Academic literature on the topic 'Automated Medication Dispensing Cabinet'
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Journal articles on the topic "Automated Medication Dispensing Cabinet"
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Lupi, Kenneth E., Kevin M. Day, James F. Gilmore, and Jeremy R. DeGrado. "Evaluation of a Clinical Pharmacist-Led Automated Dispensing Cabinet Stewardship Program at a Tertiary Academic Medical Center." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 33, no. 5 (January 17, 2019): 576–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190018823471.
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Background: There is little guidance regarding the best methodology or frequency to optimize automated dispensing cabinets. Clinical pharmacists are in the unique position to make decisions regarding automated dispensing cabinet inventory to best serve their specific patient population. Objective: The purpose of this evaluation was to determine if automated dispensing cabinet optimization by clinical pharmacists would affect the number of dispenses from central pharmacy, number of stockouts, and inventory cost. Methods: A retrospective analysis was completed to evaluate the quantity of medications dispensed from a central pharmacy department over 2 separate 2-month periods, with optimization of automated dispensing cabinets occurring in between. The differences in quantity of medications dispensed and redispensed, as well as the number of stockouts and inventory cost on all automated dispensing cabinets, were compared pre- and postintervention. Results: There were 1132 medication additions, 262 medication removals, and 167 medication par level adjustments. Medications dispensed from central pharmacy were decreased by 12% from the preintervention group to the postintervention group. The number of stockouts per cabinet per day also decreased from 0.75 to 0.61 in the pre- and postintervention groups, respectively. The inventory-at-par cost level was decreased by 15%. Conclusion and Relevance: Automated dispensing cabinet optimization by clinical pharmacists led to increased medication availability on inpatient units and decreased the number of dispenses from central pharmacy. Simple yet meaningful interventions can be taken to improve multiple medication distribution metrics simultaneously.
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Vu, Tony, and Yifan She. "Automated Dispensing Cabinet Optimization in a Level 2 Trauma Center." Journal of Contemporary Pharmacy Practice 67, no. 4 (2021): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37901/jcphp20-00005.
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Introduction Opportunities have been identified regarding timely delivery of medications due to lack of ADC inventory related to stock outs or other variances in pharmacy workflow (i.e. compounding and distribution times). These opportunities for improvement impact patient care and result in both nursing and pharmacy staff frustration. Additionally, there are significant costs associated with unused medications stored in ADCs, taking up valuable real estate that would otherwise house more opportune inventory. This situation has created a need for more efficient management of the ADC inventory. Currently, research in the topic area is sparse. We hypothesize that the systematic management and oversight of ADC inventory will demonstrate a significant improvement in key performance indicators and provide insight to the current gaps in knowledge. Methods This study will be a continuous quality improvement project with a combination of retrospective data review and prospective optimization interventions of automated dispensing cabinets (Pyxis®). Interventions include review and adjustment of ADC par levels, removal of unused/stagnate medications, standardization of stock, and continual review of ADC inventory turns and associated optimization opportunities. The primary outcomes are the change in vend/fill ratio from baseline, change in medication stockout percentage from baseline. Results There was no significant difference in vend/fill ratio after the optimization phase compared with baseline [Difference 0.13 (11.56 ± 6.1 vs. 11.43 ± 5.41) respectively, (p=0.84)]. Medication stockout percentage was also found to be similar with baseline [Difference -0.05 (0.71% ± 0.12 vs. 0.76% ± 0.08) respectively, (p=0.37)]. For secondary outcomes, the change in blind stockout percentage from baseline was -0.04 [0.13 ± 0.02 vs. 0.17 ± 0.02, (p=0.004)] and the change in medications dispensed per day from baseline was 317 [2656 ± 143 vs. 2339 ± 200, (p=0.0002)]. Conclusion Optimization of automated dispensing cabinets yielded marginal improvements in vend/fill ratio and stockout percentage and significantly improved overall efficiency through an increase in the number of medications stocked in ADCs and number of medications dispensed per day from ADCs. Evaluation of more clinically significant performance indicators may better characterize the benefits from the optimization process.
