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Books on the topic 'AUTOMATED NUMBER'

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Published: 11 September 2023

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1

author, Kohlas Jürg 1939, ed. Generic Inference: A Unifying Theory for Automated Reasoning. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2011.

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2

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. The expanding ATM market and increased surcharge fees: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session on the results of a General Accounting Office report regarding the number of automated teller machines and the fees faced by consumers, June 11, 1997. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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3

Berthe, Valerie, and Michel Rigo, eds. Combinatorics, Automata and Number Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511777653.

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Combinatorics, automata, and number theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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5

Liu, Songqiao. The automatic decomposition of DDC synthesized numbers. Ann Arbor, Mich: University Microfilms International, 1993.

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6

Maddocks, Hugh C. Generic markup of electronic index manuscripts. [Philadelphia, PA]: American Society of Indexers, 1988.

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7

J, Harrison. Theorem proving with the real numbers. London: Springer, 1998.

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8

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., ed. Anthropomorphic teleoperation: Controlling remote manipulators with the DataGlove : Center director's discretionary fund final report (project number 89-06). [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1992.

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9

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., ed. Anthropomorphic teleoperation: Controlling remote manipulators with the DataGlove : Center director's discretionary fund final report (project number 89-06). [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1992.

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10

P, Banks Stephen. On the existence and the number of fixed points of dynamical systems defined by cellular automata. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, Dept. of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, 1993.

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11

International Academic Conference on Numbers, Intelligence, Manufacturing Technology and Machinery Automation (2011 Wuhan, China). Numbers, intelligence, manufacturing technology and machinery automation: Selected, peer reviewed papers from the 2011 International Academic Conference on Numbers, Intelligence, Manufacturing Technology and Machinery Automation (MAMT 2011), December 24-25, 2011, Wuhan, China. Durnten-Zurich: Trans Tech, 2012.

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12

Office, Illinois Attorney General's. Ser informado es poder: El poder ofrece tranquilidad a las victimas. Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois Attorney General, Lisa Madigan, 2003.

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13

Balakrishna, S. Performance of the 0.3-meter transonic cryogenic tunnel with air, nitrogen, and sulfer hexafluoride media under closed loop automatic control. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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14

Balakrishna, S. Performance of the 0.3-meter transonic cryogenic tunnel with air, nitrogen, and sulfer hexafluoride media under closed loop automatic control. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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15

Varlamov, Oleg. Mivar databases and rules. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1508665.

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The multidimensional open epistemological active network MOGAN is the basis for the transition to a qualitatively new level of creating logical artificial intelligence. Mivar databases and rules became the foundation for the creation of MOGAN. The results of the analysis and generalization of data representation structures of various data models are presented: from relational to "Entity — Relationship" (ER-model). On the basis of this generalization, a new model of data and rules is created: the mivar information space "Thing-Property-Relation". The logic-computational processing of data in this new model of data and rules is shown, which has linear computational complexity relative to the number of rules. MOGAN is a development of Rule - Based Systems and allows you to quickly and easily design algorithms and work with logical reasoning in the "If..., Then..." format. An example of creating a mivar expert system for solving problems in the model area "Geometry"is given. Mivar databases and rules can be used to model cause-and-effect relationships in different subject areas and to create knowledge bases of new-generation applied artificial intelligence systems and real-time mivar expert systems with the transition to"Big Knowledge". The textbook in the field of training "Computer Science and Computer Engineering" is intended for students, bachelors, undergraduates, postgraduates studying artificial intelligence methods used in information processing and management systems, as well as for users and specialists who create mivar knowledge models, expert systems, automated control systems and decision support systems. Keywords: cybernetics, artificial intelligence, mivar, mivar networks, databases, data models, expert system, intelligent systems, multidimensional open epistemological active network, MOGAN, MIPRA, KESMI, Wi!Mi, Razumator, knowledge bases, knowledge graphs, knowledge networks, Big knowledge, products, logical inference, decision support systems, decision-making systems, autonomous robots, recommendation systems, universal knowledge tools, expert system designers, logical artificial intelligence.
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16

Rogosa, Morrison. Coding microbiological datafor computers. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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17

Rogosa, Morrison. Coding microbiological data for computers. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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18

Kuznecov, Vyacheslav, and Oleg Bryuhanov. Gasified boiler units. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1003548.

