Journal articles on the topic 'Automated pin setter machine'

This paper focuses on how to enhanced security of Transactions in Automatic Teller Machine system using a multi-factor authentication system (Password and Fingerprint). In order to achieve security and to overcome illegal activities, shortcoming of piracy in money transactions, we propose the idea of using fingerprints of customers and password instead of traditional use of PIN number. After authorized verification, the customer will be able to proceed for transaction else after four successive wrong attempts, the ATM card will be ejected automatically and a message will be sent to the registered mobile number. The proposed system is developed to provide better security to the ATMs. Keywords— ATM, Fingerprint, PIN, Biometric.

Nowadays peoples using credit/debit card for cash transaction for their daily needs. Meanwhile for deposit and withdrawal of huge amount the consumers use the automated teller machine or cash deposit machine. Due to this the crime related to ATM like pin number theft, fraud calls etc increasing day by day. This paper aim to reduce the risk related to pin number theft. We proposed a sixth sense technology which can access by our gestural interface to do the normal operation for cash transaction rather than touching the pin number plate which will be helpful for eliminating the theft related with pin number tracking. The experimental prototype model is designed and the results are verified and presented in this paper.

E-commerce theft involves using lost/stolen debit/credit cards, forging checks, misleading accounting practices, etc. Due to carelessness of cardholders and criminality activities of fraudsters, the personal identification number (PIN) and using account level based fraud detection techniques methods are inadequate to cub the activities of fraudsters. In recent times, researchers have made efforts of improving cyber-security by employing biometrics traits based security system for authentication. This paper proposed a multi-level fraud detection system in automated teller machine (ATM) operations. The system included PIN level, account-level and biometric level. Acquired RealScan-F scanner was used to capture liveness fingers. Transactional data were generated for each individual fingerprint with unique PIN. The results of the simulation showed that (i) the classification at account level only yielded averages 84.3% precision, 94.5% accuracy and 5.25% false alarm rate; (ii) matching at biometric level using liveness fingerprints samples yielded 0% APCER , 0% NPCER and 100% accuracy better than using fingerprints samples that produced 4.25% APCER , 2.33% NPCER and 93.42% accuracy; (iii) combining the three levels with the condition that all the levels must be positive produced 87.5% precision,84.9% accuracy and 2.65% false alarm rate; (iv) while the classification using voting technique yielded 99.15% precision, 97.35% accuracy and 0.47% false alarm.

Cam mechanisms are widely used in automated machines. Conjugate cams have become popular for its eminent kinematics and dynamic performance in research and in industry. As a commonly used cam mechanism in industry, especially in automatic pin insertion machines, conjugate cams have the advantages of being highly efficient, highly accurate and relatively cheap. A parametric simulation method was used to create a conjugate cam profile. This paper describes the steps used to create 3D models of the conjugate cam and the basic principles used to simulate the motion of cam mechanisms. The motion simulations were done with the parametric 3D modeling method using Creo Parametric Software.

Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi begitu pesat di zaman sekarang ini. Diikuti pula dengan perkembangan di bidang Artificial Intelligence (AI) atau Kecerdasan Buatan. Di Indonesia sendiri masih belum begitu populer dikalangan masyarakat akan tetapi perusahaan-perusahaan IT berlomba-lomba menciptakan inovasi dibidang Kecerdasan Buatan dan penerapan Kecerdasan Buatan disegala aspek kehidupan. Contoh kasus di Automated Teller Machine (ATM), seringkali terjadi kejahatan di ATM seperti pengintaian nomor pin, skimming, lebanese loop dan kejahatan lainnya. Walaupun di ATM sudah terdapat CCTV akan tetapi penjahat menggunakan alat bantu untuk menutupi wajahnya seperti helm, topi, masker dan kacamata hitam. Biasanya didepan pintu masuk ATM terpampang larangan untuk tidak menggunakan helm, topi, masker dan kacamata hitam serta tidak membawa rokok. Akan tetapi larangan itu masih tetap ada yang melanggar, dikarenakan tidak ada tindak lanjut ketika seseorang menggunakan benda-benda yang dilarang dibawa kedalam ATM. Oleh karena itu penulis membuat sistem pendeteksi obyek di bidang Kecerdasan Buatan untuk mendeteksi benda-benda yang dilarang digunakan ketika berada di ATM. Salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk menciptakan Object Detection yaitu You Only Look Once (YOLO). Implementasi ide ini tersedia pada DARKNET (open source neural network). Cara kerja YOLO yaitu dengan melihat seluruh gambar sekali, kemudian melewati jaringan saraf sekali langsung mendeteksi object yang ada. Oleh karena itu disebut You Only Look Once (YOLO). Pada penelitian ini, penulis membuat sistem yang masih dalam bentuk pengembangan, sehingga menjalankannya masih menggunakan command prompt. Keywords : Automated Teller Machine (ATM), Kecerdasan Buatan, Pendeteksi Obyek, You Only Look Once (YOLO)

Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi begitu pesat di zaman sekarang ini. Diikuti pula dengan perkembangan di bidang Artificial Intelligence (AI) atau Kecerdasan Buatan. Di Indonesia sendiri masih belum begitu populer dikalangan masyarakat akan tetapi perusahaan-perusahaan IT berlomba-lomba menciptakan inovasi dibidang Kecerdasan Buatan dan penerapan Kecerdasan Buatan disegala aspek kehidupan. Contoh kasus di Automated Teller Machine (ATM), seringkali terjadi kejahatan di ATM seperti pengintaian nomor pin, skimming, lebanese loop dan kejahatan lainnya. Walaupun di ATM sudah terdapat CCTV akan tetapi penjahat menggunakan alat bantu untuk menutupi wajahnya seperti helm, topi, masker dan kacamata hitam. Biasanya didepan pintu masuk ATM terpampang larangan untuk tidak menggunakan helm, topi, masker dan kacamata hitam serta tidak membawa rokok. Akan tetapi larangan itu masih tetap ada yang melanggar, dikarenakan tidak ada tindak lanjut ketika seseorang menggunakan benda-benda yang dilarang dibawa kedalam ATM. Oleh karena itu penulis membuat sistem pendeteksi obyek di bidang Kecerdasan Buatan untuk mendeteksi benda-benda yang dilarang digunakan ketika berada di ATM. Salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk menciptakan Object Detection yaitu You Only Look Once (YOLO). Implementasi ide ini tersedia pada DARKNET (open source neural network). Cara kerja YOLO yaitu dengan melihat seluruh gambar sekali, kemudian melewati jaringan saraf sekali langsung mendeteksi object yang ada. Oleh karena itu disebut You Only Look Once (YOLO). Pada penelitian ini, penulis membuat sistem yang masih dalam bentuk pengembangan, sehingga menjalankannya masih menggunakan command prompt. Keywords : Automated Teller Machine (ATM), Kecerdasan Buatan, Pendeteksi Obyek, You Only Look Once (YOLO)

A new tetrahedron-target-based approach is presented for the extrinsic calibration of a non-contact “light-striping” (structured light) optical coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The procedure makes automated on-line calibration possible. The system modeling is based on a unique skewed frame representation without the use of pin-hole camera model assumption. It is demonstrated that the extrinsic calibration matrix can be decomposed into two classes of transformations, one homogeneous and the other nonhomogeneous. The nonhomogeneous transformation between a Cartesian world frame and the non-Cartesian skewed sensor frame is studied. The sensitivity of the dimensional deformation on the two skew angles is simulated. Experimental studies show that a micron level calibration accuracy can be achieved.

