Relevant bibliographies by topics / Automated vehicles – Ethical aspects

Academic literature on the topic 'Automated vehicles – Ethical aspects'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Automated vehicles – Ethical aspects"

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Mühlbacher, Dominik, Markus Tomzig, Katharina Reinmüller, and Lena Rittger. "Methodological Considerations Concerning Motion Sickness Investigations during Automated Driving." Information 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11050265.

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Automated driving vehicles will allow all occupants to spend their time with various non-driving related tasks like relaxing, working, or reading during the journey. However, a significant percentage of people is susceptible to motion sickness, which limits the comfort of engaging in those tasks during automated driving. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the phenomenon of motion sickness during automated driving and to develop countermeasures. As most existing studies concerning motion sickness are fundamental research studies, a methodology for driving studies is yet missing. This paper discusses methodological aspects for investigating motion sickness in the context of driving including measurement tools, test environments, sample, and ethical restrictions. Additionally, methodological considerations guided by different underlying research questions and hypotheses are provided. Selected results from own studies concerning motion sickness during automated driving which were conducted in a motion-based driving simulation and a real vehicle are used to support the discussion.
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Keeling, Geoff. "Why Trolley Problems Matter for the Ethics of Automated Vehicles." Science and Engineering Ethics 26, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-019-00096-1.

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Epting, Shane. "Transportation Planning for Automated Vehicles—Or Automated Vehicles for Transportation Planning?" Essays in Philosophy 20, no. 2 (2019): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7710/1526-0569.1635.

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In recent years, philosophical examinations of automated vehicles have progressed far beyond initial concerns over the ethical decisions that pertain to programming in the event of a crash. In turn, this paper moves in that direction, focusing on the motivations behind efforts to implement driverless vehicles into urban settings. The author argues that the many perceived benefits of these technologies yield a received view of automated vehicles. This position holds that driverless vehicles can solve most if not all urban mobility issues. However, the problem with such an outlook is that it lends itself to transportation planning for automated vehicles, rather than using them as part of planning efforts that could serve urban mobility. Due to this condition, present efforts aimed at improving transportation systems should resist dogmatic thinking. Instead, they should focus on goals that keep topics such a human flourishing, sustainability, and transportation justice firmly in view.
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Mirnig, Alexander G., Sandra Trösterer, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, Magdalena Gärtner, and Manfred Tscheligi. "Trust in Automated Vehicles." i-com 17, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icom-2017-0031.

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Abstract Increasing degrees of automation in on-road vehicles bear great potential for heightened driver safety and traffic efficiency in both the near and far future. The more the driver delegates control to the vehicle, the more salient the issue of trust in automated technology becomes. Misaligned trust can lead to mishandling of automation controls in individual instances and decreases the general acceptance of on-road automation on a broader scale. In this paper, we apply insights from trust research for dynamic web service interaction to the novel automated driving domain, in order to scope the problem space regarding trust in automated vehicles. We conclude that the appropriate communication of trustworthiness, the necessity to calibrate trust, the importance of intervention capabilities by the driver, and the unambiguous transparency of locus of control are all important aspects when in comes to understanding trust in automated vehicles.
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Papadimitriou, Eleonora, Haneen Farah, Geerten van de Kaa, Filippo Santoni de Sio, Marjan Hagenzieker, and Pieter van Gelder. "Towards common ethical and safe ‘behaviour’ standards for automated vehicles." Accident Analysis & Prevention 174 (September 2022): 106724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106724.

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Contissa, Giuseppe, Francesca Lagioia, and Giovanni Sartor. "The Ethical Knob: ethically-customisable automated vehicles and the law." Artificial Intelligence and Law 25, no. 3 (September 2017): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10506-017-9211-z.

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Alexander Alexandrovich, Kudryavtsev, and Michelle Francua Fumby. "TECHNOLOGIES OF AUTOMATED PASSENGERS COUNTING INSIDE HIGH-AUTOMATED VEHICLES OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT." World of transport and technological machines 75, no. 4 (2021): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7432-2021-75-4-74-82.

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Technological aspects are observed conserning high-automated public transport vehicles operation. The role of real-time information and automatic door closing of the unmanned vehicles is highlited. Also bescribed how automatic counting passengers can be used inside information services for passengers and for more presice controlling at managing «green lines» for proper filled buses and trams can be used.
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Millar, J., D. Paz, S. M. Thornton, C. Parisi, and J. C. Gerdes. "A FRAMEWORK FOR ADDRESSING ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ENGINEERING OF AUTOMATED VEHICLES (AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES)." Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 1 (May 2020): 1485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsd.2020.78.

