Journal articles on the topic 'Automated vehicles – Law and legislation'
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Chuchaev, A. I., and S. V. Malikov. "RESPONSIBILITY FOR CAUSING HARM BY A HIGHLY AUTOMATED VEHICLE: STATE AND PERSPECTIVES." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 6 (July 18, 2019): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.103.6.117-124.
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The paper describes the existing in Russia regulatory legal responsibility for causing harm by a highly automated (unmanned) vehicle (BTS). The most significant documents currently include: Convention on Road Traffic; Road Safety Strategy in the Russian Federation; «Roadmap» to improve legislation and eliminate administrative barriers in order to ensure the implementation of the National Technology Initiative for the «Avtonet». The main attention is given to the order of the Government of the Russian Federation, in which the first approaches to the regulation of the operation of highly automated vehicles are indicated, the actors responsible for the case of damage by the drone are highlighted. The principles of the functioning of the BTS and the degree of their autonomy are shown in general terms. The authors analyze the approaches in the domestic criminal law to the responsibility of persons managing BTS and the approaches developed in foreign countries in relation to the regulation of the operation of highly automated vehicles. The main approaches to the definition of a criminal law prohibition are indicated and the most important algorithms of criminalization of the considered act are highlighted. The structure of the federal law on the regulation of the use of vehicles equipped with an automatic control system in the territory of the Russian Federation is proposed.
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Marson, James, Katy Ferris, and Jill Dickinson. "The Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 Part 1 and Beyond: A Critical Review." Statute Law Review 41, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmz021.
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Abstract On 19 July 2018, the Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 (AEVA) received Royal Assent. As motor vehicles are becoming increasingly technologically based, with driving aids having taken over many of the more mundane (and possibly dangerous) aspects of driving from the driver, it is imperative that legislation keeps pace to determine the responsibilities of the parties. Motor insurance provides protection for those involved with vehicles and who may suffer harm, injury, and loss due to the negligence of the actors. This is most frequently driver error, but may also include manufacturing defects, which result in deaths and less serious injuries. It is also here where the intersection between torts and insurance laws needs careful management. It would be particularly unfair to ask drivers or third-party victims of motor vehicle accidents to seek redress from a manufacturer for losses incurred during the actions of an autonomous vehicle. Consumer law has historically removed this burden from affected consumers and it is entirely sensible for the law to protect individuals in an emerging field—and perhaps even more so given the trajectory of vehicles with driver-enabled qualities and the numbers of vehicles currently featuring such innovations. Yet, the AEVA consists of aspects which are troubling in respect of the motor insurance industry’s dominance of this market, the application of compulsory insurance, and exclusions and limitations to responsibility which expose policy holders and victims to EU-breaching levels of risk.
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N. Demyanov, Dmitry, Maria V. Krivenkova, and Dinara A. Musabirova. "Autonomous Vehicles as a Category of Transport Law: Definition and Classification." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24956.
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In this paper, the authors consider issues related to the legal definition and understanding of the essence of vehicles with assisted driving and varying degrees of automation. It is pointed out on the need to study the terminological features and definitional difficulties in this area in order to optimize the current Russian transport legislation. The world experience of practical use of vehicles with assisted driving, as well as the legal regulation of related issues is analyzed. The characteristics of various types of automated vehicles are given and investigated. There are considered the current proposals for making amendments to the Rules of the road, aimed at regulating the legal status of unmanned vehicles. The imperfection of these additions, which do not take into account the presence of various levels of vehicle automation, is substantiated. An alternative approach to the formation of an effective conceptual apparatus based on the degree of automation of the driving process is proposed.
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Andraško, Jozef, Ondrej Hamuľák, Matúš Mesarčík, Tanel Kerikmäe, and Aleksi Kajander. "Sustainable Data Governance for Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility in the European Union." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 10610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910610.
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The article focuses on the issue of data governance in connected vehicles through a novel analysis of current legal frameworks in the European Union. The analysis of relevant legislation, judicial decisions, and doctrines is supplemented by discussions relating to associated sustainability issues. Relevant notions of autonomous vehicles are analyzed, and a respective legal framework is introduced. Although fully automated vehicles are a matter for the future, the time to regulate is now. The European Union aims to create cooperative, connected, and automated mobility based on cooperation between different interconnected types of machinery. The essence of the system is data flow, as data governance in connected vehicles is one of the most intensively discussed themes nowadays. This triggers a need to analyze relevant legal frameworks in connection with fundamental rights and freedoms. Replacing human decision-making with artificial intelligence has the capacity to erode long-held and protected social and cultural values, such as the autonomy of individuals as has already been in evidence in legislation. Finally, the article deals with the issue of responsibility and liability of different actors involved in processing personal data according to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) applied to the environment of connected and automated vehicle (CAV) smart infrastructure. Based on a definition and analysis of three model situations, we point out that in several cases of processing personal data within the CAV, it proves extremely demanding to determine the liable entity, due to the functional and relatively broad interpretation of the concept of joint controllers, in terms of the possibility of converging decisions on the purposes and means of processing within the vehicles discussed.
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Amelichkin, Aleksei Viktorovich. "On the legal problems of operation of highly automated vehicles in road traffic." Административное и муниципальное право, no. 3 (March 2021): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0595.2021.3.35319.
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The subject of this research is the system of legal relations in area of ensuring road safety in terms of operation of highly automated vehicles on public roads. The object of this research is social relations arising in the context of operation of highly automated vehicles traffic on public roads. The goal of this article consists in examination of the normative legal framework that regulates the peculiarities of operation of highly automated vehicles, as well as in development of recommendations for improving the normative legal framework. The author explores the issues of normative legal regulation of operation of highly automated vehicles on public roads. Special attention is given to the current issues of legal nature. The novelty is defined by the need to improve legal mechanism for the operation of highly automated vehicles on public roads. The author identifies the problems and offers solution on enhancing road safety in terms of operation of highly automated vehicles on public roads for protecting the road users. The conclusion is made on the need to revise the normative legal acts in the area of ensuring road safety for the purpose of achieving a positive result from implementation of highly automated vehicles into road traffic. The acquired results can be used in the legislative activity of government authorities, law enforcement practice, educational process of the educational institutions, scientific research of the experts on ensuring road safety, improvement of the branches of the Russian legal system.