In order to achieve the common drilling and milling machine for friction stir joining (FSJ) , A model ZXTM-40 equipment is modified., it’s workstation transmission mode and axial direction press mode are mechanical transmission, through the modification, install stepper motors and drives , write program code ,PLC control the motor ,it can work to achieve Longitudinal automatic movement . the speed of workstation can input through the Interactive panel, the control system operate parameters to achieve semi-automated operation of equipment and overtravel protection.. In the vertical direction,install a sleeve on the handle, the sleeve has scale and recesses, it can control the pressure measurement of friction stir pin. weights hanged on the sleeve, research proves the optimum parameters are 3KG weights and 40CM away from the center, Workbench moving speed of 125mm/min, rotation speed of 730r/min, it can join 1mm thick 2024 aluminum by FSJ, appearance of bead is good.

We apply the Support Vector Regression (SVR) machine learning model to estimate surface roughness on a large alluvial fan of the Kosi River in the Himalayan Foreland from satellite images. To train the model, we used input features such as radar backscatter values in Vertical–Vertical (VV) and Vertical–Horizontal (VH) polarisation, incidence angle from Sentinel-1, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Sentinel-2, and surface elevation from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM). We generated additional features (VH/VV and VH–VV) through a linear data fusion of the existing features. For the training and validation of our model, we conducted a field campaign during 11–20 December 2019. We measured surface roughness at 78 different locations over the entire fan surface using an in-house-developed mechanical pin-profiler. We used the regression tree ensemble approach to assess the relative importance of individual input feature to predict the surface soil roughness from SVR model. We eliminated the irrelevant input features using an iterative backward elimination approach. We then performed feature sensitivity to evaluate the riskiness of the selected features. Finally, we applied the dimension reduction and scaling to minimise the data redundancy and bring them to a similar level. Based on these, we proposed five SVR methods (PCA-NS-SVR, PCA-CM-SVR, PCA-ZM-SVR, PCA-MM-SVR, and PCA-S-SVR). We trained and evaluated the performance of all variants of SVR with a 60:40 ratio using the input features and the in-situ surface roughness. We compared the performance of SVR models with six different benchmark machine learning models (i.e., Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Generalised Regression Neural Network (GRNN), Binary Decision Tree (BDT), Bragging Ensemble Learning, Boosting Ensemble Learning, and Automated Machine Learning (AutoML)). We observed that the PCA-MM-SVR perform better with a coefficient of correlation (R = 0.74), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE = 0.16 cm), and Mean Square Error (MSE = 0.025 cm2). To ensure a fair selection of the machine learning model, we evaluated the Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC), corrected AIC (AICc), and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). We observed that SVR exhibits the lowest values of AIC, corrected AIC, and BIC of all the other methods; this indicates the best goodness-of-fit. Eventually, we also compared the result of PCA-MM-SVR with the surface roughness estimated from different empirical and semi-empirical radar backscatter models. The accuracy of the PCA-MM-SVR model is better than the backscatter models. This study provides a robust approach to measure surface roughness at high spatial and temporal resolutions solely from the satellite data.

The article provides the results of the experimental research into the influence of different types of photo detectors of digital optical mini­sticks on their transformation function – the useful mini­stick signal as a function of the mini­stick control lever deviation value. The set problem was solved using experimental research methods. Circuits with a photo diode (PIN photodiode PD15– 21B/TR8 manufactured by Everlight company) and circuits with a phototransistor (phototransistor KP2012P3C manufactured by Kingbright company) were studied. An automated test bench was used for the research. The test bench allows setting the mini­stick rotation angle and the value of mini­stick lever deviation from the central position to the left or to the right. The influence on mini­sticks was set by the test bench software. Based on the test results the test bench software plotted a ray path diagram. The mini­stick signal quality was assessed in terms of resolution, accuracy, non­linearity and hysteresis. The following results were obtained in the research. The mini­stick using a photo transistor as a photo detector ensures the output signal amplitude and resolution which exceed those of mini­stick with a photodiode by factor of 3.5 to 4. It allows using mini­sticks with a phototransistor for high­precision control of complex robotic systems, manipulators and aircraft, and for designing joysticks and unified human­machine interfaces on their basis. The indices of precision, non­linearity and hystere sis of both mini­stick types are comparable and meet the basic requirements applied to control devices. Thus, mini­sticks based on phototransistors can be regarded as the best in terms of the signal quality. Taking into consideration the circuitry, overall dimensions and the cost of hardware components which are identical for both photo detectors, mini­sticks based on phototransistors shall be considered to be more advanced switching devices.

