Relevant bibliographies by topics / Automated vehicles – Law and legislation

Academic literature on the topic 'Automated vehicles – Law and legislation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Automated vehicles – Law and legislation"

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Chuchaev, A. I., and S. V. Malikov. "RESPONSIBILITY FOR CAUSING HARM BY A HIGHLY AUTOMATED VEHICLE: STATE AND PERSPECTIVES." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 6 (July 18, 2019): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.103.6.117-124.

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The paper describes the existing in Russia regulatory legal responsibility for causing harm by a highly automated (unmanned) vehicle (BTS). The most significant documents currently include: Convention on Road Traffic; Road Safety Strategy in the Russian Federation; «Roadmap» to improve legislation and eliminate administrative barriers in order to ensure the implementation of the National Technology Initiative for the «Avtonet». The main attention is given to the order of the Government of the Russian Federation, in which the first approaches to the regulation of the operation of highly automated vehicles are indicated, the actors responsible for the case of damage by the drone are highlighted. The principles of the functioning of the BTS and the degree of their autonomy are shown in general terms. The authors analyze the approaches in the domestic criminal law to the responsibility of persons managing BTS and the approaches developed in foreign countries in relation to the regulation of the operation of highly automated vehicles. The main approaches to the definition of a criminal law prohibition are indicated and the most important algorithms of criminalization of the considered act are highlighted. The structure of the federal law on the regulation of the use of vehicles equipped with an automatic control system in the territory of the Russian Federation is proposed.
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Marson, James, Katy Ferris, and Jill Dickinson. "The Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 Part 1 and Beyond: A Critical Review." Statute Law Review 41, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmz021.

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Abstract On 19 July 2018, the Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 (AEVA) received Royal Assent. As motor vehicles are becoming increasingly technologically based, with driving aids having taken over many of the more mundane (and possibly dangerous) aspects of driving from the driver, it is imperative that legislation keeps pace to determine the responsibilities of the parties. Motor insurance provides protection for those involved with vehicles and who may suffer harm, injury, and loss due to the negligence of the actors. This is most frequently driver error, but may also include manufacturing defects, which result in deaths and less serious injuries. It is also here where the intersection between torts and insurance laws needs careful management. It would be particularly unfair to ask drivers or third-party victims of motor vehicle accidents to seek redress from a manufacturer for losses incurred during the actions of an autonomous vehicle. Consumer law has historically removed this burden from affected consumers and it is entirely sensible for the law to protect individuals in an emerging field—and perhaps even more so given the trajectory of vehicles with driver-enabled qualities and the numbers of vehicles currently featuring such innovations. Yet, the AEVA consists of aspects which are troubling in respect of the motor insurance industry’s dominance of this market, the application of compulsory insurance, and exclusions and limitations to responsibility which expose policy holders and victims to EU-breaching levels of risk.
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N. Demyanov, Dmitry, Maria V. Krivenkova, and Dinara A. Musabirova. "Autonomous Vehicles as a Category of Transport Law: Definition and Classification." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24956.

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In this paper, the authors consider issues related to the legal definition and understanding of the essence of vehicles with assisted driving and varying degrees of automation. It is pointed out on the need to study the terminological features and definitional difficulties in this area in order to optimize the current Russian transport legislation. The world experience of practical use of vehicles with assisted driving, as well as the legal regulation of related issues is analyzed. The characteristics of various types of automated vehicles are given and investigated. There are considered the current proposals for making amendments to the Rules of the road, aimed at regulating the legal status of unmanned vehicles. The imperfection of these additions, which do not take into account the presence of various levels of vehicle automation, is substantiated. An alternative approach to the formation of an effective conceptual apparatus based on the degree of automation of the driving process is proposed.
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Andraško, Jozef, Ondrej Hamuľák, Matúš Mesarčík, Tanel Kerikmäe, and Aleksi Kajander. "Sustainable Data Governance for Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility in the European Union." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 10610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910610.

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The article focuses on the issue of data governance in connected vehicles through a novel analysis of current legal frameworks in the European Union. The analysis of relevant legislation, judicial decisions, and doctrines is supplemented by discussions relating to associated sustainability issues. Relevant notions of autonomous vehicles are analyzed, and a respective legal framework is introduced. Although fully automated vehicles are a matter for the future, the time to regulate is now. The European Union aims to create cooperative, connected, and automated mobility based on cooperation between different interconnected types of machinery. The essence of the system is data flow, as data governance in connected vehicles is one of the most intensively discussed themes nowadays. This triggers a need to analyze relevant legal frameworks in connection with fundamental rights and freedoms. Replacing human decision-making with artificial intelligence has the capacity to erode long-held and protected social and cultural values, such as the autonomy of individuals as has already been in evidence in legislation. Finally, the article deals with the issue of responsibility and liability of different actors involved in processing personal data according to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) applied to the environment of connected and automated vehicle (CAV) smart infrastructure. Based on a definition and analysis of three model situations, we point out that in several cases of processing personal data within the CAV, it proves extremely demanding to determine the liable entity, due to the functional and relatively broad interpretation of the concept of joint controllers, in terms of the possibility of converging decisions on the purposes and means of processing within the vehicles discussed.
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Amelichkin, Aleksei Viktorovich. "On the legal problems of operation of highly automated vehicles in road traffic." Административное и муниципальное право, no. 3 (March 2021): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0595.2021.3.35319.