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Mikhaleva, Irina Sergeevna, and Anastasiya Sergeevna Sergunova. "The subject of liability in road traffic accident involving a highly or fully automated vehicle." NB: Административное право и практика администрирования, no. 1 (January 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2306-9945.2021.1.35493.
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The object of this research is the system of socio-legal relations in the sphere of ensuring road traffic safety. The subject of this research is the legal norms that regulate the administrative-legal status of the driver of automated vehicle in the instance of committing offense that caused a road traffic accident. The goal of this article consists in the analysis of the normative framework that regulates operation of automated vehicle on the road, as well as the administrative-legal status of the driver of such vehicle. Analysis is conducted on the foreign experience, federal legislation, bylaws and departmental acts pertaining to consolidation of the the legal status of the driver of automated vehicle in the instance of committing offense that caused a road traffic accident. The novelty of this work is defined by practical and scientific relevance of the problems of the activity of law enforcement agencies in the area of ensuring road traffic safety, as well as the need for improving the legal framework that regulates the authority of the Russian police. The acquired results can be used in legislative activity of the government branches, activity of the law enforcement agencies, educational institutions, scientific research of the experts dealing with the problems of ensuring road traffic safety, improvement of the branches of Russian legal system.
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БЕРЕЗИНА, Елена Александровна. "THE PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF LEGAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE OPERATION OF UNMANNED (AUTONOMOUS, HIGHLY AUTOMATED) VEHICLES." Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 18, no. 3(69) (October 20, 2022): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2022.3.6.
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The world community is currently at the stage of rapid development of all types of technologies – information, industrial, social, each of which, ideally, should be designed to improve various spheres of public life. However, any of the technologies carries certain risks that society and the legislator should take into account. One of the technologies gaining increasing popularity in many developed countries of the world is autonomous driving technology, which poses new challenges to legislators of all countries, forces them to solve new problems arising in connection with their introduction into public life. Such problems may include the problem of liability for damage caused by activities related to the operation of unmanned (autonomous, highly automated) vehicles. The pace of development of new technologies is constantly increasing, and the legislator does not always keep up with the development of social relations. In this situation, science should help to detect the problem and identify possible solutions. The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems of legal regulation of legal liability for damage caused by the operation of unmanned (autonomous, highly automated) vehicles. Methods: to achieve this goal, special legal methods are used: formal legal, based on knowledge of special legal terminology, legal constructions, classifications of legal phenomena; the method of interpretation of law used in the analysis of normative legal acts and their projects. Results: the conclusion is made about the need for a more balanced approach when legislating legal liability for damage caused by the operation of unmanned (autonomous, highly automated) vehicles. The author provides a justification for the need to classify highly automated vehicles (hereinafter referred to as HAV) and activities related to their operation to sources of increased danger, by analyzing the specifics of HAV; reveals the features of the composition of such a civil law tort as causing harm by the operation of HAV; indicates the grounds for civil liability for damage caused by the operation of HAV; designates the conditions and features of legal liability in the area under consideration. The article proposes as a priority for the Russian Federation to choose a concept according to which the subjects of legal liability for damage caused by the operation of the unmanned vehicle are both its owner and maker (manufacturer), who must bear joint responsibility regardless of the presence or absence of guilt.
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Smolyakov, P. N. "Liability of Legal Entities for Offenses Recorded by Special Technical Devices." Actual Problems of Russian Law 1, no. 12 (January 20, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.109.12.011-016.
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The article is devoted to the exemption of legal entities from liability for administrative offenses recorded by special technical devices operating in an automatic mode and having functions of photo and film shooting, video recording, or by means of photo and film shooting, video recording. It is noted that the existing regulation in the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation in the interpretation of the highest court and other courts makes such liability ephemeral, allowing to arbitrarily shift it, for example, onto natural persons, e.i. drivers of vehicles belonging to legal entities. This situation allows legal entities with a large number of commercial vehicles throughout the country to easily avoid paying large amounts of administrative fines, which has nefative effect on pumping up the treasury and encourages further illegal behavior of their drivers on the roads. The author proposes to discuss the state of legislation and law enforcement on this issue.
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Thiele-Evans, Lilla, Blake Pepper, John Zeleznikow, Neil Foster, and Tania Sourdin. "Regulatory approaches to managing artificial intelligence systems in autonomous vehicles in Australia." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaab002.
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Abstract This article explores the emergence of Automated Vehicles (AVs) in Australia. It will investigate the legal and regulatory terrain. International and domestic approaches are examined to determine potential responses. The regulatory issues emerge partly due to the varied nature of artificial intelligence systems and processes that enable AVs to function. The variations may be due to the chosen domain model, software development processes, or the development of biases that may occur during code development for the underlying artificial intelligence system. Such variations can create difficulties in the application of road rules, safety requirements, and the legal and regulatory requirements. They may give rise to significant issues relating to driver classification and licensing for AVs, due to the varied levels of control and involvement in the driving process. For this reason, legislative reform at specific jurisdictional levels is suggested together with clearer international standards as a pathway to ensure the safe and effective integration of autonomous vehicles into society.
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Vaida, Taras. "PECULIARITIES OF USE BY THE POLICE OF “PHANTOM”-CARS AS MOBILE TECHNICAL MEANS IN THE ROAD SAFETY SYSTEM (ON THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE)." Administrative law and process, no. 1(34) (2022): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2227-796x.2022.1.02.
