Relevant bibliographies by topics / Automated vehicles – Research

Academic literature on the topic 'Automated vehicles – Research'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Automated vehicles – Research"

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Shladover, S. E. "Automated vehicles for highway operations (automated highway systems)." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 219, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x9407.

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Considerable research effort has been devoted within the past 15 years to automating the driving of highway vehicles in order to improve their safety and efficiency of operation and to help to reduce traffic congestion. Although the highway environment is in some ways more structured than other environments in which automated vehicles have been proposed to operate, the density and complexity of road traffic still make the sensing and control problems challenging. Because highway vehicles are not ‘unmanned’ but are expected to carry passengers and to coexist with other passenger-carrying vehicles, the reliability and safety considerations in the design of their control systems are much more important than they are for vehicles that are truly unmanned. This paper reviews the progress that has been made in recent research on highway vehicle automation and indicates the important research challenges that still need to be addressed before highway automation can become an everyday reality.
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Peng, Huei. "Connected and Automated Vehicles." Mechanical Engineering 138, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): S5—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2016-dec-2.

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This article focuses on dynamics and control of connected and automated vehicles. The complexity and difficulty can grow significantly from low automation levels to higher levels. The paper briefly highlights three challenges, i.e., sensing, localization, and perception. The Mobility Transformation Center (MTC) is a public/private research and development partnership led by the University of Michigan. MTC aims to develop the foundations for a viable ecosystem of CAVs. A popular alternative to test high-automation-level AVs is the Naturalistic-Field Operational Test (N-FOT). In an N-FOT, a number of equipped vehicles are tested under naturalistic driving conditions over an extended period. In the near future, connected and automated vehicle technologies are expected to be deployed rapidly. While there has been a lot of research in, and attention to, the field of sensing, localization, and perception, this paper aims to point out a few areas related to the field of dynamics and control that are opportunities for further research.
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Mirnig, Alexander G., Sandra Trösterer, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, Magdalena Gärtner, and Manfred Tscheligi. "Trust in Automated Vehicles." i-com 17, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icom-2017-0031.

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Abstract Increasing degrees of automation in on-road vehicles bear great potential for heightened driver safety and traffic efficiency in both the near and far future. The more the driver delegates control to the vehicle, the more salient the issue of trust in automated technology becomes. Misaligned trust can lead to mishandling of automation controls in individual instances and decreases the general acceptance of on-road automation on a broader scale. In this paper, we apply insights from trust research for dynamic web service interaction to the novel automated driving domain, in order to scope the problem space regarding trust in automated vehicles. We conclude that the appropriate communication of trustworthiness, the necessity to calibrate trust, the importance of intervention capabilities by the driver, and the unambiguous transparency of locus of control are all important aspects when in comes to understanding trust in automated vehicles.
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Zhang, Yong, Lei Shi, Jing Chen, and Xuefeng Li. "Analysis of an Automated Vehicle Routing Problem in Logistics considering Path Interruption." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1624328.

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The application of automated vehicles in logistics can efficiently reduce the cost of logistics and reduce the potential risks in the last mile. Considering the path restriction in the initial stage of the application of automated vehicles in logistics, the conventional model for a vehicle routing problem (VRP) is modified. Thus, the automated vehicle routing problem with time windows (AVRPTW) model considering path interruption is established. Additionally, an improved particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm is designed to solve this problem. Finally, a case study is undertaken to test the validity of the model and the algorithm. Four automated vehicles are designated to execute all delivery tasks required by 25 stores. Capacities of all of the automated vehicles are almost fully utilised. It is of considerable significance for the promotion of automated vehicles in last-mile situations to develop such research into real problems arising in the initial period.
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Noei, Shirin, Mohammadreza Parvizimosaed, and Mohammadreza Noei. "Longitudinal Control for Connected and Automated Vehicles in Contested Environments." Electronics 10, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10161994.

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The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) defines six levels of driving automation, ranging from Level 0 to Level 5. Automated driving systems perform entire dynamic driving tasks for Levels 3–5 automated vehicles. Delegating dynamic driving tasks from driver to automated driving systems can eliminate crashes attributed to driver errors. Sharing status, sharing intent, seeking agreement, or sharing prescriptive information between road users and vehicles dedicated to automated driving systems can further enhance dynamic driving task performance, safety, and traffic operations. Extensive simulation is required to reduce operating costs and achieve an acceptable risk level before testing cooperative automated driving systems in laboratory environments, test tracks, or public roads. Cooperative automated driving systems can be simulated using a vehicle dynamics simulation tool (e.g., CarMaker and CarSim) or a traffic microsimulation tool (e.g., Vissim and Aimsun). Vehicle dynamics simulation tools are mainly used for verification and validation purposes on a small scale, while traffic microsimulation tools are mainly used for verification purposes on a large scale. Vehicle dynamics simulation tools can simulate longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamics for only a few vehicles in each scenario (e.g., up to ten vehicles in CarMaker and up to twenty vehicles in CarSim). Conventional traffic microsimulation tools can simulate vehicle-following, lane-changing, and gap-acceptance behaviors for many vehicles in each scenario without simulating vehicle powertrain. Vehicle dynamics simulation tools are more compute-intensive but more accurate than traffic microsimulation tools. Due to software architecture or computing power limitations, simplifying assumptions underlying convectional traffic microsimulation tools may have been a necessary compromise long ago. There is, therefore, a need for a simulation tool to optimize computational complexity and accuracy to simulate many vehicles in each scenario with reasonable accuracy. This research proposes a traffic microsimulation tool that employs a simplified vehicle powertrain model and a model-based fault detection method to simulate many vehicles with reasonable accuracy at each simulation time step under noise and unknown inputs. Our traffic microsimulation tool considers driver characteristics, vehicle model, grade, pavement conditions, operating mode, vehicle-to-vehicle communication vulnerabilities, and traffic conditions to estimate longitudinal control variables with reasonable accuracy at each simulation time step for many conventional vehicles, vehicles dedicated to automated driving systems, and vehicles equipped with cooperative automated driving systems. Proposed vehicle-following model and longitudinal control functions are verified for fourteen vehicle models, operating in manual, automated, and cooperative automated modes over two driving schedules under three malicious fault magnitudes on transmitted accelerations.
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Yan, Jin, Feng Lin, Zhen Zhou Ye, and Jian Wen Shao. "The Design of Automated Parking Brake Performance Test Equipment." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 2551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.2551.

