Journal articles on the topic 'Automated vehicles – Ethical aspects'
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Mühlbacher, Dominik, Markus Tomzig, Katharina Reinmüller, and Lena Rittger. "Methodological Considerations Concerning Motion Sickness Investigations during Automated Driving." Information 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11050265.
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Automated driving vehicles will allow all occupants to spend their time with various non-driving related tasks like relaxing, working, or reading during the journey. However, a significant percentage of people is susceptible to motion sickness, which limits the comfort of engaging in those tasks during automated driving. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the phenomenon of motion sickness during automated driving and to develop countermeasures. As most existing studies concerning motion sickness are fundamental research studies, a methodology for driving studies is yet missing. This paper discusses methodological aspects for investigating motion sickness in the context of driving including measurement tools, test environments, sample, and ethical restrictions. Additionally, methodological considerations guided by different underlying research questions and hypotheses are provided. Selected results from own studies concerning motion sickness during automated driving which were conducted in a motion-based driving simulation and a real vehicle are used to support the discussion.
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Keeling, Geoff. "Why Trolley Problems Matter for the Ethics of Automated Vehicles." Science and Engineering Ethics 26, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-019-00096-1.
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Epting, Shane. "Transportation Planning for Automated Vehicles—Or Automated Vehicles for Transportation Planning?" Essays in Philosophy 20, no. 2 (2019): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7710/1526-0569.1635.
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In recent years, philosophical examinations of automated vehicles have progressed far beyond initial concerns over the ethical decisions that pertain to programming in the event of a crash. In turn, this paper moves in that direction, focusing on the motivations behind efforts to implement driverless vehicles into urban settings. The author argues that the many perceived benefits of these technologies yield a received view of automated vehicles. This position holds that driverless vehicles can solve most if not all urban mobility issues. However, the problem with such an outlook is that it lends itself to transportation planning for automated vehicles, rather than using them as part of planning efforts that could serve urban mobility. Due to this condition, present efforts aimed at improving transportation systems should resist dogmatic thinking. Instead, they should focus on goals that keep topics such a human flourishing, sustainability, and transportation justice firmly in view.
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Mirnig, Alexander G., Sandra Trösterer, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, Magdalena Gärtner, and Manfred Tscheligi. "Trust in Automated Vehicles." i-com 17, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icom-2017-0031.
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Abstract Increasing degrees of automation in on-road vehicles bear great potential for heightened driver safety and traffic efficiency in both the near and far future. The more the driver delegates control to the vehicle, the more salient the issue of trust in automated technology becomes. Misaligned trust can lead to mishandling of automation controls in individual instances and decreases the general acceptance of on-road automation on a broader scale. In this paper, we apply insights from trust research for dynamic web service interaction to the novel automated driving domain, in order to scope the problem space regarding trust in automated vehicles. We conclude that the appropriate communication of trustworthiness, the necessity to calibrate trust, the importance of intervention capabilities by the driver, and the unambiguous transparency of locus of control are all important aspects when in comes to understanding trust in automated vehicles.
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Papadimitriou, Eleonora, Haneen Farah, Geerten van de Kaa, Filippo Santoni de Sio, Marjan Hagenzieker, and Pieter van Gelder. "Towards common ethical and safe ‘behaviour’ standards for automated vehicles." Accident Analysis & Prevention 174 (September 2022): 106724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106724.
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Contissa, Giuseppe, Francesca Lagioia, and Giovanni Sartor. "The Ethical Knob: ethically-customisable automated vehicles and the law." Artificial Intelligence and Law 25, no. 3 (September 2017): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10506-017-9211-z.
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Alexander Alexandrovich, Kudryavtsev, and Michelle Francua Fumby. "TECHNOLOGIES OF AUTOMATED PASSENGERS COUNTING INSIDE HIGH-AUTOMATED VEHICLES OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT." World of transport and technological machines 75, no. 4 (2021): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7432-2021-75-4-74-82.
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Technological aspects are observed conserning high-automated public transport vehicles operation. The role of real-time information and automatic door closing of the unmanned vehicles is highlited. Also bescribed how automatic counting passengers can be used inside information services for passengers and for more presice controlling at managing «green lines» for proper filled buses and trams can be used.
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Millar, J., D. Paz, S. M. Thornton, C. Parisi, and J. C. Gerdes. "A FRAMEWORK FOR ADDRESSING ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ENGINEERING OF AUTOMATED VEHICLES (AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES)." Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 1 (May 2020): 1485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsd.2020.78.
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AbstractPolicymakers have attempted to preemptively address the concern of ethical issues with the regulation of automated vehicles. Unfortunately, both policymakers and designers of these technologies struggle to articulate ethical issues and their resolution. We propose a framework that engineers and designers of automated technologies can apply that allows them to identify and resolve ethical tensions within the design task. We demonstrate the practicability of the framework to the engineering design process through a human-subject study where engineers applied the framework in a workshop.
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Fossa, Fabio, Stefano Arrigoni, Giandomenico Caruso, Hafeez Husain Cholakkal, Pragyan Dahal, Matteo Matteucci, and Federico Cheli. "Operationalizing the Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles." International Journal of Technoethics 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijt.291553.
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In response to the many social impacts of automated mobility, in September 2020 the European Commission published Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles, a report in which recommendations on road safety, privacy, fairness, explainability, and responsibility are drawn from a set of eight overarching principles. This paper presents the results of an interdisciplinary research where philosophers and engineers joined efforts to operationalize the guidelines advanced in the report. To this aim, we endorse a function-based working approach to support the implementation of values and recommendations into the design of automated vehicle technologies. Based on this, we develop methodological tools to tackle issues related to personal autonomy, explainability, and privacy as domains that most urgently require fine-grained guidance due to the associated ethical risks. Even though each tool still requires further inquiry, we believe that our work might already prove the productivity of the function-based approach and foster its adoption in the CAV scientific community.
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Darimireddy, Naresh K., U. Mohan Rao, Chan-Wang Park, I. Fofana, M. Sujatha, and Anant K. Verma. "Perspectives of Convertors and Communication Aspects in Automated Vehicles, Part 2: Printed Antennas and Sensors for Automotive Radars." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061656.
