Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Autobiographical memory Case studies'

The capacity to form olfactory images has received less attention than the formation of visual and auditory images. The evidence in favor of such ability is also inconsistent. This thesis explored some of the characteristics of olfactory imagery through three empirical studies. Study I investigated the effects of blocking spontaneous sniffing during olfactory imagery. The results indicated that the prevention of spontaneous sniffing reduced olfactory but not visual imagery capacity. Study II studied the relation between olfactory awareness (as indexed by olfactory dreams, olfactory imagery, and olfactory interest) and olfactory functions (i.e., odor threshold, episodic odor memory, and odor identification). The main findings were that compared to low, high olfactory awareness was associated with better episodic odor memory and identification, but not with higher olfactory sensitivity. Study III investigated the neural correlates of odor evoked autobiographical memories (OEAMs) as (a) a function of cue modality (i.e., odors and their verbal referents), and (b) a function of memory remoteness. The results from Study III showed that OEAMs activated regions generally associated with autobiographical memory. In addition, verbally cued OEAMs were associated with activity linked to olfactory imagery. Odor cues activated the limbic and temporal polar regions more than verbal cues; a result that may explain the phenomenological differences found between the cued memories. Moreover, OEAMs from the first decade of life were associated with higher activity in the secondary olfactory cortex, whereas memories from young adulthood were related to areas linked to semantic memory processing. Taken together these studies favor the notion of a human capacity to form olfactory images.

This thesis is an investigation of the proximate mechanisms and ultimate functions of memory for emotional events. The theoretical basis of this Thesis is that in order to reach a full understanding of a biological phenomenon, it is important that both proximate and ultimate (functional) explanations for that phenomenon are explored. Chapters 2 and 3 present an examination of the proximate mechanisms involved in memory consolidation of emotional events. In Chapter 2, three experiments are presented each testing the hypothesis that stress hormone activation immediately following viewing an emotional event enhances memory for that event. Each of the three experiments failed to find an enhancing effect of stress hormone activation on memory consolidation. Chapter 3 describes an investigation into whether the reduced feedback from the body to the brain, which occurs as a result of total spinal cord transection, diminishes the intensity of emotional experience and therefore impairs memory for emotional events. The results of this investigation revealed no differences between spinal cord transection patients and matched control participants in emotional expressivity, emotional awareness and in memory for emotional material. Chapters 4 and 5 explore how memory and emotion may interact differently for males and females and in manner that facilitates their survival and reproduction. Evolutionary theory argues that males should be more concerned than females about threats to their social status, whereas females should be more concerned about threats to their physical appearance and sexual reputation. Chapter 4 describes two experiments testing whether a) males have enhanced emotional arousal and memory for words implying they are of low social status; b) females have enhanced emotional arousal and memory for words implying they are physically unattractive and sexually untrustworthy. The results of these experiments showed that females had enhanced memory for words relating to physical appearance, and partial evidence that males have 2 enhanced memory for words relating to social status. Chapter 5 tests the evolutionary theory that males should be more emotionally aroused and thus have greater memory for cues relating to sexual infidelity (the thought of their partner having sex with another man), whereas females should be more emotionally aroused and have greater memory for cues to emotional infidelity (the thought of their partner forming a close emotional attachment with another woman). It also examines whether relationship status affects emotional arousal and memory for these cues. The results did not find any support for these hypothesised sex difference in memory. However, those ‘currently in a relationship’ did show enhanced emotional arousal to cues to sexual infidelity compared to those ‘currently not in a relationship’. Chapter 6 presents an investigation concerning the evolutionary hypothesis that individuals tend to have enhanced recognition memory for the faces of deceivers or ‘liars’. This chapter describes a study in which participants viewed a series of short video clips of individuals, half of whom were lying, half telling the truth. Participants’ memory for the individuals that appeared in the video clips was tested but there was no evidence of enhanced memory for the faces of ‘liars’. Chapter 7 provides a general discussion of the findings of this thesis. The failure to find an enhancing effect of post learning stress hormone activation on memory for emotional material, and the failure to find an impairment in memory for emotional material in people with total spinal cord transection contradict two established views on the proximate mechanisms involved in emotion, and emotions effect of the brain. How these findings relate to the established mainstream views on emotion and memory are discussed. The findings of studies concerning the functional interaction of memory and emotion presented in this thesis are also discussed in relation to previous research.

Representations of Germany's crisis of anti-foreigner violence and ambivalent government policies regarding guestworkers misrepresent this crisis and reproduce several myths: that Germany has only recently relied on foreign labor, that Germany is an unusually "homogenous" nation, has experienced little integration of foreigners, and is not and cannot become an "immigration" country. These myths hinge on a widespread "forgetting" of much of German labor history. This paper outlines this missing history. Features common to past and present "guestworker" policies are highlighted. An examination of modern German citizenship and naturalization laws suggests that guestworker crises derive from a fundamental contradiction between economic and political interests. The current crisis can be viewed as one phase of a longer unresolved conflict between economic goals and the definition of the German nation. Such a perspective is generally avoided, however, as earlier periods of conflict are erased through widespread collective forgetting.