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In order to test the parking brake performance of in-use vehicle, in this research, we designed a set of automated test system which could calculate the parking brake performance. The automated test system which was composed of four parts: vehicles weighing device, automatic traction gear, force cell, and intelligent control unit would calculate the braking force based on the traction force and the total mass of the vehicle. The results indicate that this test equipment is found to be convenient application, small floor coverage and reliable.
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Zou, Yunfei, Jie Wen, Siyuan Tang, Hongmao Zhou, Panpan Zhang, and Weiting Ning. "Research on the application of autonomous driving technology in port." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 9 (September 30, 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v9i.1709.

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Automatic driving technology is one of the most popular emerging technologies at present. It has been preliminarily applied in the field of transportation, especially in the automatic container terminal of the port. Automated guided vehicles for freight container(AGV), intelligent container truck(ICT) and intelligent guided vehicle for container(IGV) applying automatic driving technology in the port are briefly introduced. ICT and IGV are especially suitable for the automation transformation of traditional container terminals, and have gradually become the main force of horizontal transportation equipment in automatic container terminals. The main problems existing in the port application of automatic driving technology are emphatically analyzed, and the key research direction is put forward.
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Cauffman, Stephen J., Mei Lau, Yulin Deng, Christopher Cunningham, David B. Kaber, and Jing Feng. "Research and Design Considerations for Presentation of Non-Safety Related Information via In-Vehicle Displays during Automated Driving." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 10538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010538.

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As automated vehicles become more prevalent on roadways, it is necessary to study driver behaviors in interacting with such systems. With higher levels of vehicle automation, drivers may become less engaged with the roadway environment. As a result, how to effectively bring non-safety related information (e.g., guide and service sign content) to a driver’s attention is an open research question. In this review, we summarize current literature on three domains of research, including: (1) the design and effectiveness of traditional road signage, (2) human factors considerations in vehicle automation design, and (3) current design guidelines for in-vehicle information presentation. Based on the review, including empirical studies, we identify knowledge relevant to communicating road signage information in automated vehicles. We propose a framework highlighting various factors that could determine the effectiveness of in-vehicle messaging. The framework is intended to motivate future research on development of in-vehicle interfaces for highly automated driving.
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Morozov, E. V. "Methodology and algorithms for buildinga telematic automated vehicle movement control system." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 6 (2020): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-6-206-213.

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The article proposes promising trends of research in the field of building automated systems for controlling the movement of transport vehicles (TS) in order to ensure a continuous monitoring and operational control. A method for substantiating technical requirements and assessing the characteristics of measuring instruments for automated control of vehicle movement, an algorithm for determining the optimal values of characteristics of measuring tools and an algorithm for choosing the optimal version of telematic automatic control devices (TASK) for vehicle movement have been developed. The concept of a telematic automated control system for controlling the movement of vehicles (TASU CD TS) is formulated. The presented results make it possible to build the TASU CD of the vehicle based on the optimal choice of TASK movement and the assessment of the effectiveness of their application. Creation of a local telematic automated control system for controlling the movement of the vehicle will effectively manage traffic flows through the implementation of continuous control and monitoring of the vehicle along the entire route of movement, and operational coordination of the interactions of all road users, special services and departments.
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Zhao, Qianru, Shouwen Ji, Dong Guo, Xuemin Du, and Hongxuan Wang. "Research on Cooperative Scheduling of Automated Quayside Cranes and Automatic Guided Vehicles in Automated Container Terminal." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (November 3, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6574582.

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According to previous research studies, automated quayside cranes (AQCs) and automated guided vehicles (AGVs) in automated container terminals have a high potential synergy. In this paper, a collaborative scheduling model for AQCs and AGVs is established and the capacity limitation of the transfer platform on AQCs is considered in the model. The minimum total energy consumption of automated quayside cranes (AQCs) and Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs) is taken as the objective function. A two-stage taboo search algorithm is adopted to solve the problem of collaborative scheduling optimization. This algorithm integrates AQC scheduling and AGV scheduling. The optimal solution to the model is obtained by feedback from the two-stage taboo search process. Finally, the Qingdao Port is taken as an example of a data experiment. Ten small size test cases are solved to evaluate the performance of the proposed optimization methods. The results show the applicability of the two-stage taboo search algorithm since it can find near-optimal solutions, precisely and accurately.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Automated vehicles – Research"

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Goel, Shlok. "Research, Design, and Implementation of Virtual and Experimental Environment for CAV System Design, Calibration, Validation and Verification." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595368946630713.

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Roynette, Eliott. "Optimisation de la conception du design du harnais de commande des véhicules spatiaux." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESAE0011/document.