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The purpose of the article is to determine on the basis of the analysis of statistical data characterizing the state of road injuries in Ukraine, the main causes of road accidents; conducting a comparative description of existing technical means of speed control; description of the specifics of the use of removable (mobile) vehicles with integrated systems for automatic safety control (speed mode) on the roads by patrol police units. To achieve this goal, scientific methods were used, such as critical analysis of special literature and specification of current requirements of regulations in the field of road safety to control the speed limit; systematization of knowledge (information) from open Internet resources and generalization of existing approaches in popular science publications to solve the raised problem in Ukraine and in the world. Results. The norms of the current legislation have been determined and analysed, which provide the possibility of fixing violations of traffic rules at stationary posts and in automatic mode. Such categories of current legislation in the field of road safety, as “system for recording administrative offenses in the field of ensuring SRT in automatic node”, “technical means (control devices)”, the procedure for their application in accordance with the law. A comparative analysis of the use of “phantom” cars abroad was conducted. The tactical and technical characteristics of domestic patrol police vehicles, which control the speed of traffic due to the built-in integrated systems, are characterised. Some legal collisions that arise when using the above-mentioned mobile devices to control the speed limit on the roads are concretised. Conclusions were made on ensuring road safety as a complex problem that requires participation in its solution at various levels of many business entities and executive bodies; different ways of speed control on roads (stationary and mobile technical means) are noted; highlighted as one of the innovations in this area the application of “phantom” cars with integrated speed control systems; the presence of such “phantom” cars disciplines drivers and requires to comply the traffic rules be them anywhere on the road network.
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Uhlemann, Elisabeth. "Legislation Supports Autonomous Vehicles But Not Connected Ones [Connected and Automated Vehicles]." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 17, no. 2 (June 2022): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2022.3159987.
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Sjoberg, Katrin. "Activities on Legislation for Autonomous Vehicles Take Off [Connected and Automated Vehicles]." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 16, no. 3 (September 2021): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2021.3091393.
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Uhlemann, Elisabeth. "Should Legislation Dictate Exact Technology Choices? [Connected and Automated Vehicles]." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 17, no. 4 (December 2022): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2022.3210715.
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Hubbard, Sarah M. L. "Automated Vehicle Legislative Issues." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 7 (June 8, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118774155.
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This paper provides a synthesis of issues addressed by state legislation in relation to automated vehicles (AV); technologies are rapidly evolving and many states have developed legislation to govern AV testing and deployment and assure safety on public roads. The expected benefits of AV include increased safety, increased capacity, decreased congestion, increased productivity because of hands-free travel, and increased mobility for people who cannot drive. The projected economic impact of AV is significant, with an estimated market of $7 trillion by 2050. Potential challenges include increased costs, liability and licensing issues, privacy considerations, security and cybersecurity concerns, and potential job losses. Legislative responses to AV technology have varied significantly, depending on the state. Twenty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed legislation related to AV, and six states have executive orders. Even after federal AV legislation is passed, there will still be an important role for states in AV licensure, registration, insurance, traffic laws, enforcement, infrastructure, and emergency response. The objective of this research is to identify and synthesize current state legislation related to AV, which shows diverse responses and has led to a patchwork of operating conditions from state to state. The information presented in this paper provides important information as agencies and decision makers develop strategic plans for AV activities at every level, and serves an important function by documenting the evolution of issues related to AV which is an important part of transportation history.
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Noor, Ahmed K., and Sven A. Beiker. "Intelligent and Connected." Mechanical Engineering 134, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2012-nov-2.
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This article reviews the research and development of automated connected vehicles that aim to reduce road accidents, money, fuel, and conserve environment. Major automotive companies have added automated functions to their vehicles, and various driver assistance systems—adaptive cruise control, video-based lane analysis, and steering and braking assistance—are currently available on high-end models. Automated systems can assess some traffic situations faster than humans can. As a result, automated driving is expected to significantly reduce accidents and traffic fatalities, improve traffic flow and highway capacity, achieve better fuel efficiency, and reduce emissions. However, on the way towards fully automated driving, many challenges need to be addressed. There are technology issues, including reliability, and non-technical issues of cost, regulation, and legislation. In order to accelerate the development of fully automated connected vehicles, there is a need for a cooperative approach. A practical evolutionary roadmap can be developed by an interdisciplinary panel of experts representing major car companies, government agencies, research centers, and academia.
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Clements, Lewis M., and Kara M. Kockelman. "Economic Effects of Automated Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2606, no. 1 (January 2017): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2606-14.
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Connected and fully automated or autonomous vehicles (CAVs) may soon dominate the automotive industry. Once CAVs are sufficiently reliable and affordable, they will penetrate markets and thereby generate economic ripple effects throughout industries. This paper synthesizes and expands on existing analyses of the economic effects of CAVs in the United States across 13 industries and the overall economy. CAVs will soon be central to the automotive industry, with software composing a greater share of vehicle value than previously. The number of vehicles purchased each year may fall because of vehicle sharing, but rising travel distances may increase vehicle sales. The opportunity for heavy-truck drivers to do other work or rest during long drives may lower freight costs and increase capacity. Personal transport may shift toward shared autonomous vehicle fleet use, reducing that of taxis, buses, and other forms of group travel. Fewer collisions and more law-abiding vehicles will lower demand for auto repair, traffic police, medical, insurance, and legal services. CAVs will also lead to new methods for managing travel demand and the repurposing of curbside and off-street parking and will generate major savings from productivity gains during hands-free travel and reduction of pain and suffering costs from crashes. If CAVs eventually capture a large share of the automotive market, they are estimated to have economic impacts of $1.2 trillion or $3,800 per American per year. This paper presents important considerations for CAVs’ overall effects and quantifies those impacts.
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Fialová, Eva. "AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES AND EUROPEAN DATA PROTECTION LAW." MECCA Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars 17, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mecdc.2020.01.01.