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AbstractPolicymakers have attempted to preemptively address the concern of ethical issues with the regulation of automated vehicles. Unfortunately, both policymakers and designers of these technologies struggle to articulate ethical issues and their resolution. We propose a framework that engineers and designers of automated technologies can apply that allows them to identify and resolve ethical tensions within the design task. We demonstrate the practicability of the framework to the engineering design process through a human-subject study where engineers applied the framework in a workshop.
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Fossa, Fabio, Stefano Arrigoni, Giandomenico Caruso, Hafeez Husain Cholakkal, Pragyan Dahal, Matteo Matteucci, and Federico Cheli. "Operationalizing the Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles." International Journal of Technoethics 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijt.291553.

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In response to the many social impacts of automated mobility, in September 2020 the European Commission published Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles, a report in which recommendations on road safety, privacy, fairness, explainability, and responsibility are drawn from a set of eight overarching principles. This paper presents the results of an interdisciplinary research where philosophers and engineers joined efforts to operationalize the guidelines advanced in the report. To this aim, we endorse a function-based working approach to support the implementation of values and recommendations into the design of automated vehicle technologies. Based on this, we develop methodological tools to tackle issues related to personal autonomy, explainability, and privacy as domains that most urgently require fine-grained guidance due to the associated ethical risks. Even though each tool still requires further inquiry, we believe that our work might already prove the productivity of the function-based approach and foster its adoption in the CAV scientific community.
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Darimireddy, Naresh K., U. Mohan Rao, Chan-Wang Park, I. Fofana, M. Sujatha, and Anant K. Verma. "Perspectives of Convertors and Communication Aspects in Automated Vehicles, Part 2: Printed Antennas and Sensors for Automotive Radars." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061656.

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Automated vehicles are becoming popular across the communities of e-transportation across the globe. Hybrid electric vehicles and autonomous vehicles have been subjected to critical research for decades. The research outcomes pertinent to this topic in the literature have been motivated by the industry and researchers to emphasize automated vehicles. Part 1 of this survey addressed the critical aspects that concern the bidirectional converter topologies and condition monitoring activities. In the present part, 24- and 77-GHz low-profile printed antennas are studied for automotive radar applications. These antennas are mounted on automated vehicles to avoid collision and are used for radio tracking applications. The present paper states the types of antenna structures, feed mechanisms, dielectric material requirements, design techniques, performance parameters, and challenges at 24- and 77-GHz resonating frequency applications. The recent developments in feed methodologies, beam scanning concepts, and the effect of sidelobe levels are addressed. Furthermore, the reasons behind the transition from 24 to 77 GHz are reported in detail. The recent advances in the application of various sensor schemes in an automated vehicle have also been discussed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Automated vehicles – Ethical aspects"

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Westerlind, Rickard, and Joakim Langelaar. "Faktorer för användningen av automatiserade fordon." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353966.

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Tekniska innovationer förknippas alltmer med modernt, utvecklade IT-komponenter i dagens samhällsutveckling. Detta framträder framförallt inom fordonsindustrin där självkörande/automatiserade fordon tagit ett rejält språng på den globala fordonsmarknaden. Automatiserade fordon anses av många som framtidens teknik inom områden som framförallt berör kollektivtrafik och varutransporter, men visionen om en helt automatiserad trafik lämnas inte oberörd. Men då ny, främmande teknologi även kan ses som avskräckande för gemene man - vad krävs då för att ändra på detta synsätt? Hur kan det säkerställas att tekniska innovationer såsom automatiserade fordon accepteras av allmänheten och används i praktiken? Dessa är frågor som legat till grund för föreliggande rapport som syftat till att presentera en studie som undersöker vilka faktorer som har en inverkan på användningen av automatiserade fordon. Detta har genomförts genom en omfattande litteratursökning av tidigare och aktuell forskning inom ämnet, samt intervjuer och enkätundersökningar för att ta del av synpunkter och erfarenheter från befintliga användare av automatiserad teknologi. Forskningen har resulterat i en kunskapsprodukt som utgörs av en tabell innehållandes ovan nämnda faktorer med en kort beskrivning, typ av faktor, samt en motivering till varför de bedömts till att ha en inverkan på användningen av automatiserade fordon. Tabellen har därtill kompletterats av en relationsmodell som beskriver hur faktorer samverkar och är beroende av varandra. Resultatet ska med förhoppningar kunna användas som stöd till framtida studier och forskningsprojekt, samt ge inspiration till företag och organisationer som bedriver verksamhet med koppling till automatiserade fordon och dess användning.
Technological innovations are increasingly associated with modern, developed IT-capabilities in today’s societal evolution. This is seen primarily in the automobile industry where self-driving/automated vehicles has taken a great leap on the global automobile market. Automated vehicles are considered by many to be the technology of the future which mainly involves public transport and transport of goods, but the vision of a completely automated traffic is not left untouched. But because new, foreign technology also can be seen as detrimental to people - what is then required to change this approach? How can it be ensured that technical innovations such as automated vehicles are accepted by the public and used in practice? These are issues that gave rise to the following report with a purpose to present a study that investigates which factors that has an impact on the use of automated vehicles. This has been accomplished through an extensive literature search of previous and current research of the topic, along with interviews and surveys to acquire personal opinions and experiences from existing users of automated technology. The research has eventuated in a knowledge product represented by a table of above mentioned factors including a brief description, type of factor, and a justification to as why they have been assessed as having an impact on the use of automated vehicles. Furthermore, the table has been supplemented with a relational model that describes how factors interact and depend on each other. Hopefully, the result can be used as support for future studies and research projects, as well as inspire companies and organizations engaged in automated vehicles and their use.
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Flodin, Caroline. "Sjöräddning och obemannade autonoma farkoster, hur är det med uppgifterna? : En fallstudie om riktlinjer för datahantering i sjöräddning med obemannade autonoma farkoster." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Informationssystem och digitalisering, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177792.

