gas analyzer sensors, is characterized by such random subprocesses as climate and weather changes at refineries. It is proposed to split this process into two opposite subprocesses, destructive and productive ones. Events related to calibration, verification or replacement of sensitive elements of thermochemical sensors are at the core of the recovery subprocess. Destructive subprocess events are associated with the appearance of deviations in thermochemical sensors from nominal values as registered by a shift on duty. It is proposed to describe the randomness of this subprocess as a Markov process. The sensor system behavior is simulated as the two streams. Thermochemical sensors have two modes: ready and not ready. Research results. The readiness model of gas analyzers is calculated as a ratio of the number of thermochemical sensors which are potentially ready for use in accordance with the regulatory and engineering documentation, to their total number, taking into account the randomness of events that make thermochemical sensors unready. A special case used to illustrate the Markov model building is studied. The possible number of modes for sets of thermochemical sensors is calculated for such a situation. The transition between modes of sets in a fire alarm subsystem is determined using the proposed system of differential Kolmogorov equations, which has five equations for a specific case. The calculation can be generalized for any number of remote sensors. Conclusions. The readiness assessment method applied to thermochemical sensors of gas analyzers in open areas of refineries is studied. The method can be applied in the process of automated fire and explosion prevention system operation.

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TSUJI, Hiroshi, Takumi KAWAKAMI, Masami KURIHARA, Hiroki KAMIYAMA, and Haruo TAKIZAWA. "Automatic analyzer for determination of precipitated wax contents in gas oil." Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute 29, no. 5 (1986): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi1958.29.373.

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Shang, Chun Min, Dong Mei Zhang, and Xin Ming Zhang. "Subsurface Safety Valve Automation Test Systems Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 1188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.1188.

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To the subsurface safety valve testing, an intelligent automatic test system is designed based on the control computer and programmable logic controller. Based on modular concept, the entire system is mainly composed of mechanical components and computer control system. The working principle is analyzed for the subsurface safety valve test. The control system based on the Labview and PLC can accomplish hydraulic and gas testing with functions of the testing process control, data collection and analysis, automatic generating test report, friendly interface and high degree automation. Experiments prove that the test system can achieve expected effect and satisfy the test requirement, and the procedure is simple and convenient. The system has great significance to improve the subsurface safety valve test accuracy, efficiency and automation level.

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Blokhin, Yu P. "Use of automatic gas analyzer MN5106 on heating and open-hearth furnaces." Metallurgist 34, no. 7 (July 1990): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00748761.

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MISAWA, Kiyoshi, Masatoshi WAKISAKA, Tamotsu SAINOO, and Keiichiro HOZUMI. "Development of an automatic analyzer for organic halogens using a gas-chromatographic technique." Bunseki kagaku 47, no. 11 (1998): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.47.889.

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Kawakami, K., Y. Tanaka, Y. Zaitsu, and H. Hoshikawa. "Measurement of Trihalomethanes (THM) in Drinking Water with an Automatic THM Analyzer." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1993): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0686.

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For waterworks the most fundamental subject is to maintain the safety of drinking water. It has become important every year to monitor the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THM). We developed a new automatic THM analyzer based on fluorometry with membrane separation, and investigated a correlation between the gas Chromatographic method and our THM analyzing method on drinking waters at 10 cities in Japan. The investigation resulted in good correlation (r=0.9807) between both methods. Good results were obtained when continuous measurements of THM in drinking water were performed by the analyzer. Consequently, it was found that the present analyzer could measure THM in drinking waters simply, rapidly, with good precision and could be applied to continuous monitoring of THM.

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SUGAI, N. "Evaluation of an Automatic Blood Gas Analyzer Gastat-1 : A Comparison with ABL-4." JAPANES JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION 60, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4286/ikakikaigaku.60.3_129.

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Honca, Tevfik, and Mehtap Honca. "The evaluation of point-of-care testing for determining hemoglobin levels in geriatric intensive care patients." LaboratoriumsMedizin 42, no. 5 (October 25, 2018): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/labmed-2018-0053.