Thesis (MA (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Limited academic work has paid attention to the memories generated by claimants engaged in the restitution process. My thesis thus sought to investigate the role of memory in urban land restitution, with specific focus on the Stellenbosch context. In my discussion, I highlight how claimant memories are not only generated by the restitution process but how the master narrative of restitution shapes the memories produced. I argue that claimant memories function and gain wider meaning within the collective memory, through which the master narrative of restitution shapes how they remember – and in so doing, how claimants reconstruct the place from which they were removed. My thesis elucidates how, through the individual narratives of removal and dispossession (and thus, the making of place), claimants position themselves as part of a particular and new form of “imagined community” of land claimants. The context of my research is focussed on the area previously known as Die Vlakte which was located in urban Stellenbosch. Dispossessed and displaced to the outskirts of Stellenbosch town in the early 1960s, the advent of democracy provided the former residents of Die Vlakte the opportunity to claim the land lost. The qualitative methodology of five selected case studies, sought to explore the following objectives of my study: Firstly, to examine how claimants remember and reconstruct the places from which they were removed (that is, the making of place); and secondly, to investigate whether these memories or individual narratives of place are shaped by the master narrative of restitution. By means of engaging prominent theorists and scholars on memory and the master narrative of restitution, my study analyses the various aspects of memory construction and reconstruction within the collective framework. The research points to the interdependent relationship between individual memory and that of collective memory. It is argued that individual memory can only function as part and in reference to the collective memory. Within the restitution process, research shows that the master narrative of restitution not only shapes but controls and organises memory on a collective and hence, individual level. My thesis argues that the individual memories of dispossession and removals of the claimants are similar to national narratives and hence, my thesis illustrates, that the five claimant memories of the place from which they were removed in Die Vlakte is shaped by the master narrative of restitution. Through relaying these narratives of removals and dispossession they thus draw on the master narrative of restitution (from which they derive legitimacy), in order to legitimise their own claim to land and in so doing, placing themselves within the “new” form of imagined communities of land claimants.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Beperkte akademiese werk het aandag geskenk aan die herinnering wat deur eisers, wie betrokke was in die restitusieproses, gegenereer is. My tesis poog dus om die rol van herinnering in stedelike grondrestitusie, met spesifieke fokus op die Stellenbosch konteks. In my bespreking beklemtoon ek hoe eiserherinnering nie net gegeneer word deur die restitusieproses nie, maar hoe die meesternarratief van restitusie die herinnering wat geproduseer is, vorm. Ek voer aan dat eiserherinnering funksioneer en wyer betekenis verkry binne die kollektiewe herinnering, waardeur die meesternarratief van restitusie vorm hoe hulle onthou – en deur dit te doen, hoe eisers die plek waaruit hulle verplaas is waarvandaan hulle verwyder is, heropbou. My tesis verduidelik hoe, deur die individuele narratiewe van verwydering en onteiening (en dus, die skep van plek), eisers hul posisie inneem as deel van 'n besondere en nuwe vorm van "denkbeeldige gemeenskap‟ van grondeisers. Die konteks van my navorsing is gefokus op die area wat voorheen bekend was as Die Vlakte wat voorheen geleë was in die dorp Stellenbosch. Onteien en verdring tot die buitewyke van Stellenboschdorp in die vroeë 1960s, die koms van demokrasie voorsien aan die voormalige inwoners van Die Vlakte die geleentheid om die verlore grond te eis. Die kwalitatiewe metodologie van vyf gekose gevallestudies poog om die volgende doelwitte van my studie noukeurig te bestudeer: Eerstens, om te ondersoek hoe eisers die plekke waarvan hulle verwyder is onthou en heropbou; en tweedens om te ondersoek of hierdie herinneringe of individuele narratiewe van plek deur die meersternarratief van restitusie gevorm word. Deur gesprekvoering met prominente teoretici en kundiges op die gebied van herinnering en die meesternarratief van restitusie, analiseer my studie die verskeie aspekte van herinnering-opbou en heropbouing binne die kollektiewe raamwerk. Die navorsing wys na die interafhanklike verhouding tussen individuele herinnering en die van kollektiewe herinnering. Daar is aangevoer dat individuele herinnering slegs kan funksioneer as deel van en in verhouding tot die kollektiewe herinnering. Binne die restitusieproses wys navorsing dat die meesternarratief van restitusie nie net herinnering vorm nie, maar dit ook beheer en organiseer op 'n kollektiewe en dus individuele vlak. My tesis voer aan dat die individuele herinnering van onteiening en vverwydering van die eisers soorgelyk is aan nasionale narratiewe en dus illustreer my tesis dat die herinnering van die vyf eisers oor die plek waarvan hulle verwyder is in Die Vlakte, gevorm is deur die meesternarratief van restitusie. Deur hierdie narratiewe van verwydering en onteiening te vertel, ontleen die eisers aan die meesternarratief van restitusie (waaruit hul wettiging voortkom), om sodoende hul eie eis om grond wettig te verklaar, en deur dit te doen, hulself te plaas in die “nuwe” vorm van verbeelde gemeenskappe van grondeisers.

