Journal articles: 'Autologous bone grafts'

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Lumetti, Simone, Carlo Galli, Edoardo Manfredi, Ugo Consolo, Claudio Marchetti, Giulia Ghiacci, Andrea Toffoli, Mauro Bonanini, Attilio Salgarelli, and Guido M. Macaluso. "Correlation between Density and Resorption of Fresh-Frozen and Autogenous Bone Grafts." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/508328.

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Trial Design. This analysis compared the outcome of fresh-frozen versus autologous bone block grafts for horizontal ridge augmentation in patients with Cawood and Howell class IV atrophies.Methods. Seventeen patients received autologous grafts and 21 patients received fresh-frozen bone grafts. Patients underwent CT scans 1 week and 6 months after surgery for graft volume and density analysis.Results. Two autologous and 3 fresh-frozen grafts failed. Autologous and fresh-frozen grafts lost, respectively, 28% and 46% of their initial volume(P=0.028). It is noteworthy that less dense fresh-frozen blocks lost more volume than denser grafts (61% versus 16%).Conclusions. According to these 6-month results, only denser fresh-frozen bone graft may be an acceptable alternative to autologous bone for horizontal ridge augmentation. Further studies are needed to investigate its behaviour at longer time points.

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Gielkens, P. F. M., J. Schortinghuis, J. R. de Jong, A. M. J. Paans, J. L. Ruben, G. M. Raghoebar, B. Stegenga, and R. R. M. Bos. "The Influence of Barrier Membranes on Autologous Bone Grafts." Journal of Dental Research 87, no. 11 (November 2008): 1048–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808701107.

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In implant dentistry, there is continuing debate regarding whether a barrier membrane should be applied to cover autologous bone grafts in jaw augmentation. A membrane would prevent graft remodeling with resorption and enhance graft incorporation. We hypothesized that membrane coverage does not effect resorption and incorporation of autologous onlay bone grafts. We treated 192 male Sprague-Dawley rats. A 4.0-mm-diameter bone graft was harvested from the right mandibular angle and transplanted to the left. Poly(DL-lactide-ε-caprolactone), collagen, and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes were used to cover the grafts. The controls were left uncovered. Graft resorption at 2, 4, and 12 weeks was evaluated by post mortem microradiography and microCT. Analysis of the data showed no significant differences among the 4 groups. This demonstrates that the indication of barrier membrane use, to prevent bone remodeling with resorption and to enhance incorporation of autologous onlay bone grafts, is at least disputable.

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Baser, Brajendra, Rekha Shahani, Shalini Khanna, and D. S. Grewal. "Calvarial bone grafts for augmentation rhinoplasty." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 105, no. 12 (December 1991): 1018–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100118109.

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AbstractA large variety of graft materials have been used for augmentation rhinoplasty. To date there has been no graft material which can be regarded as completely satisfactory. The modern trend is to prefer autologous material to new biological material. The membranous bones of the calvarium are extremely suitable for augmenting moderate to severe saddle nose deformities. Calvarial bone grafts can be harvested easily, with minimum donor site morbidity and disfigurement. Our experience with calvarial bone grafts for augmentation rhinoplasty is presented.

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Siregar, Hidayat, Rahmad Gunawan, and Didi Fitriadi. "A Case Series: Non-vascularized Autologous Fibular Graft in the Treatment of Major Segmental Bone Defect after Post-traumatic at Diaphyseal Femur." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, no. C (September 10, 2021): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6723.

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BACKGROUND In the management of bony defects, autologous bone grafts can be used as the mechanical structure for reconstruction to restore aesthetics and function, Non-vascularized autologus fibular graft are often used to the treat large post traumatic defects caused by high-energy trauma with open fracture and nonunion cases for 1st and 2nd cases. Here we would like to present a 16-year-old woman and a 37-year-old man patients of major bone defect at the right femoral shaft region using 9 cm and 10 cm non-vascularized fibular autogenous grafts. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this case report was to determine the effectiveness of non-vascularized autologus fibular graft for major bone defect at the regio femoral shaft for the reconstruction of post traumatic case. MATERIAL AND METHODS We treat post traumatic of the major bone defect at the regio femoral shaft with 9 cm and 10 cm femoral non-vascularized autologus fibular graft and fixed by a limited contact dynamic compression plate and femoral locking plate methode by routine phisioteraphy. RESULTS The Patient have a good result with good functional outcome after open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) and using a non-vascularized autologus fibular graft for treating the major bone defect after post traumatic femoral shaft fracture. CONCLUSION Complete and comperhensive open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) with autologous non- vascularized fibular graft, stabilized fracture by limited contact dynamic compression plate for 1st patient and femoral locking plate for 2nd patient allowing with an early rehabilitation is an acceptable, Phisioteraphy and early mobilisation resulting better outcome for the patient, all of this are less expensive, can be accepted at the hospitals that limited facilities and health professionals for professional subspeciality and widely reproducible option to manage bone defects in open shaft femoral fractures to achieving union, preserving length and motion with no donor site morbidity, giving patients good functional outcome and radiologic result. KEYWORDS Major bone defect, non-vascularized autologus fibular graft, autologous bone grafts, femoral shaft fracture, Open Fracture, Muskuloskeletal Reconstruction, Bone Loss, Nonunion.

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Rowley, SD, M. Zuehlsdorf, HG Braine, OM Colvin, J. Davis, RJ Jones, R. Saral, LL Sensenbrenner, A. Yeager, and GW Santos. "CFU-GM content of bone marrow graft correlates with time to hematologic reconstitution following autologous bone marrow transplantation with 4- hydroperoxycyclophosphamide-purged bone marrow." Blood 70, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.1.271.271.

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Abstract Autologous bone marrow transplants (BMTs) can repopulate the hematologic system of patients treated with marrow-ablative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. However, treatment of the bone marrow graft to eliminate residual tumor cells prior to reinfusion can delay the return of peripheral blood elements, presumably from damage to or loss of hematopoietic stem cells responsible for hematologic recovery. To develop a model predictive of hematologic recovery, we studied the progenitor cell contents of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (100 micrograms/mL)-purged bone marrow grafts of 40 consecutive patients undergoing autologous BMT at this center. Granulocyte-macrophage colonies (CFU-GM) were grown from all grafts after treatment with this chemotherapeutic agent, but erythroid (BFU-E) and mixed (CFU-GEMM) colonies were grown from only 44% and 33% of the grafts respectively. The recovery of CFU-GM after purging ranged from 0.07% to 23%. The logarithm of CFU-GM content of the treated grafts was linearly correlated with the time to recovery of peripheral blood leukocytes (r = -0.80), neutrophils (r = -0.79), reticulocytes (r = -0.60), and platelets (r = -0.66). The CFU-GM content of purged autologous bone marrow grafts may reflect the hematopoietic stem cell content of the grafts and thus predict the rate of hematologic recovery in patients undergoing autologous BMT.

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Rowley, SD, M. Zuehlsdorf, HG Braine, OM Colvin, J. Davis, RJ Jones, R. Saral, LL Sensenbrenner, A. Yeager, and GW Santos. "CFU-GM content of bone marrow graft correlates with time to hematologic reconstitution following autologous bone marrow transplantation with 4- hydroperoxycyclophosphamide-purged bone marrow." Blood 70, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.1.271.bloodjournal701271.

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Autologous bone marrow transplants (BMTs) can repopulate the hematologic system of patients treated with marrow-ablative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. However, treatment of the bone marrow graft to eliminate residual tumor cells prior to reinfusion can delay the return of peripheral blood elements, presumably from damage to or loss of hematopoietic stem cells responsible for hematologic recovery. To develop a model predictive of hematologic recovery, we studied the progenitor cell contents of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (100 micrograms/mL)-purged bone marrow grafts of 40 consecutive patients undergoing autologous BMT at this center. Granulocyte-macrophage colonies (CFU-GM) were grown from all grafts after treatment with this chemotherapeutic agent, but erythroid (BFU-E) and mixed (CFU-GEMM) colonies were grown from only 44% and 33% of the grafts respectively. The recovery of CFU-GM after purging ranged from 0.07% to 23%. The logarithm of CFU-GM content of the treated grafts was linearly correlated with the time to recovery of peripheral blood leukocytes (r = -0.80), neutrophils (r = -0.79), reticulocytes (r = -0.60), and platelets (r = -0.66). The CFU-GM content of purged autologous bone marrow grafts may reflect the hematopoietic stem cell content of the grafts and thus predict the rate of hematologic recovery in patients undergoing autologous BMT.