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Il y a soixante ans, le 4 octobre 1957, Spoutnik, le premier satellite artificiel conçu par l’homme, est envoyé dans l’espace. Sa seule fonction est d’émettre un bip radio à des fréquences de 20 et 40 MHz pour démontrer la puissance spatiale de l’URSS. Depuis cette époque les satellites se sont multipliés et leurs missions se sont diversifiées. Aujourd’hui, les missions des satellites sont si variées que certains quittent l’orbite terrestre. On parle dans ce cas de sondes, même si, dans le reste de cette thèse, ils seront inclus dans le terme "satellite". La mission des satellites la plus connue du grand public est la découverte de l’univers et l’exploration interplanétaire avec de célèbres satellites comme le télescope spatial international Hubble ou des sondes comme Rosetta, Voyager 1 et 2, ... Cependant de nos jours, même si l’exploration spatiale reste un enjeu majeur de l’humanité, la plupart des satellites ont des missions plus modestes qui ont pourtant un impact important sur la vie économique et politique. Les satellites en question ont aujourd’hui deux buts : la défense et le commercial. Dans les deux cas on peut diviser les satellites en deux groupes distincts : les satellites d’observation et les satellites de télécommunication. Pour fonctionner tous ces satellites utilisent un harnais électrique. Le harnais électrique regroupe tous les câbles présents dans le satellite et qui ne transportent pas de données client. Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous nous intéressons à l’optimisation de la conception du harnais électrique des satellites
Sixty years ago, on October 4, 1957, Sputnik, the first man-made artificial satellite, was sent into space. Its only function is to emit a radio beep at frequencies of 20 and 40 MHz to demonstrate the space power of the USSR. Since then, satellites have been multiple and their missions have diversified. Today, the missions of the satellites are so varied that some leave Earth's orbit. We speak in the case of probes, even if, in the rest of this thesis, they will be included in the term "satellite". The best-known satellite mission of the general public is the discovery of the universe and interplanetary exploration with satellite satellites such as the Hubble International Space Telescope or probes such as Rosetta, Voyager 1 and 2, ... nevertheless nowadays Although space exploration remains a major issue for humanity, most satellites have smaller missions that have a significant impact on economic and political life. The satellites in question today have two goals: defense and commercial. In both cases the satellites can be divided into two distinct groups: observation satellites and telecommunication satellites. To operate all these satellites, use an electrical harness. The electrical harness includes all the cables present in the satellite and which does not carry any customer data. As part of this we are interested in optimizing the design of the electrical harness of satellites
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WEI, TSAI CHING, and 蔡經緯. "The Magic Carpet is Coming ! Research on The Experience of Older Drivers in Automated Vehicles." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/udrq7q.

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碩士
實踐大學
家庭研究與兒童發展學系高齡家庭服務事業碩士在職專班
107
Artificial intelligence is an invention of importance in human history. The traditional vehicle we are familiar with is controlled by the human brain to control the body parts, and gradually transferred to the computer automation vehicle ( ), which is entrusted to the computer to read and judge the calculation. This change is the coming tomorrow, and the transition is now. The text makes good use of narrative analysis, sees the difference between different life values, and reflects on the attitude of this older driver. How autonomous vehicle gradually becomes a weapon to assist the elderly. How to play a pivotal role in the construction of smart cities in the future. The researcher himself used to be a hospital caregiver, home care worker, day care worker, and car salesman. He regarded himself as a research tool. He looked at the experience of four senior drivers by life course theory and inferred the problems that Taiwan will face in developing autonomous vehicle.Finally, I hope that this research can stimulate different opinions and ideas for researchers who want to delve into the elderly or life course theory. The conclusions of this study are as follows: 1. Government policy will determine the development time of autonomous vehicles 2. Older drivers are only trust traditional car brand 3. Active use of automated vehicles is equivalent to disability 4. The first task of AV should be to avoid collisions with other vehicles Because of the abundant logistics, brand trust and stable quality, the traditional car manufacturers have won the unanimous approval of the elderly, and it is easier and less questionable to implement this AV purchase than the new industry. Moreover, the first function of autonomous driving is not to drive, but to actively avoid accidents caused by collisions of other driving. Automatd vehicles are not assisted but disabled. Finally, to develop autonomous driving, government policy and stakeholder monopoly are far more important than free market decisions.
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Chao, Ko-Chin, and 趙可勤. "Research and development of the map-guided automated vehicle." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69448248195479425996.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
104
This research aims to develop a map-guidance technology for road vehicle automation using high accuracy digital maps. The objective is to utilize mid/low cost global navigation satellite system (GNSS), inertial navigation sensors and digital map data to achieve real-time precision positioning, navigation and motion control through data fusion techniques, rather than rely on costly laser sensors and the commonly adopted Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) approach. The ultimate goal is to apply the proposed map-guidance technology to developing cost-effective, mid~low speed intelligent vehicles, such as unmanned shuttles on campus and the personal rapid transit (PRT) system. In order to achieve the abovementioned objectives, this thesis proposes a real-time vehicle position and altitude estimation algorithm based on the Constrained Unscented Kalman Filter (CUKF) technique, and the Check Point vehicle position error correction method, which both exploit digital map data to enhance the accuracy and reliability of the vehicle positioning and motion control systems. The proposed map-guidance vehicle automation technique has been implemented on an electric golf cart and tested on the campus of the National Taiwan University. The developed automated golf cart employs an economical single-frequency GNSS receiver, which can receives both U.S. GPS and China BeiDou satellites’ signals. Experimental results show that the lateral position estimation errors can be bounded within one meter, and the lane-level vehicle motion control precision can be achieved with the proposed methods.
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Zhang, Yong-Xin, and 張詠信. "The Research of Positioning and Tracking for Automated Guided Vehicle." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4vp887.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
機械工程系
107
Nowdays,the Automated Guided Vehicle play a very important part in the industry.For example, transporting goods and warehousing. It not only reduced labor costs but also increased productivity. The thesis presents a method for the navigation of an Automated Guided Vehicle,which integrated the Pozyx indoor positioning system, attitude and heading refrence system(AHRS). The relative position between the vehicle and the target can be obtained by Pozyx indoor positioning system and AHRS.Let vehicle reach the target by the data which acquired by these sensor and the motor revolutions per minute which controlled by Proportional control. The vehicle uses two brushless DC motors as driver system of vehicle,and equipped with Raspberry Pi 3 B to make calculation and control.All the program were developed by python programming language.
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Chen, Li Yin, and 陳立穎. "Research on Maintenance and System Improvement of Automate Guided Vehicle." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65738467373289288909.