The main aim of this system is to develop a secure ATM in future. In general, all the keypad based authentication system having several possibilities of password identification by means of shoulder movements. Shoulder-surfing is an attack on password authentication that has frequently been hard to defeat. This problem has come up with a new solution by following two types of proposal idea one is designing shuffled Automated Teller Machine keypad which displays the shuffled texts in the Display which confuses person who standing near you to guess the password. Another one is to develop the GSM application between the user and Automated Teller Machine counter for communicating a password via the wireless medium. If someone tries to input the old password got by shoulder surfing a message containing the location of ATM and the ATM shutter will be closed.

Within the trendy state of affairs, money transaction is as a rule achieved with the usage of ATM. A mechanized teller machine or computerized teller laptop (ATM) is an automated media transmission system that offers a cash related groundwork's clients a secured method for performing budgetary exchanges in an open space with RFID peruser and GSM . Using an ATM, customers can reach their fiscal balances with the highest aim in intellect to gain money withdrawals and check their report equalizations. The customer then proves his identity by showing RFID tag to a peruser, then a signal is sent to sign up for that account's customer, with the main objective of "Please register pin and amount," after getting the email, then the structure approves PIN amount and after that approaches the trade, if missiles will not prepare alternatively and submit a response signal as invalid insert. After the swap is complete, the engine will pivot up to the purchaser to send compulsory add up. Concerned person will get a message through SMS by way of GSM with regard to verification and cash exchange. ATM security framework utilising GSM Module is among the interesting issues in inserted frameworks industry .For giving safety at ATMs GSM Module are controlled with the aid of utilizing Microcontroller .Typically essentially the most valuable thing to think concerning the worldwide framework for versatile correspondence is that it's a universal common. On the off hazard that you simply go in parts of world, mobile service available is GSM handiest.

An automated approach to explore the fundamental properties of high-density pedestrian traffic is outlined. The framework operates on video or time lapse images captured from surveillance cameras. For pedestrian velocity extraction, the framework incorporates cross-correlation based Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques. For pedestrian density estimation, the framework relies on the Machine Learning technique of the Boosted Regression Trees. The information collected from images in pixel coordinates are transformed to world coordinates with a pin-hole camera based projective transformation technique. The framework has been tested with high density crowd images acquired during the Muslim religious event, the Hajj. Accuracy and performance of the framework are reported.

Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD) is a menu driven, real time communication technology used for value added services. It is adopted by banks for financial transactions due to its ease of operation. However existing USSD are used by fraudster to commit identity theft through Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) swap, phone theft and kidnap, in other to access funds in the bank. One of the reasons this is made possible is because existing USSD platforms use Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Personal Identification Number (PIN) as second level authenticator and this compromises the ATM channel and violets one of the stated guidelines for USSD operation in Nigeria. More so, the PIN is entered bare on the platform and so can easily be stolen by shoulder surfing. Therefore, in this paper we developed and simulated an improved USSD security model for banking operations in Nigeria. The security of existing USSD platform was enhanced using answer to a secret question as another level of authentication. This was with the view to minimise identity theft. This secret question is registered in the bank during account opening for new customers while existing customers will have to update their details in the banks data base before registering for USSD services. This is done the same way customers verify their ATM PIN in the bank. Hence the answer is known by the customer alone. The model was implemented using php on XAMPP platform and simulated using hubtel USSD mocker. Results showed that security of the proposed system was enhanced through another level of authentication provided by the answer to the security question.