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AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to compare hemoglobin (Hb) levels determined by point-of-care testing (POCT) HemoCue® and arterial blood gas analyzer using an automated hematology analyzer in critically ill geriatric patients.MethodsForty geriatric patients requiring intensive care treatment were included in the study. Arterial blood sample was analyzed using HemoCue® (HemoCue®; Hb 201+, Angelholm, Sweden) (HbHemoCueArterial), blood gas analyzer (Techno Medica, Gastat1800 series, Japan) (HbBGA) and an automated hematology analyzer (Cell Dyne 3700 System, Abbott Laboratories, USA) (HbLab) as a reference method. Capillary blood measurements were performed (HbHemoCueCapillary) using HemoCue® at bedside. Bland-Altman analysis was applied to the results.ResultsWe found a positive correlation between the Hb measurements of HemoCueCapillary, HemoCueArterial and automated hematology analyzer (r-values were 0.799 and 0.922, respectively) and p<0.001. There was also a positive correlation between the Hb measurements of blood gas analyzer and automated hematology analyzer (r = 0.878) and p<0.001. The bias and limits of agreement were 0.32 and −2.5±3.14 g/dL for the HbHemoCueCapillary, 0.64 and −1.03±2.31 g/dL for the HbHemoCueArterial and −1.2 and −4.45±2.05 g/dL for the HbBGA. Inotropic agent administration did not affect the Hb values in all groups.ConclusionsBoth HemoCueCapillary and HemoCueArterial are sufficiently accurate and correlated with automated hematology analyzer in geriatric critically ill patients if used correctly. In terms of Hb levels, arterial and capillary blood sample measurements with HemoCue® provided more clinically acceptable accuracy than blood gas analysis system.

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Bailey, P. L., J. K. Lu, M. L. Cluff, drs Cramer, and D. T. Wells. "A432 EVALUATION OF A NEW AUTOMATED BEDSIDE BLOOD GAS AND CHEMISTRY ANALYZER." Anesthesiology 87, Supplement (September 1997): 432A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199709001-00432.

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Mirzoieva, O. Yu, O. I. Belei, R. B. Stasyuk, and O. V. Kuchmustenko. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR CONTROL OF ECOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL CONDITION OF GPA." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 2(47) (December 29, 2021): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2021-2(47)-55-61.

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Obsolete equipment of compressor stations of linear production departments of main gas pipelines leads to their frequent breakage and increase in the number of harmful emissions during the operation of such compressor stations as combustion chambers of gas pumping units. In this paper, the features and classification of factors of harmful effects of operating gas pumping units on the environment are considered. The authors also analyzed the main modeling methods, hardware and software products that are used to monitor the environmental and technical condition of gas pumping units. The proposed system of monitoring the environmental and technical condition of gas pumping units - an automated control system, which consists of two levels: the first level - lower, the main task of which is to collect data during the combustion chamber of the gas pumping unit using gas analyzers; top - processes these data, at the same time compares them with the maximum allowable concentrations of harmful substances. This system was developed using Siemens Simatic Step-7 software. The initial data for the development of an information system are pressure, temperature and carbon dioxide. Control of these physical quantities will allow to control their quantity, to minimize their harmful influence for the purpose of improvement of working conditions of operators, drivers on service of gas pumping units on line production departments of the main gas pipelines and for the purpose of reduction of negative impact on environment. The developed automated system successfully analyzes the data in real time and allows to optimize the operating modes of the gas pumping units, reducing operating costs and reducing the number of harmful emissions from the combustion chamber of the gas pumping unit.

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Grenache, David G., and Christopher Parker. "Integrated and automatic mixing of whole blood: An evaluation of a novel blood gas analyzer." Clinica Chimica Acta 375, no. 1-2 (January 2007): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2006.07.002.

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Foulk, Susan J., and Ryan Lerud. "Automated near infrared analyzer validation (ASTM D6122) for the oil and gas industry." NIR news 30, no. 5-6 (July 3, 2019): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960336019862156.

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Near infrared spectroscopy is a routine measurement and analysis tool for both liquid and solid samples in a wide variety of industries and locations, both process and laboratory. For process measurements analyzer, validation is a key component of a complete measurement system. This short article will describe an automated validation system suitable for near infrared process analyzers.

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Tan, Li Ju, Jiang Tao Wang, and Yue Li. "A Home-Made Automatic Analyzer to Determine the Dissolved Organic Carbon in Seawater." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1819–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1819.