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Nanni, Alexis N., Trusha S. Rana, and Daniel H. Schenkat. "Screening for expired medications in automated dispensing cabinets." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 77, no. 24 (October 22, 2020): 2107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxaa318.
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Abstract Purpose Results of a study to quantify rates of identification of expired medications in automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs) are reported. Methods A pre-post analysis was conducted to determine the effect of various types of ADC audits on rates of finding expired medications in ADCs. For the experimental phase of the study, 4 ADCs at the main campus of an academic medical center were randomly assigned to receive one of 4 interventions: (1) monthly audits of all ADC pockets, (2) monthly audits of matrix (open pocket) drawers only, (3) monthly audits of unassigned pockets only, and (4) no additional intervention. Results At baseline, rates of finding expired medication doses in the 4 ADCs ranged from 0.4% to 0.7%. During the 3-month experimental period, rates of finding expired medication doses ranged from 0.1% to 0.3%. During a final audit 1 month later, the ADC targeted for monthly audits of all pockets was found to contain no expired doses, with an overall improvement in expired-dose rates for all audited ADCs observed over the course of the 4-month study. The average time to perform a full audit for an ADC with about 340 pockets was 1 hour, or 15 seconds per pocket. The average time to perform matrix drawer–only audits averaged around 45 minutes, or 11 seconds per pocket. The average time to perform audits of unassigned matrix drawers averaged 30 minutes, or 10 seconds per pocket. Conclusion Auditing of all ADC pockets on a monthly basis appears to be an effective method of reducing the rate of identification of expired medications in ADC pockets.
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Neville, Michael W. "A Training and Communications Team Develops Online Learning Modules in Response to JCAHO Standard TX 3.5.2." Hospital Pharmacy 40, no. 5 (May 2005): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870504000508.
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Implementing house-wide training that affects multiple disciplines requires thoughtful and deliberate action. In response to JCAHO recommendations that require pharmacists to review all medication orders prior to medication dispensing, Emory Healthcare's pharmacy and nursing staff formed a coalition to improve the safety of the medication process using the Pyxis Profile automated cabinets. The Training and Communications Team (T&CT) developed online modules to inform staff members about new medication safety standards, required upgrades to the automated dispensing cabinets, and methods to avoid medication errors. Post implementation surveys indicated an overwhelming success of the education process.
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Cohen, Michael R. "Insulin Preparation Error by Physician; Should Zosyn Be Available in Automated Dispensing Cabinet Stock?; Medication List Filing Error; Institute for Safe Medication Practices Launches First Self-Assessment of Automated Dispensing Cabinet Safety." Hospital Pharmacy 44, no. 9 (September 2009): 730–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/hpj4409-730.
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These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them at your inservice training programs. Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Medication Errors Reporting Program. Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below. Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported directly to ISMP through the ISMP Web site ( www.ismp.org ), by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE, or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
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Cochran, Gary L., Ryan S. Barrett, and Susan D. Horn. "Comparison of medication safety systems in critical access hospitals: Combined analysis of two studies." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 73, no. 15 (August 1, 2016): 1167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp150760.
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Abstract Purpose The role of pharmacist transcription, onsite pharmacist dispensing, use of automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs), nurse–nurse double checks, or barcode-assisted medication administration (BCMA) in reducing medication error rates in critical access hospitals (CAHs) was evaluated. Methods Investigators used the practice-based evidence methodology to identify predictors of medication errors in 12 Nebraska CAHs. Detailed information about each medication administered was recorded through direct observation. Errors were identified by comparing the observed medication administered with the physician’s order. Chi-square analysis and Fisher’s exact test were used to measure differences between groups of medication-dispensing procedures. Results Nurses observed 6497 medications being administered to 1374 patients. The overall error rate was 1.2%. The transcription error rates for orders transcribed by an onsite pharmacist were slightly lower than for orders transcribed by a telepharmacy service (0.10% and 0.33%, respectively). Fewer dispensing errors occurred when medications were dispensed by an onsite pharmacist versus any other method of medication acquisition (0.10% versus 0.44%, p = 0.0085). The rates of dispensing errors for medications that were retrieved from a single-cell ADC (0.19%), a multicell ADC (0.45%), or a drug closet or general supply (0.77%) did not differ significantly. BCMA was associated with a higher proportion of dispensing and administration errors intercepted before reaching the patient (66.7%) compared with either manual double checks (10%) or no BCMA or double check (30.4%) of the medication before administration (p = 0.0167). Conclusion Onsite pharmacist dispensing and BCMA were associated with fewer medication errors and are important components of a medication safety strategy in CAHs.