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Automated vehicles are becoming popular across the communities of e-transportation across the globe. Hybrid electric vehicles and autonomous vehicles have been subjected to critical research for decades. The research outcomes pertinent to this topic in the literature have been motivated by the industry and researchers to emphasize automated vehicles. Part 1 of this survey addressed the critical aspects that concern the bidirectional converter topologies and condition monitoring activities. In the present part, 24- and 77-GHz low-profile printed antennas are studied for automotive radar applications. These antennas are mounted on automated vehicles to avoid collision and are used for radio tracking applications. The present paper states the types of antenna structures, feed mechanisms, dielectric material requirements, design techniques, performance parameters, and challenges at 24- and 77-GHz resonating frequency applications. The recent developments in feed methodologies, beam scanning concepts, and the effect of sidelobe levels are addressed. Furthermore, the reasons behind the transition from 24 to 77 GHz are reported in detail. The recent advances in the application of various sensor schemes in an automated vehicle have also been discussed.
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Martinson, Ryan. "Moral and Ethical Aspects of Autonomous Vehicles and Mobility ( breakout presentation )." Journal of Transport & Health 7 (December 2017): S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.11.106.
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Oliveira, Luis, Karl Proctor, Christopher G. Burns, and Stewart Birrell. "Driving Style: How Should an Automated Vehicle Behave?" Information 10, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10060219.
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This article reports on a study to investigate how the driving behaviour of autonomous vehicles influences trust and acceptance. Two different designs were presented to two groups of participants (n = 22/21), using actual autonomously driving vehicles. The first was a vehicle programmed to drive similarly to a human, “peeking” when approaching road junctions as if it was looking before proceeding. The second design had a vehicle programmed to convey the impression that it was communicating with other vehicles and infrastructure and “knew” if the junction was clear so could proceed without ever stopping or slowing down. Results showed non-significant differences in trust between the two vehicle behaviours. However, there were significant increases in trust scores overall for both designs as the trials progressed. Post-interaction interviews indicated that there were pros and cons for both driving styles, and participants suggested which aspects of the driving styles could be improved. This paper presents user information recommendations for the design and programming of driving systems for autonomous vehicles, with the aim of improving their users’ trust and acceptance.
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Hamulák, Ondrej, Josef Andraško, and Matúš Mesarčík. "The digital development of the European Union: data governance aspects of cooperative, connected and automated mobility." IDP Revista de Internet Derecho y Política, no. 34 (December 13, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7238/idp.v0i34.387494.
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This article focuses on the issue of data governance in connected vehicles. Firstly, basic notions of autonomous vehicles are analyzed, and a legal framework is introduced. The European Union aims to create cooperative, connected, and automated mobility based on the cooperation of different inter-connected types of machinery. The essence of the system is data flow in connected vehicles, and the issue represents one of the heavily discussed themes in legal doctrine. Therefore, data governance is further discussed in the article. The final part of the article deals with the issue of responsibility and liability of different actors involved in the processing of personal data according to the General Data Protection Regulation applied to the environment of CAV smart infrastructure.
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Wolter, Stefan, Giancarlo Caccia Dominioni, Sebastian Hergeth, Fabio Tango, Stuart Whitehouse, and Frederik Naujoks. "Human–Vehicle Integration in the Code of Practice for Automated Driving." Information 11, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11060284.
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The advancement of SAE Level 3 automated driving systems requires best practices to guide the development process. In the past, the Code of Practice for the Design and Evaluation of ADAS served this role for SAE Level 1 and 2 systems. The challenges of Level 3 automation make it necessary to create a new Code of Practice for automated driving (CoP-AD) as part of the public-funded European project L3Pilot. It provides the developer with a comprehensive guideline on how to design and test automated driving functions, with a focus on highway driving and parking. A variety of areas such as Functional Safety, Cybersecurity, Ethics, and finally the Human–Vehicle Integration are part of it. This paper focuses on the latter, the Human Factors aspects addressed in the CoP-AD. The process of gathering the topics for this category is outlined in the body of the paper. Thorough literature reviews and workshops were part of it. A summary is given on the draft content of the CoP-AD Human–Vehicle Integration topics. This includes general Human Factors related guidelines as well as Mode Awareness, Trust, and Misuse. Driver Monitoring is highlighted as well, together with the topic of Controllability and the execution of Customer Clinics. Furthermore, the Training and Variability of Users is included. Finally, the application of the CoP-AD in the development process for Human-Vehicle Integration is illustrated.
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Marson, James, Katy Ferris, and Jill Dickinson. "The Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 Part 1 and Beyond: A Critical Review." Statute Law Review 41, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmz021.
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Abstract On 19 July 2018, the Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 (AEVA) received Royal Assent. As motor vehicles are becoming increasingly technologically based, with driving aids having taken over many of the more mundane (and possibly dangerous) aspects of driving from the driver, it is imperative that legislation keeps pace to determine the responsibilities of the parties. Motor insurance provides protection for those involved with vehicles and who may suffer harm, injury, and loss due to the negligence of the actors. This is most frequently driver error, but may also include manufacturing defects, which result in deaths and less serious injuries. It is also here where the intersection between torts and insurance laws needs careful management. It would be particularly unfair to ask drivers or third-party victims of motor vehicle accidents to seek redress from a manufacturer for losses incurred during the actions of an autonomous vehicle. Consumer law has historically removed this burden from affected consumers and it is entirely sensible for the law to protect individuals in an emerging field—and perhaps even more so given the trajectory of vehicles with driver-enabled qualities and the numbers of vehicles currently featuring such innovations. Yet, the AEVA consists of aspects which are troubling in respect of the motor insurance industry’s dominance of this market, the application of compulsory insurance, and exclusions and limitations to responsibility which expose policy holders and victims to EU-breaching levels of risk.
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Wintersberger, Philipp, Clemens Schartmüller, and Andreas Riener. "Attentive User Interfaces to Improve Multitasking and Take-Over Performance in Automated Driving." International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction 11, no. 3 (July 2019): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmhci.2019070103.
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Automated vehicles promise engagement in side activities, but demand drivers to resume vehicle control in Take-Over situations. This pattern of alternating tasks thus becomes an issue of sequential multitasking, and it is evident that random interruptions result in a performance drop and are further a source of stress/anxiety. To counteract such drawbacks, this article presents an attention-aware architecture for the integration of consumer devices in level-3/4 vehicles and traffic systems. The proposed solution can increase the lead time for transitions, which is useful to determine suitable timings (e.g., between tasks/subtasks) for interruptions in vehicles. Further, it allows responding to Take-Over-Requests directly on handheld devices in emergencies. Different aspects of the Attentive User Interface (AUI) concept were evaluated in two driving simulator studies. Results, mainly based on Take-Over performance and physiological measurements, confirm the positive effect of AUIs on safety and comfort. Consequently, AUIs should be implemented in future automated vehicles.