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The subject of this research is the system of legal relations in area of ensuring road safety in terms of operation of highly automated vehicles on public roads. The object of this research is social relations arising in the context of operation of highly automated vehicles traffic on public roads. The goal of this article consists in examination of the normative legal framework that regulates the peculiarities of operation of highly automated vehicles, as well as in development of recommendations for improving the normative legal framework. The author explores the issues of normative legal regulation of operation of highly automated vehicles on public roads. Special attention is given to the current issues of legal nature. The novelty is defined by the need to improve legal mechanism for the operation of highly automated vehicles on public roads. The author identifies the problems and offers solution on enhancing road safety in terms of operation of highly automated vehicles on public roads for protecting the road users. The conclusion is made on the need to revise the normative legal acts in the area of ensuring road safety for the purpose of achieving a positive result from implementation of highly automated vehicles into road traffic. The acquired results can be used in the legislative activity of government authorities, law enforcement practice, educational process of the educational institutions, scientific research of the experts on ensuring road safety, improvement of the branches of the Russian legal system.
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Mikhaleva, Irina Sergeevna, and Anastasiya Sergeevna Sergunova. "The subject of liability in road traffic accident involving a highly or fully automated vehicle." NB: Административное право и практика администрирования, no. 1 (January 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2306-9945.2021.1.35493.

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The object of this research is the system of socio-legal relations in the sphere of ensuring road traffic safety. The subject of this research is the legal norms that regulate the administrative-legal status of the driver of automated vehicle in the instance of committing offense that caused a road traffic accident. The goal of this article consists in the analysis of the normative framework that regulates operation of automated vehicle on the road, as well as the administrative-legal status of the driver of such vehicle. Analysis is conducted on the foreign experience, federal legislation, bylaws and departmental acts pertaining to consolidation of the the legal status of the driver of automated vehicle in the instance of committing offense that caused a road traffic accident. The novelty of this work is defined by practical and scientific relevance of the problems of the activity of law enforcement agencies in the area of ensuring road traffic safety, as well as the need for improving the legal framework that regulates the authority of the Russian police. The acquired results can be used in legislative activity of the government branches, activity of the law enforcement agencies, educational institutions, scientific research of the experts dealing with the problems of ensuring road traffic safety, improvement of the branches of Russian legal system.
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БЕРЕЗИНА, Елена Александровна. "THE PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF LEGAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE OPERATION OF UNMANNED (AUTONOMOUS, HIGHLY AUTOMATED) VEHICLES." Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 18, no. 3(69) (October 20, 2022): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2022.3.6.

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The world community is currently at the stage of rapid development of all types of technologies – information, industrial, social, each of which, ideally, should be designed to improve various spheres of public life. However, any of the technologies carries certain risks that society and the legislator should take into account. One of the technologies gaining increasing popularity in many developed countries of the world is autonomous driving technology, which poses new challenges to legislators of all countries, forces them to solve new problems arising in connection with their introduction into public life. Such problems may include the problem of liability for damage caused by activities related to the operation of unmanned (autonomous, highly automated) vehicles. The pace of development of new technologies is constantly increasing, and the legislator does not always keep up with the development of social relations. In this situation, science should help to detect the problem and identify possible solutions. The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems of legal regulation of legal liability for damage caused by the operation of unmanned (autonomous, highly automated) vehicles. Methods: to achieve this goal, special legal methods are used: formal legal, based on knowledge of special legal terminology, legal constructions, classifications of legal phenomena; the method of interpretation of law used in the analysis of normative legal acts and their projects. Results: the conclusion is made about the need for a more balanced approach when legislating legal liability for damage caused by the operation of unmanned (autonomous, highly automated) vehicles. The author provides a justification for the need to classify highly automated vehicles (hereinafter referred to as HAV) and activities related to their operation to sources of increased danger, by analyzing the specifics of HAV; reveals the features of the composition of such a civil law tort as causing harm by the operation of HAV; indicates the grounds for civil liability for damage caused by the operation of HAV; designates the conditions and features of legal liability in the area under consideration. The article proposes as a priority for the Russian Federation to choose a concept according to which the subjects of legal liability for damage caused by the operation of the unmanned vehicle are both its owner and maker (manufacturer), who must bear joint responsibility regardless of the presence or absence of guilt.
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Smolyakov, P. N. "Liability of Legal Entities for Offenses Recorded by Special Technical Devices." Actual Problems of Russian Law 1, no. 12 (January 20, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.109.12.011-016.