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碩士
聖約翰科技大學
自動化及機電整合研究所
98
The ability to carry the material effectively in automatic handling system has great influences at the performance in the entire system. In general, automatic handling system includes automatic storage, conveyors, automatic guided vehicle, crane, and test equipment instruments, and automatic handling system. The purpose of the system is not only to solving labor problems, but enhancing the operation of the plant. Many studies have already clearly pointed out that the cost of manufacturing, piling up objects handling costs account for 20% of the total processing costs to 50%. Therefore, if appropriately use the automatic guided vehicle; it would be effective to reduce the cost. The purpose of this paper is to improve the design of a suitable maintenance and the maintenance process to make it applicable to automatic guided vehicle. Since the research environment includes the possible radioactive contamination, and the risk of nuclear contamination, it is important to cooperate with the stable and reliable automatic guided vehicle. Based on this, in addition to improving the operation of automatic guided vehicle stability proposed amendment, researcher also establishes a suitable regular test and inspection process. Therefore, automatic guided vehicle is used in a high long-term reliability of operation, and to maintain the high reliability operating mechanism as well.
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Wu, Kun‐Ze, and 吳昆澤. "Research on Automatic Unmanned Vehicle Guided by Mechanical Vision." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45091933543194112039.

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碩士
義守大學
電機工程學系碩士班
94
With the advance in the modern technology, the unmanned vehicles and the artificial intelligent are more significant in many aspects. In the past, the sensors are necessary for the communication between the environment and the computer. Hence, the precision of the sensors is very important. More complex the sensor is, higher fault probability is. To improve this disadvantage, the CMOS CCD is used to be the only feedback instrument in the unmanned automatic vehicle. The image recognition and the driving control are implemented in the software developed in the LabVIEW. The control signal is passed through the printer port to a four axes PWM drivers. The whole system is designed to achieve the vision guided automatically driving.
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HUNG, SHIH CHANG, and 洪世昌. "Research of the Image Automatic Identification for Vehicle License Plate." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n5vp3j.

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碩士
國立彰化師範大學
電機工程學系
105
License plate image recognition system is currently used in public transportation, such as the toll parking lot vehicle management, highway mileage charge, and the police query suspicious vehicle and locomotive stolen car inquiries and other functions. The license plate identification has the three major objects including license plate positioning, vehicle character cutting and vehicle character recognition. In this thesis, the image of the license plate is more easily recognized through image gray scale, subtraction, image enhancement, binarization and corrosion and closure. To analyze the entire picture vertical and horizontal direction to the license plate to be positioned out, and then use the projection method of statistical methods cut out the car character area. Finally, I used the template comparison method to compare the all cut out the car character and get experimental results. In this thesis, we used the fixed distance and height to take the car license plate picture and to do identification. The experimental focus on the old and new car license plate in different backgrounds and light whether the position and car plate character can be recognized correctly. The experimental present the success rate of Position about 98.5％ and the overall recognition success rate of about 91.15％. It also builds the mobile phone application software to improve the effi-ciency of police handling or security safe in the future. Keywords：car license plate location, image Processing, character recognition, template matching
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Seshadri, Jagan N. "Design of a mobile robotic platform for research in group robotics /." 2002.

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MIAO, KUN-TING, and 繆坤庭. "Automatic Transmission in Old Vehicles to Research on Evaluation of Maintenance Alternatives." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k3336j.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
車輛工程系
107
In recent years, global automakers have been aiming at fuel economy, energy conservation and environmental protection, and have continued to achieve economic goals in a variety of ways. There are more and more shifting options in the gearbox that make the car more scalable and efficient at high speeds. No matter how the gearbox develops in the future, it is estimated that the service life of a gearbox will be at least five years until the repair market is completely eliminated, for an estimated 20 years. However, some products with high durability are not easy to repair after long-term use, or the repair cost is usually higher than the value of the vehicle and scrapped. This paper aims to improve the wet clutch plates of the AW03-72LE gearbox developed by AISIN. The goal is to improve vibration through part development when the automatic transmission generates vibration, wear-related components, and maintenance costs are higher than the vehicle's value. It is desirable to continue to use this type of gearbox without eliminating the vehicle and is expected to be applied to other types of automatic transmissions.
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Books on the topic "Automated vehicles – Research"

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Vlasov, Vladimir, Veniamin Bogumil, and Ali Baytulaev. Digital infrastructure and telematics systems for monitoring the maintenance of roads. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014643.