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Kelm, Matthew, and Udobi Campbell. "Improved Arrangement and Capacity for Medication Transactions: A Pilot Study to Determine the Impact of New Technology on Medication Storage and Accessibility." Hospital Pharmacy 53, no. 5 (March 8, 2018): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018578718757660.
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Purpose: A new-generation automated dispensing cabinet (ADC) deployment is described. Methods: A single-center retrospective-prospective pilot product performance study was conducted, and prospective nurse satisfaction survey and pharmacy technician product performance feedback survey were performed to determine the impact of new technology on medication storage and accessibility. The study measured efficiency of the 9:00 am medication pull for nursing users, assessment of nursing perceptions of medication administration pre- and postinstallation of the cabinetry, pharmacy technician perceptions of working with the cabinetry, and assessment of the efficiency of the pharmacy technician restock process. Results: In total, 2981 total nursing medication retrieval processes for the 9 am standard medication administration time (SMAT) time were analyzed: 1321 in the preoptimization phase and 1660 in the postoptimization phase. Analysis of the mean time per transaction confirmed a significant improvement from 10.5 to 10.3 seconds per transaction ( P = .026) in the postoptimization configuration. The modified assessment of nursing satisfaction survey demonstrated increased satisfaction with many aspects of the new-generation cabinetry. Pharmacy technician survey data highlighted beneficial aspects of the device, while restock data showed an increase in the time spent restocking the cabinet from 11.5 seconds in the preoptimization phase compared with 21.3 seconds in the postoptimization phase ( P < .0001). Conclusion: ADC installation and inventory optimization had a statistically significant improvement in the mean time per nursing transaction. Nursing and pharmacy technician surveys demonstrated a trend of enhanced satisfaction with the platform.
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Pazour, Jennifer A., and Russell D. Meller. "A multiple-drawer medication layout problem in automated dispensing cabinets." Health Care Management Science 15, no. 4 (February 19, 2012): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10729-012-9197-8.
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Polischuk, Emily, Carol G. Vetterly, Kelli L. Crowley, Ann Thompson, Jeff Goff, Phuong-Tan Nguyen-Ha, and Christine Modery. "Implementation of a Standardized Process for Ordering and Dispensing of High-Alert Emergency Medication Infusions." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 17, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-17.2.166.
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OBJECTIVES Pharmacies encounter challenges when ensuring safe, timely medication dispensing to patients in the pediatric intensive care unit, when high-alert medications are needed in emergent situations. Removal of these medications from nursing stock presented challenges to providing timely administration to critical patients. The project's purpose was to develop a new method for reducing dispensing time while improving patient safety in pediatric intensive care units. METHODS A committee of physicians, nurses, a clinical pharmacist, and pharmacy administration collaborated for process development. The process established a list of compounded, ready-to-use infusions stored in the pharmacy, immediately available for dispensing. The dispensing mechanism includes ordering and dispensing processes using an “Urgent Drip Request” form. Most frequently ordered infusions (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) were added to automated dispensing cabinets in critical care units in concentrations that could be safely infused centrally or peripherally. RESULTS During the initial 4 months, 71 “Urgent Drip Request” sheets were processed. Drug utilization evaluation demonstrated a dispensing time of less than 1 minute for drip medications leaving the pharmacy after the form was received. No sheets processed exceeded the institutional 30-minute turnaround time, nor were errors or delays documented. Limited turnaround time data existed preimplementation but was not robust enough for analysis. It was not ethically feasible to perform a head-to-head comparison with the previous method, as it might have resulted in delay of therapy and negative patient outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This program allows high-alert medication infusion availability in an expedited manner, removes potential for compounding errors at the bedside, and assures clean room preparation. This has improved pharmacy efficiency in provision of safe patient care to critically ill pediatric patients.