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Sjöräddning i Sverige sker genom samverkan mellan statliga verksamheter, kommuner och frivilligorganisationer för ett gemensamt mål att rädda personer som råkat i sjönöd. Tid är ofta en kritisk faktor i räddningsuppdragen men ett snabbt och oplanerat utryck riskerar samtidigt att sätta räddningsaktörerna själva i farozonen. Utvecklingen av obemannade autonoma farkoster för SAR (eng. Search And Rescue) ses som en lösning på behovet att kunna snabbt skicka hjälp till samt få ögon på incidentplatsen utan att försätta räddningsaktörerna för onödig risk. Nuvarande kommunikationssystem inom svensk sjöräddning kan dock inte hantera annan typ av information än muntlig varav räddningsaktörer endast känner till riktlinjer för hantering av muntlig information. Med ett framtida införande av autonoma farkoster kommer dock fler informationstyper att behöva hanteras i sjöräddningar varav oklarheten om vilka informationstyper autonoma farkoster samlar in och vilka datahanteringskrav som finns är problematiskt. Oklarhet om informationstyperna och deras datahanteringskrav är vidare problematiskt för utvecklingen och implementeringen av autonoma farkoster då risken finns att farkoster och tekniker utvecklas men inte får användas för att de inte är anpassade efter lagkraven på hantering av olika datatyper. I denna studie undersöks därför vilka informationstyper som autonoma farkoster kan samla in vid sjöräddning. Detta för att komma fram till vilka riktlinjer för datahantering som gäller vid sjöräddning med autonoma farkoster. Studien undersöker också vilka informationstyper som är kritiska för en SAR-sjöräddningssamverkan samt vilka informationsdelningsutmaningar som finns i dagens sjöräddning. Studien genomfördes i form av en kvalitativ fallstudie och har tillämpat ett socio-tekniskt systemperspektiv för att bättre se till helheten och besvara frågeställningarna. Resultatet av denna studie visar att autonoma farkoster kan samla in information om sin omgivning, vilket utgör grunden för att skapa en medvetenhet om situationen som är kritiskt för SAR-operationer, och kan även samla in information om sitt eget tillstånd. De lagverk som identifierats utgöra de huvudsakliga restriktionerna är kamerabevakningslagen, lagen för skydd av geografisk information, offentlighets- och sekretesslagen, GDPR och dataskyddslagen. Dessa lagverk innehåller riktlinjer för delning av information och personuppgiftsbehandling i SAR-sjöräddning. Kunskapsbidrag studien har genererat inkluderar bland annat identifiering av datatyper som kan samlas in av autonoma farkoster i en SAR-sjöräddning, och sannolikt andra typer av räddningsinsatser, och delning och hanteringskraven på de datatyperna i räddningsinsatser och därmed kunskap om vilka datatyper som är mest reglerade. Vidare kunskapsbidrag är kunskap om vilka informationstyper som är mest kritiska för SAR-sjöräddningar, och därför bör prioriteras att samlas in och delas, och identifieringen av utmaningar för informationsdelning mellan statliga verksamheter och frivilligorganisationer.
Maritime rescue in Sweden is performed through a cooperation between government agencies, municipalities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) with the common goal of saving people in distress. Time is often a critical factor in the rescue missions but a fast and unplanned response may at the same time put the rescue workers in danger. The development of unmanned autonomous vehicles for SAR is seen as a solution to the need of being able to quickly sendhelp as well as get eyes on the scene of the incident without exposing the rescue workers for unnecessary risks. However, the current communications systems in Swedish maritime rescue are unable to handle any other type of information except verbal, meaning that rescue workers only know guidelines for handling verbal information. However, with a future implementation of autonomous vehicles, there will be a need to handle more information types in maritime rescue whereas the uncertainty regarding what kind of information autonomous vehicles collect and which data management requirements exist is problematic. The uncertainty about the information types and their data management requirements is also problematic for the development and implementation of autonomous vehicles as there is a risk that vehicles and technologies are developed but not allowed to be used because they are not adapted to the legal requirements on management of the different types of data. Therefore, in this study I examine what information types that autonomous vehicles can collect in a maritime rescue to find out what guidelines for data management that applies during a maritime rescue with autonomous vehicles. The study also examines what kind of information’s are critical for a SAR maritime rescue cooperation as well as what information sharing challenges exist in current maritime rescue. The study was performed as a qualitative case study and has used a socio-technical systems perspective so as to better see the overall picture and answer the research questions. The result shows that autonomous vehicles can collect information about their surroundings, which is the foundation for establishing situation awareness that is critical for SAR-operations, and that they can collect information about their own status. The main laws and regulations that have been identified as constituting the main restrictions are (translated from Swedish) the law of camera surveillance, the law for protection of geographical information, the public access to information and secrecy act, the GDPR and the data protection act. These contains guidelines for sharing information and the processing of personal data in SAR maritime rescue. The knowledge contributions of this study includes among others the identification of datatypes that can be collected by autonomous vehicles in SAR maritime rescue, and probably other types of rescue operations, and the sharing and management requirements on those datatypes in rescue operations and thus knowledge of what datatypes that are the most restricted. Further knowledge contributions is knowledge about which information types that are the most critical for SAR maritime rescue and thus should be prioritised for collection and sharing as well as the identification of challenges for information sharing between government agencies and NGOs.
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Sütfeld, Leon René. "Advances in Vehicle Automation: Ethics and Technology." Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-202109145339.