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The article is devoted to the exemption of legal entities from liability for administrative offenses recorded by special technical devices operating in an automatic mode and having functions of photo and film shooting, video recording, or by means of photo and film shooting, video recording. It is noted that the existing regulation in the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation in the interpretation of the highest court and other courts makes such liability ephemeral, allowing to arbitrarily shift it, for example, onto natural persons, e.i. drivers of vehicles belonging to legal entities. This situation allows legal entities with a large number of commercial vehicles throughout the country to easily avoid paying large amounts of administrative fines, which has nefative effect on pumping up the treasury and encourages further illegal behavior of their drivers on the roads. The author proposes to discuss the state of legislation and law enforcement on this issue.
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Thiele-Evans, Lilla, Blake Pepper, John Zeleznikow, Neil Foster, and Tania Sourdin. "Regulatory approaches to managing artificial intelligence systems in autonomous vehicles in Australia." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaab002.

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Abstract This article explores the emergence of Automated Vehicles (AVs) in Australia. It will investigate the legal and regulatory terrain. International and domestic approaches are examined to determine potential responses. The regulatory issues emerge partly due to the varied nature of artificial intelligence systems and processes that enable AVs to function. The variations may be due to the chosen domain model, software development processes, or the development of biases that may occur during code development for the underlying artificial intelligence system. Such variations can create difficulties in the application of road rules, safety requirements, and the legal and regulatory requirements. They may give rise to significant issues relating to driver classification and licensing for AVs, due to the varied levels of control and involvement in the driving process. For this reason, legislative reform at specific jurisdictional levels is suggested together with clearer international standards as a pathway to ensure the safe and effective integration of autonomous vehicles into society.
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Vaida, Taras. "PECULIARITIES OF USE BY THE POLICE OF “PHANTOM”-CARS AS MOBILE TECHNICAL MEANS IN THE ROAD SAFETY SYSTEM (ON THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE)." Administrative law and process, no. 1(34) (2022): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2227-796x.2022.1.02.

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The purpose of the article is to determine on the basis of the analysis of statistical data characterizing the state of road injuries in Ukraine, the main causes of road accidents; conducting a comparative description of existing technical means of speed control; description of the specifics of the use of removable (mobile) vehicles with integrated systems for automatic safety control (speed mode) on the roads by patrol police units. To achieve this goal, scientific methods were used, such as critical analysis of special literature and specification of current requirements of regulations in the field of road safety to control the speed limit; systematization of knowledge (information) from open Internet resources and generalization of existing approaches in popular science publications to solve the raised problem in Ukraine and in the world. Results. The norms of the current legislation have been determined and analysed, which provide the possibility of fixing violations of traffic rules at stationary posts and in automatic mode. Such categories of current legislation in the field of road safety, as “system for recording administrative offenses in the field of ensuring SRT in automatic node”, “technical means (control devices)”, the procedure for their application in accordance with the law. A comparative analysis of the use of “phantom” cars abroad was conducted. The tactical and technical characteristics of domestic patrol police vehicles, which control the speed of traffic due to the built-in integrated systems, are characterised. Some legal collisions that arise when using the above-mentioned mobile devices to control the speed limit on the roads are concretised. Conclusions were made on ensuring road safety as a complex problem that requires participation in its solution at various levels of many business entities and executive bodies; different ways of speed control on roads (stationary and mobile technical means) are noted; highlighted as one of the innovations in this area the application of “phantom” cars with integrated speed control systems; the presence of such “phantom” cars disciplines drivers and requires to comply the traffic rules be them anywhere on the road network.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Automated vehicles – Law and legislation"

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Vissepó, Varlin. "Reusable launch vehicles : crossroads between air and space law." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81239.

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Space technology is increasingly becoming part of our everyday life, businesses, governments and private entities rely heavily on satellite communications for their respective dealings and transactions. On the other hand, not all transactions or businesses can be done solely through telecommunications, we often need to get on an airplane and go somewhere else to do our respective businesses and if we are on vacation we definitely need to travel. The problem is that airplane travel, although fast, sometimes is not fast enough. Today's people want convenience and when they want something they usually want it fast, especially in business. Now, imagine yourself being able to get from Montreal to Sydney to close a business deal and be back home the same day or ordering a part from Tokyo to San Juan and have it delivered it the same day. It may seem like science fiction or something too far ahead in the future, but it is not. Currently, there are nations and private companies working on different prototypes that soon will be flying in our skies and above. These space transportation systems are the future of commercial transportation, but as every human activity, they will need regulation, in this thesis we will analyze the legal issues and aspects behind these future vehicles.
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Fiallos, Pazmiño Luis Fernando. "Legal aspects of launching and operating spacecraft." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80919.

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Over the last years, the number of commercial space activities has increased tremendously. Technological developments have been the main reason in the emerging of new services that use space infrastructure. In order to provide these new space services, it is necessary to launch and operate spacecraft.
Complying with the laws and regulations of the launching and operating activities is one of the most relevant issues that prospective spacecraft operators may face in this complex industry.
This work compiles the legal sources to effectively launch and operate spacecraft destined for commercial space applications. Its goal is to identify common constraints that operators may find in the process of licensing and acquiring orbits or radio frequencies and the national/international legal principles, which govern spacecraft operations.
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Mugarra, Leire. "Legal aspects of commercial space transportation." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112607.