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Hevelke, Alexander, and Julian Nida-Rümelin. "Responsibility for Crashes of Autonomous Vehicles: An Ethical Analysis." Science and Engineering Ethics 21, no. 3 (June 11, 2014): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9565-5.
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Zhao, Qianru, Shouwen Ji, Wenpeng Zhao, and Xinling De. "A Multilayer Genetic Algorithm for Automated Guided Vehicles and Dual Automated Yard Cranes Coordinated Scheduling." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 17, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5637874.
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At present, a lot of studies on automatic terminal scheduling are aimed at the shortest operating time. An effective way to reduce the operating time is to increase the amount of operating equipment. However, people often ignore the additional costs and energy consumption caused by increasing the amount of equipment. This paper comprehensively considers the two aspects of the equipment operation time and equipment quantity matching. With the minimum total energy consumption of the operating equipment as the objective function, a cooperative scheduling model of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and dual Automated Yard Cranes (AYCs) is established. In the modelling process, we also considered the interference problem between dual Automated Yard Cranes (AYCs). In order to solve this complex model, this paper designs an improved multilayer genetic algorithm. Finally, the calculation results from CPLEX and a multilayer genetic algorithm are compared, and the effectiveness of the model and algorithm is proved by experiments. In addition, at the same time, it is proved that it is necessary to consider the interference problem of dual Automated Yard Cranes (AYCs), and the optimal quantity matching scheme for the equipment and the optimal temporary storage location is given.
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Paliotto, Andrea, Adriano Alessandrini, Edoardo Mazzia, Paola Tiberi, and Antonino Tripodi. "Assessing the Impact on Road Safety of Automated Vehicles: An Infrastructure Inspection-Based Approach." Future Transportation 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 522–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp2020029.
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How safe will Automated Vehicles (AVs) be? It depends on technologies, vehicles, other road users, and infrastructures. The only certainty is that automated vehicles will not solve all road safety issues. As the penetration of AVs might be much more sudden than road infrastructure modification, the infrastructure revision process should start immediately by then, and road authorities must be ready in turn. This paper presents an approach based on road safety inspections to quantify and compare the expected safety levels for a road section with different combinations of Automated and Conventional Vehicles (CVs). Developed in the framework of the EC project CoEXist, the proposed approach allows for identifying the possible safety issues that may arise when introducing AVs. All safety issues are judged in terms of risk, which is the product of the exposure, the likelihood of the crash, and the severity of the possible consequences. All these aspects are analyzed in different scenarios considering different AV penetration levels and driving logic. The results show a potential risk decrease according to the higher penetration of AVs. Nevertheless, the analysis highlights that safety issues may arise with the introduction of specific AVs’ driving logics.
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Konert, Anna, Jacek Smereka, and Lukasz Szarpak. "The Use of Drones in Emergency Medicine: Practical and Legal Aspects." Emergency Medicine International 2019 (December 2, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3589792.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, can play a significant role in military and civil emergency medicine. The aim of the study was to present the real possibilities of using them in rescue operations and to provide examples from all over the world. Unmanned aerial vehicles can be applied to transport goods on demand, provide blood in urban areas, save sinking people, analyse the scale of damages, monitor large human gatherings, perform exploration activities, deliver blood samples and other analysis material, provide automated external defibrillators, support rescue operations and air transport, and perform agricultural activities. One must, however, be aware of the existing regulations regarding drone flights as an appearance of an unreported unmanned aircraft in the controlled space is identified worldwide as affecting aviation safety.
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Stopka, Ondrej. "Modeling the Delivery Routes Carried out by Automated Guided Vehicles when Using the Specific Mathematical Optimization Method." Open Engineering 10, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0027.
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AbstractDistribution tasks or transportation problems when using Operations Research methods are mostly addressed by vehicle routing problem methods dealing with an issue of supplying to several nodes, wherein the route begins in a point of origin and, after accomplishing deliveries to individual nodes, vehicle returns to an initial point. Each node can be operated only once, the order of nodes is not determined; however, the major objective is to find the shortest route possible. The aim of this research study is to formulate options to model delivery routes executed by automated guided vehicles in an extensive logistics areal by applying the specific mathematical optimization method. After description of several fundamental aspects and attributes related to automated guided vehicles, distribution tasks and vehicle routing problems which are discussed in introductory chapters, the most important parts containing the specification of Greedy algorithm, as a very useful optimization method for the given purpose, as well as the very models of cargo delivery by automated guided vehicles without / with initial distance optimization are presented.
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So, Jaehyun (Jason), Jiwon Kang, Sangmin Park, Inseon Park, and Jongdeok Lee. "Automated Emergency Vehicle Control Strategy Based on Automated Driving Controls." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (February 1, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3867921.
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This study proposes an integrated driving control strategy by taking advantage of the automated driving technology at the individual vehicle level and the traffic signal preemption strategy at the traffic infrastructure level. This aims to facilitate an automated driving-based emergency vehicle control and ultimately to achieve efficient and safe control of emergency vehicles. To this end, this study developed the integrated emergency vehicle control logic, implemented the logic in the microscopic traffic simulation environment using the simulation software’s application programming interface capability, and evaluated the impacts of the proposed emergency vehicle control logic in the aspects of mobility and safety with different driving aggressiveness and preemption initiation settings. The study’s results show that the proposed emergency vehicle control logic achieved benefits on mobility and safety and the benefits of emergency vehicle control strategy can be maximized when the signal preemption and the automated driving control operate in collaboration. Therefore, the proposed integrated approach of automated driving controls and signal preemption will be a great reference for enhancing automated driving technologies supporting a safe and fast mobility solution.
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Riegler, Andreas, Philipp Wintersberger, Andreas Riener, and Clemens Holzmann. "Augmented Reality Windshield Displays and Their Potential to Enhance User Experience in Automated Driving." i-com 18, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icom-2018-0033.