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With the arrival of automated vehicles (AVs) on our streets virtually around the corner, this thesis explores advances in automated driving technology with a focus on ethical decision making in dilemmatic traf- fic situations. In a total of five publications, we take a multi-facetted approach to analyse and address the core challenges related to auto- mated ethical decision making in AVs. In publications one through three, we conduct a series of immersive virtual reality studies to analyze human behavior in traffic dilemmas, explore mathematical approaches to model the decision making process, investigate how the assessment methodology can affect moral judgment, and discuss the implications of these studies for algorithmic decision making in the real-world. In publication number four, we provide a comprehensive summary of the status quo of AV technology and legislation with regard to automated ethical decision making. Here, we discuss when and why ethical deci- sion making systems become necessary in AVs, review existing guide- lines for the behavior of AVs in dilemma situations, and compile a set of 10 demands and open questions that need to be addressed in the pursuit of a framework for ethical decision making in AVs. Finally, the basis for automated ethical decision making in AVs will be provided by accurate assessments of the immediate environment of the car. The pri- mary technology used to provide the required information processing of camera and LiDAR images in AVs is machine learning, and in particular deep learning. In publication five, we propose a form of adaptive acti- vation functions, addressing a central element of deep neural networks, which could, for instance, lead to increased detection rates of relevant objects, and thus help to provide a more accurate assessment of the AVs environment. Overall, this thesis provides a structured and compre- hensive overview of the state of the art in ethical decision making for AVs. It includes important implications for the design of decision mak- ing algorithms in practice, and concisely outlines the central remaining challenges on the road to a safe, fair and successful introduction of fully automated vehicles into the market.
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Books on the topic "Automated vehicles – Ethical aspects"

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Wishart, Jeffrey, Yan Chen, Steven Como, Narayanan Kidambi, Duo Lu, and Yezhou Yang. Fundamentals of Connected and Automated Vehicles. SAE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/9780768099829.

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The automotive industry is transforming to a greater degree that has occurred since Henry Ford introduced mass production of the automobile with the Model T in 1913. Advances in computing, data processing, and artificial intelligence (deep learning in particular) are driving the development of new levels of automation that will impact all aspects of our lives including our vehicles. What are Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs)? What are the underlying technologies that need to mature and converge for them to be widely deployed? Fundamentals of Connected and Automated Vehicles is written to answer these questions, educating the reader with the information required to make informed predictions of how and when CAVs will impact their lives. Topics covered include: History of Connected and Automated Vehicles, Localization, Connectivity, Sensor and Actuator Hardware, Computer Vision, Sensor Fusion, Path Planning and Motion Control, Verification and Validation, and Outlook for future of CAVs.
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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and Future Transportation Technology Conference and Exposition (1990 : San Diego, Calif.), eds. Automated highway/intelligent vehicle systems: Technology and socioeconomic aspects. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1990.

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contributor, Brown Anne, ed. Three revolutions: Steering automated, shared, and electric vehicles to a better future. 2018.

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Mertzman, Robert. Sports and Celebrity: Role Models or Marketing Vehicles? (Sports and Society). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1999.