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The commercial space transportation industry is growing with the technology that creates more capable spacecrafts to access space. However, there are still some academic discussions related to the delimitation of the outer space and the definition of space objects that could interfere with the regulation of this growing space activity. Because these discussions are not predicted to be solved soon, the developing space policies must attempt to clarify these issues between the parts avoiding the retard in the development of the industry. Moreover, these policies have to promote public-private partnerships and the emersion of private entrepreneurs for a faster development of a safe, reliable, and affordable commercial space transportation.
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Brady, Mark. "Legal adaptability to disruptive technology: A case study of Australian law in relation to harm and automated vehicles." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/213657/1/Mark_Brady_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigated the effects of disruptive technological change on the Australian legal system. It employed a case study of automated vehicles to examine how the Australian legal system adapts to disruptive technology. It considered several areas of Australian law and agents of institutional change that intersect with automated vehicles to understand how the legal system responds to technological disruption.
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Hermida, Julian. "Legal aspects of space risk management : the allocation of risks and assignment of liability in commercial launch services." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33357.

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This thesis examines the way legal space risks are managed in commercial space transportation provided by major carriers, such as, NASA, the US private launch sector, and Arianespace, as well as in the system envisaged for Australia. Its purpose is to show that even if all systems tend to provide a favorable risk allocation scheme to the space launch industry, there are several alternatives for the telecommunications satellite operators. It also attempts to show that, even if all these risk sharing regimes have been modeled after NASA's, there are certain important differences, which stem from the different political objectives of each of the countries where these carriers are inserted.
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Kayser, Valérie. "Liability risk management for activities related to the launch of space objects : today's environment and tomorrow's prospects." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37742.

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Launch activities are increasingly performed by private entities and launch participants deal with a complex legal environment. The Space Treaties provide a framework placing liability for non-governmental activities on the launching State and the duty to authorize and supervise them on the appropriate State. Launch participants are subject to specific regulation in certain States or are under institutional State control in others. They also have to comply with general domestic law of liability. Limited insurance availability led to the development of contractual risk allocation techniques, the inter-participants waivers of liability and claims, inspired by NASA practice.
This thesis offers a contribution with the synthesis of information, so far scattered, on today's legal environment, providing an overview of the norms at play in this field to allow the grasp of their relative weight and interactions in the assessment of liability risk attached to launch activities.
This synthesis reveals a legal framework presently lacking the predictability necessary for an efficient liability risk management: (1) inter-participants waivers of liability suffer the weaknesses of all limitation of liability clauses; they also lack uniformity and implementation rigor; (2) the Space Treaties contain ambiguous terms preventing predictable determination of the State liable for damage and the State obliged to authorize and supervise launch activities, and do not reflect the de facto primary liability of launch operators.
This thesis offers a contribution to the advancement of legal work on these problems by suggesting new approaches emphasizing the need for: (1) harmonization of inter-participants waivers of liability to improve their consistency and validity and ensure identical flow-down by all participants; (2) improvements of the Outer Space Treaty, Liability Convention and Registration Convention for their implementation to non-governmental launch activities.
Although the launch community is small and the need for lawmaking is not as compelling as in fields such as aviation. Nevertheless, tailored adjustments to the present legal framework are required and proposed in this thesis through model clauses and an international instrument, both of which are submitted for further thinking and contribution by those sharing the opinion that creative lawmaking is now necessary to prepare for tomorrow's endeavors.
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Morris, Kendrick. "“Who is liable?” An examination of how legal liability may be assessed in an autonomous vehicle collision." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1893.

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This thesis examines how legal liability may be assessed in the case of an autonomous vehicle collision. It begins with a comprehensive discussion of autonomous vehicles: their defining features, a history of their development, and their current technological challenges. This paper later discusses the benefits of autonomous vehicles and why a new legal framework for their commercial production is necessary to realize these benefits. In doing so, it analyzes recent legislative efforts surrounding autonomous vehicles and their implications. Lastly, it utilizes the current product liability regime and precedent set by previous semi-autonomous vehicle collisions to suggest how liability may be determined in future legal suits.
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Naidoo, Loganathan. "An evaluation of the use of testamentary and Inter vivos trusts as estate-planning vehicles and the development of holistic estate-planning models involving the use of these trusts." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008100.