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The textbook gives the basic concepts of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations and the terminology used in boiler technology, the principle of operation and device of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations. The types and device of heat generators (boilers) of their furnace devices are considered; types and device of gas-burning devices, the number and places of their installation in furnace devices; auxiliary equipment-devices for air supply and removal of combustion products, devices for water treatment, steam supply and circulation of the coolant of hot water boilers; device for thermal control and automatic regulation of the boiler installation. The issues of operation and efficiency of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations and their gas supply systems; requirements for conducting gas-hazardous and emergency recovery operations of gas supply systems are considered. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. For students of secondary vocational education in the specialty 08.02.08 "Installation and operation of equipment and gas supply systems".
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19

Choi-Hong, Lai, and Wu Xiao-Jun, eds. Particle swarm optimisation: Classical and quantum perspectives. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2011.

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20

Myasnikov, Alexei G. Non-commutative cryptography and complexity of group-theoretic problems. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2011.

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21

Weihs, Jean. Brief Guide to Aacr2 1988 Revision and Implications for Automated Systems (Order Number C245x). Amer Library Assn, 1988.

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22

Berthé, Valérie, and Michel Rigo. Combinatorics, Automata and Number Theory. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

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23

Berthé, Valérie, and Michel Rigo. Combinatorics, Automata and Number Theory. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

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24

Berthé, Valérie, and Michel Rigo. Combinatorics, Automata and Number Theory. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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25

Harrison, John. Theorem Proving with the Real Numbers. Springer, 2011.

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26

Theorem Proving with the Real Numbers. Springer, 2011.

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27

Vassiliadis, Vassilios, and Georgios Dounias. Algorithmic Trading based on Biologically Inspired Algorithms. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.11.

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The chapter discusses algorithmic trading, which refers to any automated process, consisting of a number of interconnected components, whose main aim is to perform financial transactions of any kind. Its chief advantage lies in the fact that human intervention is minimized to an acceptable extent. This is quite desirable because nowadays numerous factors affect financial decisions. Financial managers are able to deal with a limited amount of information. There are many ways to implement algorithmic trading systems. This chapter aims to highlight the efficiency of biologically inspired methodologies when incorporated in such systems. Biologically inspired intelligence comprises a range of algorithms whose common philosophy is based on the behavior of real-world, natural systems and networks. What is more, the performance of the applied nature-inspired intelligence (NII) methodologies is compared to traditional benchmark approaches such as the random portfolio construction.
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28

Tzelgov, Joseph, Dana Ganor-Stern, Arava Kallai, and Michal Pinhas. Primitives and Non-primitives of Numerical Representations. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.019.

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Primitives of numerical representation are numbers holistically represented on the mental number line (MNL). Non-primitives are numbers generated from primitives in order to perform specific tasks. Primitives can be automatically retrieved from long-term memory (LTM). Using the size congruency effect in physical comparisons as a marker of automatic retrieval, and its modulation by intrapair numerical distance as an indication of alignment along the MNL, we identify single-digits, but not two-digit numbers, as primitives. By the same criteria, zero is a primitive, but negative numbers are not primitives, which makes zero the smallest numerical primitive. Due to their unique notational structure, fractions are automatically perceived as smaller than 1. While some specific, familiar unit fractions may be primitives, this can be shown only when component bias is eliminated by training participants to denote fractions by unfamiliar figures.
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29

Bilan, Stepan. Formation Methods, Models, and Hardware Implementation of Pseudorandom Number Generators: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI Global, 2017.