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Probert, Penelope, and Stephen Cameron. Advanced Guided Vehicles: Aspects of the Oxford Agv Project (Series in Robotics and Automated System, Vol 9). World Scientific Publishing Company, 1994.

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Kennebeck, Sonia. National bird. 2017.

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Nucci, Ezio Di, and Filippo Santoni. Drones and Responsibility Legal Philosophical and Technical Perspectives on the Use of Remotely. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Hasian, Marouf. Drone Warfare and Lawfare in a Post-Heroic Age. University of Alabama Press, 2016.

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Hasian, Marouf. Drone Warfare and Lawfare in a Post-Heroic Age. University Alabama Press, 2016.

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Plaw, Avery, Carlos Colon, and Matthew S. Fricker. Drone Debate: A Primer on the U.S. Use of Unmanned Aircraft Outside Conventional Battlefields. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Automated vehicles – Ethical aspects"

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Chatzipanagiotis, Michael. "Insurance Aspects of Automated Vehicles." In Осигурање и правно-економско окружење – шири и ужи оквир = Insurance and Legal-Economic Environment – Wider and Narrower Framework, 159–71. Београд: Удружење за право осигурања ; Удружење осигуравача Србије, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/aida.2022.23.ch13.

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Landini, Sara. "Ethical Issues, Cybersecurity and Automated Vehicles." In AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation, 291–312. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27386-6_14.

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Winkle, Thomas. "Analysis of Poor Visibility Real-World Test Scenarios." In Product Development within Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and Legal Risk, 45–66. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34293-7_3.

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AbstractProduct development involving Artificial Intelligence, ethics and legal risks using the example of safe autonomous vehicles involves a number of challenges. These include dealing with complex traffic situations and reliable image recognition under difficult light and weather conditions, such as rain, snow, backlight, wet road surface, spray/splashing water, icing/contamination of windshield/sensors or road markings that are only partially visible. In order to develop and validate automated vehicles with reasonable expenditure, a first area-wide analysis based on 1.28 million police accident reports was conducted including all police reports in Saxony over 10 years concerning bad weather conditions.Based on this large database, 374 accidents were found with regard to perception limitations for the detailed investigation. These traffic scenarios are relevant for automated driving. They will form a key aspect for future development, validation and testing of machine perception including Artificial Intelligence within automated driving functions.
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Simon, János. "Automated Guided Vehicles Safety Issues and Security Aspects." In Security-Related Advanced Technologies in Critical Infrastructure Protection, 229–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2174-3_20.

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Monsaingeon, Noé, Yanna Carli, Loïc Caroux, Sabine Langlois, and Céline Lemercier. "Indicating the Limits of Partially Automated Vehicles with Drivers’ Peripheral Vision: An Online Study." In Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation, 78–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80012-3_9.

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Li, Tianjian, Ruobing Zhao, Yi Liu, Yueqing Li, and Guanlong Li. "Evaluate the Effect of Age and Driving Experience on Driving Performance with Automated Vehicles." In Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation, 155–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80012-3_19.

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Kern, Mira, and Sebastian Stegmüller. "Analysis of Context-Specific Behavior Patterns in Cross-Industry Innovations Using the Example of Media Use in Automated Vehicles." In Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation, 331–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80012-3_39.

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Kraetsch, Clemens, Gabriella Eriksson, Niklas Strand, Florent Anon, Jan-Paul Leuteritz, and Bernhard Schrauth. "Bridging Gaps for the Adoption of Automated Vehicles—BRAVE Aspects for TrustVehicles—Development of Innovative HMIs to Increase Acceptance." In Enhanced Trustworthiness and End User Acceptance of Conditionally Automated Vehicles in the Transition Period, 25–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60861-3_2.

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Winkle, Thomas. "Qualitative Interviews with Developers." In Product Development within Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and Legal Risk, 125–38. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34293-7_5.

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AbstractThe previous chapters indicate that development approaches using innovative technology or Artificial Intelligence must be reviewed against the background of the increasing demands on interdisciplinary project teams as well as the growing complexity of functions. Interviews with engineers, executive managers and a psychologist from the development department of automobile manufacturers show that a structured guided process increases quality in respect of operational and functional safety. The surveys were conducted using the example of the “Code of Practice for the Design and Evaluation of ADAS” including ISO 26262 requirements. It focused on 1. Success and/or failure of guided development projects; 2. Different perceptions, expectations, ideas and conceptions about the optimal development process; 3. Liability-based product responsibility of the developers and 4. general developer’s attitude to the development process. As one of the insightful results, a practice-oriented guideline with supportive advice “forces” all participants involved in the product development process to sit around a table introducing and discussing their different aspects in a structured way. Through the surveys, the developers were sensitized to the advantages of a guideline-based development process. Often the employees themselves are the best advisors. Each expert contributes to the development of a reliable system through their special field of expertise. The developers concerned are the most aware of the weaknesses and can initiate innovations in companies from the “bottom-up”. A final consulting concept (checklist with 101 questions in Annex B) includes guidelines and requirements and will support the efficient, user-friendly development of new automated vehicle functions.
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Landini, Sara, and Kyriaki Noussia. "Big Data, Privacy, and Protection of the User of Autonomous Vehicles: Ethical Issues, Insurance Aspects, and Human Rights." In AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation, 131–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82704-5_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Automated vehicles – Ethical aspects"