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Trusts are subject to multiple fOl1lls of legislative regulation dealing with taxation and governance. Trusts were widely used by planners as taxavoidance shelters. Tax legislation was amended to subject trusts, other than special trusts as defined, to the highest income tax rate of forty percent, in tel1llS of section 5(2) of the Income Tax Act, 58 of 1962. The inter vivos trust is also subject to a wide range of anti-avoidance measures, including those contained in sub-sections (3) to (8) of section 7 of the Income Tax Act and Part X of the Eighth Schedule to the Act, as well as the general anti -avoidance measures in section 103. These measures impact negatively on the use of trusts for estate-planning purposes. The research objective was to evaluate the use of testamentary and inter vivos trusts for estate-planning purposes and to develop a holistic estate-planniD.g model incorporating these planning instruments. Both the testamentary trust and the inter vivos trust were evaluated against broad principles of effective estate planning and the taxes and duties applicable to them. The research also reviewed the writings of financial planners on various techniques and models used for estate planning, as wells as case studies documented in the literature. The research developed and evaluated holistic estate-planning models incorporating testamentary trusts and inter vivos trusts, respectively. By neutralizing the effects of various taxes and duties, it was demonstrated that it is possible to develop an estate plan that satisfies most of the requirements of effective estate planning.
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Muadinohamba, Jeremia Lucas. "Accident compensation reform : the case of the motor vehicle accident fund of Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49204.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In Southern Africa only five countries administer a fuel levy funded motor vehicle accident compensation system. These are South Africa, Namibia, Swaziland, Botswana and Lesotho. These accident compensation systems are administered by statutory bodies established through the respective Act of Parliaments, with the exception of Lesotho, which is outsourced to a private insurance agency for administration purposes. The enabling legislation prescribes the compensation of accident victims, where the cause of accident is due to the negligent or fault of the driver or owner of the vehicle. Over the years, the administration of these Funds have proven to be a significant challenge in respect of their enabling legislations, inadequate funding levels to meet liabilities as prescribed by the respective legislation and poor public governance of the institutions. The study reviews the Namibian MVA Fund's efforts to reform the compensation scheme in the context of an overall public management reform and social policy. The study presents the historical overview of the accident compensation regime and how that has influenced the current thinking and application of compensation policy in the Southern African region. The study emphasised the quest of the Funds to become financially viable, thus being able to meet present and future liabilities as and when they accrue to the respective Funds. Thus it presents new thinking and knowledge on alternative revenue sources that could be further explored to enhance financial viability and broadening the scope of coverage of the compensations scheme.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Suidelike Afrika gebruik slegs vyf lande 'n stelsel vir die vergoeding van motorvoertuigongelukke wat deur 'n brandstof heffing befonds word. Hierdie lande is Suid Afrika, Namibie, Swaziland, Botswana en Lesotho. Hierdie ongeluksvergoedingstelsel word ge-administreer deur statutere liggame daargestel deur die onderskeie wetgewing van Parlemente, met uitsondering van Lesotho, wat die funksie uitgekontrakteur het aan 'n private versekeringsmaatskapy vir adminstrasie doeleindes. Die betrokke wetgewing skryf die vergoeding van ongelukslagoffers voor waar die oorsaak van die ongeluk deur die nalatigheid of fout van die bestuurder of eienaar van die voertuig is. Die administrasie van die onderskeie fondse oor die jare, het getoon dat 'n groot uitdaging gestel word aan hul magtigende wetgewing ten opsigte van die toereikendheid van fondse en swak beheer, soos voorgeskryf deur die betrokke wetgewing. Hierdie studie hersien die Motorvoertuigongeluksfonds van Namibie se strewe tot die hervorming van die vergoedingskema in die oorhoofse publieke bestuurshervorming en maatskaplike voorskrifte. Die studie verteenwoordig die historiese oorsig van die ongeluksvergoedingskema en die invloed daarvan op die huidige denkwyses en toepassing van vergoedingskemas in die Suider-Afrikaanse streke. Hierdie studie het die proses van die Fondse om finansieel lewensvatbaar te word beklemtoon, derhalwe om in staat te wees om die huidige en toekomstige finiansiele verantwoordelikheid soos en wanneer dit deur die onderskeie fondse toegeskryf word, na te kom. Gevolglik verteenwoordig dit nuwe denkwyses en kennis van altematiewe bronne van inkomste wat verder ondersoek kan word om finansiele lewensvaatbaarheid te verbeter en die voordele struktuur van hierdie vergoedingskemas te vergroot.
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Davey, Jennifer. "A legislative and biophysical assessment of the regulation of off-road vehicles on South African beaches." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4117.

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The legislative management of Off-Road Vehicles (ORVs) on beaches has evolved over a period of time in response to a range of influences and changing circumstances within the various social, institutional, economic and biophysical systems. The impact of ORVs on beaches in South Africa is multifaceted and when viewed holistically incorporates the interaction between the biophysical, social, economic and institutional environments. This Study focuses only on the legislative and biophysical environments associated with the impact of ORVs on beaches. Sustainable coastal development draws attention to the "process" character of sustainable development that needs to be worked towards over time in an iterative manner. It highlights the need to take into account the current reality of prevailing circumstances, the uncertainty of the future, limited understanding of coastal ecosystems and communities, and the complex interactions between and within the human and non human components of the environment. An understanding of the ecological integrity and effective governance dimensions (being the focus of Study), although only two of the five dimensions of sustainable coastal development, contributes towards an understanding of the sustainability of the impact of ORVs on beaches within the South African context. The legislative environment is investigated from the management perspective of the national Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. This Study determines whether effective governance is being achieved through the ongoing management of the impact of ORVs on South African beaches. The institutional management at a national level has resulted in the conditional banning of ORVs from beaches, which has resulted in promoting the ecological integrity of beaches, therefore contributing towards sustainable coastal development. The physical system is investigated where appropriate in terms of the biophysical parameters within which ORVs are managed on beaches within the inter-tidal zone as per the ORV General Policy (1994). In order to understand the biophysical system within which ORVs are managed, the existing literature and research concerning the impact of ORVs on beaches is reviewed, including existing literature on beach geomorphology and beach biota. A Case Study Area was selected for an experimental investigation to determine the biophysical impact of ORVs on sandy beaches. The experiment was conducted at Leven Point, north of Cape Vidal situated on the KwaZulu-Natal north coast within the St Lucia Marine Reserve. The ORV General Policy (1994) has been superseded by the ORV Regulations (2001), which do not however, specify the biophysical delineation of the management of ORVs on beaches. This Study has included recommendations applicable to the management of ORVs on beaches in South Africa in terms of the ORV Regulations (2001). These recommendations advocate the conservation of the dynamic biophysical environment of the inter-tidal zone on beaches, and the need to take a sustainable coastal development approach to applications for Recreational Use Areas (RUAs) in terms of the ORV Regulations (dated 21 December 2001).
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Books on the topic "Automated vehicles – Law and legislation"