Friction stir welding is a contact welding process that uses the heat generated by friction to fuse two different materials. This work is focused on the development of micro-friction stir welding which is carried out for very thin sectioned materials of thickness 1000[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m or less. Friction welded butt-joints were successfully produced for 0.8[Formula: see text]mm thin AA6061 and SS304 sheets on a semi-automated vertical milling machine using a zero-pin length tool. A mild steel backing plate is used as fixture mechanism to hold the welding sheets on machine. Tool-rotational speed and Tool-travel speed are the weld-parameters examined on mechanical responses such as tensile behavior, micro-hardness and surface-roughness across the nugget-weld zone interface. The maximum tensile strength is obtained at lower weld-parameters. Tensile strength properties of AA6061-T6/SS304 joints were approximately found to be 25% lower than that of the AA6061-T6 alloy base metal. Maximum hardness value of 93HV and minimum roughness value of 2.808[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m are observed for higher tool speeds at nugget-weld zone interface due to the formation of intermetallic phases. Microstructural behavior is studied on weld-parameters using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. Very thin intermetallic layers (consisting of Fe2Al5, FeAl3 and FeAl2 phases) were observed in stainless steel/aluminum interface.

Digital culture, as we know it, owes much to space exploration. The technological pursuit of outer space has fuelled innovations in signal processing and automated computing that have left an impact on the hardware and software that make our digital present possible. Developments in satellite technologies, for example, produced far-reaching improvements in digital image processing (Gonzalez and Woods) and the demands of the Apollo missions advanced applications of the integrated circuit – the predecessor to the microchip (Hall). All the inventive digital beginnings in space found their way back to earth and contributed to the development of contemporary formations of culture composed around practices dependent on and driven by digital technologies. Their terrestrial adoption and adaptation supported a revolution in information, mediation and communication technologies, increasing the scope and speed of global production, exchange and use of data and advancing techniques of imaging, mapping, navigation, surveillance, remote sensing and telemetry to a point that could only be imagined before the arrival of the space age. Steadily knotted with contemporary scientific, commercial and military endeavours and the fabric of the quotidian, digital devices and practices now have a bearing upon all aspects of our pursuits, pleasures and politics. Our increasing reliance upon the digital shaped the shared surfaces of human societies and produced cultures in their own right. While aware of the uneasy baggage of the term ‘culture’, we use it here to designate all digitally grounded objects, systems and processes which are materially and socially inflecting our ways of life. In this sense, we consider both what Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri describe as “those results of social production that are necessary for social interaction and further production, such as knowledges, languages, codes, information, affects, and so forth” (viii), and the material contexts of these products of the social. The effects of digital technologies on the socio-material ambits of human life are many and substantial and – as we want to suggest here – evolving through their ‘extraterrestrial’ beginnings. The contemporary courses of digital cultures not only continue to develop through investments in space exploration, they are themselves largely contingent on the technologies that we have placed in outer space, for instance, global telecommunications infrastructure, GPS, Google maps, weather and climate monitoring facilities and missile grids all rely on the constellation of satellites orbiting the earth. However, we have been increasingly witnessing something new: modes of social production that developed on earth from the technical demands of the space age are now being directed, or rather returned back to have new beginnings beyond the globe. Our focus in this paper is this outward momentum of digital cultures. We do not aim to overview the entire history of the digital in outer space, but instead to frame the extraterrestrial extension of human technologies in terms of the socio-material dimensions of extra-planetary digital cultures. Hannah Arendt described how the space age accelerated the already rapid pace of techno-scientific development, denying us pause during which to grasp its effects upon the “human condition”. Our treacherously fast technological conquest of outer space leaves in its wake an aporia in language and “the trouble”, as Arendt puts it, is that we will “forever be unable to understand, that is, to think and speak about the things which nevertheless we are able to do” (3). This crisis in language has at its core a problem of ontology: a failure to recognise that the words we use to describe ourselves are always, and