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A home-made automatic analyzer to determine the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in seawater was introduced in this paper. This analyzer was based on ultraviolet-potassium persulphate oxidation method. The analyzer has 7 parts, including sampling, purging of inorganic carbon, enter sample, oxidation, cooling, apart of gas/liquid and analysis of CO2. The program was compiled by programming language of Visual Basic as the control system. All of the action of the analyzer is auto controlled. Different samples are separated by worked air and Milli-Q water and enter the system using six-way valve. With the catalysis of ultraviolet radiation, the organic matter in samples can be oxidated to CO2quantitatively by K2SO2O8and analyzed by non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) detector latter. The results showed that the oxidation efficiency, as well as the detect limit and the veracity are satisfying. The home-made analyzer was compared with the high temperature oxidation method, and the results showed that the two methods have little difference. The cost of the instrument is cheaper, and need not expensive catalyst, so the DOC in seawater can be analyzed with much lower prices.

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Louter, Arjan J. H., Udo A. Th Brinkman, and Rudy T. Ghijsen. "Fully automated water analyzer based on on-line solid phase extraction-gas chromatography." Journal of Microcolumn Separations 5, no. 4 (July 1993): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mcs.1220050403.

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Grote, C., K. Levsen, and G. Wünsch. "An Automatic Analyzer for Organic Compounds in Water Based on Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 71, no. 20 (October 1999): 4513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac9903656.

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El Yazidi, Abdelhadi, Michel Ramonet, Philippe Ciais, Gregoire Broquet, Isabelle Pison, Amara Abbaris, Dominik Brunner, et al. "Identification of spikes associated with local sources in continuous time series of atmospheric CO, CO2 and CH4." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 3 (March 22, 2018): 1599–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1599-2018.

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Abstract. This study deals with the problem of identifying atmospheric data influenced by local emissions that can result in spikes in time series of greenhouse gases and long-lived tracer measurements. We considered three spike detection methods known as coefficient of variation (COV), robust extraction of baseline signal (REBS) and standard deviation of the background (SD) to detect and filter positive spikes in continuous greenhouse gas time series from four monitoring stations representative of the European ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) Research Infrastructure network. The results of the different methods are compared to each other and against a manual detection performed by station managers. Four stations were selected as test cases to apply the spike detection methods: a continental rural tower of 100 m height in eastern France (OPE), a high-mountain observatory in the south-west of France (PDM), a regional marine background site in Crete (FKL) and a marine clean-air background site in the Southern Hemisphere on Amsterdam Island (AMS). This selection allows us to address spike detection problems in time series with different variability. Two years of continuous measurements of CO2, CH4 and CO were analysed. All methods were found to be able to detect short-term spikes (lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes) in the time series. Analysis of the results of each method leads us to exclude the COV method due to the requirement to arbitrarily specify an a priori percentage of rejected data in the time series, which may over- or underestimate the actual number of spikes. The two other methods freely determine the number of spikes for a given set of parameters, and the values of these parameters were calibrated to provide the best match with spikes known to reflect local emissions episodes that are well documented by the station managers. More than 96 % of the spikes manually identified by station managers were successfully detected both in the SD and the REBS methods after the best adjustment of parameter values. At PDM, measurements made by two analyzers located 200 m from each other allow us to confirm that the CH4 spikes identified in one of the time series but not in the other correspond to a local source from a sewage treatment facility in one of the observatory buildings. From this experiment, we also found that the REBS method underestimates the number of positive anomalies in the CH4 data caused by local sewage emissions. As a conclusion, we recommend the use of the SD method, which also appears to be the easiest one to implement in automatic data processing, used for the operational filtering of spikes in greenhouse gases time series at global and regional monitoring stations of networks like that of the ICOS atmosphere network.

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Qing, Huang, and Jing Jing Zhu. "True Density Measurement of Refractory by AccyPyc1330 Pycnometer." Key Engineering Materials 492 (September 2011): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.492.489.

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Measuring mechanism of true density measurement of refractory through gas replacement technology by the AccyPyc1330 automatic true density analyzer was introduced. Compared with the current liquid immersion method, the gas replacement technology had many advantages in time, temperature, diversity and permeability of specimens. The results indicated that it had features of accurate data, fast measurement and less factors by the gas displacement technology.

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Aerts-Bijma, A. T., J. van der Plicht, and H. A. J. Meijer. "Automatic AMS Sample Combustion and CO2 Collection." Radiocarbon 43, no. 2A (2001): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038133.