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Bezerra, Bruno Torres, John Nadson Andrade Pinho, Fabrício Eneas Diniz Figueiredo, José Renato Moraes Carvalho Barreto Brandão, Lucas Celestino Guerzet Ayres, and Luiz Carlos Ferreira da Silva. "Autogenous Bone Graft Versus Bovine Bone Graft in Association With Platelet-Rich Plasma for the Reconstruction of Alveolar Clefts: A Pilot Study." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 56, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618770194.

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Objective: To compare the outcomes of 2 different bone graft materials: autogenous bone grafts from mandibular symphysis and bovine bone grafts associated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Methods: Twenty individuals met the inclusion criteria and accepted to participate in the study. Group A patients underwent alveolar bone grafting using autologous bone and group B patients using a bovine bone graft associated with PRP. Cone beam computed tomography scans were taken and reconstructed 3-dimensionally for all patients preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. Results: A significant reduction was detected for area and volume within group A and group B. Between groups, no significant difference was found for area or volume. Conclusions: Bovine grafts associated with PRP are a good option for the reconstruction of alveolar clefts and provide good results such as autologous bone grafts.

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Aprianto, Dirga Rachmad, Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi, Budi Utomo, Asra Al Fauzi, and Eko Agus Subagyo. "Autograft and implant cranioplasty in pediatric patients." International journal of health & medical sciences 5, no. 1 (February 5, 2022): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijhms.v5n1.1852.

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The use of implants in pediatric cranioplasty is still debatable. Many surgeons prefer to use autologous bone grafts than implants due to previous concerns that implants have a higher risk of infection, allergic response, and are not biocompatible as an autologous bone graft. However, recent studies showed that several implant materials have a similar infection rate following cranioplasty or might be lower compared to autologous bone. Moreover, several studies also reported a high rate of bone flap resorption in autograft cranioplasty, particularly in patients below the age of 8 years, thus requiring revision surgery with an implant as a substitute in most cases. Implant materials also have advantages in several conditions that make them more suitable than autologous bone grafts. This literature review is expected to give information about the type of implant materials that can be used as an alternative to substitute autologous bone grafts in certain conditions.

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Helm, Gregory A., Jonas M. Sheehan, Jason P. Sheehan, John A. Jane, Charles G. diPierro, Nathan E. Simmons, George T. Gillies, David F. Kallmes, and Thomas M. Sweeney. "Utilization of type I collagen gel, demineralized bone matrix, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 to enhance autologous bone lumbar spinal fusion." Journal of Neurosurgery 86, no. 1 (January 1997): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1997.86.1.0093.

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✓ Autologous bone grafts are currently considered “gold standard” material for achieving long-term spinal arthrodesis. The present study was performed to determine whether demineralized bone matrix (DBM), type I collagen gels, or bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) can improve autologous bone spinal fusions. Using a unilateral decompression—contralateral fusion technique in dogs, each of these materials was added to an autologous bone graft. Volumetric analysis, histological analysis, and biomechanical testing were performed to assess the effectiveness of each material. The DBM had an inhibitory effect on solid bone fusion of the spine, whereas the type I collagen gels improved the bony interface between the graft and the host spine. The BMP-2 strongly enhanced the amount of bone deposition at the fusion site and increased the number of intervertebral levels that were solidly fused. This study strongly supports the use of BMP-2 as an additive to autologous bone grafts in spine stabilization.

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Ratiu, Cristian, Simona Cavalu, and V. Miclaus. "Autologous Bone vs. Allograft Bone in Ridge Augmentation." Key Engineering Materials 529-530 (November 2012): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.529-530.270.

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Most of edentulous areas need reconstructive procedures of hard tissues for an ideal implant position. In this perspective, guided bone regeneration with semi-permeable membranes or onlay bone grafts harvested from intra-or extra-oral sites is indicated. Establishment of well regulated tissue banks allows surgeons use of allograft bone. This study compares two clinical cases, where a relevant horizontal deficit was present: first one reconstructed with allograft bone + titanium mesh and the other one with onlay graft + autogenous cortico-spongiosa bone particles, harvested from ramus. In both cases plasma rich in growth factors and fibrin membranes were used in order to enhance graft vascularization and osseous regeneration, as well as faster healing.

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Rodriguez, Santiago, Michael R. Mancini, Rafael Kakazu, Matthew R. LeVasseur, Maxwell T. Trudeau, Mark P. Cote, Robert A. Arciero, Patrick J. Denard, and Augustus D. Mazzocca. "Comparison of the Coracoid, Distal Clavicle, and Scapular Spine for Autograft Augmentation of Glenoid Bone Loss: A Radiologic and Cadaveric Assessment." American Journal of Sports Medicine 50, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211065446.

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Background: Glenohumeral instability caused by bone loss requires adequate bony restoration for successful surgical stabilization. Coracoid transfer has been the gold standard bone graft; however, it has high complication rates. Alternative autologous free bone grafts, which include the distal clavicle and scapular spine, have been suggested. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of glenoid bone loss (GBL) restored via coracoid, distal clavicle, and scapular spine bone grafts using a patient cohort and a cadaveric evaluation. Methods: Autologous bone graft dimensions from a traditional Latarjet, congruent arc Latarjet, distal clavicle, and scapular spine were measured in a 2-part study using 52 computed tomography (CT) scans and 10 unmatched cadaveric specimens. The amount of GBL restored using each graft was calculated by comparing the graft thickness with the glenoid diameter. Results: Using CT measurements, we found the mean percentage of glenoid restoration for each graft was 49.5% ± 6.7% (traditional Latarjet), 45.1% ± 4.9% (congruent arc Latarjet), 42.2% ± 7.7% (distal clavicle), and 26.2% ± 8.1% (scapular spine). Using cadaveric measurements, we found the mean percentage of glenoid restoration for each graft was 40.2% ± 5.0% (traditional Latarjet), 53.4% ± 4.7% (congruent arc Latarjet), 45.6% ± 8.4% (distal clavicle), and 28.2% ± 7.7% (scapular spine). With 10% GBL, 100% of the coracoid and distal clavicle grafts, as well as 88% of scapular spine grafts, could restore the defect ( P < .001). With 20% GBL, 100% of the coracoid and distal clavicle grafts but only 66% of scapular spine grafts could restore the defect ( P < .001). With 30% GBL, 100% of coracoid grafts, 98% of distal clavicle grafts, and 28% of scapular spine grafts could restore the defect ( P < .001). With 40% GBL, a significant difference was identified ( P = .001), as most coracoid grafts still provided adequate restoration (congruent arc Latarjet, 82.7%; traditional Latarjet, 76.9%), but distal clavicle grafts were markedly reduced, with only 51.9% of grafts maintaining sufficient dimensions. Conclusions: The coracoid and distal clavicle grafts reliably restored up to 30% GBL in nearly all patients. The coracoid was the only graft that could reliably restore up to 40% GBL. Clinical Relevance: With “subcritical” GBL (>13.5%), all autologous bone grafts can be used to adequately restore the bony defect. However, with “critical” GBL (≥20%), only the coracoid and distal clavicle can reliably restore the bony defect.

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Muroi, Norihiro, Nobuo Kanno, Shuji Suzuki, Yasuji Harada, and Yasushi Hara. "Application of autologous cortical bone grafts for femoral non-union fractures in two dogs." Veterinary Record Case Reports 8, no. 1 (February 2020): e000826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000826.