Otitis Media (glue ear) delays reading (Kindig & Richards, 2000) by impacting on phonological processing, and may affect working memory development (Mody et al, 1999). Reported links between working memory capacity and school success (Bourke & Adams, 2003; Gathercole, Pickering, Knight & Stegman, 2004), suggest that working memory has a crucial role in learning. Deficits have been linked to anxiety during task performance (Hadwin, Brogan & Stevenson, 2005) and low self-esteem (Alloway, Gathercole, Kirkwood & Elliott, 2009). Sixteen children aged seven to ten with a history of early onset Otitis Media, together with a comparison group of twelve children were assessed on a range of measures of phonological processing, single word and non-word reading, non-verbal reasoning and working memory, and an attitude to self and school rating scale, before and after working memory training. Semi-structured interviews and classroom observations of learning behaviours were used to elaborate the findings from the quantitative data. Significant differences were found between the groups before training in verbal and visuo-spatial short term and working memory, and non-word reading. Following training these differences were no longer significant. Performance in reading and phonological tasks was found to improve for both groups following training. Mean scores for responses to the learning attitudes rating scales were not significantly different before or after training, but large individual differences were found for children in both groups. Case studies are presented of individual children in the Otitis Media group. The results indicate that, as found in previous studies, a history of Otitis Media can result in weaknesses in phonological processes, memory and literacy development, and the original contribution of this study indicates that these may be ameliorated by a working memory intervention. Improvements in working memory did not appear to affect children’s overall learning identities but more positive feelings were found after training for several children.

The purposes of the present study were to investigate the relationship between short-term memory and reading in learning disabled and average learners, and to determine whether this relationship is different between ages 8 to 10 and ages 11 to 13 in these two populations. Studies have shown that children with learning disabilities tend to perform poorer on short-term memory tasks compared to children with no disabilities. The present study was conducted because the short-term memory component in the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is new and it was felt that information regarding this test's usefulness with learning disabled students would be beneficial for individuals in the field of educational assessment. A total of 80 children, 39 average and 41 learning disabled were selected from the five public elementary schools that have learning disabilities classes in the Langley School District. For each group of learning disabled children selected from the learning disabilities class, an equal number of average learners was chosen from the same school. The children were divided into two age groups: 8- to 10-year-olds and 11- to 13-year-olds and then further divided into their two learning categories. Four short-term memory subtests of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition: Bead Memory, Memory for Sentences, Memory for Digits and Memory for Objects and three reading comprehension subtests, from B.C. QUick Individual Educational Test, Peabody Individual Achievement Test and Test of Reading Comprehension respectively, were administered to all groups to measure short-term memory and reading. The Multivariate Analysis of Variance and the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation were used to analyse the data. Results showed that the average learners scored significantly higher than the learning disabled group in both short-term memory and reading. There was no interaction effect of learning group and age on reading or short-term memory. Significant relationships were found between short-term mmeory and reading for the average learning group but none was found for the learning disabled group.
Education, Faculty of
Graduate

This thesis examines three contemporary autobiographical narratives - Jeanette Winterson's Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985), A.S. Byatt's Sugar and Other Stories (1987) and Jamaica Kincaid's The Autobiography of My Mother (1996) - and their Italian and French translations. My comparative analyses of the texts are underpinned by the latest developments in Translation Studies that place emphasis on identity construction in translation and the role of translation in moulding various types of identity. They focus on how the writers' textual personae make sense of their sexual, artistic and postcolonial identities in relation to the mother and how the mother-daughter relationship survives translation into the Italian and French social, political and cultural contexts. My Introduction outlines my methodology and approach. Theo Hermans (1999) has provided me with a model capable of encompassing Descriptive Translation Studies and cultural analysis. Recent studies on the mother-daughter relationship have offered the framework of analysis of the female characters. The six chapters that follow show how each Target Text activates different cultural, literary, linguistic and rhetorical frames of reference which bring into relief the facets of the protagonist's quest for identity that might be hidden or ambiguous in the Source Text: religious icons and the cult of the Madonna; humour and irony; gender and class; mimesis and storytelling; spatial representations and geographical sense of self; narrative performance and performativity; negativity and women's strength. Whereas the French translation of Oranges highlights the interplay of gender and class, the Italian version brings into focus the religious and political constraints on the protagonist's quest. The Italian and French translations of 'Sugar' emphasize Byatt's fictional explorations of the maternal artistic model. The French version of Autobiography normalizes orality and performativity; the Italian one enhances complex aspects of negativity. This thesis highlights the fruitfulness of studying women's narratives and their translations and the polyphonic dialogue between the translations and the literary and theoretical productions of the French and Italian cultures.

This thesis focuses on the importance of truth and memory in the process of transitional justice, within the context of the aftermath of gross violations of human rights that occurred during the military dictatorship of 1976 to 1983 in Argentina. The military junta that ruled Argentina took power under the pretext of national security, arguing that an enemy threatened to destabilize and destroy Argentine society. During the period of the military dictatorship an estimated 30,000 people "disappeared"; relatives of those disappeared mobilized and formed human rights organizations to confront the military regime for its abuses. Once the dictatorship collapsed and democratic rule was reestablished these human rights organizations changed their focus, mobilizing once again to find their missing relatives, learn the truth, and prosecute those responsible of any crimes. A series of amnesty laws and pardons protected the perpetrators of many of the crimes of the military regime through most of the 1990's, until in 2005 the Argentine Supreme Court declared those laws unconstitutional. During the period before the 2005 ruling human rights organizations worked hard to gather the truth about the crimes of the military regime and ensure these crimes were not forgotten. Their initiatives included the famous weekly march to the Plaza de Mayo by members of Madres (Mothers), one of the most important human rights organizations in Argentina; escraches (reveal what is hidden) and public protests by HIJOS (Sons and daughters of the disappeared), actions in which members of HIJOS would go to the houses of known members of the military juntas and protest at their front doors; and programs to find missing grandchildren by Abuelas (Grandmothers), a human rights organization dedicated to searching for the missing children of the disappeared; and others. Because of the structure of terror during the military junta, most Argentines did not know exactly what was happening to the missing persons, and they were afraid to ask. The truth gathering initiatives and the official report of the commission charged with investigating the junta, CONADEP, came into being in response to this lack of knowledge. They helped to inform the Argentine people and the new generations of what had happened during the military dictatorship in hopes of making sure that such abuses do not occur again.