have always been, bound up in our technological modes of being. As thinkers such as Gilbert Simondon and Bernard Stiegler argued and Arendt derided (but could not deny), our technologies are inseparably bound up with the evolutionary continuum of the human and the migration of our digital ways of life into outer space still further complicates articulation of our techno-logic condition. In Stiegler’s view the technical is the primordial supplement to the human into which we have been “exteriorising” our “interiors” of social memory and shared culture to alter, assert and advance the material-social ambits of our living milieu and which have been consequently changing the idea of what it is to be human (141). Without technologies – what Stiegler terms “organised inorganic matter” (17), which mediate our relationships to the world – there is no human in the inhuman extraterrestrial environment and so, effectively, it is only through the organisation of inert matter that culture or social life can exist outside the earth. Offering the possibility of digitally abstracting and processing the complexities and perils of outer space, space technologies are not only a means of creating a human milieu ‘out there’, but of expediting potentially endless extra-planetary progress. The transposition of digital culture into outer space occasions a series of beginnings (and returns). In this paper, we explore extra-planetary digital culture as a productive trajectory in broader discussions of the ontological status of technologies that are socially and materially imbricated in the idea of the human. We consider the digital facilitation of exchanges between earth and outer space and assign them a place in an evolving discourse concerned with expressing the human in relation to the technological. We suggest that ontological questions occasioned by the socio-material effects of technologies require consideration of the digital in outer space and that the inhuman milieu of the extraterrestrial opens up a unique perspective from which to consider the nascent shape of what might be the emerging extra-planetary beginnings of the post human. Digital Exurbias The unfolding of extra-planetary digital cultures necessitates the simultaneous exteriorisation of our production of the social into outer space and the domestication of our extraterrestrial activities here on earth. Caught in the processes of mediated exploration, the moon, Mars, Pluto and other natural or human-made celestial bodies such as the International Space Station are almost becoming remote outer suburbs – exurbias of earth. Digital cultures are reaching toward and expanding into outer space through the development of technologies, but more specifically through advancing the reciprocal processes of social exchanges between terrestrial and extraterrestrial space. Whether it be through public satellite tracking via applications such as Heavens-Above or The High Definition Earth Viewing system’s continuous video feed from the camera attached to the ISS (NASA, "High Definition") – which streams us back an image of our planetary habitat from an Archimedean point of view – we are being encouraged to embrace a kind of digital enculturation of extraterrestrial space. The production of social life outside our own planet has already had many forms, but perhaps can be seen most clearly aboard the International Space Station, presently the only extraterrestrial environment physically occupied by humans. Amongst its many landmark events, the ISS has become a vigorous node of social media activity. For example, in 2013 Chris Hadfield became a Twitter phenomenon while living aboard the ISS; the astronaut gathered over a million Twitter followers, he made posts on Facebook, Tumblr and Reddit, multiple mini-vids, and his rendition of David Bowie’s Space Oddity on YouTube (Hadfield) has thus far been viewed over 26 million times. His success, as has been noted, was not merely due to his use of social media in the unique environment of outer space, but rather that he was able to make the highly technical lives of those in space familiar by revealing to a global audience “how you make a sandwich in microgravity, how you get a haircut” (Potter). This techno-mediation of the everyday onboard ISS is, from a Stieglerian perspective, a gesture toward the establishment of “the relation of the living to its milieu” (49). As part of this process, the new trends and innovations of social media on earth are, for example, continuously replayed and rehearsed in the outer space, with a litany of ‘digital firsts’ such as the first human-sent extraterrestrial ‘tweet’, first Instagram post, first Reddit AMA and first Pinterest ‘pin’ (Knoblauch), betraying our obsessions with serial digital beginnings. The constitution of an extra-planetary milieu progresses with the ability to conduct real-time interactions between those on and outside the earth. This, in essence, collapses all social aspects of the physical barrier and the ISS becomes merely a high-tech outer suburb of the globe. Yet fluid, uninterrupted, real-time communications with the station have only just become possible. Previously, the Iinternet connections between earth and the ISS were slow and troublesome, akin to the early