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In Groningen, all organic samples for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) are combusted in an automatic Elemental Analyzer, coupled to an Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer and Cryogenic Trapping System. The Gas Chromatographic (GC) column, part of the Elemental Analyzer system, appeared to be the main cause for memory effects. Therefore we modified the Elemental Analyzer, such that the trapped CO2 no longer passed the GC column. Our system modification reduced the memory effect significantly, as shown by lower radiocarbon concentration values for anthracite backgrounds, and a much smaller spread in these values. Our modified system can perform up to 40 combustions unattended in about 6 hr.

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Salazar, Gary, and Sönke Szidat. "A Low-cost Continuous-flow Gas Interface for Coupling an Elemental Analyzer with a Micadas AMS: gas flow Mathematical Model and first results." Radiocarbon 61, no. 6 (August 20, 2019): 1795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.93.

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ABSTRACTA fully automatic continuous-flow gas injection interface was built to couple an elemental analyzer with a MICADAS accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) as a low-cost option that does not require an absorber trap for CO2 injection. The complication of the variable ion current during gas injection can be overcome by understanding and controlling the mass flow-dependent ionization yield. The time-varying CO2 concentrations and carbon mass flows are estimated with a mathematical model in order to investigate their relationship with the abundant isotope (12C–) signal. This model is based on a complete CO2 diffusion equation and instantaneous mass flow. It shows a good agreement between model calculations and the measurements. A reversible suppression of the formation of ions occurs, if the carbon mass flow exceeds 2.0–2.3 µg C/min. This result repeats for different injection capillaries and for different carrier volumetric flow rates.

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Liu, Wenxin, Zhongxi Sun, Maine Ranheimer, Willis Forsling, Wenxin Liu, and Hongxiao Tang. "A flexible method of carbonate determination using an automatic gas analyzer equipped with an FTIR photoacoustic measurement chamber." Analyst 124, no. 3 (1999): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a808745h.

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Gao, Bing Guang, Hai Xia Li, Xia Ping Wen, and Fa Hui Wang. "Automatic Monitoring System of Centrifugal Fan Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 42 (November 2010): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.42.417.

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The centrifugal fan performance experiment system was introduced. The structure, function, measuring principle of the system is analyzed. The experimental system consists of centrifugal fan, air hose, computer and test software. The experiment system can automatically measure and process centrifugal fan performance parameters. The distribution of gas velocity at fan outlet can be measured by five hole probe device.

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Votrin, Sergej V., Sergej I. Vorobyev, Sergey B. Bolevich, Aleksandra S. Orlova, and Denis D. Gudanovich. "Efficiency of the use of perfluorocarbon gas transport drugs for various forms of anemia in animals." Revista de la Universidad del Zulia 12, no. 32 (January 29, 2021): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.32.03.

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Purpose: The purpose of the article is to determine the effectiveness of the use of perfluorocarbon gas vehicles in acute, severe anemia in animals caused by external blood loss and autoimmune intravascular hemolysis. Methodology: The effectiveness of the use of perfluorocarbon gas transport agents in acute, severe anemia in animals caused by external blood loss and autoimmune intravascular hemolysis was carried out based on the assessment of lethality in groups, biochemical criteria that were determined using an automatic biochemical blood analyzer and an assessment of hematocrit, which was determined using an automatic an analyzer of a general clinical analysis of blood with an impedance counting system. Results: The high efficiency of the use of perfluorocarbon gas transport drug - Perftoran in acute and severe anemia caused by external blood loss and autoimmune intravascular hemolysis was revealed on the basis of an assessment of the lethality of animals in groups in comparison with a blood preparation - donor erythrocyte mass. The lethality in the groups of animals that used the perfluorocarbon gas transport agent was significantly lower than that in the animals that used the erythrocyte mass, especially in acute and severe anemia caused by autoimmune intravascular hemolysis.

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Yamulki, S., and S. C. Jarvis. "Automated chamber technique for gaseous flux measurements: Evaluation of a photoacoustic infrared spectrometer-trace gas analyzer." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 104, no. D5 (March 1, 1999): 5463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998jd100082.

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Arunyants, Gennady. "MAIN PROBLEMS OF REGULATION OF GAS SUPPLY SYSTEM ACTIVITY IN KALININGRAD REGION." Baltic Economic Journal 1, no. 29 (March 18, 2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46845/2073-3364-2020-1-29-72-80.