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Abstract Increasing vehicle automation presents challenges as drivers of highly automated vehicles become more disengaged from the primary driving task. However, even with fully automated driving, there will still be activities that require interfaces for vehicle-passenger interactions. Windshield displays are a technology with a promising potential for automated driving, as they are able to provide large content areas supporting drivers in non-driving related activities. However, it is still unknown how potential drivers or passengers would use these displays. This work addresses user preferences for windshield displays in automated driving. Participants of a user study (N=63) were presented two levels of automation (conditional and full), and could freely choose preferred positions, content types, as well as size, transparency levels and importance levels of content windows using a simulated “ideal” windshield display. We visualized the results in form of heatmap data which show that user preferences differ with respect to the level of automation, age, gender, or environment aspects. These insights can help designers of interiors and in-vehicle applications to provide a rich user experience in highly automated vehicles.
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Do, Wooseok, Omid M. Rouhani, and Luis Miranda-Moreno. "Simulation-Based Connected and Automated Vehicle Models on Highway Sections: A Literature Review." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (June 26, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9343705.
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This study provides a literature review of the simulation-based connected and automated intelligent-vehicle studies. Media and car-manufacturing companies predict that connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) would be available in the near future. However, society and transportation systems might not be completely ready for their implementation in various aspects, e.g., public acceptance, technology, infrastructure, and/or policy. Since the empirical field data for CAVs are not available at present, many researchers develop micro or macro simulation models to evaluate the CAV impacts. This study classifies the most commonly used intelligent-vehicle types into four categories (i.e., adaptive cruise control, ACC; cooperative adaptive cruise control, CACC; automated vehicle, AV; CAV) and summarizes the intelligent-vehicle car-following models (i.e., Intelligent Driver Model, IDM; MICroscopic Model for Simulation of Intelligent Cruise Control, MIXIC). The review results offer new insights for future intelligent-vehicle analyses: (i) the increase in the market-penetration rate of intelligent vehicles has a significant impact on traffic flow conditions; (ii) without vehicle connections, such as the ACC vehicles, the roadway-capacity increase would be marginal; (iii) none of the parameters in the AV or CAV models is calibrated by the actual field data; (iv) both longitudinal and lateral movements of intelligent vehicles can reduce energy consumption and environmental costs compared to human-driven vehicles; (v) research gap exists in studying the car-following models for newly developed intelligent vehicles; and (vi) the estimated impacts are not converted into a unified metric (i.e., welfare economic impact on users or society) which is essential to evaluate intelligent vehicles from an overall societal perspective.
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Anand, Rao, Nihal Vishnu Vantagodi, Kartik A. Shanbhag, and M. Mahesh. "Automated Guided Vehicles by Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor: Future of In-house Logistics." Power Electronics and Drives 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pead-2019-0006.
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AbstractMaterial handling and logistics management that involve transportation of work pieces on production floor are important aspects to manufacturing that affect productivity and efficiency. Tow vehicles that are manually driven are currently used for this purpose. These processes can be better performed through automation. Automated guided vehicle (AGV) is an apt solution. AGVs are unmanned autonomous vehicles that can be programmed to perform versatile tasks. AGVs available in market are imported and hence have high capital cost and increased lead time for spare parts. Proposed AGV is built with a capital cost that is less than half of the existing AGVs. Its design is made indigenously, with most of its parts locally sourced. It can achieve a speed of 0.83 m/s, with a pulling capacity of 1,300 kg. Its rechargeable batteries sustain four hours of continuous operation for one complete discharge. It has been tested and found to effectively replace tow vehicles.
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Beza, Abebe Dress, and Mohammad Maghrour Zefreh. "Potential Effects of Automated Vehicles on Road Transportation: A Literature Review." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 20, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2019-0023.
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Abstract Automated vehicles (AVs) are one of the emerging technologies that can perform the driving task themselves. The market penetration of AVs is expected to get growth in the close future. Therefore, it is crucial to have an overall clue on how they play the role in the road transportation sector. Automation might be assumed to have a beneficial impact on many aspects related to road transportation. The current paper attempts to investigate this rough assumption by reviewing the literature on the potential effects of automated vehicles on road transportation. A comprehensive look at the overall potential effects of automated vehicles will show the entire picture, and not just a cropped portion of that, to the researchers, decision makers, and practitioners and helps them to identify the negative and positive effects as well as challenges and uncertainties towards this new technology. In this paper, literature findings on the potential effects of automated vehicles on traffic flow, pedestrians mobility, travel demand and travel pattern, safety and security, and energy consumption and emissions are reviewed and discussed. According to the literature, it is concluded that AVs, as their market penetration increases, promisingly improve the capacity of a road network, eliminates human driver errors, and provide better mobility for groups of people who are currently facing travel-restriction conditions. However, the long-term effects of AVs especially on energy consumption, emission, pedestrian interaction, safety and security has uncertainty due to the complexity of predicting the future mobility pattern.
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Evans, Katherine, Nelson de Moura, Stéphane Chauvier, Raja Chatila, and Ebru Dogan. "Ethical Decision Making in Autonomous Vehicles: The AV Ethics Project." Science and Engineering Ethics 26, no. 6 (October 13, 2020): 3285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00272-8.
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AbstractThe ethics of autonomous vehicles (AV) has received a great amount of attention in recent years, specifically in regard to their decisional policies in accident situations in which human harm is a likely consequence. Starting from the assumption that human harm is unavoidable, many authors have developed differing accounts of what morality requires in these situations. In this article, a strategy for AV decision-making is proposed, the Ethical Valence Theory, which paints AV decision-making as a type of claim mitigation: different road users hold different moral claims on the vehicle’s behavior, and the vehicle must mitigate these claims as it makes decisions about its environment. Using the context of autonomous vehicles, the harm produced by an action and the uncertainties connected to it are quantified and accounted for through deliberation, resulting in an ethical implementation coherent with reality. The goal of this approach is not to define how moral theory requires vehicles to behave, but rather to provide a computational approach that is flexible enough to accommodate a number of ‘moral positions’ concerning what morality demands and what road users may expect, offering an evaluation tool for the social acceptability of an autonomous vehicle’s ethical decision making.
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Nikolaev, A. D., and А. S. Petrunicheva. "Automated identification of spills oil with the help of a group of unmanned aircraft." Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic), no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2301-03.