This thesis will explore the concept of cultural citizenship by researching visitor’s responses to five exhibitions across two museums in the Lower Hutt region of New Zealand. The thesis will also examine museum management and staff’s perspectives on these exhibits, and compare these to visitor’s. The aim of the thesis is to understand how museum visitors reflect upon and use museum exhibits as tools in relation to their cultural heritage and cultural citizenship. This approach provides a focus for reflection regarding the cultural importance of museum exhibitions. Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model will serve as an overall framework for the study, and the theoretical concepts of memory, rhetoric, meaning making and cultural citizenship will further inform the analysis. The results indicate that museum visitors reflect upon exhibits as tools for reminding, and also indicate that exhibits are seen important for learning and representation. Furthermore, the study finds that visitors do not find exhibits particularly challenging or personal. Museum staff provide other perspectives on the importance of museum exhibits, such as their art historical, representational and community-museum relationship building potential, but the study finds that these themes are seldom explicitly recognised by visitors. The concluding discussion reflects on these results, and suggests avenues for future research.

When South Africa became a democracy, many of its cultural institutions were tainted by the stigma of having been tools for the production and propagation of apartheid ideology. This thesis examines two key facets of post-apartheid museums and memorials. Firstly, how they have repositioned themselves as institutions of cultural and social standing. Secondly, their role as tools of nation building, social change, and creators of national collective memory within the new democratic South Africa. Through an analysis of cultural memory theory pertaining to museology, this study elaborates on the methods employed by museums to incorporate memory into their narratives and in turn, transfer collective memory to their viewers. This thesis provides a comparative study of the architectural, memorial and museological strategies of two post-apartheid museums; the Red Location Museum and the Apartbeid Museum. It examines the contributions of both museums to the introduction of new museological strategies for the successful creation and transmission of South African collective memory. Through this analysis, both the invaluable contributions and the drawbacks of post-apartheid museums as tools for the promotion of new democratic ideologies and philosophies are considered. This thesis does not resolve the arguments and questions which have surfaced regarding cultural institutions as tools for the promotion of reconciliation and the construction of national collective memory within South Africa. As the current climate of memorialisation is one of change and paradox, it is presently impossible to fully quantify post-apartheid museums' roles within South Africa's move toward reconciliation and social change. However, the examination of both the Red Location Museum and the Apartheid Museum reveals the extraordinary change that South African cultural institutions have undergone in addition to their potential to become institutions which facilitate active reconciliation as well as social and cultural growth.

The prevalence of multi-core processors with recent advancement in virtualization technologies has enabled horizontal and vertical scaling within a physical node achieving economical sharing of computing infrastructures as computing clouds. Through hardware virtualization, consolidated servers each with specific number of core allotment run on the same physical node in dedicated Virtual Machines (VMs) to increase overall node utilization which increases profit by reducing operational costs. Unfortunately, despite the conceptual simplicity of vertical and horizontal scaling in virtualized cloud environments, leveraging the full potential of this technology has presented significant scalability challenges in practice. One of the fundamental problems is the performance unpredictability in virtualized cloud environments (ranked fifth in the top 10 obstacles for growth of cloud computing). In this dissertation, we present two case studies in vertical and horizontal scaling to this challenging problem. For the first case study, we describe concrete experimental evidence that shows important source of performance variations: mapping of virtual CPU to physical cores. We then conduct an experimental comparative study of three major hypervisors (i.e., VMware, KVM, Xen) with regard to their support of n-tier applications running on multi-core processor. For the second case study, we present empirical study that shows memory thrashing caused by interference among consolidated VMs is a significant source of performance interference that hampers horizontal scalability of an n-tier application performance. We then execute transient event analyses of fine-grained experiment data that link very short bottlenecks with memory thrashing to the very long response time (VLRT) requests. Furthermore we provide three practical techniques such as VM migration, memory reallocation, soft resource allocation and show that they can mitigate the effects of performance interference among consolidate VMs.

Through its ability to create images of non-representable incidents animation expands the range and depth of what documentary can represent and how. This master thesis investigates the potential of animated documentary within social memory exemplified by the interactive animated documentary Saydnaya – Inside a Syrian Torture Prison (Forensic Architecture, 2016). By applying a feminist spatial approach, I aim to contribute to the understanding of the role of animated documentary images within social memory.Embodied and haptic spectatorship as well as haptic materiality are crucial in this case study due to the nature of the virtual screen images and interactive navigation (compared to montage) of the architectural 3D model. Testimonies and evidence presented in documentary film require a discursive establishment of truth. Indexicality is discussed in this regard and eventually a theoretical shift towards movement suggested. I demonstrate that Saydnaya extends the strategies in animated documentary that have been in focus so far, such as representing mental states and subjective experiences, by deploying methods of forensic aesthetics. This opens up novel ways to establish truth claims and persuasion in documentary filmmaking that require future research.