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The textbook gives the concept of digital infrastructure, shows its role as the technological basis of modern telematics systems for monitoring the maintenance of roads. The issues of creating and using elements of digital infrastructure in the road sector, as well as technological processes of automated control of maintenance of roads, streets, and highways are considered. The requirements for the main functions and characteristics of the telematics equipment of road vehicles and mechanisms are given. The material of the manual is based on the results of theoretical research and practical work on the creation and implementation of automated control systems for the maintenance of roads. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students studying in technical areas of training and specialties.
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International Conference on Road Vehicle Automation (1st 1993 Vehicle Systems Research Centre, School of Engineering, Bolton Institute, Bolton, UK). Road vehicle automation: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Road Vehicle Automation held at Vehicle Systems Research Centre, School of Engineering, Bolton Institute, Bolton, UK, 24-26 May 1993. London: Pentech P., 1993.

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Paselk, Theodore Alan. Automated vehicle delay estimation and motorist information at the U.S./Canadian Border: Final technical report, Research Project GC 8719, Task 41, Automated Motorist Information Detection System. [Olympia, Wash.?]: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, Washington State Transportation Commission in cooperation with the U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1992.

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Koehne, Jodi L. Western states transparent borders project: Description of current state practices, Montana : final technical report, Research Project T9233, Task 38, Western States Transparent Borders Project. Seattle?, Wash: The Center, 1993.

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Scheibe, Robert R. Western states transparent borders project: Description of current state practices, Washington : final technical report, Research Project T9233, Task 38, Western States Transparent Borders Project. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, Washington State Transportation Commission, Transit, Research, and Intermodal Planning (TRIP) Division in cooperation with the U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1993.

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O, Nwagboso Christopher, and International Series on Road Vehicle Automation., eds. Road vehicle automation II: Towards systems integration : proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Road Vehicle Automation, Vehicle Systems Research Centre, Faculty of Technology, Bolton Institute, Bolton, UK, 11th-13th September 1995. Chichester: Wiley, 1996.

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Bogumil, Veniamin, and Sarango Duke. Telematics on urban passenger transport. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1819882.

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The monograph discusses the application of telematics in dispatch control systems in urban passenger transport. The role of telematics as a technological basis in automating the solution of control tasks, accounting and analysis of the volume and quality of transport work in modern dispatch control systems on urban passenger transport is shown. Analytical models have been developed to estimate the capacity of a high-speed bus transportation system on a dedicated line. Mathematical models and algorithms for predicting passenger vehicle interior filling at critical stages of urban passenger transport routes are presented. The issues of application of the concept of the phase space of states introduced by the authors to assess the quality of the passenger transportation process on the route of urban passenger transport are described. The developed classification of service levels and their application in order to inform passengers at stopping points about the degree of filling of the passenger compartment of the arriving vehicle is described. The material is based on the results of theoretical research and practical work on the creation and implementation of automated control systems for urban passenger transport in Russian cities. The material of M.H. Duque Sarango's dissertation submitted for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in the specialty 05.22.10 "Operation of motor transport" was used. It will be useful to specialists in the field of telematics on urban passenger transport.
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United, States Congress House Committee on Science Space and Technology Subcommittee on Transportation Aviation and Materials. Advanced vehicle-highway technology and human factors research: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation, and Materials of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, June 7, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation, and Materials. Advanced vehicle-highway technology and human factors research: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation, and Materials of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, June 7, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation, and Materials. Advanced vehicle-highway technology and human factors research: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation, and Materials of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, June 7, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Automated vehicles – Research"

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Landini, Sara. "Ethical Issues, Cybersecurity and Automated Vehicles." In AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation, 291–312. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27386-6_14.

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Zmud, Johanna, Felipe Dias, Patricia Lavieri, Chandra Bhat, Ram Pendyala, Yoram Shiftan, Maren Outwater, and Barbara Lenz. "Research to Examine Behavioral Responses to Automated Vehicles." In Lecture Notes in Mobility, 53–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94896-6_5.

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Stetter, Ralf. "Conclusions and Future Research Directions." In Fault-Tolerant Design and Control of Automated Vehicles and Processes, 199–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12846-3_9.

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Fisher, Donald L. "Future Research Needs and Conclusions." In Handbook of Human Factors for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles, edited by William J. Horrey, John D. Lee, and Michael A. Regan, 519–36. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21974-24.

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Mitteregger, Mathias, Emilia M. Bruck, Aggelos Soteropoulos, Andrea Stickler, Martin Berger, Jens S. Dangschat, Rudolf Scheuvens, and Ian Banerjee. "CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED TRANSPORT IN THE LONG LEVEL 4." In AVENUE21. Connected and Automated Driving: Prospects for Urban Europe, 57–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64140-8_4.

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AbstractConnection and automation are the instrumental drivers of change in the transport system – yet they are two fundamentally different trends that are not necessarily related to one another (Perret et al. 2017: 6). Despite this, there is growing emphasis on their simultaneity and parallel development: whereas early research frequently spoke of autonomous driving or autonomous vehicles, more recent articles increasingly use the term “connected and automated vehicles”: “Even though automated vehicles do not necessarily need to be connected and connected vehicles do not require automation, it is expected that in the medium term connectivity will be a major enabler for automated vehicles” (European Commission 2018: 4).
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Zmud, Johanna, Felipe Dias, Patricia Lavieri, Chandra Bhat, Ram Pendyala, Yoram Shiftan, Maren Outwater, and Barbara Lenz. "Correction to: Research to Examine Behavioral Responses to Automated Vehicles." In Lecture Notes in Mobility, E1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94896-6_22.