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Scheibe, Robert R. Western states transparent borders project: Description of current state practices, Washington : final technical report, Research Project T9233, Task 38, Western States Transparent Borders Project. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, Washington State Transportation Commission, Transit, Research, and Intermodal Planning (TRIP) Division in cooperation with the U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1993.

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United, States Congress House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime Terrorism and Homeland Security. Geolocational Privacy and Surveillance (GPS) Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, second session, on H.R. 2168, May 17, 2012. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.

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Sarmiento, Rene V. Automated elections, civil society, and democracy. Manila, Philippines: Published & distributed by Rex Book Store, 2011.

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Kansas. Vehicle law book. [Topeka]: Division of Vehicles of Dept. of Revenue, State of Kansas, 1989.

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Illinois. Vehicle Services Department. Grey market vehicles. Springfield, Ill.]: George H. Ryan, Secretary of State, 1993.

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Illinois. Vehicle Services Department. Grey market vehicles. Springfield, Ill.]: Jim Edgar, Secretary of State, 1990.

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Illinois. Vehicle Services Department. Grey market vehicles. Springfield, Ill.]: Jesse White, Secretary of State, 1999.

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Illinois. Vehicle Services Department. Grey market vehicles. Springfield, Ill.]: George H. Ryan, Secretary of State, 1991.

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Illinois. Vehicle Services Department. Grey market vehicles. Springfield, Ill.]: George H. Ryan, Secretary of State, 1997.

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Illinois. Vehicle Services Department. Grey market vehicles. Springfield, Ill.]: George H. Ryan, Secretary of State, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Automated vehicles – Law and legislation"

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Hiziroglu, Ayse Buke. "Automotive Legislation." In Autonomous Vehicles and the Law, 11–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01505-2_2.

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Özlem, Gürses. "Insurance of automated vehicles." In The Law of Compulsory Motor Vehicle Insurance, 268–75. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Informa Law from Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315767062-13.

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Landini, Sara. "Ethical Issues, Cybersecurity and Automated Vehicles." In AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation, 291–312. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27386-6_14.

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Moreda, Guillermo P. "Automated guidance of agricultural machinery." In Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche, 12. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-044-3.12.

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In modern agriculture, tractors have been fitted with accessories and technologies to help the tractor guidance. In this topic, these technologies will be explained describing different possibilities for the adoption of farm machinery guidance aids. Differences between systems helping the guidance and autosteering systems will be defined, along with current state of legislation concerning unmanned vehicles. Levels of precision in the track of the machinery will be explained, related with the GNSS technology onboard. Consequences of a better tractor guidance on farm tasks and economy will be outlined
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Chatzipanagiotis, Michael. "Third-Party Liability of Manufacturers of Automated Vehicles for Over-the-Air Updates." In EU Internet Law in the Digital Single Market, 581–603. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69583-5_25.

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Kessel, Christian, and Benjamin von Bodungen. "Germany’s New Road Traffic Law—Legal Risks and Ramifications for the Design of Human-Machine Interaction in Automated Vehicles." In Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2017, 227–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66972-4_19.

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Ducuing, Charlotte. "Towards an Obligation to Secure Connected and Automated Vehicles “by Design”?" In Security and Law, 183–214. Intersentia, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781780688909.008.

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Matsuo, Takayuki. "The Current Status of Japanese Robotics Law: Focusing on Automated Vehicles." In Robotics, Autonomics, and the Law, 151–70. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845284651-151.

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Lloyd, Ian J. "3. The scope of data protection." In Information Technology Law, 39–55. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198830559.003.0003.

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A number of concepts are critical to an understanding of the topic. Data protection legislation has historically applied where personal data concerning an identifiable individual is processed by a data controller using automated equipment. Developments in technology make it increasingly difficult to apply these concepts. Data that a decade ago would have been anonymous can now readily be linked to an individual. The emergence of cloud computing technology also creates legal complications in determining where processing takes place and which legal system will govern conduct. This chapter will focus on definitional issues in order to provide a basis for more detailed discussion of the application of data protection legislation in the following chapters.
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Mallat, Chibli. "Companies and Corporate Governance." In The Normalization of Saudi Law, 269—C12.N141. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190092757.003.0012.