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30

Walsh, Thomas, ed. Visual Fields. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195389685.001.0001.

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Visual Fields: Examination and Interpretation, 3rd edition contains revisions and updates of earlier material as well as a discussion of newer techniques for assessing visual field disorders. The book begins with a short history of the field of perimetry and goes on to present basic clinical aspects of examination and diagnosis of visual field defects in the optic nerve, optic disc, chorioretina, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate field bodies, and the calcarine complex. Additional aspects of visual field examination are explored including those of monocular, binocular, and junctional field defects, congruity vs. incongruity, macular sparing vs. macular splitting, density, wedge-shaped homonymous field loss, and monocular temporal crescent. Various new techniques of automated perimetry are also considered including SITA, FASTPAC, and SWAP. This volume provides a very useful overview of the techniques of visual field examination in a number of eye disorders and will be of interest to all ophthalmologists, neuro-opthalmologists, retina specialists, and optometrists.
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31

Shibasaki, Hiroshi, and Masatoshi Nakamura. Automatic Integrated EEG Interpretation and Reporting. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0027.

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Automatic interpretation of electroencephalograms (EEG) is complicated due to fluctuation of background activity, paroxysmal activities, artifacts, and use of different electrode montages. Previous attempts at automatic EEG interpretation focused on a certain feature such as background activity and paroxysmal abnormalities. The authors’ group has developed a computer-assisted, offline system for automatic comprehensive interpretation of EEG that takes into account all features of the adult waking EEG and provides the results in a written report. The system is not aimed at standardization of EEG interpretation, but its results can match the results of visual inspection by a limited number of qualified EEG-ers. Thus, this system can be adjusted in accordance with the strategy of visual inspection adopted by any EEG-er. Artifacts, spikes, and the vigilance level and attention level of subjects are automatically detected. This system can be used to supplement visual inspection and for training purposes.
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32

An Analysis of Serial Number Tracking Automatic Identification Technology as Used in Naval Aviation Programs. Storming Media, 2002.

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33

Henderson, Charlie. Driving Crime Down,Denying Criminals the Use of the Road, [Automatic Number Plate Recognition (Anpr)]. Stationery Office, The, 2004.

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34

Schomer, Donald L., and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva, eds. Niedermeyer's Electroencephalography. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.001.0001.

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This book deals with the field of Electroencephalography in the widest possible sense, from the cellular foundations of the electric activities of the brain to a vast number of clinical applications. The basic science sections were up-dated to include advanced computer modeling approaches. The chapters on normal and pathological EEG findings in premature infants, newborns and children were thoroughly revised to keep up with the advances that have taken place recently in studying brain developmental issues. Major advances have taken place in neurophysiological findings in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, which led to thoroughly revised chapters. Other rapidly changing subjects related to EEG recording/monitoring in ICU's, EMUs, and operating rooms, in patients with epilepsy, head injuries, infectious disorders and those undergoing surgical procedures, led to radically updating a number of chapters and to the addition of a chapter dedicated to invasive recordings for the treatment of patients with movement disorders. A previously missing chapter on the neurophysiology of myoclonus was added. Chapters that deal with automated EEG interpretation techniques and with standardizing EEG reporting using ILAE/IFCN approved terminology, were also added. Many chapters in the on-line version of the book will have the ability to link to a database of over 150 complete EEGs that cover the scope seen in a general EEG Lab. This link will allow the reader to manipulate the EEG display parameters as if they were in their own lab, generate a report and compare it to one generated by a panel of senior EEGers.
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35

Electronic transmissions: Scanner operations and diagnosis. [Kenosha, WI: Snap-on Tools Corp.], 1995.

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36

Aspden, Richard, and Jenny Gregory. Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0011.