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The issues of automation of technological processes are of particular relevance because of the development of the information technology segment. One of the priority tasks for which digital tools are integrated is the monitoring of oil spills. The main purpose of the presented article is to analyze the issue of automated identification of oil spills by means of unmanned aerial vehicles. The paper uses theoretical and statistical research methods. To obtain more up-to-date and accurate information, the author uses the results of domestic and foreign scientific research. The article discusses the technical aspects of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for the identification of oil spills.
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Goodall, Noah. "More Than Trolleys." Transfers 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2019.090204.
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As the act of driving becomes increasingly automated, vehicles will encounter situations where different objectives of safety, mobility, and legality will come into conflict. These situations require a vehicle to compare relative values of different entities and objectives, where the action of the vehicle has a moral component. While discussion of these scenarios often focuses on the “trolley problem” thought experiment, these types of life-or-death moral dilemmas may be rare in practice. This article identifies four far more common examples of routine driving that require decisions with some level of ethical reasoning about how to distribute risk. These scenarios may be useful for automated vehicle developers in assessing vehicle safety and responding to potential future regulations, as well as for regulators in developing performance requirements.
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KAPLAN, BONNIE, and SERGIO LITEWKA. "Ethical Challenges of Telemedicine and Telehealth." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 17, no. 4 (October 2008): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180108080535.
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As healthcare institutions expand and vertically integrate, healthcare delivery is less constrained by geography, nationality, or even by institutional boundaries. As part of this trend, some aspects of the healthcare process are shifted from medical centers back into the home and communities. Telehealth applications intended for health promotion, social services, and other activities—for the healthy as well as for the ill—provide services outside clinical settings in homes, schools, libraries, and other governmental and community sites. Such developments include health information web sites, on-line support groups, automated telephone counseling, interactive health promotion programs, and electronic mail exchanges. Concomitant with these developments is the growth of consumer health informatics, in which individuals seeking medical care or information are able to find various health information resources that take advantage of new information technologies.
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Mohan Rao, U., Anant K. Verma, Naresh K. Darimireddy, I. Fofana, Chan-Wang Park, and B. Vedik. "Perspectives of Convertors and Communication Aspects in Automated Vehicles, Part 1: Convertors and Condition Monitoring." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071795.
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A critical survey has been conducted on high energy-efficient bidirectional converters, various topologies that effectively meet the automated vehicle requirements, and 24 GHz/77 GHz low-profile antennas (for automotive radar applications). The present survey has been identified into two parts on the current topic of study as perspectives and challenges. Part 1 of this survey covers energy-efficient power electronic convertor topologies and condition monitoring aspects of convertors to enhance the lifespan and improve performance. Condition-monitoring issues concerning the abnormalities of electrical components, high switching frequencies, electromagnetic interference, leakage currents, and unwanted joint ruptures have also been emphasized. It is observed that composite converters are proficient for automated hybrid electric vehicles due to fast dynamic response and reduced component count. Importantly, electrical component failures in power electronic converters are most common and need attention for the effective operation of the bidirectional converters. Hence, condition monitoring implementation schemes have also been summarized. Part 2 of this survey focuses on 24 and 77 GHz low-profile (microstrip-based) antennas for automotive radar applications, types of antenna structures, feed mechanisms, dielectric material requirements, design techniques, and performance parameters. The discussion in Part 2 also covers feed methodologies, beam scanning concepts, and side-lobe levels on the autonomous vehicle communication activities.
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Bazzi, Alessandro. "Editorial of the MDPI JSAN Special Issue on Wireless Technologies Applied to Connected and Automated Vehicles." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan12010006.
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Khadija Tahira and Hafsa Khalid. "A Technical Survey of an Automated Driving System." Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 3, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgurjcsit.2019.030170.
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This paper tells the development of automated vehicles which explore the functions of driving at different levels, its implementation and infrastructure. Automated driving system (ADS) detects collision, performs some task to avoid it, focuses on Driver interaction with the system in the terms that can be controllable in rush being driven by the driver, which cause accidents, because safety, comfort ,time saver& destination are the most vital aspects of automation. Automated driving plays an important role in society but at the same time it also has some flaws which needs to be overcome in future. With some analytical surveys of published research papers of this era we will try to provide a clear description of automated driving system and how it can work effectively and efficiently.
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Watney, Murdoch. "Ethical and Legal Aspects Pertaining to law Enforcement use of Drones." International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 17, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/iccws.17.1.27.
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Law enforcement is an information-based activity. The use of drones (also referred to as unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs) for policing may be beneficial as an aerial surveillance tool in gathering information pertaining to crime prevention, detection and /or investigation which are conducted in the interest of national security. In most instances, the law enforcement use of drones for purposes of search and rescue, crime scene investigation and hostage situations are not controversial. However, police use of drones for crowd monitoring and protests may be contentious as it may violate various human rights such as the right to privacy which includes data protection, free speech, right to protest and freedom of movement. These rights must be balanced against public safety. The discussion focuses on identifying ethical and legal concerns relating to the use of drones by the police and how these concerns should be addressed. It highlights that the danger is not the drone technology itself, but how it is used and the manner in which the police deal with, process and act upon information gathered, in order to prevent or control crime. The use of drone technology for surveillance impacts on human rights. There is a risk that surveillance may manifest itself in governmental domination and power if no safeguards are in place to curtail pervasive surveillance. It should be established whether domestic drone policing is in general so intrusive that the drawbacks outweigh the benefits of using it for public safety purposes. The manner in which these issues are addressed may serve as a guideline to countries who are considering the use of drones for law enforcement.
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Battistini, Roberto, Luca Mantecchini, and Maria Nadia Postorino. "Users’ Acceptance of Connected and Automated Shuttles for Tourism Purposes: A Survey Study." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 10188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310188.
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In recent years, autonomous vehicles have received increasing attention and many studies in the literature have discussed the potentialities and the opportunities they could offer. Despite the potential benefits, mainly related to the expected reduction in accidents and congestion phenomena as well as the potentially improved social inclusion of people with driving difficulties (e.g., people with physical disabilities or elderly people), many aspects remain to be addressed, mainly for understanding users’ acceptance in the case of collective transport vehicles. This study proposes an analysis based on a survey aimed at exploring user’s preferences with respect to the use of autonomous shuttles (ASs) for tourism purposes. The main correlations between the variables considered and the preferences of potential users have been discussed. Interviewees expressed high confidence in AS technology, although the analyses performed about willingness to pay show that users give more relevance to the provided transport services than the AS technology.