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Cunha, Liliana, Daniel Silva, Daniela Monteiro, Sara Ferreira, António Lobo, António Couto, Anabela Simões, and Catarina Neto. "Who Really Wants Automated Vehicles? Determinant Factors of Acceptability Profiles in Portugal." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2022) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001018.

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Addressing the acceptability of automated vehicles (AVs) implies, beyond technical, legal, or ethical aspects, the debate on perceptions and use intentions. The focus of this study is placed on questioning the technique by the social dimension: what acceptability profiles emerge from these perceptions? This study analyzes the determinant factors of AVs acceptability to identify different Portuguese population clusters. A survey was developed, in the scope of the AUTODRIVING project, with 501 participants. Three acceptability clusters were identified: Objectors; Ambivalent; and Enthusiasts. To complement these results, five focus groups were carried out, involving both professional and regular drivers. The results enabled the access to a situated point of view, considering the current experience of driving, particularly in the case of professional drivers. This study could contribute to deploying AVs, highlighting the importance of a contextualized analysis hic and nunc, and allowing to bring to the fore the demands and constraints of driving.
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Nemeth, Balazs. "Route selection method with ethical considerations for automated vehicles under critical situations." In 2022 IEEE 20th Jubilee World Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sami54271.2022.9780742.

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Gerdes, J. Christian. "The Virtues of Automated Vehicle Safety - Mapping Vehicle Safety Approaches to Their Underlying Ethical Frameworks." In 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iv47402.2020.9304583.

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Gerdes, J. Christian. "The Virtues of Automated Vehicle Safety - Mapping Vehicle Safety Approaches to Their Underlying Ethical Frameworks." In 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iv47402.2020.9304583.

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Sadeghian, Shadan, Marc Hassenzahl, and Kai Eckoldt. "An Exploration of Prosocial Aspects of Communication Cues between Automated Vehicles and Pedestrians." In AutomotiveUI '20: 12th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3409120.3410657.

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Fischer, Lutz, Daniel Holder, and Benedikt Weiss. "Factors influencing the perception of safety in automated vehicles interiors." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2022) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100944.

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While driving automated, the driver becomes a passenger and the relief from the driving task allows the occupants to use and enjoy their travel time for secondary activities. The subjective driving experience, perception of safety and the resulting trust are essential for the acceptance of automation. Within this contribution we provide an overview of factors influencing the need for safety based on both a broad literature review and an online survey. A self-reflective questionnaire was created to determine the participants’ personal willingness to take risks and their perception of safety in vehicles. The focus was on the factors "environmental factors" and "protective effect". The participants were largely able to answer the questions targeting subjective safety. In particular, questions regarding "environmental factors" could be answered precisely in the online format. The differentiability into various aspects of the “protective effect” was not conclusively possible in the online format.
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Osvalder, Anna-Lisa, and Melina Makris. "Experimental Setup for Assessing Drivers’ Experiences of Reclined Sitting Posture in Automated Vehicles." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002441.

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Highly automated vehicles are opening new opportunities for alternative sitting postures, such as the reclined posture, when drivers disengage from conventional driving tasks. This paper presents an experimental setup to assess drivers’ experiences of the reclined sitting posture and the human machine interfaces (HMI) for transitions between upright and reclined modes, and between manual and automated driving modes. The method used to develop the setup consisted of identifying the necessary equipment for developing the experimental setup, defining the preparation and execution of the experimental setup, and collecting and analysing feedback from eight human factors experts. The experimental setup consisted of four steps: practicalities, preparations, execution, and data collection methods. Also, six aspects must be considered when assessing user experiences in a dynamic test: (1) recruiting appropriate participants, (2) providing consistent tasks, (3) providing adequate time constraints, (4) avoiding social influences, (5) utilizing appropriate data collections methods, (6) and carrying out a pilot study.
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Gao, Ruolin, and Marieke Martens. "External HMI for Automated Vehicles: Adding a Communication Perspective for all Road Users." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001922.