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The study of joint morphology can help us to understand the risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA), how it progresses, and aids in developing imaging biomarkers for study of the disease. OA results in gross structural changes in affected joints. Growth of osteophytes, deformation of joint components, and loss of joint space where cartilage has broken down are all characteristics of the disorder. Certain bone shapes as well as malalignment predispose people to future OA, or may be a marker for early OA. Geometrical measures, such as the alpha angle or Wiberg’s CE angle, used to be the primary tool for investigating morphology. In recent years, however, statistical shape modelling (SSM) has become increasingly popular. SSM can be used with any imaging modality and has been successfully applied to a number of musculoskeletal conditions. It uses sets of landmark points denoting the anatomy of one or more bones to generate new variables (modes) that describe and quantify the shape variation in a set of images via principal components analysis. With the aid of automated search algorithms for point placement, the use of SSMs is expanding and provides a valuable and versatile tool for exploration of bone and joint morphometry. Whilst the majority of research has focused on hip and knee OA, this chapter provides an overview of joint morphology through the whole skeleton and how it has helped our ability to understand and quantify the risk and progression of osteoarthritis.
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37

Gale, William G., and David C. John. State-sponsored Retirement Savings Plans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827443.003.0011.

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Our chapter evaluates models and features used in emerging state-sponsored retirement saving plans such as Auto IRAs, open multiple employer plans, and marketplaces. These, we show, have enormous potential to raise the number of Americans with access to payroll-deduction retirement saving plans. Plans that can most enhance coverage rates will feature two characteristics: required provision of retirement saving plans by firms, and automatic enrollment of eligible workers. Yet under current legal and regulatory conditions, the Secure Choice option is the only model that enables states to require that employers provide a plan.
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38

Pitt, Matthew. Motor unit anatomy and physiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0006.

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This chapter focuses on the signals recorded with needle electromyography (EMG) and the measurement of their specific parameters. These parameters include duration, amplitude, number of phases, and stability. The concept of the electrophysiologic biopsy and the explanation of unusual findings seen on EMG are introduced. In relation to the interference pattern, discussions of the firing rate, recruitment order, and interference pattern are given. Moving from the theoretical explanation of the findings, the problems of the accurate quantitative analysis of the motor unit potential are discussed and measures to improve quantification, particularly in children, are highlighted. The importance of filter settings, the storage of signals, and the different ways of collecting and analysing the potentials are all covered. This section finishes with discussion of the normative range for motor unit duration, and concludes with the automatic analysis of the interference pattern, including turns/amplitude analysis, number of short segments measurement, and envelope analysis.
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39

Crespo Miguel, Mario. Automatic corpus-based translation of a spanish framenet medical glossary. 2020th ed. Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/9788447230051.

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Computational linguistics is the scientific study of language from a computational perspective. It aims is to provide computational models of natural language processing (NLP) and incorporate them into practical applications such as speech synthesis, speech recognition, automatic translation and many others where automatic processing of language is required. The use of good linguistic resources is crucial for the development of computational linguistics systems. Real world applications need resources which systematize the way linguistic information is structured in a certain language. There is a continuous effort to increase the number of linguistic resources available for the linguistic and NLP Community. Most of the existing linguistic resources have been created for English, mainly because most modern approaches to computational lexical semantics emerged in the United States. This situation is changing over time and some of these projects have been subsequently extended to other languages; however, in all cases, much time and effort need to be invested in creating such resources. Because of this, one of the main purposes of this work is to investigate the possibility of extending these resources to other languages such as Spanish. In this work, we introduce some of the most important resources devoted to lexical semantics, such as WordNet or FrameNet, and those focusing on Spanish such as 3LB-LEX or Adesse. Of these, this project focuses on FrameNet. The project aims to document the range of semantic and syntactic combinatory possibilities of words in English. Words are grouped according to the different frames or situations evoked by their meaning. If we focus on a particular topic domain like medicine and we try to describe it in terms of FrameNet, we probably would obtain frames representing it like CURE, formed by words like cure.v, heal.v or palliative.a or MEDICAL CONDITIONS with lexical units such as arthritis.n, asphyxia.n or asthma.n. The purpose of this work is to develop an automatic means of selecting frames from a particular domain and to translate them into Spanish. As we have stated, we will focus on medicine. The selection of the medical frames will be corpus-based, that is, we will extract all the frames that are statistically significant from a representative corpus. We will discuss why using a corpus-based approach is a reliable and unbiased way of dealing with this task. We will present an automatic method for the selection of FrameNet frames and, in order to make sure that the results obtained are coherent, we will contrast them with a previous manual selection or benchmark. Outcomes will be analysed by using the F-score, a measure widely used in this type of applications. We obtained a 0.87 F-score according to our benchmark, which demonstrates the applicability of this type of automatic approaches. The second part of the book is devoted to the translation of this selection into Spanish. The translation will be made using EuroWordNet, a extension of the Princeton WordNet for some European languages. We will explore different ways to link the different units of our medical FrameNet selection to a certain WordNet synset or set of words that have similar meanings. Matching the frame units to a specific synset in EuroWordNet allows us both to translate them into Spanish and to add new terms provided by WordNet into FrameNet. The results show how translation can be done quite accurately (95.6%). We hope this work can add new insight into the field of natural language processing.
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40