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Lee, Joonbum, Jessica R. Lee, Madeline L. Koenig, John R. Douglas, Joshua E. Domeyer, John D. Lee, and Heishiro Toyoda. "Incorporating driver expectations into a taxonomy of transfers of control for automated vehicles." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (September 2022): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661241.
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This study expands existing taxonomies for transfer of control (TOC) with driving automation. A TOC taxonomy is necessary to categorize types of TOC, interpret drivers’ behavior during a transition, and assess the safety implications of each TOC type. However, existing taxonomies do not capture important aspects of the driver’s reaction to the transfer because they often only focus on the initiator and receiver. Thus, we synthesized relevant literature and suggested factors for expanding a TOC taxonomy. The literature synthesis revealed that temporal attributes (e.g., urgency) and predictability of TOC are dimensions that can extend existing taxonomies. Based on the findings, we developed a new TOC taxonomy using four factors (initiator, receiver, system predictability, and driver expectation) with relevant use cases. The new taxonomy distinguishes 16 different types of TOCs and enhances our understanding of TOC types and their implications for safety.
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Khan, Mohsin, and Bhavna Arora. "Traffic Congestion Reduction and Accident Circumvention System via Incorporation of CAV and VANET." International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaci.2021010103.
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Connected automated vehicle (CAV) technology is the core for the new age vehicles in research phase to communicate with one another and assimilation of vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) for the transference of data between vehicles at a quantified place and time. This manuscript is an enactment of the algorithms associated to the maintenance of secure distance amongst vehicles, lane shifting, and overtaking, which will diminish the occurrence of collisions and congestions especially phantom jams. Those implementations are centered over CAV and VANET technology for the interconnection of the vehicles and the data transmission. The data is associated to the aspects of a vehicle such as speed, position, acceleration, and acknowledgements, which acts as the fundamentals for the computation of variables. In accordance with the environment of a particular vehicle (i.e., its surrounding vehicles), real-time decisions are taken based on the real-time computation of the variables in a discrete system.
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Feldhütter, Anna, Christian Gold, Adrian Hüger, and Klaus Bengler. "Trust in Automation as a Matter of Media Influence and Experi-ence of Automated Vehicles." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 2024–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601460.
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Highly automated vehicles (HAV), which could help to enhance road safety and efficiency, are very likely to enter the market within the next decades. To have an impact, these systems need to be purchased, which is a matter of trust and acceptance. These factors are dependent on the level of information that one has about such systems. One important source of information is various media, such as newspapers, magazines and videos, in which highly automated driving (HAD) is currently a frequent topic of discussion. To evaluate the influence of media on the perception of HAD, 31 participants were presented with three different types of media addressing HAD in a neutral manner. Afterwards, the participants experienced HAD in the driving simulator. In between these steps, the participants completed questionnaires assessing comfort, trust in automation, increase in safety, intention to use and other factors in order to analyze the effect of the media and the driving simulation experience. Results indicate that the perception of some aspects of HAD were affected by the media presented, while experiencing HAD in the driving simulator generally did not have an effect on the attitude of the participants. Other aspects, such as trust, were not affected by either media or experience. In addition, gender-related differences in the perception of HAD were found.
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Boric, Sandra, Edgar Schiebel, Christian Schlögl, Michaela Hildebrandt, Christina Hofer, and Doris M. Macht. "Research in Autonomous Driving – A Historic Bibliometric View of the Research Development in Autonomous Driving." International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development 7, no. 5 (December 2021): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.74.2003.
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Autonomous driving has become an increasingly relevant issue for policymakers, the industry, service providers, infrastructure companies, and science. This study shows how bibliometrics can be used to identify the major technological aspects of an emerging research field such as autonomous driving. We examine the most influential publications and identify research fronts of scientific activities until 2017 based on a bibliometric literature analysis. Using the science mapping approach, publications in the research field of autonomous driving were retrieved from Web of Science and then structured using the bibliometric software BibTechMon by the AIT (Austrian Institute of Technology). At the time of our analysis, we identified four research fronts in the field of autonomous driving: (I) Autonomous Vehicles and Infrastructure, (II) Driver Assistance Systems, (III) Autonomous Mobile Robots, and (IV) IntraFace, i.e., automated facial image analysis. Researchers were working extensively on technologies that support the navigation and collection of data. Our analysis indicates that research was moving towards autonomous navigation and infrastructure in the urban environment. A noticeable number of publications focused on technologies for environment detection in automated vehicles. Still, research pointed at the technological challenges to make automated driving safe.
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Boric, Sandra, Edgar Schiebel, Christian Schlögl, Michaela Hildebrandt, Christina Hofer, and Doris M. Macht. "Research in Autonomous Driving – A Historic Bibliometric View of the Research Development in Autonomous Driving." International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development 7, no. 5 (December 2021): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.75.2003.
Full textAbstract:
Autonomous driving has become an increasingly relevant issue for policymakers, the industry, service providers, infrastructure companies, and science. This study shows how bibliometrics can be used to identify the major technological aspects of an emerging research field such as autonomous driving. We examine the most influential publications and identify research fronts of scientific activities until 2017 based on a bibliometric literature analysis. Using the science mapping approach, publications in the research field of autonomous driving were retrieved from Web of Science and then structured using the bibliometric software BibTechMon by the AIT (Austrian Institute of Technology). At the time of our analysis, we identified four research fronts in the field of autonomous driving: (I) Autonomous Vehicles and Infrastructure, (II) Driver Assistance Systems, (III) Autonomous Mobile Robots, and (IV) IntraFace, i.e., automated facial image analysis. Researchers were working extensively on technologies that support the navigation and collection of data. Our analysis indicates that research was moving towards autonomous navigation and infrastructure in the urban environment. A noticeable number of publications focused on technologies for environment detection in automated vehicles. Still, research pointed at the technological challenges to make automated driving safe.
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KELAM, IVICA, and TOMISLAV NEDIĆ. "THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF LETHAL AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS IN WARFARE." Arhe 18, no. 36 (January 27, 2022): 323–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/arhe.2021.36.323-352.