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Two dogs with non-union fractures and osteomyelitis in the femoral diaphysis were referred to the authors’ hospital. During surgery, the defects were reconstructed using autologous cortical bones harvested from the contralateral femoral diaphysis. Graft fixation was performed by a double-plate technique in both cases. Autogenous cancellous bone was also grafted between the host bone and the graft in both cases. Antibiotics were administered for two to three weeks. In cases 1 and 2, no loosening of the implant or lameness was observed after 31 months and 10 months, respectively. Autologous cortical bone grafts are useful in reconstructing large-sized bone defects of the femoral diaphysis associated with non-union fracture and osteomyelitis.

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De Santis, Enzo, Erick Ricardo Silva, Evandro Neto Carneiro Martins, Riccardo Favero, Daniele Botticelli, and Samuel Porfirio Xavier. "Healing at the Interface Between Autologous Block Bone Grafts and Recipient Sites Using n-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate Adhesive as Fixation: Histomorphometric Study in Rabbits." Journal of Oral Implantology 43, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-17-00108.

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The aim of the present split-mouth (split-plot) study was to describe the sequential healing in the interface between autologous bone grafts and recipient parent bone, fixed using an n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate adhesive with or without an additional titanium fixation screw. Bone grafts were collected from the calvaria and fixed to the lateral aspect of the mandible in 24 rabbits. The cortical layers of the recipient sites were perforated, and the grafts were randomly fixed using an n-butyl-2-cyanocrylate adhesive, either alone or in conjunction with a 1.5 mm × 6.0 mm titanium fixation screw. The animals were sacrificed after 3, 7, 20, and 40 days, and histomorphometric evaluations of the interface between graft and parent bone were performed. Only 2 of 6 grafts in each group were partially incorporated to the parent bone after 40 days of healing. The remaining grafts were separated from the parent bone by adhesive and connective tissue. It was concluded that the use of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate as fixation of an autologous bone graft to the lateral aspect of the mandible was able to maintain the fixation over time but did not incorporate the graft to the recipient sites. Use of fixation screws did not improve the healing.

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Giampietro Bertasi and Mariana Peroni. "Allografts: Hand, wrist and forearm." Magna Scientia Advanced Biology and Pharmacy 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 021–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msabp.2022.5.2.0061.

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Bone defects are a very common problem in hand surgery and in wrist surgery. Bone allografts may be used instead of autologous bone graft to avoid donor site morbidity. Flexor and extensor tendon injuries significantly impact a patient’s quality of life, resulting in significant functional deficits; soft tissue allografts may be used instead of autologous grafts as well.

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Minetti, Elio, Edoardo Giacometti, Ugo Gambardella, Marcello Contessi, Andrea Ballini, Gaetano Marenzi, Martin Celko, and Filiberto Mastrangelo. "Alveolar Socket Preservation with Different Autologous Graft Materials: Preliminary Results of a Multicenter Pilot Study in Human." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051153.

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Background: The histological and histomorphometrical results were evaluated between vital whole and non-vital endodontically treated teeth used as autologous grafts in post-extractive socket preservation procedures. Methods: Twenty-eight patients (average age 51.79 ± 5.97 years) with post-extractive defects were enrolled in five dentistry centers. All patients were divided into two groups: with whole teeth (Group 1) and teeth with endodontical root canal therapy (Group 2). The extracted teeth were processed with the Tooth Transformer device to obtain a demineralized and granulated graft material used with a resorbable collagen membrane for socket preservation. After four months, 32 bone biopsies were obtained for histological, histomorphometric, and statistical analysis. Results: During the bone healing period, no infection signs were observed. Nineteen biopsies in group 1 and 13 biopsies in group 2 were detected. The histological analysis showed neither inflammatory nor infective reaction in both groups. Autologous grafts surrounded by new bone were observed in all samples and, at high magnification, partially resorbed dentin and enamel structures were detected. No gutta-percha or cement was identified. Small non-statistically significant differences between the groups, in total bone volume (BV), autologous graft residual, and vital bone percentage were detected. Conclusions: The study showed that the TT Transformer grafts were capable of producing new vital bone in socket preservation procedures. The histomorphometric results showed no statistical differences comparing whole and endodontically treated teeth in bone regeneration. Further studies will be carried out in order to understand the advantages of the autologous graft materials obtained from the tooth compared with the current biomaterials in bone regeneration treatments.

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Draenert, M. E., A. Draenert, and R. Hickel. "Primary bone healing of autologous grafts." Dental Materials 31 (2015): e21-e22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.08.051.

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Jäckle, Katharina, Theresa Brix, Swantje Oberthür, Paul Jonathan Roch, Stephan Sehmisch, Wolfgang Lehmann, and Lukas Weiser. "Cage or Pelvic Graft—Study on Bony Fusion of the Ventral Thoracic and Lumbar Spine in Traumatic Vertebral Fractures." Medicina 57, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57080786.

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Background and Objectives: Stabilization of the spine by cage implantation or autologous pelvic bone graft are surgical methods for the treatment of traumatic spine fractures. These methods serve to stably re-adjust the spine and to prevent late detrimental effects such as pain or increasing kyphosis. They both involve ventral interventions using interbody fusion to replace the intervertebral disc space between the vertebral bodies either by cages or autologous pelvic bone grafts. We examined which of these methods serves the patients better in terms of bone fusion and the long-term clinical outcome. Materials and Methods: Forty-six patients with traumatic fractures (12 cages; mean age: 54.08/34 pelvic bone grafts; mean age: 42.18) who received an anterior fusion in the thoracic or lumbar spine were included in the study. Postoperative X-ray images were evaluated, and fusion of the stabilized segment was inspected by two experienced spine surgeons. The time to discharge from hospital and gender differences were evaluated. Results: There was a significant difference of the bone fusion rate of patients with autologous pelvic bone grafts in favor of cage implantation (p = 0.0216). Also, the stationary phase of patients who received cage implantations was clearly shorter (17.50 days vs. 23.85 days; p = 0.0089). In addition, we observed a significant gender difference with respect to the bony fusion rate in favor of females treated with cage implantations (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Cage implantations after spinal fractures result in better bony fusion rates as compared to autologous pelvic bone grafts and a shorter stay of the patients in the hospital. Thus, we conclude that cage implantations rather than autologous pelvic bone grafts should be the preferred surgical treatment for stabilizing the spine after fracture.

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Tubbs, R. Shane, Christopher T. Wartmann, Robert G. Louis, Mohammadali M. Shoja, Jason Cormier, and Marios Loukas. "Use of the scapular spine in lumbar fusion procedures: cadaveric feasibility study." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 7, no. 5 (November 2007): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi-07/11/557.

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Object Graft sources for lumbar fusion include synthetic materials, donor grafts, and autologous bone such as the iliac crest. Considering the data indicating that autologous bone grafts generate the best results for fusion, the next logical step is to seek alternative donor sites in an attempt to reduce the complications associated with these procedures. To the authors' knowledge, autologous scapula has not been explored as a potential source for posterior lumbar fusion graft material. Therefore, the following study was performed to verify the utility of this bone in these procedures. Methods Six adult cadavers (mean age 71 years), four formalin-fixed and two fresh specimens, were used in this study. With the cadaver in the prone position, an incision was made over the spine of the scapula. Soft tissues were stripped from the middle of this region of the scapula, and bone segments were removed with a bone saw and used for a posterior lumbar fusion procedure. Results A mean length of 11.5 cm was measured for the spine of the scapula and the mean thicknesses of this bone at its medial part, segment just medial to the spinoglenoid notch, and acromion were 1 cm, 2.2 cm, and 2.5 cm, respectively. No obvious injury to surrounding vessels or nerves was found using this procedure, and adequate fusion was achieved with it. Conclusions Following clinical testing, such a bone substitute as autologous scapular spine might be a reasonable alternative to iliac crest grafts for use in posterior lumbar fusion procedures.

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Schneppendahl, J., T. T. Lögters, M. Sager, M. Wild, M. Hakimi, J. Windolf, J. P. Grassmann, and P. Jungbluth. "Treatment of a diaphyseal long-bone defect with autologous bone grafts and platelet-rich plasma in a rabbit model." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 28, no. 03 (2015): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-14-05-0079.