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Autonomous vehicles process a huge amount of data about the driver, or rather passengers of the vehicle, as well as about other persons (pedestrians and passengers of other vehicles). This is why the autonomous vehicles raise questions about the protection of personal data. In 2018 a new European data protection legislation came into force. The General Data Protection Regulation places new obligations on controllers of personal data and provides new rights to data subjects, which will relate to operations of autonomous vehicles and their infrastructure. The providers thereof will have to implement the principles of data protection legislation into their systems. In this context the personal data is not just data concerning the identity of the driver, a passenger or other persons, but any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, or even due to a peculiar behaviour in the vehicle. The paper will focus on the new legal regulation in relation to the operation of autonomous vehicles.Autonomní vozidla zpracovávají velké množství údajů o řidiči vozidla, resp. cestujících ve vozidle, jakož i o dalších osobách (spolucestujících, chodcích a pasažérech v jiných vozidlech). To je důvod, proč provoz autonomních vozidel vyvolává řadu otázek týkajících se ochrany osobních údajů. V roce 2018 nabyla účinnosti nová evropská právní úprava regulující tuto oblast. Obecné nařízení o ochraně osobních údajů přináší nové povinnosti správcům osobních údajů, jakož i nová práva subjektům údajů, která se budou týkat provozu autonomních vozidel a infrastruktury. Výrobci a poskytovatelé služeb budou muset do svých systémů implementovat legislativu o ochraně osobních údajů. Osobními údaji nejsou pouze údaje týkající se totožnosti řidiče, cestujících nebo jiných osob, ale veškeré informace vztahujících se k identifikované nebo identifikovatelné fyzické osobě, kterou lze přímo nebo nepřímo identifikovat, zejména odkazem na identifikátor, jako je např. název, identifikační číslo, lokalizační údaje, nebo třeba i kvůli osobitému chování ve vozidle. Tento článek se zaměřuje na novou právní úpravu ve vztahu k provozu autonomních vozidel.
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Contissa, Giuseppe, Francesca Lagioia, and Giovanni Sartor. "The Ethical Knob: ethically-customisable automated vehicles and the law." Artificial Intelligence and Law 25, no. 3 (September 2017): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10506-017-9211-z.
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Samosir, Hotlan. "ASPECT OF JUSTICE ON PROGRESSIVE TARIFF STIPULATION POLICY ON MOTORIZED VEHICLES TAX IN PAPUA PROVINCE." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 7, no. 2 (September 16, 2018): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v7i2.21668.
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<p>This study aims to analyze the implementation of progressive tariffs on motorized vehicles in Papua Province based on Regional Legislation Number 4 of 2011 concerning Regional Taxes. The problem studied in this paper is how aspects of democracy and justice are applied in regional legislation in Papua Province. The study was conducted by using a normative juridical research method which is focused on studying the application of norms in positive law. The application of progressive tax on four-wheeled motorized vehicles in Papua Province required review as it contradicted aspects of democracy and justice as mandated by Law Number 28 of 2009 concerning regional taxes and Regional Retributions. The enactment of the law gave a mandate to the region to form and issue a regional legislation as a legal basis for local tax collection. Based on the mandate, Regional Legislation Number 4 of 2011 concerning Regional Taxes in Papua Province was formed. Thus, the application of the regional legislation has not fully appropriate yet due to the factual consideration that the limitation on the number of four-wheeled vehicles in Papua Province is not due as its density is still at the normal level.</p>
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Ananyeva, Anna A. "Provision of Services for the Dispatching Control of Unmanned Vehicles as a Means of Achieving a Balance Between the Needs of the Digital Transformation of the Transport Complex and the Protection of Consumer Rights." Rossijskoe pravosudie, S1 (October 5, 2022): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2022.si.46-56.
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The introduction of highly automated, including unmanned vehicles, is one of the most important elements of global digitalization, which in most cases makes it possible to make transport more economical, faster and more comfortable. At the same time, it is associated with new risks, including the safety of passengers, as well as the need to ensure the protection of their rights and legitimate interests under a passenger transportation (chartering) agreement. This creates a request for regulatory restrictions on the use of artificial intelligence systems in transport. Therefore, today the transport legislation in our country does not allow or seriously restricts the possibility of operating vehicles using automatic systems without human intervention. Meanwhile, the use of unmanned vehicles for the transportation of passengers both in road and air transport is only a matter of time, which is why today in the Russian Federation there are a number of experimental legal regimes aimed at testing unmanned vehicles in order to spread them throughout the country in the nearest future. It seems that an important way to ensure a balance between the development and implementation of these technologies and the safety of their operation for a person, society, as well as protecting the rights of passengers will be the remote control of unmanned vehicles by a person and the possibility for his intervention in case of emergency in order to solve emerging problems. For these purposes, it is proposed to use private remote control dispatch centers that provide traffic control services for highly automated vehicles. The purpose of this article is to study the legal basis for the interaction between the operator and highly automated transport, the operator and owner of highly automated transport, etc. These can be legal relations for the provision of services for the dispatching control of unmanned vehicles, and the current example is operator control of traffic in railway transport.
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Gregorski, Mateusz. "Analysis of international law on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles through the prism of European Union law." Przegląd europejski 4 (August 6, 2019): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3455.
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The paper covers the topic of unmanned aerial vehicles in European and international law. Proposed changes and planned new regulations are also included in the overview. After introducing the basic terminology, the article tackles the problem of international responsibility and legal collision. Further analysis presents the division of legal competencies connected with unmanned aviation in the international legal system. In this context the current status of the EASA consultation process has also been presented. The aim of this process is to deliver new regulations for unmanned aerial vehicles in the European Union. The article summarizes the current legal status of unmanned aviation, including also ongoing legislation processes.
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Wang, Yu, Xiaopeng Li, and Handong Yao. "Review of trajectory optimisation for connected automated vehicles." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2018.5184.
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Navarro-Michel, Mónica. "La aplicación de la normativa sobre accidentes de tráfico a los causados por vehículos automatizados y autónomos = Aapplication of road traffic regulations to accidents caused by automated and autonomous vehicles." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5231.