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Boden, Patrick, Hannes Hahne, Sebastian Rank, and Thorsten Schmidt. "Dispatching of Multiple Load Automated Guided Vehicles Based on Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search." In Operations Research Proceedings, 375–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48439-2_45.

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Cefkin, Melissa, Jingyi Zhang, Erik Stayton, and Erik Vinkhuyzen. "Multi-methods Research to Examine External HMI for Highly Automated Vehicles." In HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems, 46–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22666-4_4.

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Gold, Christian, Frederik Naujoks, Jonas Radlmayr, Hanna Bellem, and Oliver Jarosch. "Testing Scenarios for Human Factors Research in Level 3 Automated Vehicles." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 551–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60441-1_54.

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Kovačić, Zdenko, Michael Butler, Paolo Lista, Goran Vasiljević, Ivica Draganjac, Damjan Miklić, Tamara Petrović, and Frano Petric. "Harmonization of Research and Development Activities Toward Standardization in the Automated Warehousing Systems." In Autonomous Industrial Vehicles: From the Laboratory to the Factory Floor, 106–28. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp159420150050.

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Conference papers on the topic "Automated vehicles – Research"

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Riegler, Andreas, Andreas Riener, and Clemens Holzmann. "A Research Agenda for Mixed Reality in Automated Vehicles." In MUM 2020: 19th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3428361.3428390.

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Shin, Kang G. "Research Issues and Approaches for Connected and Automated Vehicles." In CODASPY '17: Seventh ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3029806.3029846.

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Spannaus, Paul, Peter Zechel, and Kilian Lenz. "AUTOMATUM DATA: Drone-based highway dataset for the development and validation of automated driving software for research and commercial applications." In 2021 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iv48863.2021.9575442.

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Beringhoff, Felix, Joel Greenyer, Christian Roesener, and Matthias Tichy. "Thirty-One Challenges in Testing Automated Vehicles: Interviews with Experts from Industry and Research." In 2022 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iv51971.2022.9827097.

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Jamson, Samantha, Konstantinos Risvas, Roi Naveiro, David Insua, Konstantinos Moustakas, Mikolaj Kruszewski, Aleksandra Rodak, and Alessandro Barisone. "Towards Acceptance of Automated Driving Systems." In Special Session on Research Trends to Enhance the Acceptance of Automated Vehicles. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010721300003060.

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Lv, Haoran, Pengfei Gao, Kang Yuan, and Hong Shu. "Research on Critical Test Scenarios of Automated Vehicle Overtaking on Highway." In SAE 2021 Intelligent and Connected Vehicles Symposium Part II. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-7018.

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Tao, Yi-fei, Jun-ruo Chen, Mei-hong Liu, Xian-xi Liu, and Ya-li Fu. "Research of unidirectional automated Guided Vehicles System based on simulation." In EM2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieem.2010.5646114.

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Toffetti, Antonella, Elena Balocco, Laura Borgarello, Giovanni Turi, Daniela Bertolino, and Benjamin Chateau. "Usability Assessment of a Smart Cognitive Assistant for Automated Driving." In Special Session on Research Trends to Enhance the Acceptance of Automated Vehicles. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010725900003060.

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Chakra kumar, V. Sri, Amit Sinha, Pratheek P. Mallya, and Nutanlata Nath. "An Approach Towards Automated Navigation of Vehicles Using Overhead Cameras." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccic.2017.8524151.

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Post, Jorick, Janna Veldstra, and A. Ünal. "Acceptability and Acceptance of Connected Automated Vehicles: A Literature Review and Focus Groups." In Special Session on Research Trends to Enhance the Acceptance of Automated Vehicles. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010719200003060.

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Reports on the topic "Automated vehicles – Research"

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Gajera, Hardik, Srinivas S. Pulugurtha, and Sonu Mathew. Influence of Level 1 and Level 2 Automated Vehicles on Fatal Crashes and Fatal Crash Occurrence. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2034.

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Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are expected to improve safety by gradually reducing human decisions while driving. However, there are still questions on their effectiveness as we transition from almost 0% CAVs to 100% CAVs with different levels of vehicle autonomy. This research focuses on synthesizing literature and identifying risk factors influencing fatal crashes involving level 1 and level 2 CAVs in the United States. Fatal crashes involving level 0 vehicles—ones that are not connected and automated—were compared to minimize unobserved heterogeneity and randomness associated with the influencing risk factors. The research team used the fatal crash data for the years 2016 to 2019 for the analysis. A partial proportionality odds model is developed using crash, road, and vehicle characteristics as the independent variables and the fatal crash involving a vehicle with a specific level of automation as the dependent variable. The results of this research indicate that level 1 and level 2 CAVs are less likely to be involved in a fatal crash at four-way intersections, on two-way routes with wide medians, at nighttime, and in poor lighting conditions when compared to level 0 vehicles. However, they are more likely than level 0 vehicles to be involved in a fatal crash with pedestrians and bicyclists. Comparative analysis between vehicles with smart features and other vehicles indicated that pedestrian automatic emergency braking (PAEB) and lane-keeping assistance (LKA) improve the safety by reducing possible collision with a pedestrian and roadside departure, respectively. Contrarily, vehicles with other smart features are still highly likely to be involved in fatal crashes. This research adds to the growing body of literature that will identify potential areas for improvement in the safety of vehicular technologies and road geometry.
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Beiker, Sven. Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users. SAE International, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2020023.