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Summary Introduction: Large bone defects are a therapeutic challenge to surgeons and are often associated with a high morbidity. The use of autologous cancellous bone graft represents an essential therapeutic option and is considered the gold standard. However, the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for improving bone defect healing has been discussed controversially. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment of a diaphyseal long-bone defect in a rabbit model with a combination of PRP and autologous cancellous bone. Material and methods: A monocortical long-bone defect in the radial diaphysis of 24 New Zealand white rabbits was filled either with autologous cancellous graft as a control group or with autologous cancellous graft combined with autologous PRP. Histomorphometrical and radiological analysis as well as quantification of platelets and growth factors were performed. The animals were euthanatized after three and six weeks according to the study arms. Results: A significant improvement in bone healing was observed histomorphometrically in the PRP group in the central area of the defect zone (p <0.01) as well as the cortical defect zone (p <0.01). The radiological findings were in accordance with the histomorphometrical results. Comparing native blood and PRP, an enrichment of growth factors and platelets was detectable in the PRP. Conclusion: Within this animal study, the combination of PRP and autologous cancellous bone grafts improved bone healing significantly compared to the sole application of autologous bone. Therefore, further efforts should be initiated to establish the composite of PRP and autologous bone for bone healing disorders in clinical use.

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Guy, Daculsi, Thomas Miramond, Pascal Borget, Claire Morineau, and Seris Elodie. "Clinical Performance of Moldable Bioceramics for Bone Regeneration in Maxillofacial Surgery." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 25 (October 2015): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.25.69.

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There are numerous clinical indications for bone grafts. The ideal graft material should favor bone apposition and growth while simultaneously being degraded by body fluids and cells. Ultimately, the material should be replaced by mature bone tissue within a healing period of weeks. Because autologous and allogenic bone grafts fulfill some of these requirements, these biological materials are routinely used by clinicians. However, biological materials have intrinsic limitations. Harvesting autologous bone requires a second surgical site, which can cause complications, the material is limited in quantity, and it may lead to immunogenic rejection or transfer certain pathogens and viruses [1-3]. For these reasons, researchers and clinicians have developed synthetic bone substitutes. Our approach has focused on composite biomaterials that combine bioceramics with hydrogels to replace and regenerate bone tissue in osseous defects.

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Roerden, Malte, Stefan Wirths, Martin Sökler, Wolfgang A. Bethge, Wichard Vogel, and Juliane S. Walz. "Impact of Mantle Cell Lymphoma Contamination of Autologous Stem Cell Grafts on Outcome After High-Dose Chemotherapy." Cancers 13, no. 11 (May 23, 2021): 2558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112558.

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Novel predictive factors are needed to identify mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients at increased risk for relapse after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HDCT/Auto-HSCT). Although bone marrow and peripheral blood involvement is commonly observed in MCL and lymphoma cell contamination of autologous stem cell grafts might facilitate relapse after Auto-HSCT, prevalence and prognostic significance of residual MCL cells in autologous grafts are unknown. We therefore performed a multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC)-based measurable residual disease (MRD) assessment in autologous stem cell grafts and analyzed its association with clinical outcome in an unselected retrospective cohort of 36 MCL patients. MRD was detectable in four (11%) autologous grafts, with MRD levels ranging from 0.002% to 0.2%. Positive graft-MRD was associated with a significantly shorter progression-free and overall survival when compared to graft-MRD negative patients (median 9 vs. 56 months and 25 vs. 132 months, respectively) and predicted early relapse after Auto-HSCT (median time to relapse 9 vs. 44 months). As a predictor of outcome after HDCT/Auto-HSCT, MFC-based assessment of graft-MRD might improve risk stratification and support clinical decision making for risk-oriented treatment strategies in MCL.

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KOLAITYTE, Valdone, Logendra MURUGESAN, and Jeffrey C. Y. CHAN. "Intra-medullary Cannulated Headless Compression Screw for Bone Graft Fixation in Metacarpal Fractures." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 27, no. 05 (October 2022): 912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424835522720468.

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High energy metacarpal fracture presenting with critical bone loss requires bone graft and hardware stabilisation. Early bone grafting and rigid internal fixation allow expedited patient recovery. Plate fixation is the most described technique when an autologous bone graft is being used. In this report, we present an alternative technique to secure bone grafts to metacarpal shafts with intra-medullary headless compression screws (HCS). In the presented patient, significant bone defects of the fourth and fifth metacarpals were bridged using iliac crest cortico-cancellous bone grafts and fixed with HCS. This method of fixation allowed controlled early active mobilisation. Bone graft incorporation and excellent active range of motion were demonstrated. Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)

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Fourcade, Claire, Philippe Lesclous, and Julien Guiol. "Assignment of autogenous bone grafts for reconstruction of the alveolar ridge before implant placement." Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery 25, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mbcb/2018028.

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Introduction:Autologous bone is considered to be the “gold standard” for the reconstruction of the reabsorbed alveolar ridges. For small defects, autologous bone samples can be harvested from intraoral donor sites. However, extraoral donor sites are the first choice for any extensive augmentation of the alveolar ridges. The resorption of the bone grafts depends on several factors, including the recipient sites, the donor sites, volume of the bone grafts and whether or not the patient smokes. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of autologous bone graft resorption, 4 months after the surgical reconstruction, according to their sites of origin, parietal or ramus, according to the grafted site, mandible or maxilla and according to the surgical indications.Patients and methods:22 patients had 51 reconstructions of alveolar ridges with ramic or parietal onlay bone grafts. The increase of bone volume was assessed with computed tomography, immediately after augmentation (V0) and 4 months after the procedure (V1), before the placement of dental implants.Results:The mean rate of bone resorption was 26% for the parietal bone grafts and 27% for the ramus bone grafts after 4 months (p: ns). This rate was 26% for maxillary grafts and 25% for mandibular grafts (p: ns). This rate varies from 22% to 33% according to the etiology of the bone defect but these variations are not significant and ultimately, this rate of bone resorption was unaffected by the gender of patients.Conclusion:Based on these findings, the resorption of onlay grafts doesnʼt seems to be affected by the recipient and donor sites nor by the etiology of the bone defects. Parietal and ramic bone grafts showed limited resorption rates for the pre-implant reconstruction of alveolar ridges.

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Lee, Shu Jin, Heow Pueh Lee, Kwong Ming Tse, Ee Cherk Cheong, and Siak Piang Lim. "Computer-Aided Design and Rapid Prototyping–Assisted Contouring of Costal Cartilage Graft for Facial Reconstructive Surgery." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 5, no. 2 (June 2012): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1300964.

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Complex 3-D defects of the facial skeleton are difficult to reconstruct with freehand carving of autogenous bone grafts. Onlay bone grafts are hard to carve and are associated with imprecise graft-bone interface contact and bony resorption. Autologous cartilage is well established in ear reconstruction as it is easy to carve and is associated with minimal resorption. In the present study, we aimed to reconstruct the hypoplastic orbitozygomatic region in a patient with left hemifacial microsomia using computer-aided design and rapid prototyping to facilitate costal cartilage carving and grafting. A three-step process of (1) 3-D reconstruction of the computed tomographic image, (2) mirroring the facial skeleton, and (3) modeling and rapid prototyping of the left orbitozygomaticomalar region and reconstruction template was performed. The template aided in donor site selection and extracorporeal contouring of the rib cartilage graft to allow for an accurate fit of the graft to the bony model prior to final fixation in the patient. We are able to refine the existing computer-aided design and rapid prototyping methods to allow for extracorporeal contouring of grafts and present rib cartilage as a good alternative to bone for autologous reconstruction.

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Freischmidt, Holger, Jonas Armbruster, Emma Bonner, Thorsten Guehring, Dennis Nurjadi, Maren Bechberger, Robert Sonntag, Gerhard Schmidmaier, Paul Alfred Grützner, and Lars Helbig. "Systemic Administration of PTH Supports Vascularization in Segmental Bone Defects Filled with Ceramic-Based Bone Graft Substitute." Cells 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10082058.