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Abstract Company law in Saudi Arabia is predominantly statutory. It can be found in a long stream of statutes from 1931 to 2020. The most comprehensive law in force is the Law of companies of 2015, and the chapter examines the various corporate vehicles it organizes (general partnership, joint stock company, limited liability company), including those which have survived from fiqh (mudaraba or commenda) and from 19th-century adaptations (the Egyptian mahassa or joint venture). It dwells in particular on some fiqh-related complexities in the application of mudaraba and the fiduciary duties of partners. Corporate governance is then examined in the light of new legislation and case law, and in the “Family business companies model contract,” an optional arrangement encouraged by the government to ensure better governance for family businesses.
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Conference papers on the topic "Automated vehicles – Law and legislation"

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Gui, Ning, Yangliu Shen, Yifang Zhu, and Yu Liu. "Development Mechanism and Proposal for China’s Automated Vehicles Commercialization Referring to Korea Related Law." In 3rd International Forum on Connected Automated Vehicle Highway System through the China Highway & Transportation Society. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-5204.

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Sun, Xiaotian, Roberto Horowitz, and Chin-Woo Tan. "An Efficient Lane Change Maneuver for Platoons of Vehicles in an Automated Highway System." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41845.

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The current lane change maneuver for vehicles in a platoon under the California PATH automated highway system (AHS) architecture is inefficient, because the follower has to split from the rest of the platoon before making a lane change. In this paper, we propose to add a lane change within platoons maneuver that allows a follower to change lanes and be inserted into another platoon directly without splitting either platoon. This maneuver is performed by aligning and locking the longitudinal positions of the two platoons in adjacent lanes. The estimated improvement in the AHS utilization, in term of the space-time, is approximately 4342 m.s. The longitudinal controller for the lane changing follower is designed and proved to maintain the string stability of the platoons. The leader law is modified for the common leader of the two locked platoons. An intra-platoon spacing adjustment procedure is also designed for the purpose of the proposed maneuver.
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Vlasov, Dmitry. "SYNERGY OF THE BUSINESS COMMUNITY ELECTRONIC PLATFORM FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY PARTICIPANTS AND UNIFIED AUTOMATED INFORMATION SYSTEM OF CUSTOMS SERVICES (UAIS) AS A BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGY FOR RUSSIAN TRANSIT POTENTIAL GROWING AND STRENGTHENING COOPERATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET." In Globalistics-2020: Global issues and the future of humankind. Interregional Social Organization for Assistance of Studying and Promotion the Scientific Heritage of N.D. Kondratieff / ISOASPSH of N.D. Kondratieff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46865/978-5-901640-33-3-2020-128-138.

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The implementation of communication identification tools in form of comprehensive triple toolkit as part of the “transparent international transport green corridor” will significantly simplify and accelerate the rate of passage and movement for transit foreign trade cargo flows. It will help law-abiding business community as foreign trade participants to follow the customs legislation within the customs territory of the EAEU, as well as to follow the level and quality of customs control at border checkpoints and within the route of goods along the entire transport corridor. The innovations will provide a huge regional infrastructure and socio-economic stability of regions, districts and settlements, thus it will lead to the stable employment of Russia and other EAEU citizens, as well as other world country-partners that take part in the “transparent international transport green corridor”.
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Brandt, sv, Malte Sandgaard, Georg-Peter Ostermeyer, Sebastian Gramstat, Frank Stebner, Conrad Weigmann, Arno Kwade, and Carsten Schilde. "Particle Simulation and Metrological Validation of Brake Emission Dynamics on a Pin-on-Disc Tribotester." In EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/7443155eb2021-stp-013.

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The increasing degree of electrification as well as the optimization of particle based exhaust emissions, which is already being driven forward due to legislation, will direct the focus of fine dust considerations in automotive technology to non-exhaust emissions. In contrast to exhaust emissions, there are currently only a few vehicle-related limit values or uniform standards in measurement technology and the measurement procedure. The area of non-exhaust emissions includes tire abrasion, the turbulence of organic and inorganic road particles, and brake wear. Since, in addition to the material component, the particle size also has a significant influence on the health hazard of the material, particulate emissions from brakes are often directly related to health effects. In comparison to previous measurements, which have mostly been carried out in enclosed and clinical environments, the dynamics of the fine dust emitted from the brake will be investigated using a fully automated tribometer and used as a possibility to validate a DEM simulation. Besides the pure measurement of the emitted particle size distributions during the brake application, conclusions on the agglomeration behaviour of the emission particles in the environment shall be drawn. The aim is to predict the environmental impact and the potential danger of the particles to humans due to the particle size released into the environment. The pin-disc contact between brake pad and brake disc serves as the emission source. A coupled CFD-DEM simulation environment was set up to simulate particle dynamics. Based on a rotating brake disc model, the flow-relevant components of the test bench environment were implemented into the simulation setup. The area around the actual brake contact as well as the environment at the tribometer should be considered. For the metrological validation of the simulation, a swarm of calibrated low-cost sensors as well as a scattered light based particle size measuring device will be set up around the tribometer
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Patel, Jay, Ioannis Karamouzas, and Beshah Ayalew. "A Model for Vehicular Interactions Extracted From Real-World Traffic Data." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97750.