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The development of new technologies has always found its first application in warfare, from the invention of the bow and arrow, through the discovery of gunpowder, to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the “War on Terror.” The “successful” use of drones in the targeted killings of “terrorists” gave additional impetus to the development of new types of autonomous weapons that completely replace soldiers of blood and flesh on the battlefield. Currently, there is significant controversy over fully autonomous weapons that are fully autonomous in carrying out military operations. They can autonomously decide on the use of deadly force against “enemy” human beings. This kind of autonomy causes numerous controversies, not only legal but also ethical. Moreover, it calls into question the very essence of man, i.e., whether the “killer robot” is the next evolutionary stage in the development of the human species or a technological return to barbarism. This paper will analyze some of the above legal and ethical dilemmas that await us in the near future.
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Kan, Shuang, Wei Lyu, and Shiyu Zhao. "Evaluation of the Environmental Effect of Automated Vehicles Based on IVIULWG Operator Development." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 9669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159669.
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The automated vehicle (AV) industry is a new growing industry of great interest. The environmental friendliness of AVs represents a core characteristic of their leap-forward development. The environmental effect of AVs, including its evaluation framework and algorithm, is a leading research area for continued technological innovation and market development in this field. This study focuses on three environmental aspects: the energy effect of AVs, the traffic effect of AVs on ground space, and the air effect of AVs on three-dimensional atmospheric space. First, an environmental effect evaluation indicator system that includes nine indices for AVs is constructed to be the basis for management decision making. Second, the interval-valued intuitionistic uncertain fuzzy (IVIUF) evaluation variable is used to solve the problem of data features that incorporate “crisp numbers” and “fuzzy numbers”. Moreover, geometric weights are added based on the generalized correlation aggregation operator. Then, the IVIUL-weighted geometric (IVIULWG) operator is developed, which includes the objective and subjective information of “crisp numbers” and “fuzzy numbers” and makes the mathematical characteristics more scientific and accurate. Finally, an evaluation example is used to validate the effectiveness and practicability of the algorithm.
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Wang, Ting, Meiting Tu, Hao Lyu, Ye Li, Olivier Orfila, Guojian Zou, and Dominique Gruyer. "Impact Evaluation of Cyberattacks on Connected and Automated Vehicles in Mixed Traffic Flow and Its Resilient and Robust Control Strategy." Sensors 23, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010074.
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Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) present significant potential for improving road safety and mitigating traffic congestion for the future mobility system. However, cooperative driving vehicles are more vulnerable to cyberattacks when communicating with each other, which will introduce a new threat to the transportation system. In order to guarantee safety aspects, it is also necessary to ensure a high level of information quality for CAV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation on the impacts of cyberattacks on CAV in mixed traffic (large vehicles, medium vehicles, and small vehicles) from the perspective of vehicle dynamics. The paper aims to explore the influence of cyberattacks on the evolution of CAV mixed traffic flow and propose a resilient and robust control strategy (RRCS) to alleviate the threat of cyberattacks. First, we propose a CAV mixed traffic car-following model considering cyberattacks based on the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM). Furthermore, a RRCS for cyberattacks is developed by setting the acceleration control switch and its impacts on the mixed traffic flow are explored in different cyberattack types. Finally, sensitivity analyses are conducted in different platoon compositions, vehicle distributions, and cyberattack intensities. The results show that the proposed RRCS of cyberattacks is robust and can resist the negative threats of cyberattacks on the CAV platoon, thereby providing a theoretical basis for restoring the stability and improving the safety of the CAV.
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Osler, Shay, and Timothy Sands. "Controlling Remotely Operated Vehicles with Deterministic Artificial Intelligence." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 2810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12062810.
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Unmanned ocean vehicles can be guided and controlled autonomously or remotely, and even remote operation can be automated significantly. Classical methods use trajectory tracking errors in negative feedback. Recently published methods are proposed instead. Deterministic (non-stochastic) artificial intelligence (DAI) combines optimal learning with an asserted self awareness statement in the form of the governing mathematical model (based on physics in this instantiation) to allow control that can be alternatively adaptive (i.e., capable of reacting to changing system dynamics) or learning (i.e., able to provide information about what aspects of the system dynamics have changed). In this manuscript, deterministic artificial intelligence is applied to the heading control of a simulated remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV). Research is presented illustrating autonomous control of a Seabotix vLBV 300 remotely operated vehicle within milli-degrees on the very first step of a shaped square wave command, and error decreased an additional sixty-two percent by the third step of the square wave command.
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Raju, Narayana, and Haneen Farah. "Evolution of Traffic Microsimulation and Its Use for Modeling Connected and Automated Vehicles." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (September 24, 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2444363.
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Traffic microsimulation has a functional role in understanding the traffic performance on the road network. This study originated with intent to understand traffic microsimulation and its use in modeling connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). Initially, the paper focuses on understanding the evolution of traffic microsimulation and on examining the various commercial and open-source simulation platforms available and their importance in traffic microsimulation studies. Following this, current autonomous vehicle (AV) microsimulation strategies are reviewed. From the review analysis, it is observed that AVs are modeled in traffic microsimulation with two sets of strategies. In the first set, the inbuilt models are used to replicate the driving behavior of AVs by adapting the models’ parameters. In the second strategy, AV behavior is programmed with the help of externalities (e.g., Application Programming Interface (API)). Studies simulating AVs with inbuilt models used mostly VISSIM compared to other microsimulation platforms. In addition, the studies are heavily focused on AVs’ penetration rate impact on traffic flow characteristics and traffic safety. On the other hand, studies which simulated AVs with externalities focused on the communication aspects for traffic management. Finally, the cosimulation strategies for simulating the CAVs are explored, and the ongoing research attempts are discussed. The present study identifies the limitations of present CAV microsimulation studies and proposes prospects and improvements in modeling AVs in traffic microsimulation.
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Laniuk, Yevhen. "Freedom in the Society of Control: Ethical challenges." Ethics & Bioethics 10, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2020): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ebce-2020-0019.
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AbstractThe Society of Control is a philosophical concept developed by Gilles Deleuze in the early 1990s to highlight the transition from Michel Foucault’s Disciplinary Society to a new social constitution of power assisted by digital technologies. The Society of Control is organized around switches, which convert data, and, in this way, exercise power. These switches take data inputs (digitized information about individuals) and transform them into outputs (decisions) based on their pre-programmed instructions. I call these switches “automated decision-making algorithms” (ADMAs) and look at ethical issues that arise from their impact on human freedom. I distinguish between negative and positive aspects of freedom and examine the impact of the ADMAs on both. My main argument is that freedom becomes endangered in this new ecosystem of computerized control, which makes individuals powerless in new and unprecedented ways. Finally, I suggest a few ways to recover freedom, while preserving the economic benefits of the ADMAs.