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In this paper, we address the need for a common communication framework for all road users when interacting with automated vehicles (AVs). Our vision is to work towards a unified, comprehensive, and efficient external human-machine interface (eHMI) that can be commonly used and understood by all. A unified concept is needed since an AV will drive in mixed traffic (coexistence of AVs, pedestrians, cyclists, manually driven vehicles and motorcycles). Since manually driven vehicles (MDVs) will be one of the main road user groups (e.g. due to the first applications on motorways), it is important to consider this target group in research. Although some researchers have begun to focus on AV-MDV interaction to fill the gap in recent years, existing studies are still limited. This paper will summarise existing studies of eHMI with a specific focus on MDV and add this to the large existing research field of AV-VRU interaction. Existing literature is classified and summed up around two main aspects: 1) locations and scenarios of encounters; 2) task requirements of AV-MDV interaction. They can describe and help us get a more comprehensive understanding of AV-MDV interaction. Based on the literature review, the existing research gaps are summarized to develop new approaches for a more unified eHMI.
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Dargahi Nobari, Khazar, and Torsten Bertram. "Generalized model for driver activity recognition in automated vehicles using pressure sensor array." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002733.

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One of the key aspects for an efficient cooperation between human driver and automated vehicle lies in the accurate interpretation of the driver state by the automated system. Flawless driver monitoring and consequently successful driver-vehicle interaction can increase safety of the traffic in the future when automated agents are one of the involved road users. Driver activity recognition is an important component of driver monitoring, as drivers in automated vehicles drivers are allowed to engage in driving irrelevant activities. Detecting these activities during driver monitoring can improve assessment of automated system about driver’s readiness to react in critical driving situation. However, the confined space hinders the in-vehicle activity detection by sensors such as cameras, which require a complete overview of the driver’s body movements within the frames. On the other hand, utilizing other sensors such as accelerometers, placed on the driver’s body is obtrusive and undesirable in the driving context. In this contribution, two pressure sensor mats are used as sensors that are placed on the seat and the back of the driver seat. This type of sensor is non-intrusive and can be easily applied in vehicles. To gather the necessary data for training the models, an experiment is conducted using a static driving simulator whose cockpit layout is comparable to that of a real vehicle. The experiment is executed with eight sparsely selected participants based on the fractional factorial criteria. During the designed scenario, several activities are expected from the participants, either directly through the given instructions or indirectly through the arranged driving situation. A total of 20 activities are selected for the classification task based on the result of a previously carried out survey on the non-driving related activities that are most demanded by drivers in an automated vehicle. To model the driver activity, three neural networks from the RNN family are chosen, namely LSTM, stacked LSTM, and CNN-LSTM. Since the data obtained from the activities are time series, the criterion for selecting the networks is their capability to handle the temporal aspect of the data. Another emphasis in training the networks is to create a generalized model that can deal with the data from all drivers, rather than creating an individualized model for each driver.The results show that the pressure distribution from seat and back of drivers provides valuable information about the current activity of the driver. As expected, individual models achieve higher accuracy than generalized models built on data from all drivers. However, all generalized algorithms are able to recognize the selected activities with more than 70% accuracy. The generated models can be employed at lower automation levels to estimate the engagement of drivers in driving task, as well as at higher automation levels to predict readiness of drivers for potential takeover situations. In addition, accurate estimation of driver state helps the automated system to increase the comfort and improve driver state. Fusion of the seat pressure distribution and data from other unobtrusive in-vehicle sensors, in the next step, can further increase the accuracy of the models.
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Pichen, Jürgen, Nikol Figalová, and Martin Baumann. "Should I stay or Should I go? Using a Cooperative Sneak Peek Interface in Highly Automated Vehicles." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002164.