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Non-unions continue to present a challenge to trauma surgeons, as current treatment options are limited, duration of treatment is long, and the outcome often unsatisfactory. Additionally, standard treatment with autologous bone grafts is associated with comorbidity at the donor site. Therefore, alternatives to autologous bone grafts and further therapeutic strategies to improve on the outcome and reduce cost for care providers are desirable. In this study in Sprague–Dawley rats we employed a recently established sequential defect model, which provides a platform to test new potential therapeutic strategies on non-unions while gaining mechanistic insight into their actions. The effects of a combinatorial treatment of a bone graft substitute (HACaS+G) implantation and systemic PTH administration was assessed by µ-CT, histological analysis, and bio-mechanical testing and compared to monotreatment and controls. Although neither PTH alone nor the combination of a bone graft substitute and PTH led to the formation of a stable union, our data demonstrate a clear osteoinductive and osteoconductive effect of the bone graft substitute. Additionally, PTH administration was shown to induce vascularization, both as a single adjuvant treatment and in combination with the bone graft substitute. Thus, systemic PTH administration is a potential synergistic co-treatment to bone graft substitutes.

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Movassaghi, Kiya, Jon Ver Halen, Parham Ganchi, Sepi Amin-Hanjani, John Mesa, and Michael J. Yaremchuk. "Cranioplasty with Subcutaneously Preserved Autologous Bone Grafts." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 117, no. 1 (January 2006): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000187152.48402.17.

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Walters, Beverly C. "Cranial bone grafts for use in posterior fixation of the cervical spine." Journal of Neurosurgery 79, no. 2 (August 1993): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1993.79.2.0286.

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✓ Bone grafts are usually an integral part of cervical spine fixation following spinal trauma. Unfortunately, many currently used bone graft donor sites (including the rib, iliac crest, and fibula) cause unacceptable patient morbidity, especially postoperative pain. A readily available source of autologous bone graft for posterior cervical fusion is the occipital bone. This membranous bone offers the advantage of strength and less bone resorption. It has been used at the Sunnybrook Health Science Centre for 4 years as a standard source of bone graft with no morbidity and excellent results for fusion.

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Lu, Jian, Qi-Yang Wang, and Jia-Gen Sheng. "Exosomes in the Repair of Bone Defects: Next-Generation Therapeutic Tools for the Treatment of Nonunion." BioMed Research International 2019 (August 4, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1983131.

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Nonunion with bone defects, a common complication after long bone fracture, is a major challenge for orthopaedic surgeons worldwide because of the high incidence rate and difficulties in achieving successful treatment. Bone defects are the main complications of nonunion. The conventional biological treatments for nonunion with bone defects involve the use of autologous bone grafts or bone graft substitutes and cell-based therapy. Traditional nonunion treatments have always been associated with safety issues and various other complications. Bone grafts have limited autologous cancellous bone and there is a risk of infection. Additionally, problems with bone graft substitutes, including rejection and stimulation of bone formation, have been noted, and the health of the stem cell niche is a major consideration in cell-based therapy. In recent years, researchers have found that exosomes can be used to deliver functional RNA and mediate cell-to-cell communication, suggesting that exosomes may repair bone defects by regulating cells and cytokines involved in bone metabolism. In this review, we highlight the possible relationships between risk factors for nonunion and exosomes. Additionally, we discuss the roles of exosomes in bone metabolism and bone regeneration.

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Peterson, Jonathan R., Fangyu Chen, Eugene Nwankwo, Travis J. Dekker, and Samuel B. Adams. "The Use of Bone Grafts, Bone Graft Substitutes, and Orthobiologics for Osseous Healing in Foot and Ankle Surgery." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no. 3 (July 2019): 247301141984901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419849019.

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Achieving fusion in osseous procedures about the foot and ankle presents unique challenges to the surgeon. Many patients have comorbidities that reduce osseous healing rates, and the limited space and high weightbearing demand placed on fusion sites makes the choice of bone graft, bone graft substitute, or orthobiologic agent of utmost importance. In this review, we discuss the essential characteristics of grafts, including their osteoconductive, osteoinductive, osteogenic, and angiogenic properties. Autologous bone graft remains the gold standard and contains all these properties. However, the convenience and lack of donor site morbidity of synthetic bone grafts, allografts, and orthobiologics, including growth factors and allogenic stem cells, has led to these being used commonly as augments. Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.

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Abood, Ahmed A., Bjarne Møller-Madsen, Juan Manuel Shiguetomi-Medina, Hans Stødkilde-Jørgensen, Casper Foldager, and Ole Rahbek. "Autologous cartilage and fibrin sealant may be superior to conventional fat grafting in preventing physeal bone bridge formation – a pilot study in porcines." Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 14, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.14.200024.

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Purpose The article compares physeal recovery after insertion of autologous cartilage and a conventional fat graft in a standardized porcine physeal gap model. Presence of a bone bridge was the primary outcome. Methods Ten porcines in two groups of five were included in a paired design. A standardized physeal gap in the distal femur was made in all animals. One group (n = 5) was randomized for deposition of autologous cartilage and a Tisseel® or Tisseel® alone. The autologous cartilage was harvested from the femoral articular surface. The other group was randomized for fat grafting or no grafts at all. All animals were housed for 14 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 14 weeks prior to euthanasia. The physis was harvested for histology. Results MRI – Three bone bridges were seen in the fat grafted gaps. All empty gaps formed a bone bridge. No gaps filled with autologous cartilage and Tisseel® resulted in bone bridges. One gap filled with Tisseel® only caused a bone bridge. Histology – The cartilage grafted gaps recovered with physeal-like cartilaginous tissue in histological analysis. Conclusions Fat grafts seems ineffective in preventing bone bridges. The use of autologous cartilage may be superior to the current treatment. However, donor site complications were not investigated. The study serves as a proof of concept study and requires further investigation. Level of evidence III

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Rowley, SD, RJ Jones, S. Piantadosi, HG Braine, OM Colvin, J. Davis, R. Saral, S. Sharkis, J. Wingard, and AM Yeager. "Efficacy of ex vivo purging for autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia." Blood 74, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v74.1.501.501.

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Abstract We used an in vitro measure of drug activity to predict the efficacy of ex vivo purging of leukemic cells from autologous bone marrow grafts. We previously found that the myeloid progenitor cell (CFU-GM) content of the marrow grafts after ex vivo purging with 4- hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) correlates with time to hematologic recovery after autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. We observed that variable red blood cell concentration of the bone marrow incubation mixture results in differential cytotoxic activity of 4-HC. The CFU-GM content of the graft after the ex vivo treatment is a measure of this 4-HC activity. We analyzed the disease-free survival of 45 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation with 4-HC purged grafts. Patients who relapsed after transplantation had 4.2 +/- 1.1% of graft CFU-GM surviving the ex vivo purge, compared with 1.1 +/- 0.4% for patients who achieved a sustained remission (P = .06). Twenty-three patients with a CFU-GM content after 4-HC purging of greater than 1% of the pretreatment value had an actuarial disease-free survival of 12%, compared to 36% for 22 patients with a less than or equal to 1% CFU-GM content after purging (P = .006). Therefore, percent CFU-GM survival as a measure of 4-HC cytotoxicity identified a group of patients with insufficient purging. Although no randomized clinical trials have documented the need for ex vivo purging, our results suggest that effective bone marrow purging is important for the optimal application of autologous transplantation in the treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia.

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Rowley, SD, RJ Jones, S. Piantadosi, HG Braine, OM Colvin, J. Davis, R. Saral, S. Sharkis, J. Wingard, and AM Yeager. "Efficacy of ex vivo purging for autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia." Blood 74, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v74.1.501.bloodjournal741501.