dial-up, but the recently installed Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science (OPAL), a laser communications system, now enables the incredible speeds needed to effortlessly communicate with the human orbital outpost in real-time. After OPAL was affixed to the ISS, it was first tested using the now-traditional system test, “hello, world” (NASA, "Optical Payload"); referencing the early history of digital culture itself, and in doing so, perhaps making the most apt use of this phrase, ever. Open to Beginnings Digital technologies have become vital in sustaining social life, facilitating the immaterial production of knowledge, information and affects (Hardt and Negri), but we have also become increasingly attentive to their materialities; or rather, the ‘matter of things’ never went away, it was only partially occluded by the explosion of social interactivities sparked by the ‘digital revolution’. Within the ongoing ‘material turn’, there have been a gamut of inquiries into the material contexts of the ‘digital’, for example, in the fields of digital anthropology (Horst and Miller), media studies (Kirschenbaum, Fuller, Parikka) and science and technology studies (Gillespie, Boczkowski, and Foot) – to mention only a very few of these works. Outside the globe material things are again insistent, they contain and maintain the terrestrial life from which they were formed. Outer space quickens our awareness of the materiality underpinning the technical apparatus we use to mediate and communicate and the delicate support that it provides for the complex of digital practices built upon it. Social exchanges between earth and its extra-planetary exurbias are made possible through the very materiality of digital signals within which these immaterial interactions can take place. In the pared down reality of contemporary life in outer space, the sociality of the digital is also harnessed to bring forth forms of material production. For example, when astronauts in space recently needed a particular wrench, NASA was able to email them a digital file from which they were then able print the required tool (Shukman). Through technologies such as the 3D printer, the line between products of the social and the creation of material objects becomes blurred. In extra-planetary space, the ‘thingness’ of technologies is at least as crucial as it is on earth and yet – as it appears – material production in space might eventually rely on the infrastructures occasioned by the immaterial exchanges of digital culture. As technical objects, like the 3D printer, are evolving so too are conceptions of the relationship that humans have with technologies. One result of this is the idea that technologies themselves are becoming capable of producing social life; in this conception, the relationships and interrelationships of and with technologies become a potential field of study. We suggest here that the extra-planetary extension of digital cultures will not only involve, but help shape, the evolution of these relationships, and as such, our conceptions and articulations of a future beyond the globe will require a re-positioning of the human and technical objects within the arena of life. This will require new beginnings. Yet beginnings are duplicitous, as Maurice Blanchot wrote – “one must never rely on the word beginning”; technologies have always been part of the human, our rapport is in some sense what defines the human. To successfully introduce the social in outer space will involve an evolution in both the theory and practice of this participation. And it is perhaps through the extra-planetary projection of digital culture that this will come about. In outer space the human partnership with the objects of technology, far from being a utopian promise or dystopian end, is not only a necessity but also a productive force shaping the collective beginnings of our historical co-evolution. Objects of technology that migrate into space appear designed to smooth the ontological misgivings that might arise from our extra-planetary progress. While they are part of the means for producing the social in outer space and physical fortifications against human frailty, they are perhaps also the beginnings of the extraterrestrial enculturation of technologies, given form. One example of such technologies is the anthropomorphic robots currently developed by the Dextrous Robotics Laboratory for NASA. The latest iteration of these, Robotnaut 2 was the first humanoid robot in space; it is a “highly dexterous” robot that works beside astronauts performing a wide range of manual and sensory activities (NASA, "Robonaut"). The Robonaut 2 has recorded its own series of ‘firsts’, including being the “first robot inside a human space vehicle operating without a cage, and first robot to work with human-rated tools in space” (NASA, "Robonaut"). One of the things which mark it as a potential beginning is this ability to use the same tools as astronauts. This suggests the image of a tool using a tool – at first glance, something now quite common in the operation of machines – however, in this case the robot is able to manipulate a tool that was not designed for it. This then might also include the machine itself in our own origins, in that evolutionary