Martín-Vide, Carlos. Formal Grammars and Languages. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0008.

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This article introduces the preliminaries of classical formal language theory. It outlines the main classes of grammars as language-generating devices and automata as language-recognizing devices. It offers a number of definitions and examples and presents the basic results. It classifies grammar according to several criteria. The most widespread one is the form of their productions. This article presents a systematic study of the common properties of language families has led to the theory of abstract families of languages. It shows that a context-free grammar generates not only a set of strings, but a set of trees too: each one of the trees is associated with a string and illustrates the way this string is derived in the grammar.
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41

Cutkosky, Mark R. Reach, grasp, and manipulate. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0030.

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This chapter seeks to identify principles that we can glean from nature regarding the design and operation of hands, and to show how they influence robotic hands and can improve their performance. The need to grasp and manipulate objects is faced by a wide range of animals, from insects to humans. The corresponding variety of solutions is immense, ranging from pincers to hands. However, a number of strategies appear repeatedly including the use of compliant, articulated appendages to achieve a large workspace and the use of automatic responses to tactile stimuli. Mobile robots face similar challenges and can exploit similar solutions. Numerical simulation is useful for analyzing hands that are required to grasp a range of objects and impart desired forces and motions. However, grasp simulation is inherently complex and the design search space is large. Hence, it is useful to examine natural exemplars to guide the design process.
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42

Moreno-Lax, Violeta. Carrier Sanctions and ILOs: Anticipated Enforcement of Visa Requirements through ‘Imperfect Delegation’—Diverting Flows, Entrenching Unsafety. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0005.

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Member States started adopting carrier liability regulations from the mid-1980s, seemingly as a direct response to increasing numbers of asylum requests, with immigration liaison officer (ILO) schemes proliferating afterwards. Techniques of ‘remote control’ have now been communautarised, providing an additional layer of control. Both carriers and ILOs have privileged access to migrants bound to the EU already at the pre-entry phase. Making them responsible for the anticipated enforcement of visas has the potential to block lines of regular (and safe) access to those in need of international protection. This chapter is concerned with these developments. It analyses carrier sanctions and ILOs legislation, comparing the EU regime with its international counterparts. The review encompasses the pre- and post-Schengen periods as well as recent innovations concerning the automated treatment and transfer of advance passenger information (API) and the creation of ‘Frontex liaison officers’. The impact of carrier sanctions and ILO activities on refugee flows is scrutinized at the end, pointing at a structural incompatibility of advance border enforcement, through a model of ‘imperfect delegation’/’hidden coercion’, with basic guarantees against denial of entry.
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43

Rogosa, Morrison, Rita R. Colwell, and Micah I. Krichevsky. Coding Microbiological Data for Computers. Springer, 2012.