During my years as a Cabinet Minister in New Zealand, the relationship between a Minister and his key officials was strongly modelled on the Westminster system as then applied in Britain. As in Britain, the ministers were the product of the political and parliamentary processes. The leader of the political party with the majority in the House was called upon by the Queen's representative (our Governor General) to form the new Government. All Ministerial appointees were necessarily chosen entirely from members then in Parliament. As in Britain, also, the key officials to serve each Minister in their portfolios were provided by the career Public Service, the long-serving body of officials who were there to advise and manage the system for successive governments. The Minister did not choose his departmental head, nor did that departmental head choose his minister. There were many assumptions inherited from the past which helped to make the relationship work. Policy decisions were shaped by the Minister representing the political side of the equation. Execution and management was carried out by the head official, responsible for the operation of the bureaucratic machine he headed. In explaining my thesis message - "Managing Change as a Minister of the Crown" - a very strong autobiographical dimension to my experience and comments is inevitable. In the political setting, the relationship between Minister and Head of Department, though a key factor, is but one of many. All change affects many people - some positively and beneficially, and some the reverse. The effects of change can be anticipated rather than actually felt. Perceptions can sometimes become bigger problems to manage than realised consequences. Change in politics invariably reaches out far beyond those obviously and directly affected. Handling change therefore involves making plans for how one can best point the change in a forward-looking and constructive way, and put a socially positive spin on one's efforts and the outcome. If one's efforts are done openly, and one's arguments are well founded, real progress can be made. One of life's constants is change itself. It affects us all in some measure. In communities categorized as "developed", it can be particularly fast and sweeping. This means, inevitably, that the forms of its infrastructures - from public services to business enterprises - which enable society and the economy to function effectively must adapt, and constructively, to those changes. From my experience, in facing a variety of problems calling for change in handling portfolio responsibilities, I have found every case is different from the others, and each solution had to be shaped to meet the characteristics of that particular case. The only common denominator I would call the "people factor". Compounding the challenge, that "people factor" had to be fashioned as appropriate for the personalities with whom I was working, and the characteristics of the problem being addressed. I did, however, find that there were some common fundamentals in the "people factor" which I address in my conclusion. They helped facilitate co-operation in managing change.

This research focuses on the language environment of children with Down syndrome (DS) in primary and secondary classrooms. In contrast to much of the previous work in this area, the study takes both qualitative and quantitative approaches to data collection. In particular, it highlights teachers’ speech rates and speech strategies in relation to children’s individual listening comprehension. Previous research shows that the listening comprehension of children with DS may be limited by deficits in phonological loop capacity and hearing loss. However, most of this previous research has used quantitative measures to compare the memory performances of children with DS with their typically developing or mental agematched peers. This has tended to result in conclusions that regard children with DS as a homogeneous group. This study, however, aims to consider each child with DS as an individual and to explore in depth the relationship between their listening comprehension and teachers’ speech rates and speech strategies in classroom settings. The study was conducted in 2 stages, both using case-study approach to investigate individual children’s interactions with their class teachers (CTs) and teaching assistants (TAs). The Stage 1 research was conducted with three case-study children in four distinct phases and used an inductive approach to collect data. Phase one observed each child in their classroom environment, involving the interactions between teaching staff and the case-study child. Phase two identified the child’s language ability by using standardised language assessments. Phase three then assessed the impact of speech rates on children’s understandings and, finally, Phase four tested the research validity by representing the stories with a counter-balanced design. The results of the Stage 1 research suggested that the use of the slow speech rate improves the children’s listening comprehension although there were clear indications that there would be more significant benefit if they could be given more time to process information. The Stage 2 research focused on speech strategies, with an emphasis on clustered speech and a deductive approach was adopted. Six additional children with DS were assessed by the BPVS and WISC-IV to investigate further speech rate but also in the context of speech strategies. This further examined whether clustered speech could be beneficial to improving the children’s listening comprehension. The findings show that the clustered speech strategy can improve the listening comprehension of all of the children in this phase, particularly at the slow normal speech rate. The key benefit of this strategy is that it can be used to offset problems in processing information that the children experience because of their limited memory capacity. The outcome of my research can provide teaching staff with knowledge that will enable them to enhance the listening comprehension of children with DS.

This paper analyzes some forms of linguistic manipulation in Japanese in newspapers when reporting on North Korea and its nuclear tests. The focus lies on lexical ambiguity in headlines and journalist’s voices in the body of the articles, that results in manipulation of the minds of the readers. The study is based on a corpus of nine articles from two of Japan’s largest newspapers Yomiuri Online and Asahi Shimbun Digital. The linguistic phenomenon that contribute to create manipulation are divided into Short Term Memory impact or Long Term Memory impact and examples will be discussed under each of the categories.The main results of the study are that headlines in Japanese newspapers do not make use of an ambiguous, double grounded structure. However, the articles are filled with explicit and implied attitudes as well as attributed material from people of a high social status, which suggests that manipulation of the long term memory is a tool used in Japanese media.
この論文は日本語の新聞中の北朝鮮と核実験に関する報告記事の曖昧さと操作的な態度についてである。この研究は特に北朝鮮について新聞の記事中の計画的で無意識に言語的な操作態度についてである。記事の見出しと読者の心意を関わる曖昧さについてである。全部の記事は読売新聞と朝日新聞に取ったが、全部の中に、多大態度がある。調査は日本の最大の新聞読売オンラインと朝日新聞デジタルの九の記事のコーパスに基づいてである。研究の主な結果は、日本の新聞の見出しがあいまいな構造を利用していないことだが、記事は明示的な態度だけでなく、多大な引用文で満たされている