moment of grasping a tool or stealing fire from the gods. As an exteriorisation of the human, these robots also suggest that a shared extra-planetary culture would involve acknowledging the participation of technologic entities, recognising that they share these beginnings with us, and thus are participating in the origins of our potential futures beyond the globe – the prospects of which we can only imagine now. Identifiably human-shaped, Robonauts are created to socialise with, and labour together with, astronauts; they share tools and work on the same complex tasks in the same environment aboard the International Space Station. In doing so, their presence might break down the separation between the living and the nonliving, giving form to Stiegler’s hypothesis regarding the ontology of technical objects, and coming to represent a mode of “being” described as “organized inert matter” (49). The robonaut is not dominated by the human, like a hand-held tool, nor is it dominating like a faceless system; it is engineered to be conducted, ‘organised’ rather than controlled. In addition to its anthropomorphic tendencies – which among other things, makes them appear more human than astronauts wearing space suits – is the robonaut’s existence as part of an assemblage of networked life that links technical objects with wet bodies into an animate system of information and matter. While this “heralds the possibility of making the technical being part of culture” (Simondon 16), it also suggests that extra-planetary digital cultures will harness what Simondon formulates as an “ensemble” of “open machines” – a system of sensitive technologies toward which the human acts as “organizer and as a living interpreter” (13). In the design of our extra-planetary envoys we are evolving toward this openness; the Robonaut, a technical object that shares in digital culture and its social and material production, might be the impetus through which the human and technological acquire a language that expresses a kind of evolutionary dialectic. As a system of inclusions that uses technologies to incorporate/socialise everything it can, including its own relationship with technical objects, digital culture in outer space clarifies how technologies might relate and “exchange information with each other through the intermediacy of the human interpreter” (Simondon 14). The Robonaut, like the tweeting astronaut, provides the test signals for what might eventually become points of communication between different modes of being. In this context, culture is collective cumulative memory; the ‘digital’ form of culture suggests an evolution of both technologic life and human life because it incorporates the development of more efficient means of storing and transmitting memory as cultural knowledge, while recognising the experience of both. Social learning and memory will first define the evolution of the Robonaut. Digital culture and the social expressed through technology – toward a shared social life and cultural landscape established in outer space – will involve the conservation, transmission and setting of common patterns that pool a composite interplay of material, neurobiologic and technologic variables. This will in turn require new practices of enculturation, conviviality with technologies, a sharing, incorporation and care. Only then might this transform into a discussion concerning the ontologies of the ‘we’. (Far from) Conclusions Hannah Arendt wrote that technologic progress could not find full expression in “normal” (3) language and that we must constantly be aware that our knowledge, politics, ethics and interactions with regard to technologies are incomplete, unformulated or unexpressed. It could be said then that our relationship with technologies is constantly beginning, that this need to keep finding new language to grasp it means that it actually progresses through its rehearsal of beginnings, through the need to maintain the productive inquisitive force of a pleasant first meeting. Yet Arendt’s idea emerges from a kind of contempt for technology and her implied separation between ‘normal’ and what could be called ‘technical’ language suggests that she privileges the lay ‘human’ tongue as the only one in which meaningful ideas can be properly expressed. What this fails to acknowledge is an appreciation of the potential richness of technical language and Arendt instead establishes a hierarchy that privileges one’s ‘natural’ language. The invocation of the term ‘normal’ is itself an admission of unequal relations with technologies. For a language to develop in which we can truly begin to express and understand the human relationship with ever-changing but ever-present technologies,, we must first allow the entrance of the language of technology into social life – it must be incorporated, learnt or translated. In the future, this might ultimately give technology a voice in a dialogue that might be half-composed of binary code. Digital culture is perhaps a forerunner of such a conversation and perhaps it is in the milieu of outer space that it could be possible to see advances in our ideas about the mutually co-constitutive relationship between the human and technical. 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