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Zhou, Fujie, Sheng Hu, Susan T. Chrysler, Yangwoo Kim, Ivan Damnjanovic, Alireza Talebpour, and Alejandro Espejo. "Optimization of Lateral Wandering of Automated Vehicles to Reduce Hydroplaning Potential and to Improve Pavement Life." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 11 (June 6, 2019): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119853560.
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The deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) has many potential benefits, such as reductions in congestion and emissions, and safety improvements. However, two notable aspects of AVs are their impact on roadway hydroplaning and pavement life. Since most AVs are programmed to follow a set path and maintain a lateral position in the center of the lane, over time, significant rutting will occur in asphalt surfaced pavements. This study measured AV lateral wandering patterns and compared them with human driven vehicles. Both wandering patterns could be modeled with a normal distribution but have significantly different standard deviations. AVs have a standard deviation for the lateral traffic wander pattern at least three times smaller than human driven vehicles. The influences of AVs with smaller lateral wandering on pavement rutting and fatigue life were analyzed with the Texas Mechanistic-Empirical Flexible Pavement Design system. The research discovered that AVs would shorten pavement fatigue life by 20%. Additionally, pavement rut depths (RD) increased by 13% and reached critical values of the RD 30% earlier. Deeper ruts formed more quickly leading to thicker water films on wet roads, and consequently, a much higher risk of hydroplaning. The research also calculated maximum tolerable RDs at different hydroplaning speeds. AVs have a much smaller tolerable RD human driven vehicles because of a greater water film in the rutted wheel path. This research thus proposed an optimal AV lateral wandering pattern: a uniform distribution. A uniformly distributed lateral wandering pattern for AVs prolongs pavement fatigue life, reduces pavement RD, and decreases hydroplaning potential.
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Pikner, Heiko, Raivo Sell, Jüri Majak, and Kristo Karjust. "Safety System Assessment Case Study of Automated Vehicle Shuttle." Electronics 11, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071162.
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Automated vehicle (AV) minibuses, i.e., AV shuttles, are gaining popularity in the testing of new types of transportation services in real traffic conditions. AV shuttles have moved from closed test areas to low-traffic public sites such as local residential areas, technology parks, university campuses, etc. These types of vehicles are usually low-speed and rely on a lidar-camera sensor set and a self-driving software stack. These new use cases are increasing these systems’ safety demands. In addition to functional safety, many other aspects need to be considered. In this study, a risk analysis model is developed, combining the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution method. The proposed model is utilized to prioritize risks corresponding to the particular case study, based on real AV shuttle bus development, and focuses on the low-level hardware/software safety issues and improvements.
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Azam, Muhammad, Sitti Asmah Hassan, and Othman Che Puan. "Autonomous Vehicles in Mixed Traffic Conditions—A Bibliometric Analysis." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 10743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710743.
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Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) with their immaculate sensing and navigating capabilities are expected to revolutionize urban mobility. Despite the expected benefits, this emerging technology has certain implications pertaining to their deployment in mixed traffic streams, owing to different driving logics than Human-driven Vehicles (HVs). Many researchers have been working to devise a sustainable urban transport system by considering the operational and safety aspects of mixed traffic during the transition phase. However, limited scholarly attention has been devoted to mapping an overview of this research area. This paper attempts to map the state of the art of scientific production about autonomous vehicles in mixed traffic conditions, using a bibliometric analysis of 374 documents extracted from the Scopus database from 1999 to 2021. The VOSviewer 1.1.18 and Biblioshiny 3.1 software were used to demonstrate the progress status of the publications concerned. The analysis revealed that the number of publications has continuously increased during the last five years. The text analysis showed that the author keywords “autonomous vehicles” and “mixed traffic” dominated the other author keywords because of their frequent occurrence. From thematic analysis, three research stages associated with AVs were identified; pre-development (1999–2017), development (2017–2020) and deployment (2021). The study highlighted the potential research areas, such as involvement of autonomous vehicles in transportation planning, interaction between autonomous vehicles and human driven vehicles, traffic and energy efficiencies associated with automated driving, penetration rates for autonomous vehicles in mixed traffic scenarios, and safe and efficient operation of autonomous vehicles in mixed traffic environment. Additionally, discussion on the three key aspects was conducted, including the impacts of AVs, their driving characteristics and strategies for their successful deployment in context of mixed traffic. This paper provides ample future directions to the people willing to work in this area of autonomous vehicles in mixed traffic conditions. The study also revealed current trends as well as potential future hotspots in the area of autonomous vehicles in mixed traffic.
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C, Adarsha. "Automated Vehicle Noise and Over Speed Detection System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 4796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45097.
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Abstract: This paper introduces anongoing project on the surveillance of speed vehicles and which makes more noise on the road. Noise pollution created by vehicles on urban roads is becoming more severe. To enforce current measures,we developed a vehicular noise surveillance system including a vehicle speed measurement method. Samples ofvehicular noise were recorded on-site using IR sensor. When IR Sensor detects more vehicle noise greater than 90 decibels, then the transmitter sends the data to the receiver. The receiver recieves the data then makes the RaspberryPi camera on. RaspberryPi camera captures the vehicle number plate and rider photo or video using OCR and the buzzer will turn on it gives the intimation and at the same time the data will store in cloud. License Platform Detection is a computer technology that enables us to identify digital images on the platform automatically. Different operations are covered in this system,such as imaging, number pad locations, alphanumeric character truncation and OCR. The final objective of the system is to construct and create efficient image processing procedures and techniques to position a licensing platter on the Open Computer View Library picture. It was used and implemented the KNN algorithm and python programming language. The technology can be used in different industries such as security, highway speed detection, lighting violations, manuscript documents, automatic charging system, etc. Auto plate recognition is an integratedtechnology which identifies the auto licence plate. Auto plate auto recognition. Multiple applications include complex safety systems, public spaces, parking andurban traffic control. Automatic Vehicle License Plate Recognition (AVLPR) has undesirable aspects because of many effects, such as light and speed. This work presents an alternative technique to leverage free software for the implementation of AVLPR systems including Python and the Open ComputerVision (openCV).