OBJECTIVES: The integrin α4β7 is the gut-homing receptor for lymphocytes. It also is an important co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) via glycoprotein (gp)120 binding. Depletion of gut cluster of differentiation (CD)4 T cells is linked to chronic inflammation in patients with HIV; however, measuring CD4 cells in the gut is invasive and not routine. As such, establishing a peripheral marker for CD4 depletion of the gut is needed. We hypothesized that α4β7 CD4 T cells are depleted in the peripheral blood of treatment-naïve patients with HIV compared with healthy controls. METHODS: The study groups were treatment-naïve patients with HIV and uninfected controls. Subjects were included if they were 18 years or older with no history of opportunistic infections, active tuberculosis, or cancer. We collected peripheral blood and examined on whole blood using flow cytometry for the following cell surface markers: CD4, CD45RO, chemokine receptor type 5, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), and the integrin β7. We collected demographic information, including age, sex, and ethnicity, as well as viral load (VL) and CD4 count. Two-samplettests and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the differences between the two groups. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between CD4 count and log10-VL and percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+and log10-VL in patients. RESULTS: Twenty-two subjects were enrolled in the study (12 patients with HIV and 10 controls). There were no differences in age or sex between the two groups. There were more Hispanics and fewer Asians in the group comprising patients with HIV compared with the control group (7 vs 2 and 0 vs 4,P= 0.05, respectively). Patients infected with HIV had significantly lower frequencies of CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+cells (median 12%, range 5-18 compared with uninfected controls: median 20%, range 11-26,P= 0.0007). There was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4+cells between patients (72%, range 60%-91%) compared with controls (79%, range 72%-94%,P= 0.04). The percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/chemokine receptor type 5+did not differ between the group of patients with HIV and the control groups (22%, range 11%-57% vs 27%, range 14%-31%;P= 0.8, respectively). There was no correlation between percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/β+cells and log10-VL as measured by the Spearman correlation coefficient (r= 0.05,P= 0.88) in patients infected with HIV. CONCLUSIONS: Memory CD4 β7+cells are reduced significantly in the peripheral blood of untreated patients infected with HIV, which could be used as a noninvasive indicator of intestinal CD4 T cell loss and recovery. Further studies are needed to examine whether depletion of these CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+cells in the peripheral blood parallels depletion in the gut of treatment-naïve patients with HIV and whether levels return to control levels after treatment.

「動態形成」哲學思想源自法國後現代哲學家吉爾·德勒茲和菲力克斯·伽塔里 。該思想的三個核心概念即「疆域解構與重構」、「根狀派生網絡」和「差異 與重複」。本研究試圖在翻譯研究領域，將這三個概念運用於解釋翻譯的動態 過程和翻譯產品的差異化形成現象。傳統描寫翻譯學，關注目標文本形成過程 的宏觀社會文化現象，注重詮釋目標文本與源文本之間的靜態、單一和結構式 的對等關係。這種思維方式把目標文本的形成現象，想象成必須符合某种預先 設定的概念，忽略了目標文本多元形成的可能性。運用德勒茲和伽塔里的「動 態形成」後現代哲學思想，是為了改變傳統的思維範式，即放棄從抽象概念進 行思考，而聚焦於實際文本數據，並且從中找出某种形成的規律和提煉理論概 念。「動態形成」後現代哲學思想將翻譯看作是一種多元網狀派生的動態過程 ，譯者在實際語用環境中進行語際轉換時，各種圍繞文本派生的異質元素之間 得以相遇、碰撞和轉變，形成多元可能的聯結和聚合，而正是這種動態隨機的 意義重複過程，才内聚形成了差異性的翻譯產品。 本研究運用「動態形成」哲學思想闡述自傳文本的譯敍過程，旨在於爲翻譯 學增添新的理論視角，以拓寬翻譯學的研究疆域。本研究者從「動態形成」哲 學思想切入，結合當代自傳敘事學理論，建構一個適用於本研究的理論框架， 並在此基礎上建構一個適用於自傳譯敘文本分析研究模式的「網狀多元分析法 」。研究者選取兩篇自傳文本作爲案例研究，一篇選自海倫・凱勒自傳《假如 給我三天光明》和三個差異化形成的簡體譯本；另一篇選自《喬布斯傳記》中 ，喬布斯本人的自傳敘事，和中國內地及港澳臺地區兩個不同動態形成的譯本 。通過分析翻譯文本微觀層面的語言轉換細節，以及影響目標文本形成的各種 宏觀條件（包括譯者的身心參與、社會文化因素、目標群體的受衆等因素）， 本研究得出以下三點結論：（一）翻譯即文本疆域解構與重構的「動態形成」 過程；（二）自傳譯敘文本即敘事重複與差異化產品；（三）文本對等即譯敘 過程中「本地映射」的網狀派生對等。 Abstract The philosophy of ‘Becoming’, developed by the postmodern French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, encompasses three core concepts: ‘de/reterritorialisation’, ‘rhizome’ and ‘difference and repetition’. This thesis attempts to apply these concepts to translation studies by developing an approach which both advocates the dynamic process of translation and the production of differentiated translations that emerge from the process of ‘becoming’. Traditional descriptive translation studies proceeds from abstract macro-sociocultural concepts and a belief in the static, singular and structuralist equivalent relationship between the source and target texts. It seeks to conceptualize the production of a target text by presupposing that it will ultimately in some way match these concepts. Deleuze and Guattari’s philosophy of ‘becoming’, in contrast, begins with a completely different paradigm. Instead of starting with abstraction, it starts from empirical data, from which it seeks to extract patterns and concepts. It regards translating as a dynamic, ‘rhizomatic’ process in which the translator generates and establishes new textual connections out of an engagement with the pragmatic world. The encountering, collision and transformation of the heterogeneous linguistic-cultural elements invoke multiple possibilities of linkages and ‘assemblages’. Within this random and dynamic mechanism, meaning is revived through repetition and in turn gives rise to an immanently ‘becoming-different’ translated product. The research aims to offer a different perspective from traditional translation theories. Adopting a theoretical framework that incorporates the philosophy of ‘becoming’ and contemporary (autobiographical) narrative theories, it seeks to explain the ‘becoming’ of multiple translated versions of autobiographical narrative texts. Through a ‘rhizoanalysis’ of two cases: 1) Helen Keller’s autobiography The Story of My Life and its three translated versions, and 2) the autobiographical writings embedded within Steve Jobs’ biography and its translations in simplified and traditional Chinese, the research presents a model of analysis comprising the examination of translation shifts on the micro level of the text and the designation of these shifts in terms of their relation to macro-level conditions (including translatorial somatic intervention, sociocultural conditioning and reception by the target readers). Three major conclusions are drawn from the research: 1) translating is found to be a textual de/reterritorialising process of becoming; 2) the translating of an autobiographical text is a process of repetition of the narration that results in the generation of a ‘becoming-different’ target product; and 3) textual equivalence in transnarration is necessarily a rhizomatic type of equivalence governed by the local mapping of a multiplicity of forces through the transnarration process.

Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
There are certain images of war that are horrific, frightening and at the same time, due to an outstanding compositional structure, they are fascinating and do not allow its observers to keep their distance. This thesis examines three images of war that have often been described as icons of war photography. The images “children fleeing a napalm strike” by Nick Ut, “the falling soldier” by Robert Capa and Sam Nzima’s photograph of Hector Pieterson are historical reference images that came to represent the wars and conflicts in which they were taken. It has been examined that a number of different factors have an impact on a war photograph’s awareness level and its potential to commit itself to what is referred to as collective consciousness. Such factors are the aesthetical composition and outstanding formal elements in connection with the exact moment the photograph was taken, ethical implications or the forcefulness of the event itself. As it has been examined in this thesis, the three photographs have achieved iconic status due to different circumstances and criteria and they can be described as historical reference images representing the specific wars or conflicts. In this thesis an empirical study was conducted, questioning 660 students from Spain, South Africa and Vietnam about their awareness level regarding the three selected photographs. While the awareness level of the Spanish and the South African image was rather high in the countries of origin, they did not achieve such a high international awareness level as the Vietnamese photograph by Nick Ut, which turned out to be exceptionally well-known by all students questioned. Overall, findings suggest that the three selected icons of war photography have been anchored in collective memory. Ut, Robert Capa, Sam Nzima, semiotics, Spanish Civil War, the falling soldier, Vietnam War

This thesis aims at providing a cross-cultural study of how football museums represent and construct identities, both collective and personal. The research is based on a multi-sited ethnography at selected football museums in the UK, Germany, and China, employing participant observation, photographic recording and online research methods. This investigation sharpens an anthropological awareness of constructions of multiple layered identities by examining football museums' exhibiting practices and activity programmes, as well as their built environments and cultural settings. The research also offers a perspective on museum visitors, who consume football museums with diverse personal and collective identity claims. Looking into the largely under-explored terrain of football museums, this research joins continuing anthropological efforts to understand identity work while also exploring continuing tensions inherent in a marriage between museums and football. The thesis contributes to the research field of football/sports museums with an ethnographic emphasis and a cross-cultural range.

Text in English
This research was aimed at giving a voice to three women, who are constructed as having had a traumatic event recalled from their autobiographical memory. To achieve this objective an epistemological framework of social constructionism was used to investigate autobiographical memory recall of trauma. Three in-depth interviews were conducted with participants who constructed themselves as having had a traumatic event. A case study approach was used to gain access to the information and to compare themes. The research explored the way in which dissociation, voluntary thought suppression, minimisation and outright denial enabled the three participants to alter unbearable memories through the use of recurring themes. To interpret these stories the content of the themes was analysed using thematic content analysis. The participants represented different cultures, languages and religions. In sharing their symptoms this did not necessarily mean they attached the same meaning to a specific theme, as individual meaning-making corresponded to the individual‟s background and history and their perception of the trauma. The stories related by the three participants revealed a shattered worldview that brought them into opposition with community norms and standards, which the narrators experienced as silencing and judgemental. In this regard the researcher‟s aim was to generate information from the participants themselves. This inquiry into the personal trauma stories and meanings suited a qualitative research approach, a form of methodology that allowed personal insight into the meanings the three participants attributed to their trauma and the autobiographical recall of trauma. At the same time it allowed a co-constructed reality to take shape between the researcher‟s reality and the participant‟s reality, always acknowledging the importance of their being the expert of their own individual trauma memory. This is in contrast to a quantitative approach which focuses on numbers to quantify the results; a qualitative approach on the other hand is a personal, rich information-gathering tool that takes into account the emotions and meaning-making of each individual story without any intention to generalise the information gathered to a larger population It is hoped that through this research there is a realisation that although trauma victims share symptoms, the meaning-making of the individual attached to this trauma is influenced by their society and history within their respective environments.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)