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We used an in vitro measure of drug activity to predict the efficacy of ex vivo purging of leukemic cells from autologous bone marrow grafts. We previously found that the myeloid progenitor cell (CFU-GM) content of the marrow grafts after ex vivo purging with 4- hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) correlates with time to hematologic recovery after autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. We observed that variable red blood cell concentration of the bone marrow incubation mixture results in differential cytotoxic activity of 4-HC. The CFU-GM content of the graft after the ex vivo treatment is a measure of this 4-HC activity. We analyzed the disease-free survival of 45 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation with 4-HC purged grafts. Patients who relapsed after transplantation had 4.2 +/- 1.1% of graft CFU-GM surviving the ex vivo purge, compared with 1.1 +/- 0.4% for patients who achieved a sustained remission (P = .06). Twenty-three patients with a CFU-GM content after 4-HC purging of greater than 1% of the pretreatment value had an actuarial disease-free survival of 12%, compared to 36% for 22 patients with a less than or equal to 1% CFU-GM content after purging (P = .006). Therefore, percent CFU-GM survival as a measure of 4-HC cytotoxicity identified a group of patients with insufficient purging. Although no randomized clinical trials have documented the need for ex vivo purging, our results suggest that effective bone marrow purging is important for the optimal application of autologous transplantation in the treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia.

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Campanacci, Domenico Andrea, Guido Scoccianti, Giovanni Beltrami, Marco Mugnaini, and Rodolfo Capanna. "Ankle Arthrodesis with Bone Graft after Distal Tibia Resection for Bone Tumors." Foot & Ankle International 29, no. 10 (October 2008): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3113/fai.2008.1031.

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Background: Treatment of distal tibial tumors is challenging due to the scarce soft tissue coverage of this area. Ankle arthrodesis has proven to be an effective treatment in primary and post-traumatic joint arthritis, but few papers have addressed the feasibility and techniques of ankle arthrodesis in tumor surgery after long bone resections. Materials and Methods: Resection of the distal tibia and reconstruction by ankle fusion using non-vascularized structural bone grafts was performed in 8 patients affected by malignant (5 patients) or aggressive benign (3 patients) tumors. Resection length of the tibia ranged from 5 to 21 cm. Bone defects were reconstructed with cortical structural autografts (from contralateral tibia) or allografts or both, plus autologous bone chips. Fixation was accomplished by antegrade nailing (6 cases) or plating (2 cases). Results: All the arthrodesis successfully healed. At followup ranging from 23 to 113 months (average 53.5), all patients were alive. One local recurrence was observed with concomitant deep infection (a below-knee amputation was performed). Mean functional MSTS score of the seven available patients was 80.4% (range, 53 to 93). Conclusion: Resection of the distal tibia and arthrodesis of the ankle with non-vascularized structural bone grafts, combined with autologous bone chips, can be an effective procedure in bone tumor surgery with durable and satisfactory functional results. In shorter resections, autologous cortical structural grafts can be used; in longer resections, allograft structural bone grafts are needed. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Study

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Singh, Arun Kumar, Devi Prasad Mohapatra, and Vijay Kumar. "Rigid internal fixation of mandibular fractures using autologous bone grafts: the autologous bone plate." European Journal of Plastic Surgery 33, no. 3 (March 10, 2010): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00238-010-0407-7.

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Jakoi, A. M., J. A. Iorio, and P. J. Cahill. "Autologous bone graft harvesting: a review of grafts and surgical techniques." MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY 99, no. 3 (April 7, 2015): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12306-015-0351-6.

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Bae, Chun-Sik, Seung-Hyun Kim, Taeho Ahn, Yeonji Kim, Se-Eun Kim, Seong-Soo Kang, Jae-Sung Kwon, Kwang-Mahn Kim, Sahng-Gyoon Kim, and Daniel Oh. "Multiple Porous Synthetic Bone Graft Comprising Engineered Micro-Channel for Drug Carrier and Bone Regeneration." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 5320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185320.

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Due to high demand but limited supply, there has been an increase in the need to replace autologous bone grafts with alternatives that fulfill osteogenic requirements. In this study, two different types of bone grafts were tested for their drug carrying abilities along with their osteogenic properties. Two different types of alendronate-loaded bone grafts, Bio-Oss (bovine bone graft) and InRoad (biphasic synthetic bone graft) were observed to see how different concentrations of alendronate would affect the sustained release to enhance osteogenesis. In this study, defected ovariectomize-induced osteoporotic rat calvarias were observed for 28 days with three different concentrations of alendronate (0 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg) for both Bio-Oss and InRoad. A higher concentration (5 mg) allowed for a more controlled and sustained release throughout the 28-day comparison to those of lower concentrations (0 mg, 1 mg). When comparing Bio-Oss and InRoad through histology and Micro-CT, InRoad showed higher enhancement in osteogenesis. Through this study, it was observed that alendronate not only brings out robust osteogenesis with InRoad bone grafts, but also enhances bone regeneration in an alendronate-concentration-dependent manner. The combination of higher concentration of alendronate and multiple porous bone graft containing internal micro-channel structure of InRoad resulted in higher osteogenesis with a sustained release of alendronate.

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Ijaz Hussain Wadd, Ammar Anwer, Liaqat Mehmood Awan, Arsalan Haider, Asif Shabbir, and Zayed Qamar. "Autologous Bone Graft vs PEEK Cage in Patients with Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy." Pakistan Journal Of Neurological Surgery 26, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36552/pjns.v26i3.786.

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Background: Cervical spine stenosis is one of the most common degenerative changes of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and results in severe dysfunction of the cervical spinal cord. The conventional treatment of such degenerative cervical spine conditions is anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Strut graft remains the gold standard in ACDF with excellent patient recovery but has many shortcomings. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages have recently become popular as a replacement for strut grafts in patients undergoing ACDF. Objective: This study was carried out to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of autologous bone grafts versus PEEK cages in patients undergoing ACDF surgery. Materials and Methods: It was a randomized controlled trial conducted at the Neurosurgery Department Punjab Institute of Neurosciences for three years. Patients who consented to be a part of this study and fulfilled our predefined inclusion criteria were recruited and randomized into 2 groups. One group underwent ACDF with auto bone graft whereas the other group underwent ACDF with PEEK cage. Results: A total of 198 subjects were included in this study. The mean age was calculated as 47.60 ± 9.17 years in the PEEK cage group and 46.74 ± 8.87 years in the Autologous bone graft group. Males accounted for 59.6% of the study population. The fusion rate was found to be higher in the PEEK cage group with a p-value of 0.002. Conclusion: PEEK cages are superior to strut grafts as they have lesser morbidity after ACDF surgery in patients with CSM.

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Siegel, Markus, Lisa Bode, Leonard Simon Brandenburg, Andreas Frodl, Hagen Schmal, and Jan Kühle. "Individual Concepts in Foot Surgery: A Comparison of Xenogeneic and Autologous Bone Grafts Used in Adults for Lateral Calcaneus-Lengthening Osteotomy According to Evans." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13010095.

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Background: Xenogeneic bone grafts, when compared to autologous grafts, are supposed to provide structural benefits without donor site morbidity. To date, there have been divergent results in the use of xenogeneic grafts in foot surgery, primarily in pediatric patient cohorts. The present study examines the incorporation and maintenance of the achieved correction using autologous and xenogeneic bone grafts in adult patients with a six-month follow-up period. Material/Methods: In this retrospective study, 31 adult patients (43 feet in total) treated in our clinic by a lateral calcaneus-lengthening osteotomy, according to Evans, between 01/2006 and 12/2020 were included. The patients were assigned to study groups according to the use of xenogeneic or autologous bone grafts. The osseous incorporation following the criteria of Worth et al., correction maintenance by measuring the talo-navicular coverage angle (TNCA), the talo-first metatarsal angle (TFMA), the calcaneal pitch angle (PCA) and necessary revisions six months after surgery were extracted from the medical files retrospectively. Furthermore, the medical files were screened for the relevant comorbidities, nicotine abuse, BMI, sex and age. Results: In total, 27 autogenous (iliac crest) and 16 xenogeneic bone grafts of bovine origin were used. The evaluation of the radiographs at follow-up demonstrated that there was a mean incorporation rate of 96.3% for the autologous grafts and 57% for the patients treated with xenogeneic grafts (p = 0.002). Compared to the autologous group, xenogeneic grafts did not increase the loss of hindfoot alignment in the postoperative course, regardless of being incorporated or not. ΔTNCA, ΔTFMA and ΔPCA displayed no significant differences in both groups (p = 0.45, p = 0.42 and p = 0.10). Conclusion: Despite a significantly lower incorporation rate, the use of xenogeneic grafts was not accompanied with a greater risk of hindfoot alignment loss in the first six months after surgery. Early revision after a postoperative course of six months should not be motivated solely by the radiographic picture of incomplete osseous integration.