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Resumen: La industria automovilística está trabajando para incrementar la seguridad de los vehículos a través de su automatización, con la idea de llegar al vehículo complemente autónomo. La Unión Europea fomenta la adopción de infraestructuras conectadas para promocionar el despliegue de los vehículos automatizados. Este trabajo tiene por objeto revisar la legislación actualmente vigente de responsabilidad civil derivada de accidentes de tráfico, para ver cómo se aplicará cuando se vea involucrado un vehículo automatizado o autónomo. Si resulta inadecuada, será necesario introducir cambios legislativos, y presento las reformas hechas a las leyes de accidentes de circulación en Alemania y el Reino Unido, que pueden servir como modelo.Palabras clave: vehículos autónomos, vehículos automatizados, vehículos conectados, responsabilidad civil, accidentes de tráfico.Abstract: The car industry is working to increase vehicle safety through automation, aiming for the self-driving vehicle. The European Union encourages the adoption of connected infrastructures to promote automated vehicles. This paper aim to review the current civil liability legislation as it applies to traffic accidents, to see how it would be applied when an automated or autonomous vehicle is involved. If it is inadequate, it will be necessary to introduce legislative changes, and I describe the amendments made to traffic accident laws in Germany and the United Kingdom, which may be used as a model.Keywords: autonomous vehicles, automated vehicles, connected vehicles, civil liability, traffic accidents.
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Etzioni, Shelly, Jamil Hamadneh, Arnór B. Elvarsson, Domokos Esztergár-Kiss, Milena Djukanovic, Stelios N. Neophytou, Jaka Sodnik, et al. "Modeling Cross-National Differences in Automated Vehicle Acceptance." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 9765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229765.
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The technology that allows fully automated driving already exists and it may gradually enter the market over the forthcoming decades. Technology assimilation and automated vehicle acceptance in different countries is of high interest to many scholars, manufacturers, and policymakers worldwide. We model the mode choice between automated vehicles and conventional cars using a mixed multinomial logit heteroskedastic error component type model. Specifically, we capture preference heterogeneity assuming a continuous distribution across individuals. Different choice scenarios, based on respondents’ reported trip, were presented to respondents from six European countries: Cyprus, Hungary, Iceland, Montenegro, Slovenia, and the UK. We found that large reservations towards automated vehicles exist in all countries with 70% conventional private car choices, and 30% automated vehicles choices. We found that men, under the age of 60, with a high income who currently use private car, are more likely to be early adopters of automated vehicles. We found significant differences in automated vehicles acceptance in different countries. Individuals from Slovenia and Cyprus show higher automated vehicles acceptance while individuals from wealthier countries, UK, and Iceland, show more reservations towards them. Nontrading mode choice behaviors, value of travel time, and differences in model parameters among the different countries are discussed.
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Connolly, Thomas R., and J. Karl Hedrick. "Longitudinal Transition Maneuvers in an Automated Highway System." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 121, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2802498.
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The control structure for automated vehicles in an Automated Highway System is based on the idea of multiple-surface sliding control. The “upper” surface determines a desired net torque while the “lower” surface determines the required throttle angle or brake pressure needed to achieve the desired torque. This paper presents an upper surface control law for performing longitudinal transition maneuvers. The maneuvers use desired velocity trajectories which are based on maintaining safety and comfort throughout the maneuver. The control law chosen is a sliding controller due to the nonlinearities in the dynamics and the uncertainties in the parameters. Adaptive techniques were also implemented to help improve the velocity tracking. The controller was implemented on experimental vehicles and tested at highway speeds.
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Davey, James. "By Insurers, For Insurers: The UK’s Liability Regime for Autonomous Vehicles." Journal of Tort Law 13, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 163–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jtl-2020-2010.
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AbstractThe United Kingdom has enacted legislation to govern the liability of highly autonomous vehicles. The chosen method is peculiar, with liability placed on motor (auto) insurers despite the lack of a corresponding liability on road users. This article seeks to explain why the UK government was so invested in maintaining mass market motor insurance policies (instead of a system based on motor manufacturer liability) and suggests that the answer lies in insurers’ desire to harvest customer data. We are the product.
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Huseby, Jennifer. "Who Gets to Operate on Herbie? Right to Repair Legislation in the Context of Automated Vehicles." Journal of Law and Mobility, no. 2020 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36635/jlm.2020.who.
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You bought it, you own it, but do you have the right to repair it? As right-to-repair remains a hot topic in the context of consumer electronics such as smartphones, one must consider the ramifications it may have for the automated vehicle (“AV”) industry. As the backdrop for one of the first legislative victories for right-to-repair, the automobile industry has continued to push for the expansion of right-to-repair to cover increased access to telematics and exceptions to proprietary software controls. However, as we revisit the issue for more highly connected and automated vehicles, it is important to assess the unique considerations of the AV sector before we can transpose previously learned lessons into a new, nearly unpredictable context. As such, this article examines a possible framework that addresses the technical and privacy concerns that uniquely arise when applying right-to-repair legislation to AVs. By attempting to predict on how previously learned lessons may influence action going forward, this article hopes to influence the right-to-repair discourse that will arise between manufacturers, consumers, and independent repair technicians for AVs.
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Chandler, Jordan S., Geoffrey Cone, Paolo Panico, and Amy M. Staehr. "Foundations in the wild west: the Wyoming Statutory Foundation Act." Trusts & Trustees 25, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttz042.
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Abstract Traditionally a civil law concept, the use of foundations as wealth management and succession planning vehicles is gaining popularity in common law jurisdictions. Wyoming is the second state in the USA to adopt common law foundation legislation that will allow for the formation and administration of statutory foundations. The Wyoming Statutory Foundation Act, effective 1 July 2019, combines elements of well-established trust and corporate law in Wyoming with classical elements of foundation legislation found in civil law jurisdictions, while also providing access to Wyoming’s privacy and asset preservation laws.
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Yudkina, Valeria V. "Highly Automated Transportation Means as a Subject of Public Security." Administrative law and procedure 10 (October 6, 2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1166-2022-10-49-53.