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The main problems of regulation of the gas supply complex of the Kaliningrad region and the main ways to increase the efficiency of its subjects are analyzed, basic requirements for the creation of a software complex for automated calculation of tariffs for natural gas, for ACS subjects of the gas supply system of the regional automated information and control system are presented.

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Dyer, Randolph H. "Determination of Ethyl Carbamate (Urethane) in Alcoholic Beverages Using Capillary Gas Chromatography with Thermal Energy Analyzer Detection: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.1.64.

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Abstract A gas chromatographic (GC) procedure for the determination of ethyl carbamate (urethane) in distilled spirits and wines using a thermal energy analyzer (TEA) system was collaboratively studied by 5 laboratories. Distilled spirits such as whiskey, brandy, gin, rum, and vodka containing low solids can be injected directly into the GC system without extraction. Liqueurs require extraction. Wine, beer, sake, and similar samples containing significant solids or other interferences are extracted prior to injection. The sample is analyzed by GC/TEA operating in the nitrogen mode with capillary column capability (30 m × 0.53 mm) and automatic injection. Helium is the carrier gas. The GC system is calibrated with a 100 ppb standard, followed by the samples. The concentration of ethyl carbamate is determined by multiplying peak area ratios by the concentration of the standard. For the distilled spirits, the recovery averaged 92%. The within-labora-tory repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 4.3 to 12.5%, with overall average of 8.0%, and reproducibility (RSDR) varied from 4.8 to 22.0%, with an overall average of 17.4%. For the wines, the recovery averaged 85%, and the RSDr ranged from 8.9 to 42.8%, with an overall average of 34.4%. The method has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

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Hargrove, James, and Jingsong Zhang. "Measurements of NOx, acyl peroxynitrates, and NOy with automatic interference corrections using a NO2 analyzer and gas phase titration." Review of Scientific Instruments 79, no. 4 (April 2008): 046109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2908432.

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Kim, Hyung Ick, Hong Sun Park, Jae Mean Koo, Sung Ho Yang, Moon Young Kim, and Chang Sung Seok. "Welding Characteristic Evaluation of GMAW and Laser Cladding for the Gas Turbine 1st Blade." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.519.

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The advancement in superalloys permits the hot gas path components to operate for thousands of hours under severe centrifugal, thermal and vibratory stresses. The blade of a gas turbine must withstand the most severe condition combined of temperature, stress, and environment. After a long operation, the damaged blades of a gas turbine used are welded for build-up and repaired. We analyzed and compared the mechanical properties of GMAW(Gas Metal Arc Welding), a manual welding method, a laser cladding method, and an automatic welding method under research and development.

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Zhao, Jianhu, Dongxin Mai, Hongmei Zhang, and Shiqi Wang. "Automatic Detection and Segmentation on Gas Plumes from Multibeam Water Column Images." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 3085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183085.

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The detection of gas plumes from multibeam water column (MWC) data is the most direct way to discover gas hydrate reservoirs, but current methods often have low reliability, leading to inefficient detections. Therefore, this paper proposes an automatic method for gas plume detection and segmentation by analyzing the characteristics of gas plumes in MWC images. This method is based on the AdaBoost cascade classifier, combining the Haar-like feature and Local Binary Patterns (LBP) feature. After obtaining the detected result from the above algorithm, a target localization algorithm, based on a histogram similarity calculation, is given to exactly localize the detected target boxes, by considering the differences in gas plume and background noise in the backscatter strength. On this basis, a real-time segmentation method is put forward to get the size of the detected gas plumes, by integration of the image intersection and subtraction operation. Through the shallow-water and deep-water experiment verification, the detection accuracy of this method reaches 95.8%, the precision reaches 99.35% and the recall rate reaches 82.7%. Integrated with principles and experiments, the performance of the proposed method is analyzed and discussed, and finally some conclusions are drawn.

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Mikaeva, S. A., A. S. Mikaeva, and A. A. Dyukin. "PUMPING STATION AND STAMPING MACHINE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF RADIATION SOURCES." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 286 (January 2021): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.2021.01.pp.046-051.