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Triplett, R. Gilbert, and Sterling R. Schow. "Autologous bone grafts and endosseous implants: Complementary techniques." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 54, no. 4 (April 1996): 486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(96)90126-3.

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Bhumiratana, Sarindr, Jonathan C. Bernhard, David M. Alfi, Keith Yeager, Ryan E. Eton, Jonathan Bova, Forum Shah, et al. "Tissue-engineered autologous grafts for facial bone reconstruction." Science Translational Medicine 8, no. 343 (June 15, 2016): 343ra83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aad5904.

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Raghoebar, Gerry M., Robert S. B. Liem, Rudolf R. M. Bos, Jacqueline E. van der Wal, and Arjan Vissink. "Resorbable screws for fixation of autologous bone grafts." Clinical Oral Implants Research 17, no. 3 (June 2006): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2005.01200.x.

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Chen, David, Josephine Y. Wu, Kelsey M. Kennedy, Keith Yeager, Jonathan C. Bernhard, Johnathan J. Ng, Brandon K. Zimmerman, et al. "Tissue engineered autologous cartilage-bone grafts for temporomandibular joint regeneration." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 565 (October 14, 2020): eabb6683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abb6683.

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Joint disorders can be detrimental to quality of life. There is an unmet need for precise functional reconstruction of native-like cartilage and bone tissues in the craniofacial space and particularly for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Current surgical methods suffer from lack of precision and comorbidities and frequently involve multiple operations. Studies have sought to improve craniofacial bone grafts without addressing the cartilage, which is essential to TMJ function. For the human-sized TMJ in the Yucatan minipig model, we engineered autologous, biologically, and anatomically matched cartilage-bone grafts for repairing the ramus-condyle unit (RCU), a geometrically intricate structure subjected to complex loading forces. Using image-guided micromilling, anatomically precise scaffolds were created from decellularized bone matrix and infused with autologous adipose-derived chondrogenic and osteogenic progenitor cells. The resulting constructs were cultured in a dual perfusion bioreactor for 5 weeks before implantation. Six months after implantation, the bioengineered RCUs maintained their predefined anatomical structure and regenerated full-thickness, stratified, and mechanically robust cartilage over the underlying bone, to a greater extent than either autologous bone-only engineered grafts or acellular scaffolds. Tracking of implanted cells and parallel bioreactor studies enabled additional insights into the progression of cartilage and bone regeneration. This study demonstrates the feasibility of TMJ regeneration using anatomically precise, autologous, living cartilage-bone grafts for functional, personalized total joint replacement. Inclusion of the adjacent tissues such as soft connective tissues and the TMJ disc could further extend the functional integration of engineered RCUs with the host.

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Khan, Atiq Ahmed, Muhammad Imran, Syed Ijlal Ahmed, Shiraz Ahmed Ghouri, Alizay Rashid Khan, Muhammad Osama Farooqi, and Majid Chandio. "BONE FLAPS:." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 09 (September 8, 2017): 1259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.09.900.

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Cranioplasty is the surgical repair of a bone deformity of the skull. Autologousbone grafts are preferred more since the cranial bone flaps will not be subject to rejection bythe host and they lower the entry of foreign materials into the body. Preservation of cranialbone flaps is done in numerous ways, namely cryopreservation after a decompressivecraniectomy, intracorporeal preservation and cranioplasty with subcutaneously preservedautologous bone grafts. The method of preserving cranial bone flaps using cryopreservationhas many advantages; it is a safe, simple and an effective method for autologous bone grafts.The cryopreservation is also associated with higher infection rates and bone resorption ascomplications when compared to intracorporeal preservation. Intracoporeal preservationtechnique has many advantages, particularly that this surgery is easy, safe and cost-effective.The duration of the operation is short. The autologous bone flaps are not subject to rejectionand there is no need for intra-operative bone shaping. Therefore on the basis of review ofliterature authors concluded that intracorporeal preservation is better than cryopreservation ofcranial bone flaps, in terms of efficacy and complications.

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Golubovsky, Joshua L., Tiffany Ejikeme, Robert Winkelman, and Michael P. Steinmetz. "Osteobiologics." Operative Neurosurgery 21, Supplement_1 (June 15, 2021): S2—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opaa383.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Osteobiologics are engineered materials that facilitate bone healing and have been increasingly used in spine surgery. Autologous iliac crest bone grafts have been used historically, but morbidity associated with graft harvesting has led surgeons to seek alternative solutions. Allograft bone, biomaterial scaffolds, growth factors, and stem cells have been explored as bone graft substitutes and supplements. OBJECTIVE To review current and emerging osteobiologic technologies. METHODS A literature review of English-language studies was performed in PubMed. Search terms included combinations of “spine,” “fusion,” “osteobiologics,” “autologous,” “allogen(e)ic,” “graft,” “scaffold,” “bone morphogenic protein,” and “stem cells.” RESULTS Evidence supports allograft bone as an autologous bone supplement or replacement in scenarios where minimal autologous bone is available. There are promising data on ceramics and P-15; however, comparative human trials remain scarce. Growth factors, including recombinant human bone morphogenic proteins (rhBMPs) 2 and 7, have been explored in humans after successful animal trials. Evidence continues to support the use of rhBMP-2 in lumbar fusion in patient populations with poor bone quality or revision surgery, while there is limited evidence for rhBMP-7. Stem cells have been incredibly promising in promoting fusion in animal models, but human trials to this point have only involved products with questionable stem cell content, thereby limiting possible conclusions. CONCLUSION Engineered stem cells that overexpress osteoinductive factors are likely the future of spine fusion, but issues with applying viral vector-transduced stem cells in humans have limited progress.

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Araújo, Lana, Gustavo Antunes, Marcelo Melo, and Igor Castro-Silva. "Brazilian dentists’ perceptions of using bone grafts: an inland survey." Acta Odontológica Latinoamericana 33, no. 3 (December 2020): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54589/aol.33/3/165.

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Pre-clinical assessments of bone substitute materials are frequent in the literature, but research papers about the clinical situation of bone graft use and consumer market acceptance are rare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dental use of bone grafts according to the perception of dentists in the city of Sobral, Brazil. We interviewed 183 professionals and analyzed their professional data, knowledge of the subject, specific use, and opinions on cost-effectiveness and biosafety. Most of the respondents had 10 years’ or less experience in the profession, and lacked specialization though they had been familiar with the subject since they graduated. The most frequently mentioned compositions were ceramics, followed by composites. Only a quarter of the respondents had performed bone grafts, generally with up to 50 cases, with the most frequent applications being using simultaneously with a dental implant, fresh dental sockets and maxillary sinus lifting. Autogenous and xenogeneic grafts were more frequent than alloplastic and allogeneic; ceramics were the most frequently used composition, and the association of bone graft with membrane was more frequent than bone graft alone or associated with autologous fibrin. Professional and patient satisfaction was high, cost was considered moderate, and differences were found regarding patient participation in the choice and country of origin of the product. Bone grafts were used more often in the private than public service. Dentists stated that they follow the instructions. Inflammatory or infectious complications were found to be related to the frequency of the procedure performed and safety regarding the origin. Opinions were favorable regarding the use of grafts derived from animals and unfavorable to grafts derived from cadavers. Very few respondents were registered in human bone tissue banks. The good level of acceptance for dental use of bone grafts in a Brazilian inland city provides a promising scenario for the development of the sector.