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The prospects for the development of a new institution for Russian law of highly automated vehicles are considered. The administrative and legal status of subjects involved in the management of unmanned vehicles is due to modern digital technologies, since not only a person who physically has control over the vehicle, but also a subject capable of controlling the traffic situation is involved in the management process.
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Feys, Manon, Evy Rombaut, and Lieselot Vanhaverbeke. "Does a Test Ride Influence Attitude towards Autonomous Vehicles? A Field Experiment with Pretest and Posttest Measurement." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105387.
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Autonomous vehicles have the potential to disrupt the mobility system. Therefore, it is important to understand attitude formation towards autonomous vehicles. The focus of this study is on the private user’s technology acceptance of an autonomous vehicle. The study applies the determinants of technology acceptance to capture users’ attitude towards and intention to adopt autonomous vehicles. A field experiment with 27 participants was conducted to assess changes in determinants before and after a test ride with a level 2 automated vehicle. The automated vehicle was equipped with technology that allowed a hands-off, feet-off experience on a public road in real traffic. The results show that a ride has a positive and significant effect on attitudes towards autonomous vehicles. Additionally, participants with higher ratings of technology anxiety show a remarkable increase in attitude towards autonomous vehicles after the ride compared to participants with lower levels of technology anxiety. These findings indicate that experience with a partially automated vehicle has a potentially positive effect on the acceptance of autonomous vehicles. As such, our study illustrates the importance of continuous pilot testing with private automated vehicles to increase future user acceptance of autonomous vehicles.
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Kochoi, S. M. "Criminal Law Risks when Using Unmanned Vehicles." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.128.7.125-135.
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The use of many achievements of the scientific and technological revolution contains risks, including criminal ones. However, this circumstance cannot serve as an obstacle to progress, the instruments of which are these achievements. Obviously, criminal prosecution can only take place when reasonable and minimum requirements are not observed to prevent harm from being caused in a situation in which it should not be done. At the very least, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation should not interfere with progress, but as a maximum should help it. The norms on unmanned vehicles proposed in the criminal law literature to supplement the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are intended to serve this purpose. These vehicles imply any unmanned vehicles (UV), primarily autonomous vehicles (AV) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), unmanned aircraft (UA). A critical analysis of these norms allows us to assert that there is no need to create our own criminal law definition of an unmanned vehicle. It is enough to use the definition that exists in the field-specific, transport legislation. The author rejects an idea to supplement the body of a crime provided for by individual articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with the classifying element “committing a crime with the use of a UAV”. The author finds reasonable to supplement article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with a rule granting the court the right to decide at its own discretion in what kind of crime the use of the UV (AV, UAV, UA, etc.) should be considered an aggravating circumstance.
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Learn, Stacy, Jiaqi Ma, Kelli Raboy, Fang Zhou, and Yi Guo. "Freeway speed harmonisation experiment using connected and automated vehicles." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 12, no. 5 (June 1, 2018): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2017.0149.
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Chung, Tae-Jong. "Public Law Tasks on the Operation and Safety of the Automated Vehicles." Journal of Legal Studies 28, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 91–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.35223/gnulaw.28.1.5.
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Pardy, Maree, Juliet Rogers, and Nan Seuffert. "Perversion and Perpetration in Female Genital Mutilation Law: The Unmaking of Women as Bearers of Law." Social & Legal Studies 29, no. 2 (July 23, 2019): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663919856681.
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Female genital cutting (FGC) or, more controversially, female genital mutilation, has motivated the implementation of legislation in many English-speaking countries, the product of emotive images and arguments that obscure the realities of the practices of FGC and the complexity of the role of the practitioner. In Australia, state and territory legislation was followed, in 2015, with a conviction in New South Wales highlighting the problem with laws that speak to fantasies of ‘mutilation’. This article analyses the positioning of Islamic women as victims of their culture, represented as performing their roles as vehicles for demonic possession, unable to authorize agency or law. Through a perverse framing of ‘mutilation’, and in the case through the interpretation of the term ‘mutilation’, practices of FGC as law performed by women are obscured, avoiding the challenge of a real multiculturalism that recognises lawful practices of migrant cultures in democratic countries.
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McMahon, Joe, and Rosa Greaves. "European Community Law." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 51, no. 1 (January 2002): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/51.1.177.
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The previous contribution on the current developments in Transport focused on problems of financing new infrastructure and on the allocation of the true costs of transport among those who generated them.1 In 1999 a directive on charging heavy vehicles for the use of certain infrastructures was finally adopted.2 During the period under review, infrastructure matters and safety and environmental concerns remained high on the agenda of the Common Transport Policy. As far as individual modes of transport are concerned the most significant developments have been in rail transport where a package of measure to open up this market has finally been adopted. The required legislation to liberalise all modes of transport has also now been adopted.
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Pocklington, David. "An Assessment of The Proposed European Legislation for End-of-Life Vehicles." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 7, Issue 5 (May 1, 1998): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1998021.
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The proposed Directive on End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs); its relationship with existing mandatory and voluntary measures; the environmental issues - high recyclability of end-of-life vehicles, relationship with the life-cycle; The legislative background; Key features of the proposal; The legal issues - costs of compliance, implementation, legal basis, retroactivity, legislative controls and vehicle disposal, the legal status of vehicles, stakeholder liabilities; Definitions - stakeholder liabilities, de minimis provisions, information, recycling targets, certificates of destruction, air bags; Conclusion that the targeting of EL Vs for mandatory control is inconsistent with moves towards voluntary control in other areas and that mandatory controls "offer little added value in terms of environmental benefit yet have the potential for imposing a significant and generally counterproductive burden on the economic sectors involved".
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Thomaidis, George, Angelos Amditis, Panagiotis Lytrivis, Christina Kotsiourou, Giannis Karaseitanidis, and Grant Grubb. "Multi-sensor tracking and lane estimation in highly automated vehicles." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2011.0166.