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Cottney, Alan. "Improving the safety and efficiency of nurse medication rounds through the introduction of an automated dispensing cabinet." BMJ Quality Improvement Reports 3, no. 1 (2014): u204237.w1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjquality.u204237.w1843.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Automated Medication Dispensing Cabinet"
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Walsh, Marie Helen. "Automated Medication Dispensing Cabinet and Medication Errors." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/305.
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The number of deaths due to medical errors in hospitals ranges from 44,000 to 98,000 yearly. More than 7,000 of these deaths have taken place due to medication errors. This project evaluated the implementation of an automated medication dispensing cabinet or PYXIS machine in a 25-bed upper Midwestern critical access hospital. Lewin's stage theory of organizational change and Roger's diffusion of innovations theory supported the project. Nursing staff members were asked to complete an anonymous, qualitative survey approximately 1 month after the implementation of the PYXIS and again 1 year later. Questions were focused on the device and its use in preventing medication errors in the hospital. In addition to the surveys that were completed, interviews were conducted with the pharmacist, the pharmacy techs, and the director of nursing 1 year after implementation to ascertain perceptions of the change from paper-based medication administration to use of the automated medication dispensing cabinet. Medication errors before, during, and after the PYXIS implementation were analyzed. The small sample and the small number of medication errors allowed simple counts and qualitative analysis of the data. The staff members were generally satisfied with the change, although they acknowledged workflow disruption and increased medication errors. The increase in medication errors may be due in part to better documentation of errors during the transition and after implementation. Social change in practice was supported through the patient safety mechanisms and ongoing process changes that were put in place to support the new technology. This project provides direction to other critical access hospitals regarding planning considerations and best practices in implementing a PYXIS machine.
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Tkach, Pamela. "Introducing Technology into an Acute Care, Multi-site Teaching Hospital." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23983.
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Objective:
To investigate and describe how an acute care, multi-site teaching hospital implements a new technology called the Automated Medication Dispensing Cabinet (ADC) that will be used by nurses.
Design and methods:
Qualitative, descriptive, single-case study method using the Ottawa Model of Research Use as a framework to guide data collection and analysis. The project was evaluated from the beginning, through the planning stages until a cabinet vendor was chosen.
Results:
A multidisciplinary committee was created to implement the ADCs across the organization. Clinical nurses, the intended users, were not directly involved in the implementation; usability testing was not done; they were not prepared for all the needed training costs and no evaluation was planned.
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An implementation framework was not used to guide the ADC project and several key area surrounding implementation were missed. Recommendations were made to improve future implementation projects in heath organizations.
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Burgos, Daniel, Eric Wong, and Kurt Weibel. "Impact of Automated Dispensing Technology on Medication Safety and Costs at an Inpatient Pharmacy." The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614205.
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Class of 2014 AbstractSpecific Aims: To compare two groups of automated dispensing technology and their impact on medication safety and costs at an inpatient pharmacy. Methods: A total of 784 medications were audited for Pyxis refill errors, 352 prior to and 432 post implementation of Boxpicker and the ATP High Speed Tablet Packager. Data were collected by obtaining refill reports for automated dispensing. Every other medication on the refill report was audited for errors in the corresponding location of the automated dispensing cabinet. The rate of reported errors was obtained from a self-reported error program, Patient Safety Net (PSN). Analysis related to costs included automated dispensing cabinet related inventory and costs associated with bulk repackaging. All data associated with costs were obtained from pharmacy financial records. Main Results: There was no significant difference in the Pyxis refill error rate between Pyxis PARx and Boxpicker (0.00284% versus 0.00231%, respectively, p =0.88). The total number of automated dispensing cabinet problems reported through Patient Safety Net transiently increased during and after implementation of new automated technology. Value of pharmacy inventory costs associated with automation was $674,460 prior to and $594,789 post implementation of technology. Bulk repackaging with the ATP High Speed Automatic Tablet Packager resulted in an estimated cost savings of $203,400 annually. Conclusion: Implementation of Boxpicker and ATP High Speed Tablet Packager resulted in no significant change in Pyxis refill error rates, a transient increase in reported automated dispensing cabinet problems, a decrease in inventory costs, and savings associated with bulk repackaging.