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The article describes a five-lamp pumping station and a semi-automatic stamping machine for the production of bactericidal ultraviolet lamps. Standard methods of production and testing of pumping stations and stamping machines were analyzed. In the course of work and on the basis of the conducted research, the technical characteristics and equipment configuration were worked out. The pumping station is designed for processing simultaneously five products that will later be bactericidal ultraviolet lamps, including: decontamination of products, oxidation of electrodes, filling products with a gas mixture to the working pressure, loading amalgam and desoldering. This equipment ensures the fulfillment of the production volume for the production of bactericidal lamps. When designing and manufacturing electrical equipment, components from the world's leading manufacturers are used. The use of high-quality materials can significantly increase the efficiency of equipment operation. The latest technical solutions combined with a well-thought-out design make it possible to successfully integrate this equipment into integrated automated control systems.

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Zechman, James M., and John N. Labows Jr. "Volatiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related species by automated headspace concentration – gas chromatography." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-045.

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The volatile metabolites of three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one strain each of Pseudomonas cepacia, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas putida were analyzed using an automated headspace concentrator incorporating a gas chromatograph. The procedure does not require sample preparation and automates the entire analytical sequence to yield reproducible profiles of volatile constituents. Gas chromatographic profiles of the volatile metabolites of each species were obtained using a 20-min concentration period and two fused silica capillary columns of different polarities. The production of headspace metabolites from trypticase soy broth was studied in relationship to culture incubation time and initial cell concentration. The volatiles identified after 24 h incubation consisted of 1-butanol, isopentanol, toluene, 1-undecene, 2-butanone, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, and 2-undecanone. Sufficient amounts of specific metabolites were produced after 5 h incubation to provide information of possible diagnostic value. In particular, all P. aeruginosa strains produced a distinctive series of 1-undecene and methyl ketones after 5 h incubation of media inoculated to provide 2 × 106 cells/mL. The results indicate that when growth and analytical conditions are held constant, P. aeruginosa and related species produce characteristic profiles of headspace metabolites. Since conventional bacteriological tests require 24 h or more for the identification of these pseudomonads, automated volatile analysis could provide an alternative means for the rapid detection of these bacteria.

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Zhao, Chao, Wenxuan Quan, and Guijie Ding. "SPME-GCMS combined AMDIS and KOVÁTS retention index to analyze the volatile organic compounds in Russula rubra (Krombh.) Bres. essential oil." BioResources 17, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 1680–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.1680-1689.

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Volatile components in Russula rubra (Krombh.) Bres. were determined with the use of a solid-phase microextraction (SPME)/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The compounds were identified by the automatic mass spectral deconvolution and identification system (AMDIS) and Kováts retention index (RI). Under the optimized conditions of GC-MS, 52 volatile components were identified in Russula rubra, with the relative percentage accounting for 80.2% of the total ion peak. Notably, aristolone (20.4%), benzaldehyde (20.2%), geranyl acetone (11.0%), and 3-octanone (10.7%) were all at higher levels in samples. The main identified compounds were aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, ethers, and alkanes.

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Willacy, Christopher, Jan-Willem Blokland, and Ewoud van Dedem. "Automating event location monitoring for induced seismicity." Leading Edge 39, no. 7 (July 2020): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39070505.1.

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Permanent reservoir monitoring is important for cases of induced seismicity in which there may be a risk to people or to the environment. In such cases, accurately locating microearthquakes and assessing their hazard level can help keep production at safe levels. The process can benefit greatly from the use of automation. With the shift toward full-waveform microearthquake location algorithms and workflows, greater accuracy and information can be retrieved compared to that offered by traditional traveltime estimation techniques, but the complexity of these workflows and run-time costs can be higher. Results are presented from an automatic elastic event location and moment tensor inversion workflow that has been highly parallelized on clustered computer hardware. Run times that previously took up to several days to complete using a manually intensive execution of the workflow now can be achieved in approximately 1 hour. Some 180 events recorded at the Groningen gas field and ranging in magnitude from 0.1 to 3.4 MW (ML) have been located and analyzed with the automatic workflow. The results indicate equivalent location accuracy when compared to the manually intensive workflow execution. However, larger errors are noted in the depth positions of some events and in the range and nature of the focal mechanism, as derived from moment tensor inversion. High grading of the manual and automatic results has been performed and used to study the geomechanical behavior of the microearthquakes in the Groningen region, which exhibit mainly dip-slip, double-couple motion, in areas of previous production activity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Automatic gas analyzers'

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