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Korobeev, A. I., and A. I. Chuchaev. "Unmanned Vehicles: New Challenges to Public Security." Lex Russica, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.147.2.009-028.
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The paper gives a general description of unmanned ground, aerial, surface, underwater, space vehicles developed inRussiaand abroad to be used for military purposes and national economy. In general, the paper highlights principles of their functioning and the degree of their autonomy. Special attention is paid to the danger they create to a person, property, etc., in traffic accidents and when moral and legal problems are involved (in compliance with the concepts of a “trolley case” and necessity that are often applied in common practice, e.g. concerning road transport). The authors suggest a road map according to which, first, gaps in the legislation (i.g. in civil and administrative law) should be eliminated; second, the rules of traffic safety and operation of unmanned vehicles should be determined, and, third, a criminal law on liability for damage caused by the drone should be elaborated. Main approaches to the definition of this criminal law prohibition are indicated and the most important algorithms of criminalization of the act in question are highlighted.
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Liu, Peng, Yong Du, Lin Wang, and Ju Da Young. "Ready to bully automated vehicles on public roads?" Accident Analysis & Prevention 137 (March 2020): 105457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105457.
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Zhang, Kekun, Dayi Qu, Hui Song, Tao Wang, and Shouchen Dai. "Analysis of Lane-Changing Decision-Making Behavior and Molecular Interaction Potential Modeling for Connected and Automated Vehicles." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 11049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141711049.
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With the technical support of an intelligent networking environment, autonomous driving technology is facing a new stage of development, and the decision-making behavior of autonomous vehicles is changing fundamentally, so it is urgent to explore the lane-changing decision-making behavior mechanism of autonomous driving. Firstly, through the analysis of system similarity, the similarity between autonomous vehicles and moving molecules is sought, and the attraction and repulsion between molecules are applied to the lane-changing process of vehicles to effectively recognize the traffic scene of lane-changing vehicles. Secondly, the molecular interaction potential is introduced to unify the attraction and repulsion, and explore the dynamic influencing factors of lane-changing behavior for vehicles. Moreover, we systematically analyze the interaction relationship in the lane-changing process of Connected and Automated Vehicles, and establish the molecular interaction potential lane-changing model to explore the lane-changing decision-making behavior mechanism. Furthermore, we study the impact of micro lane-changing behavior on macro traffic flow. Finally, the SL2015 lane-changing model and the molecular interaction potential lane-changing model are compared and analyzed by using the SUMO platform. The results show that the speed fluctuation of Connected and Automated Vehicles based on the molecular interaction potential lane-changing model is reduced by 15.5%, and the number of passed vehicles is increased by 3.26% on average, which has better safety, stability, and efficiency. The molecular interaction potential modeling of lane-changing decision-making behavior for Connected and Automated Vehicles comprehensively considers the interaction relationship of dynamic factors in the traffic environment, and scientifically shows the lane-changing decision-making mechanism of Connected and Automated Vehicles.
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Zannoni, Diego. "Fiscal State Aid to Promote Clean Transport." EC Tax Review 27, Issue 5 (September 1, 2018): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2018027.
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The diffusion of non-conventionally fuelled vehicles compared to conventional ones experienced significant constraints due to their higher cost and the lack of adequate public charging facilities. The EU, to overcome such constraints, adopted measures that encourage a shift towards more sustainable forms of mobility. In this domain EU Member States are adopting fiscal and direct incentives. The lack of coordination has nonetheless generated discrepancies among States in terms of vehicles sales. The article will focus on the relationship between fiscal and direct incentives and State aid. An assessment will verify under what conditions fiscal and direct incentives, aiming to promote clean transport, may be exempted from the general prohibition of State aid. To obtain a full picture, the impact of the freedoms of movement on tax legislation will be considered in tandem to EU provisions on discriminatory levies. The study concludes highlighting how electric vehicles cannot be axiomatically assumed to have zero CO2 emissions.
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Rassolov, I. M., and S. G. Chubukova. "Artificial Intelligence and Effective Governance: Legal Framework." Kutafin Law Review 9, no. 2 (July 5, 2022): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2713-0525.2022.2.20.309-328.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) use in the state governance structures is obviously on the rise. Cognitive technologies have potential to transform the government sector — by reducing expenses, mundane chores, coping with resource limitations, making more accurate projections, and implementing AI into an array of organizational processes and systems. Methods. General research methods: analysis, synthesis, logical method were employed to study certain concepts and legal categories and their interrelations (artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence technologies, governance system, machine-readable law, digital state, automated decision-making, etc.) and develop insights into public relations amid proactive use of artificial intelligence systems and technologies in the governance system. Comparative legal research method was used to discern dynamics and further trends in legal relations, as well as to compare approaches of foreign countries to regulating AI systems and technologies. Prognostic method was applied to project the future of the Russian legislation as concerns building effective legal framework to regulate AI systems and technologies in the governance system. Technical legal (dogmatic) method helped develop legal foundation for the use of technologies and AI systems in the governance sphere. The analysis showed promising theoretical and practical avenues of modern law development in the aspect of artificial intelligence: the concept of artificial intelligence within the conceptual legal framework was described; legal regulation of administrative processes and its specifics were defined; ethics and principles of artificial intelligence application in governance were stressed, which involves restrictions of AI use in automated decision-making; stipulating the status of informed consent in the legislation in case an automated decision is made; the procedure which allows prohibiting the use of automated decision was established, as well as the procedure of AI risk assessment in the governance system, ensuring proper data protection and independent security monitoring.
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Bylinin, Igor Aleksandrovich. "On the oversight activity with regards to carpooling and exercising federal state supervision in the area of road safety to its participants." NB: Административное право и практика администрирования, no. 2 (February 2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2306-9945.2021.2.35692.