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44

Coding Microbiological Data for Computers. Springer, 2011.

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45

Rogosa, Morrison, Rita R. Colwell, and Micah I. Krichevsky. Coding Microbiological Data for Computers. Springer, 2011.

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46

Bucy, Erik P., and Patrick Stewart. The Personalization of Campaigns: Nonverbal Cues in Presidential Debates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.52.

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Nonverbal cues are important elements of persuasive communication whose influence in political debates are receiving renewed attention. Recent advances in political debate research have been driven by biologically grounded explanations of behavior that draw on evolutionary theory and view televised debates as contests for social dominance. The application of biobehavioral coding to televised presidential debates opens new vistas for investigating this time-honored campaign tradition by introducing a systematic and readily replicated analytical framework for documenting the unspoken signals that are a continuous feature of competitive candidate encounters. As research utilizing biobehavioral measures of presidential debates and other political communication progresses, studies are becoming increasingly characterized by the use of multiple methodologies and merging of disparate data into combined systems of coding that support predictive modeling.Key elements of nonverbal persuasion include candidate appearance, communication style and behavior, as well as gender dynamics that regulate candidate interactions. Together, the use of facial expressions, voice tone, and bodily gestures form uniquely identifiable display repertoires that candidates perform within televised debate settings. Also at play are social and political norms that govern candidate encounters. From an evaluative standpoint, the visual equivalent of a verbal gaffe is the commission of a nonverbal expectancy violation, which draws viewer attention and interferes with information intake. Through second screens, viewers are able to register their reactions to candidate behavior in real time, and merging biobehavioral and social media approaches to debate effects is showing how such activity can be used as an outcome measure to assess the efficacy of candidate nonverbal communication during televised presidential debates.Methodological approaches employed to investigate nonverbal cues in presidential debates have expanded well beyond the time-honored technique of content analysis to include lab experiments, focus groups, continuous response measurement, eye tracking, vocalic analysis, biobehavioral coding, and use of the Facial Action Coding System to document the muscle movements that comprise leader expressions. Given the tradeoffs and myriad considerations involved in analyzing nonverbal cues, critical issues in measurement and methodology must be addressed when conducting research in this evolving area. With automated coding of nonverbal behavior just around the corner, future research should be designed to take advantage of the growing number of methodological advances in this rapidly evolving area of political communication research.
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47

Giacovazzo, Carmelo. Phasing in Crystallography. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199686995.001.0001.

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Modern crystallographic methods originate from the synergy of two main research streams, the small-molecule and the macro-molecular streams. The first stream was able to definitively solve the phase problem for molecules up to 200 atoms in the asymmetric unit. The achievements obtained by the macromolecular stream are also impressive. A huge number of protein structures have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. The solution of them is no longer reserved to an elite group of scientists, but may be attained in a large number of laboratories around the world, even by young scientists. New probabilistic approaches have been tailored to deal with larger structures, errors in the experimental data, and modest data resolution. Traditional phasing techniques like ab initio, molecular replacement, isomorphous replacement, and anomalous dispersion techniques have been revisited. The new approaches have been implemented in robust phasing programs, which have been organized in automatic pipelines usable even by non-experts. Protein structures, which 50 years ago could take months or even years to solve, can now be solved in a matter of hours, partly also due to technological advances in computer science. This book describes all modern crystallographic phasing methods, and introduces a new rational classification of them. A didactic approach is used, with the techniques described simply and logically in the main text, and further mathematical details confined to the Appendices for motivated readers. Numerous figures and applicative details illustrate the text.
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48

1961-, Hammer R., ed. C++ toolbox for verified computing I: Basic numerical problems. Berlin: Springer, 1995.

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49

Kulisch, Ulrich, Rolf Hammer, Matthias Hocks, and Dietmar Ratz. C++ Toolbox for Verified Computing I: Basic Numerical Problems. Springer, 1997.

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50

Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.

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Abstract:
The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.
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