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Bhattacharya, Vishwanath, Peter A. McSweeney, Qun Shi, Benedetto Bruno, Atsushi Ishida, Richard Nash, Rainer F. Storb, Lester R. Sauvage, William P. Hammond, and Moses Hong-De Wu. "Enhanced endothelialization and microvessel formation in polyester grafts seeded with CD34+ bone marrow cells." Blood 95, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v95.2.581.

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The authors have shown accelerated endothelialization on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) grafts preclotted with autologous bone marrow. Bone marrow cells have a subset of early progenitor cells that express the CD34 antigen on their surfaces. A recent in vitro study has shown that CD34+ cells can differentiate into endothelial cells. The current study was designed to determine whether CD34+ progenitor cells would enhance vascular graft healing in a canine model. The authors used composite grafts implanted in the dog's descending thoracic aorta (DTA) for 4 weeks. The 8-mm × 12-cm composite grafts had a 4-cm PET graft in the center and 4-cm standard ePTFE grafts at each end. The entire composite was coated with silicone rubber to make it impervious; thus, the PET segment was shielded from perigraft and pannus ingrowth. There were 5 study grafts and 5 control grafts. On the day before surgery, 120 mL bone marrow was aspirated, and CD34+ cells were enriched using an immunomagnetic bead technique, yielding an average of 11.4 ± 5.3 × 106. During surgery, these cells were mixed with venous blood and seeded onto the PET segment of composite study grafts; the control grafts were treated with venous blood only. Hematoxylin and eosin, immunocytochemical, and AgNO3staining demonstrated significant increases of surface endothelialization on the seeded grafts (92% ± 3.4% vs 26.6% ± 7.6%; P = .0001) with markedly increased microvessels in the neointima, graft wall, and external area compared with controls. In dogs, CD34+ cell seeding enhances vascular graft endothelialization; this suggests practical therapeutic applications.

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Macías, Iratxe, Natividad Alcorta-Sevillano, Arantza Infante, and Clara I. Rodríguez. "Cutting Edge Endogenous Promoting and Exogenous Driven Strategies for Bone Regeneration." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 7724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147724.

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Bone damage leading to bone loss can arise from a wide range of causes, including those intrinsic to individuals such as infections or diseases with metabolic (diabetes), genetic (osteogenesis imperfecta), and/or age-related (osteoporosis) etiology, or extrinsic ones coming from external insults such as trauma or surgery. Although bone tissue has an intrinsic capacity of self-repair, large bone defects often require anabolic treatments targeting bone formation process and/or bone grafts, aiming to restore bone loss. The current bone surrogates used for clinical purposes are autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic bone grafts, which although effective imply a number of limitations: the need to remove bone from another location in the case of autologous transplants and the possibility of an immune rejection when using allogeneic or xenogeneic grafts. To overcome these limitations, cutting edge therapies for skeletal regeneration of bone defects are currently under extensive research with promising results; such as those boosting endogenous bone regeneration, by the stimulation of host cells, or the ones driven exogenously with scaffolds, biomolecules, and mesenchymal stem cells as key players of bone healing process.

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Borgonovo, Andrea Enrico, Andrea Marchetti, Virna Vavassori, Rachele Censi, Ramon Boninsegna, and Dino Re. "Treatment of the Atrophic Upper Jaw: Rehabilitation of Two Complex Cases." Case Reports in Dentistry 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/154795.

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In reconstructive surgery, the fresh frozen homologous bone (FFB) represents a valid alternative to the autologous bone, because FFB allows bone regeneration thanks to its osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. The purpose of this work is to describe the surgical-implant-prosthetic treatment of two complex cases using FFB. In particular, fresh frozen homologous bone grafts were used to correct the severe atrophy of the maxilla, and, then, once the graft integration was obtained, implant therapy was performed and implants placed in native bone were immediately loaded.

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Silveira, Gil Galvão Bernardes, Isnar Moreira Castro Junior, Henrique Mansur, and Guilherme Ferreira Morgado. "Subtalar arthrodesis with bone graft. Is it needed for smokers?" Scientific Journal of the Foot & Ankle 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30795/scijfootankle.2019.v13.905.

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Objective: To evaluate the union rate of subtalar arthrodesis in smokers and nonsmokers and effect of the use of different types of autologous bone grafts. Methods: This was a retrospective study with radiological evaluation of patients with subtalar arthrosis who underwent primary arthrodesis at a reference hospital between January 2008 and December 2014. Patients with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months were included and were divided into smokers and nonsmokers with or without autologous bone grafting. Results: In total, 235 patients with a mean age of 47 years (range: 19-74 years) were evaluated, among whom 90 (40%) were smokers and 141 (60%) were nonsmokers. In 221 (94%) cases, the indication for arthrodesis was due to sequelae of calcaneal fractures. A bone graft was used in 65 (27.7%) patients. The overall union rate was 85.4%, and 14.6% of the patients progressed to pseudoarthrosis. A statistically significant difference was found in the nonunion rate in smokers (p-value=0.015 by chi-square test), especially in those who did not receive a bone graft (p-value=0.014 by chi-square test). However, no significant difference was found between smokers who received a bone graft and those who did not (p-value=0.072 by chi-square test). The union rate was related to the donor site, with pseudoarthrosis in 33.3% of surgeries with an autologous calcaneal bone graft (p-value=0.011). Conclusion: Smoking increased the likelihood of pseudoarthrosis in subtalar arthrodesis by 2.5-fold, and pseudoarthrosis is related to the autologous bone graft donor site. Level of Evidence III; Therapeutic studies; Comparative Retrospective Study.

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Davis, JM, SD Rowley, HG Braine, S. Piantadosi, and GW Santos. "Clinical toxicity of cryopreserved bone marrow graft infusion." Blood 75, no. 3 (February 1, 1990): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v75.3.781.781.

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Abstract We prospectively evaluated infusion-related toxicities in 82 recipients of autologous bone marrow grafts. The grafts were cryopreserved in 10% dimethylsulfoxide and stored in liquid nitrogen. All grafts were concentrated and buffy-coat cells were collected. Forty-seven grafts were treated ex vivo with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) at 100 micrograms/mL; 26 grafts were further processed using density-gradient separation and treated with 4-HC at 60 micrograms/mL. Nine buffy-coat concentrates were frozen without drug treatment. Before infusion, patients were medicated with mannitol, hydrocortisone, and diphenhydramine. Grafts were rapidly thawed and immediately infused without further manipulation. During the infusions, 33 (70%) recipients of treated buffy-coat, 5 (56%) recipients of untreated buffy-coat, and 6 (23%) recipients of density-gradient separated grafts experienced varying symptoms including nausea, abdominal cramping, and flushing. Forced vital capacities for 83% of the recipients of treated buffy-coat concentrates decreased after the graft infusion; six of these patients complained of dyspnea and one patient experienced an acute episode of respiratory decompensation. Decreased heart rates were observed in 98% of the recipients of treated buffy-coat cells with asymptomatic bradycardia occurring in 45%. Forty-five patients (96%) in this group experienced transient hypertension, with 18 (38%) requiring additional medications within 6 hours after the infusion for control of blood pressure. Similar cardiovascular changes were observed in the recipients of untreated buffy-coat concentrates. One recipient of an untreated buffy-coat concentrate had 2 degrees heart block after the graft infusion. Twenty-three (88%) recipients of density-gradient separated grafts had decreased heart rates and 21 (81%) had increased blood pressure. However, the degrees of change were less than those experienced by the recipients of treated buffy-coat cells (P less than .01). Forced vital capacities were not affected by the infusion of the density-gradient separated grafts. No renal failure or obvious hemolytic episodes occurred for any patient group. Minor to moderate toxicities were associated with cryopreserved graft infusions. Recipients of buffy-coat separated grafts, both treated and untreated, experienced more complications than the recipients of density-gradient separated grafts. These toxicities may relate to the volumes of cryoprotectant and cell lysis products infused, which were less for the more highly purified density-gradient separated grafts.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Autologous bone grafts'

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