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The subject of this research is the normative legal acts that regulate responsibility for nonobservance of mandatory requirements on ensuring road safety in the context of using online services for joint trips (carpooling), law enforcement practice, and consideration of the author’s perspective on the improvement of carpooling. The object of this research is the public relations that emerge while using online services for joint trips that involve personal vehicles with partial compensation for driver’s expenses (carpooling). The goal of this article is to improve legislation in the area of state oversight over the activity of individuals operating vehicle for the purpose of obtaining commercial profit and organizers of the operation of vehicles without concluding transport agreement or a charter contract. The scientific novelty lies in proposing amendments to the current legislation in the sphere of exercising state supervision of ensuring road safety and interpretation of the Article 20 of the Federal Law No.196-FZ “On The Road Safety” in a new revision. The introduced changes would allow state supervision of the individuals operating vehicles for the purpose of obtaining commercial profit and organizers of the operation of vehicles without concluding transport agreement or charter contract. The adopted measures may contribute to elimination of factors that lead to commission of administrative offenses.
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Sein, Karin, and Triin Uusen-Nacke. "Contracts of Carriage: Legislation and Case Law in Estonia." Review of Central and East European Law 35, no. 4 (2010): 341–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157303510x12650378240511.
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AbstractOn 1 July 2002, the new Law of Obligations Act (LOA) entered into force in Estonia regulating inter alia contracts for the carriage of goods and contracts for the carriage of passengers. This article highlights these new regulations as well as relevant Estonian case law.The article demonstrates that, in respect of contracts for the carriage of goods, German legislation and case law have exerted considerable influence on the drafting of relevant provisions in the 2001 LOA as well as Estonian case law in this field. In addition, the importance of the the 1956 Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR Convention) cannot be overlooked: it serves as a model for drafting domestic legislation and, also, has a role in case law and national practice.That part of the 2001 LOA regulating contracts for the carriage of passengers has been drafted on the basis of Book 8 "Vehicles and Carriage" of the 1991 Dutch Civil Code; but, contrary to the Dutch Code, the LOA does not distinguish among types of carriers. In particular, with regard to carriers' liability for the carriage of passengers, the provisions have been modeled, to a large degree, upon the 1929 Warsaw Convention, the 1961 Guadalajara Convention, the 1974 Athens Convention and the 1990 German Law on the Carriage of Passengers (Personenbeförderungsgesetz). The authors consider the choice of statutory models for contracts for the carriage of goods and passengers to be fully justified as they ensure the compliance of relevant Estonian legislation with modern standards.
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Wang, Yunpeng, Guangquan Lu, Wenjuan E, Guizhen Yu, Daxin Tian, and Wenzhong Tang. "Automated on-ramp merging control algorithm based on Internet-connected vehicles." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2011.0228.
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Liu, Wei, and Zhiheng Li. "Comprehensive predictive control method for automated vehicles in dynamic traffic circumstances." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 12, no. 10 (December 1, 2018): 1455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2018.5142.
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Panagiotopoulos, Ilias, and George Dimitrakopoulos. "Cognitive intelligence of highly automated vehicles in a car-sharing context." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 13, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2019.0136.
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Broadhurst, Roderic, and Nini Loh. "The Phantom of Deterrence: The Crime (Serious and Repeat Offenders) Sentencing Act." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 26, no. 3 (December 1993): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589302600306.
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Throughout 1991 a car theft “crime wave” and a series of deaths arising from high-speed police pursuits had engendered an atmosphere of crisis in “law and order” in Western Australia. Prompted by these events, controversial legislation (the Crime (Serious and Repeat Offenders) Sentencing Act 1992) aimed at “high risk” juvenile offenders and increasing penalties was rushed through the Parliament of Western Australia in early 1992. A critique of the legislation illustrates that it both breached human rights and failed to address the difficulties of implementing selective incapacitation policies. Following the introduction of the new law the government claimed that downward trends in car theft, police high-speed pursuits and other offences were due to the deterrent effects of the increased penalties provided. The data, however, indicate that the decline in official records of car theft and juvenile convictions had begun prior to the introduction of the legislation. Significant correlations between reports of stolen vehicles and arrests for car theft (especially Aboriginal juvenile arrests) were found but not for police high-speed pursuits or arrests of persistent offenders and reports of stolen vehicles. This suggests that targeting “hard core” juvenile offenders had, at best, modest and temporary effects on vehicle theft. While a sharp decline in the relevant statistics was observed around the time of the passage of the law, this proved short-lived and other factors, such as changes in policing (the introduction of cautioning, the formation of a special motor vehicle task force, and stricter guidelines on pursuits) are more compelling explanations than the deterrent aims of the legislation.
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Kraus, Edgar, and Cesar Quiroga. "Legislative Issues Related to Automated Enforcement of Red-Light Running." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1830, no. 1 (January 2003): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1830-07.
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Red-light running is one of the leading causes of crashes in urban areas in the United States. A number of strategies are available to address this problem, including engineering countermeasures, educational campaigns, and improved law enforcement. Law enforcement agencies are increasingly relying on automated systems using photographic devices to enforce red-light-running laws. While automated enforcement systems appear to have wide public support, there is considerable confusion among drivers, engineers, planners, and decision makers as to the legality and constitutionality of those systems. The debate is particularly acute when it comes to issues such as privacy, use of information, and constitutional rights. These issues are analyzed and legal strategies are compared in states that have passed or attempted to pass legislation to regulate automated enforcement. The analysis highlights differences among states depending on their statutory laws and whether red-light violations are treated as civil or criminal offenses. The analysis reveals major differences in the way states legislate program details, which, in turn, affect program implementation. Also included is a review of current European red-light-running legislation, where automated enforcement systems have a longer history than in the United States.
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Schartum, Dag Wiese. "Law and algorithms in the public domain." Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics 10, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/eip.v10i1.1973.
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<p>This article explains and discusses the relationship between traditional legislative processes and the development of automated government decision-making systems. The juridical aspects of systems development should be regarded as invisible quasi-legislation. The author investigates and discusses possible ways of changing the legislative process with a view to increasing and improving political involvement in processes today often regarded as mere implementation, and thereby safeguard that important parts of the law of our computerised society is situated in the public domain.</p>