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In the future, highly automated vehicles (HAVs) will be capable of performing aspects of driving safely and without human assistance. However, even HAVs may occasionally reach a system boundary and not perform efficiently, especially in complex traffic situations. A human driver could outperform the HAV in such situations, given that human eyes and cognitive processes are likely to be more capable in certain tasks than advanced sensors. Therefore, allowing the human driver to cooperate with an automated system may improve driving efficiency and safety. Implementing the driver-vehicle cooperation approach, the HAV could suggest a manoeuvre that can either be accepted or ignored by the driver. To ensure the driver has enough information prior to making the decision, we proposed a “Sneak Peek” function. This cooperative feature allows drivers to adjust the lateral position of the HAV prior to accepting the manoeuvre request. This study aims to explore how drivers use the Sneak Peek in scenarios when an overtake manoeuvre is requested, but the view from the ego vehicle is obstructed by a lead vehicle. Method. We conducted a driving simulator study with 27 participants (15 female, age M = 25.0, SD = 3.2). The ego vehicle drove in a highly automated mode (SAE level 4) with a velocity of 100 km/h. Participants experienced nine scenarios in which they approached a slow-moving lead vehicle (LV) driving at 70 km/h. The position of the LV was either right, the centre, or left of the lane, which changed how obstructed the view from the ego-vehicle was. At a distance of 45 meters from the LV, the HAV suggested an overtaking manoeuvre. Participants could (a) approve the overtake request straight away, (b) adjust their lateral position using the Sneak Peek function prior to deciding whether to accept the requested manoeuvre, (c) continue slowly following the LV. Results. In total, participants accepted 97.7 % of overtake requests. The Sneak Peek function was used in 83.1 % of trials. We found a significant association between the LV lateral position and the Sneak Peek usage (X2 (2, 486) = 65.69, p <.01). Participants used the Sneak Peek significantly less when the LV was positioned on the left of the lane (63.6 %) than when it was in the center (93.8 %) or right (92.0 %) of the lane. Moreover, the duration of the Sneak Peek was longer when the LV was positioned to the left side of the lane (M = 9.6, SD = 10.0) than when on the right of the lane (M = 6.0, SD = 6.4), (F(2, 399) = 5.21, p < .05). Furthermore, higher visual obstruction caused by the LV on the left lane lead to a greater lateral position adjustment (F(2, 444) = 19.044, p <.01), which implies that when the LV was positioned to the left of the lane, participants moved the lateral distance of EV further to the left. All participants confirmed that the Sneak Peek was useful in helping them decide whether to overtake.Conclusion. The Sneak Peek function helps drivers to decide whether to overtake or not and is a feasible cooperative interaction concept.
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Reports on the topic "Automated vehicles – Ethical aspects"

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Hemphill, Jeff. Unsettled Issues in Drive-by-Wire and Automated Driving System Availability. SAE International, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022002.

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While many observers think that autonomy is right around the corner, there many unsettled issues. One such issue is availability, or how the vehicle behaves in the event of a failure of one of its systems such as those with the latest “by-wire” technologies. Handling of failures at a technical actuation level could involve many aspects, including time of operation after first fault, function/performance after first fault, and exposure after first fault. All of these and other issues are affected by software and electronic and mechanical hardware. Drive-by-wire and Automated Driving System Availability discusses the necessary systems approach required to address these issues. Establishing an industry path forward for these topics will simplify system development and provide a framework for consistent regulation and liability, which is an enabler for the launch of autonomous vehicles.
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Hsueh, Gary, David Czerwinski, Cristian Poliziani, Terris Becker, Alexandre Hughes, Peter Chen, and Melissa Benn. Using BEAM Software to Simulate the Introduction of On-Demand, Automated, and Electric Shuttles for Last Mile Connectivity in Santa Clara County. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1822.

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Despite growing interest in low-speed automated shuttles, pilot deployments have only just begun in a few places in the U.S., and there is a lack of studies that estimate the impacts of a widespread deployment of automated shuttles designed to supplement existing transit networks. This project estimated the potential impacts of automated shuttles based on a deployment scenario generated for a sample geographic area: Santa Clara County, California. The project identified sample deployment markets within Santa Clara County using a GIS screening exercise; tested the mode share changes of an automated shuttle deployment scenario using BEAM, an open-source beta software developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to run traffic simulations with MATSim; elaborated the model outputs within the R environment; and then estimated the related impacts. The main findings have been that the BEAM software, despite still being in its beta version, was able to model a scenario with the automated shuttle service: this report illustrates the potential of the software and the lessons learned. Regarding transportation aspects, the model estimated automated shuttle use throughout the county, with a higher rate of use in the downtown San José area. The shuttles would be preferred mainly by people who had been using gasoline-powered ride hail vehicles for A-to-B trips or going to the bus stop, as well as walking trips and a few car trips directed to public transport stops. As a result, the shuttles contributed to a small decrease in emissions of air pollutants, provided a competitive solution for short trips, and increased the overall use of the public transport system. The shuttles also presented a solution for short night trips—mainly between midnight and 2 am—when there are not many options for moving between points A and B. The conclusion is that the automated shuttle service is a good solution in certain contexts and can increase public transit ridership overall.
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Beiker, Sven. Unsettled Issues in Remote Operation for On-road Driving Automation. SAE International, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021028.

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On-road vehicles equipped with driving automation features—where a human might not be needed for operation on-board—are entering the mainstream public space. However, questions like “How safe is safe enough?” and “What to do if the system fails?” persist. This is where remote operation comes in, which is an additional layer to the automated driving system where a human remotely assists the so-called “driverless” vehicle in certain situations. Such remote-operation solutions introduce additional challenges and potential risks as the entire vehicle-network-human now needs to work together safely, effectively, and practically. Unsettled Issues in Remote Operation for On-road Driving Automation highlights technical questions (e.g., network latency, bandwidth, cyber security) and human aspects (e.g., workload, attentiveness, situational awareness) of remote operation and introduces evolving solutions. The report also discusses standards development and regulations—both of which are needed to provide frameworks for the deployment of driving automation with remote operation.
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