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Krase, Ifat, and Marjan Sepassi. "Comparing the Accuracy of Pyxis Medstation and Pyxis PARx Systems." The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623891.
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Class of 2010 AbstractOBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to compare the number of medication refill errors that occur between the Pyxis Medstation 3500 and the Pyxis PARx automated dispensing systems. The accuracy of refilling Pyxis Medstation 3500 automated dispensing machines by pharmacy technicians at the University Medical Center (UMC) was assessed during six days in July 2009. The accuracy was then reassessed over the course of five days in September 2009, one month after implementation of the new Pyxis PARx barcode technology in August. All medications in both the morning and afternoon Pyxis refill reports generated by the UMC inpatient pharmacy were audited during the chosen days. METHODS: The accuracy of refilling Pyxis Medstation 3500 automated dispensing machines by pharmacy technicians at a 350-bed, tertiary-care, teaching hospital with a total of 50 automated dispensing systems was assessed during five days in July 2009. The accuracy was then reassessed over the course of five days in September 2009, one month after implementation of the new Pyxis PARx barcode technology in August. It was assumed that the following types of medication refill errors would be reduced: 1)Wrong drug, Wrong strength 2) Wrong drug, Right strength 3) Right drug, Wrong strength 4) Filling error/Wrong pocket 5) Overfill of pocket 6) Expired medication 7) Right drug, Wrong form. This study was a prospective evaluation of medication refill errors between an older automated dispensing system (Pyxis Medstation) and a newer system (Pyxis PARx). The addition of PARx barcode technology automates the pick and delivery method in order to enhance security during the medication refill process. When the appropriate drawer is opened, the medication must be scanned using the handheld scanner to make sure the correct medication is being refilled. All medications from each Pyxis refill report on the chosen days were audited during pre and post implementation of the new Pyxis PARx barcode technology. Medications to be audited were identified by collecting data from each automated dispensing system listed on the refill reports for the previous day. Audits were performed on the following day (i.e., Monday’s refill reports was audited on Tuesday) by study investigators. Each completed refill was audited for the above medication errors and a brief description of any errors found was noted. RESULTS: A total of 825 refilled items were audited prior to PARx installation (from dates 7/14/09-7/19/09) and a total of five errors were found. Post PARx installation, 959 items were audited (from dates 9/24/09-9/29/09) and a total of two errors were found. Overall, the types of errors encountered were Right Drug/Wrong Form (1/7, 14.3%), Filling Error/Wrong Pocket (2/7, 28.6%), Overfill (1/7, 14.3%), Expired Medication (2/7, 28.6%) and Right Drug/Wrong Strength (1/7, 14.3%). A Chi-square analysis was done to compare pre and post-PARx implementation errors found. The Chi square value was found to be 1.79 with a p-value of 0.18, meaning that there is an 18% probability that any deviation from expected is due to chance. Thus, per our investigation the installation of PARx did not significantly decrease refill error rates. CONCLUSIONS: In Progress
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Hogan-Murphy, Diana. "Exploring the facilitators and barriers towards implementation of electronic prescribing, dispensing, and administration of medicines in hospitals in Ireland." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2710.