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The focus of this SAE EDGE™ Research Report is to address a topic overlooked by many who choose to view automated driving systems and AVs from a “10,000-foot” perspective: how automated vehicles (AVs) will actually communicate with other road users. Conventional (human-driven) vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians already have a functioning system of understating each other while on the move. Adding automated vehicles to the mix requires assessing the spectrum of existing modes of communication – both implicit and explicit, biological and technological, and how they will interact with each other in the real world. The impending deployment of AVs represents a major shift in the traditional approach to ground transportation; its effects will inevitably be felt by parties directly involved with the vehicle manufacturing and use and those that play roles in the mobility ecosystem (e.g., aftermarket and maintenance industries, infrastructure and planning organizations, automotive insurance providers, marketers, telecommunication companies). Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users brings together the multiple scenarios we are likely to see in a future not too far away and how they are likely to play out in practical ways.
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Martinez, Kimberly D., and Gaojian Huang. Exploring the Effects of Meaningful Tactile Display on Perception and Preference in Automated Vehicles. Mineta Transportation Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2164.

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There is an existing issue in human-machine interaction, such that drivers of semi-autonomous vehicles are still required to take over control of the vehicle during system limitations. A possible solution may lie in tactile displays, which can present status, direction, and position information while avoiding sensory (e.g., visual and auditory) channels overload to reliably help drivers make timely decisions and execute actions to successfully take over. However, limited work has investigated the effects of meaningful tactile signals on takeover performance. This study synthesizes literature investigating the effects of tactile displays on takeover performance in automated vehicles and conducts a human-subject study to design and test the effects of six meaningful tactile signal types and two pattern durations on drivers’ perception and performance during automated driving. The research team performed a literature review of 18 articles that conducted human-subjects experiments on takeover performance utilizing tactile displays as takeover requests. Takeover performance in these studies were highlighted, such as response times, workload, and accuracy. The team then conducted a human-subject experiment, which included 16 participants that used a driving simulator to present 30 meaningful vibrotactile signals, randomly across four driving sessions measuring for reaction times (RTs), interpretation accuracy, and subjective ratings. Results from the literature suggest that tactile displays can present meaningful vibrotactile patterns via various in-vehicle locations to help improve drivers’ performance during the takeover and can be used to assist in the design of human-machine interfaces (HMI) for automated vehicles. The experiment yielded results illustrating higher urgency patterns were associated with shorter RTs and higher intuitive ratings. Also, pedestrian status and headway reduction signals presented shorter RTs and increased confidence ratings compared to other tactile signal types. Finally, the signal types that yielded the highest accuracy were the surrounding vehicle and navigation signal types. Implications of these findings may lie in informing the design of next-generation in-vehicle HMIs and future human factors studies on human-automation interactions.
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Pulugurtha, Srinivas S., and Raghuveer Gouribhatla. Drivers’ Response to Scenarios when Driving Connected and Automated Vehicles Compared to Vehicles with and without Driver Assist Technology. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.1944.

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Traffic related crashes cause more than 38,000 fatalities every year in the United States. They are the leading cause of death among drivers up to 54 years in age and incur $871 million in losses each year. Driver errors contribute to about 94% of these crashes. In response, automotive companies have been developing vehicles with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that aid in various driving tasks. These features are aimed at enhancing safety by either warning drivers of a potential hazard or picking up certain driving maneuvers like maintaining the lane. These features are already part of vehicles with Driver Assistance Technology, and they are vital for successful deployment of connected and automated vehicles in the near future. However, drivers' responses to driving vehicles with advanced features have been meagerly explored. This research evaluates driver participants' response to scenarios when driving connected and automated vehicles compared to vehicles with and without Driver Assistance Technology. The research developed rural, urban, and freeway driving scenarios in a driver simulator and tested on participants sixteen years to sixty-five years old. The research team explored two types of advanced features by categorizing them into warnings and automated features. The results show that the advanced features affected driving behavior by making driver participants less aggressive and harmonizing the driving environment. This research also discovered that the type of driving scenario influences the effect of advanced features on driver behavior. Additionally, aggressive driving behavior was observed most in male participants and during nighttime conditions. Rainy conditions and female participants were associated with less aggressive driving behavior. The findings from this research help to assess driver behavior when driving vehicles with advanced features. They can be inputted into microsimulation software to model the effect of vehicles with advanced features on the performance of transportation systems, advancing technology that could eventually save millions of dollars and thousands of lives.
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Taiber, Joachim. Unsettled Topics Concerning the Impact of Quantum Technologies on Automotive Cybersecurity. SAE International, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2020026.

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Quantum computing is considered the “next big thing” when it comes to solving computational problems impossible to tackle using conventional computers. However, a major concern is that quantum computers could be used to crack current cryptographic schemes designed to withstand traditional cyberattacks. This threat also impacts future automated vehicles as they become embedded in a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) ecosystem. In this scenario, encrypted data is transmitted between a complex network of cloud-based data servers, vehicle-based data servers, and vehicle sensors and controllers. While the vehicle hardware ages, the software enabling V2X interactions will be updated multiple times. It is essential to make the V2X ecosystem quantum-safe through use of “post-quantum cryptography” as well other applicable quantum technologies. This SAE EDGE™ Research Report considers the following three areas to be unsettled questions in the V2X ecosystem: How soon will quantum computing pose a threat to connected and automated vehicle technologies? What steps and measures are needed to make a V2X ecosystem “quantum-safe?” What standardization is needed to ensure that quantum technologies do not pose an unacceptable risk from an automotive cybersecurity perspective?
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Chien, Stanley, Yaobin Chen, Lauren Christopher, Mei Qiu, and Zhengming Ding. Road Condition Detection and Classification from Existing CCTV Feed. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317364.