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Abstract With the advent of connected and automated vehicles, naturalistic traffic modeling is becoming increasingly important for the purposes of congestion control via cooperative driving and intelligent traffic management. The focus of this paper is to develop a data-driven traffic interaction model which can help in the development of multi-agent automated driving control schemes that mimic and blend with other human-driven vehicles. To that end, a probabilistic data analysis approach is used to derive an energy function that describes interactions between vehicles on highways. These interactions arise from the psychophysics of humans driving the vehicles. The analysis suggests the existence of a simple interaction law between human-driven vehicles that is based on the expected time it takes for the vehicles to collide. The approach taken in this paper helps in analyzing probable states that the individual vehicles in the traffic would have, thereby facilitating the development of intelligent traffic management tools that account for individual vehicle states.
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Chen, Yuanyan, J. Jim Zhu, and Letian Lin. "Integrated Forward and Reverse Trajectory Tracking Control for Car-Like Ground Vehicle." In ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-9104.

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Abstract Conventional automatic trajectory tracking control technics for car-like ground vehicles typically decompose the controller into separate longitudinal driving control and lateral-directional steering control, owing to the nonholonomic kinematic constraint, highly nonlinear dynamics and control under-actuation of such vehicles. However, such decoupled control techniques inevitably impose operational constraints on agile maneuvers that may be critical in evading impending collisions, preventing loss-of-control of the vehicle, and special maneuvers that are needed for law enforcement missions. Thus, integrated three-Degree-of-Freedom (3DOF) tracking control of car-like ground vehicles are highly desirable but remains a challenging problem. There also appears to be a lack of research on automated reverse driving. In our previous work [ASME DSCC2017-5372, DSCC2018-9148], design and hardware validation test results of an integrated 3DOF trajectory tracking controller based on nonlinear kinematics and dynamics vehicle model using Trajectory Linearization Control (TLC) for forward driving have been reported. The present paper supplements that work with design and hardware validation test results on vehicle backward driving at fast and low speeds. The reverse driving control incurs minimal alteration to the original design with minimal tuning efforts due to the model-based TLC control approach, and it should be readily scaled-up to full-size vehicles and adapted to different types of autonomous ground vehicles with the knowledge of vehicles’ kinematics and dynamics parameters.
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Jovanovic´, Mlađan, Dusˇan Starcˇevic´, and Zoran Jovanovic´. "Software Support for Ground Control Station for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86456.

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Uninhabited vehicles can be used in many applications and domains, particularly in environments that humans cannot enter (e.g. deep sea) or prefer not to enter (e.g. war zones). The promise of relatively low cost, highly reliable and effective assets that are not subject to the physical, psychological or training constraints of human pilots has led to much research effort across the world. Due to technological advances and increasing investment, interest in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as a practical, deployable technological component in many civil applications is rapidly increasing and becoming a reality, as are their capabilities and availability. UAV platforms also offer a unique experimental environment for developing, integrating and experimenting with many other technologies such as automated planners, knowledge representation systems, chronicle recognition systems, etc. UAV performs various kinds of missions such as mobile tactical reconnaissance, surveillance, law enforcement, search and rescue, land management, environmental monitoring, disaster management. UAV is a complex and challenging system to develop. It operates autonomously in unknown and dynamically changing environment. This requires different types of subsystems to cooperate. In order to realize all functionalities of the UAV, the software part becomes very complex real-time system expected to execute real-time tasks concurrently. This paper describes proposed software architecture for GCS (Ground Control Station) for lightweight UAV purpose-built for medium-scale reconnaissance and surveillance missions in civil area. The overall system architecture and implementation are described.
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Reports on the topic "Automated vehicles – Law and legislation"

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Eastman, Brittany. Legal Issues Facing Automated Vehicles, Facial Recognition, and Privacy Rights. SAE International, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022016.

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Facial recognition software (FRS) is a form of biometric security that detects a face, analyzes it, converts it to data, and then matches it with images in a database. This technology is currently being used in vehicles for safety and convenience features, such as detecting driver fatigue, ensuring ride share drivers are wearing a face covering, or unlocking the vehicle. Public transportation hubs can also use FRS to identify missing persons, intercept domestic terrorism, deter theft, and achieve other security initiatives. However, biometric data is sensitive and there are numerous remaining questions about how to implement and regulate FRS in a way that maximizes its safety and security potential while simultaneously ensuring individual’s right to privacy, data security, and technology-based equality. Legal Issues Facing Automated Vehicles, Facial Recognition, and Individual Rights seeks to highlight the benefits of using FRS in public and private transportation technology and addresses some of the legitimate concerns regarding its use by private corporations and government entities, including law enforcement, in public transportation hubs and traffic stops. Constitutional questions, including First, Forth, and Ninth Amendment issues, also remain unanswered. FRS is now a permanent part of transportation technology and society; with meaningful legislation and conscious engineering, it can make future transportation safer and more convenient.
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