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Limited data exist on the facilitators and barriers to implementing electronic systems for medicines management in hospitals. Whilst numerous studies advocate system use in improved patient safety and efficiency within the health service, their rate of adoption in practice has been slow. The aim of this doctoral research was to explore this under-researched area in three phases. Phase one: - Phase one focused on critically appraising and synthesising the available evidence on healthcare professionals’ perceptions, attitudes, and views of the facilitators and barriers to implementing electronic prescribing, electronic dispensing, and/or electronic administration of medicines in the hospital setting. The review protocol was registered with the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination and conducted according to best practice. Key facilitators included systems improved patient safety and provided better access to patients’ drug records and that team leadership and hardware/software availability and reliability were essential for successful implementation. Key barriers consisted of hardware and network problems, altered work practices, and weakened interpersonal communication between healthcare professionals and with patients. Phase two: - This phase employed a qualitative phenomenological design to gain original insight into the perceptions of local key stakeholders towards the facilitators and barriers to implementing prescribing, robotic pharmacy systems, and automated medication storage and retrieval systems in public hospitals in Ireland using Normalization Process Theory as a theoretical framework. Individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted in three public hospitals in Ireland with 23 consenting participants: nine nurses; four pharmacists; two pharmacy technicians; six doctors; and two hospital Information Technology managers. Enhanced patient safety and efficiency in healthcare delivery emerged as key facilitators to system implementation, as well as the need to have clinical champions and a multidisciplinary implementation team to promote engagement and cognitive participation. Key barriers included inadequate training and organisational support, and the need for ease and confidence in system use to achieve collective action. Phase three: - A similar qualitative methodology was employed in phase three of this research in order to explore the perceptions of national key stakeholders and eHealth leads towards the facilitators and barriers to system implementation. Sixteen consenting invitees participated: eight hospital leads, four government leads, two regulatory leads, and two academics. Key facilitators included enhanced patient safety, workflow efficiencies, improvements in governance, and financial gains. Perceived barriers included the introduction of new drug errors, loss of patient contact, initial time inefficiencies, and issues with the complexity of integration and standardisation of work processes. Overall, adequate technology, stakeholder involvement, and organisational leadership and support are required at a national and local level to drive the eHealth agenda forward. Testing at scale, contingency plans, and ongoing evaluations will assist in determining success or otherwise of system implementation. This research has generated novel findings with many potentially transferable themes identified which extend the evidence base. This will assist organisations to better plan for implementation of medication-related eHealth systems.
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Lydick, Jaide E. "A Data-driven Approach to Identify Opportunities to Reduce Missing Doses." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1462526440.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Automated Medication Dispensing Cabinet"
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Prado-Mel, E., H. Rodríguez-Ramallo, and C. Gonzalez-Florencio. "5PSQ-220 Discrepancies between prescription and dispensing of medication in automatic dispensing cabinet." In 25th Anniversary EAHP Congress, Hospital Pharmacy 5.0 – the future of patient care, 23–28 March 2021. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2021-eahpconf.339.
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Bhagya Shree, S. R., P. Chandra Shekar, A. Arjun, G. R. Manoj, A. Nithin, and Ravitheja S. Raj. "Automated medication dispensing system." In 2014 Eleventh International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks (WOCN). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wocn.2014.6923079.
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Lahtela, Antti, Virpi Jylha, Kaija Saranto, and Toivo Naaranlahti. "Effects of Automated Dose-Dispensing System on Medication Management Process." In 2010 Third International Conference on Advances in Human-Oriented and Personalized Mechanisms, Technologies, and Services (CENTRIC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/centric.2010.13.
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Dobson, Gregory, Vera Tilson, Sandy Sullivan, and Dave Webster. "Reducing Costs of Managing Medication Inventory in Automated Dispensing System in Hospital Units." In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2019.812.
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Lizardi, A., C. Ripa, M. Ercilla, MJ Gayán, B. Odriozola, G. López, L. Lombera, A. Zurutuza, M. Urretavizcaya, and D. García. "DD-003 Implementation of an automated dispensing cabinet linked to an electronic prescribing programme in a home care service." In 22nd EAHP Congress 22–24 March 2017 Cannes, France. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2017-000640.243.
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