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The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has approximately 500 digital cameras along highways in populated areas of Indiana. These cameras are used to monitor traffic conditions around the clock, all year round. Currently, the videos from these cameras are observed one-by-one by human operators looking for traffic conditions and incidents. The main objective of this research was to develop an automatic, real-time system to monitor traffic conditions and detect incidents automatically. The Transportation and Autonomous Systems Institute (TASI) of the Purdue School of Engineering and Technology at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) and the Traffic Management Center of INDOT developed a system that monitors the traffic conditions based on the INDOT CCTV video feeds. The proposed system performs traffic flow estimation, incident detection, and classification of vehicles involved in an incident. The research team designed the system, including the hardware and software components added to the existing INDOT CCTV system; the relationship between the added system and the currently existing INDOT system; the database structure for traffic data extracted from the videos; and a user-friendly, web-based server for showing the incident locations automatically. The specific work in this project includes vehicle-detection, road boundary detection, lane detection, vehicle count over time, flow-rate detection, traffic condition detection, database development, web-based graphical user interface (GUI), and a hardware specification study. The preliminary prototype of some system components has been implemented in the Development of Automated Incident Detection System Using Existing ATMS CCT (SPR-4305).
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Rodier, Caroline, Andrea Broaddus, Miguel Jaller, Jeffery Song, Joschka Bischoff, and Yunwan Zhang. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Novel Access Modes: A Case Study in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1816.

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The first-mile, last-mile problem is a significant deterrent for potential transit riders, especially in suburban neighborhoods with low density. Transit agencies have typically sought to solve this problem by adding parking spaces near transit stations and adding stops to connect riders to fixed-route transit. However, these measures are often only short-term solutions. In the last few years, transit agencies have tested whether new mobility services, such as ridehailing, ridesharing, and microtransit, can offer fast, reliable connections to and from transit stations. However, there is limited research that evaluates the potential impacts of these projects. Concurrently, there is growing interest in the future of automated vehicles (AVs) and the potential of AVs to solve this first-mile problem by reducing the cost of providing these new mobility services to promote access to transit. This paper expands upon existing research to model the simulate the travel and revenue impacts of a fleet of automated vehicles that provide transit access services in the San Francisco Bay Area offered over a range of fares. The model simulates a fleet of AVs for first-mile transit access at different price points for three different service models (door-to-door ridehailing and ridesharing and meeting point ridesharing services). These service models include home-based drop-off and pick-up for single passenger service (e.g., Uber and Lyft), home-based drop-off and pick-up for multi-passenger service (e.g., microtransit), and meeting point multi-passenger service (e.g., Via).
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Shaheen, Susan, Elliot Shaheen, Adam Cohen, Jacquelyn Broader, and Richard Davis. Managing the Curb: Understanding the Impacts of On-Demand Mobility on Public Transit, Micromobility, and Pedestrians. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.1904.

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In recent years, innovative mobility and shifts in travel and consumption behavior are changing how people access and use the curb. Shared mobility—the shared use of a vehicle, bicycle, scooter, or other mode—coupled with outdoor dining, curbside pick-up, and robotic delivery are creating new needs related to the planning, management, and enforcement of curb access. This study examines curb planning and management from several angles, such as safety, social equity, and multimodal connections. This research employs a multi-method approach to identify the changing needs for curb space management and how to meet these needs through new planning and implementation policies and strategies. As part of this study, the authors conducted 23 interviews. Respondents were chosen to represent public, private, and non-profit sector perspectives. Additionally, the authors employed a survey of 1,033 curb users and 241 taxi, transportation network company (TNC), and public transportation drivers. The study finds that changes in mode choice and curbside use can result in a variety of impacts on access, social equity, congestion, device management, pick-up and drop-off, and goods delivery, to name a few. The curb also has the potential to be disrupted by emerging modes, such as robotic delivery vehicles (also known as personal delivery devices) and automated vehicles. As these emerging developments continue to impact the curb, it is becoming increasingly important for policymakers to have an appropriate framework for planning and managing curb space in urban areas.
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Bostelman, Roger V., and Tsai Hong Hong. Review of Research for Docking Automatic Guided Vehicles and Mobile Robots. National Institute of Standards and Technology, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8140.

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Kulhandjian, Hovannes. AI-based Pedestrian Detection and Avoidance at Night using an IR Camera, Radar, and a Video Camera. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2127.

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In 2019, the United States experienced more than 6,500 pedestrian fatalities involving motor vehicles which resulted in a 67% rise in nighttime pedestrian fatalities and only a 10% rise in daytime pedestrian fatalities. In an effort to reduce fatalities, this research developed a pedestrian detection and alert system through the application of a visual camera, infrared camera, and radar sensors combined with machine learning. The research team designed the system concept to achieve a high level of accuracy in pedestrian detection and avoidance during both the day and at night to avoid potentially fatal accidents involving pedestrians crossing a street. The working prototype of pedestrian detection and collision avoidance can be installed in present-day vehicles, with the visible camera used to detect pedestrians during the day and the infrared camera to detect pedestrians primarily during the night as well as at high glare from the sun during the day. The radar sensor is also used to detect the presence of a pedestrian and calculate their range and direction of motion relative to the vehicle. Through data fusion and deep learning, the ability to quickly analyze and classify a pedestrian’s presence at all times in a real-time monitoring system is achieved. The system can also be extended to cyclist and animal detection and avoidance, and could be deployed in an autonomous vehicle to assist in automatic braking systems (ABS).
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