An increasingly blurred understanding of the moral significance of accurate and authentic memory reconsolidation for an adequate apprehension of self, other, and community suggests a critical need to explore the inter-relationships shared between autobiographical memory, emotional rationality, and narrative identity in light of the contemporary possibilities of neurocognitive memory manipulation, particularly as it bears on ethical decision making. Grounding its thesis in four evidential effects – namely, (i) neurocognitive memory manipulation disintegrates autobiographical memory, (ii) the disintegration of autobiographical memory degenerates emotional rationality, (iii) the degeneration of emotional rationality decays narrative identity, and (iv) the decay of narrative identity disables one to seek, identify, and act on the good – the dissertation argues that neurocognitive memory manipulation cannot be justified as a morally licit biomedical practice insofar as it disables one to seek, identify, and act on the good.
McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts;
Health Care Ethics
PhD;
Dissertation;

This dissertation layers trauma studies theory with feminist theories of performance and autobiography to investigate how women's autobiographically based performances of illness experience disrupt and/or reinforce master discourses of medicine, identity, and knowledge. Feminist theories of performance and autobiography share with trauma studies the distrust of traditional frames and mechanisms of representation, and seek to discover new methods of interpreting experiences that lie "outside the realm" of normative discourse. These theories are further linked by their shared focus on agency and identity construction and an understanding of autobiography that emphasizes the limitations of language and memory which allows for aporia, contradiction, and dissonance, and the belief that testimony functions as a politicized performative of truth. Employing these theoretical perspectives, Carr investigates how these performances witness to radical reconfigurations of identity through the transference of trauma into conveyable life narrative -- even when those narratives falls outside the paradigm of traditional storytelling structures. Carr questions how the structures and content of these performances reveal what traumas are inflicted not only through illness, but also through treatment and care within the western medical model. Throughout the study Carr examines the moments when the cognitive structures of trauma are transmitted into performance through a variety of feminist and avant-garde performance techniques. Carr investigates the work of specific performers and contextualizes the performances within popular culture and medical discourse. Performances analyzed include; Robbie McCauley's Sugar, Susan Miller's My Left Breast, Brandyn Barbara Artis's Sister Girl, and Deb Margolin's bringing the fishermen home and Three Seconds in the Key. Carr questions how the formerly or currently ill female body performing in public disrupts notions of fixed and stable identity while examining the myriad identity constructions embedded within illness narrative. Rather than simplistic triumphant stories of individual cure and recovery, these complex expressions of traumatic experience reveal patterns of cultural oppression that keep the ill female body isolated and silenced. This study attempts to intervene in that silence by foregrounding these politicized performances.

The following examination of Cordelia Edvardson's Burned Child Seeks the Fire: A Memoir, Ruth Klüger's Still Alive: A Holocaust Girlhood Remembered, and Elizabeth Trahan's Walking with Ghosts: A Jewish Childhood in Wartime Vienna explores how three German-speaking, Jewish women remember their childhoods by creating a new lens through which the Holocaust can be viewed. The authors compel their readers to accompany them on their journeys into the past and to witness particular events by using language to zoom in and focus on childhood experiences—like a camera bringing an image closer through a telephoto lens. Their narratives remain translucent in that the reader is always aware of the authors' contemporary, critical perspective. Edvardson's, Klüger's, and Trahan's writings are similar in how they transmit memory; they break from the traditional, nineteenth-century form of autobiography by constantly interrupting the chronological framework of their narratives to oscillate between past and present as memories occur to them. This process of interweaving memory into narrative challenges readers to re-view in a new way the making of testimony about events with which they (the readers) may already be familiar. By using James Young's Writing and Rewriting the Holocaust: Narrative and the Consequences of Interpretation as a theoretical foundation, I approach these narratives as a viewer with the intention of documenting the transmission of memory rather than merely examining the events that the authors recalled. These texts offer us access to an extraordinary perspective in Holocaust literature—an uninhibited view of daily life through the eyes of three young girls who came of age during the National Socialist era and who were persecuted for being Jewish.

The ability to learn spatiotemporal characteristics of biologically significant events is advantageous for an animal and is known as time-place learning (TPL). Gallistel (1990) proposed an influential theory positing that whenever a biologically significant event occurred, a memory code was automatically formed, encoding the nature of the event, and the time and place in which it occurred. When the animal is later faced with a biological need it could consult these memory codes and determine when and where that need had been met in the past. This information could be used to guide current behaviour. Importantly, Gallistel theorized that the encoding of the spatiotemporal characteristics of an event into a tripartite code was an automatic process. Despite the appealing power and simplicity of Gallistel's theory, I have provided arguments suggesting that it has serious limitations. Perhaps the most damaging evidence against this theory is the reluctance of rats to demonstrate daily TPL (i.e., events that vary in location depending on time of day). Widman, Gordon, and Timberlake (2000) argue that for TPL to occur the response cost for incorrect decisions must be high. While this hypothesis is unable to explain the inconsistencies in TPL, it does highlight the fact that animals do not automatically store time-place-event information as a tripartite code. If they did, it would not make sense for them to ignore such information in some tasks. I have provided an alternative hypothesis that states that whenever a biologically significant event occurs two bipartite memory codes (time-event and place-event) are automatically formed. Only under some conditions, perhaps those with high response cost, do animals form tripartite codes. For this reason, rats often have difficulty learning a TPL task; although rats easily learn a place preference for those places that provide reinforcement (place-event), and easily learn a go/no-go discrimination (time-event). This thesis provides data from both the daily and interval TPL realms supporting the proposed theory of bipartite codes. Although rats do not readily learn daily TPL tasks, they do demonstrate knowledge of interval TPL under a variety of conditions designed to enhance the ecological validity of the task. The properties of interval TPL are discussed.
Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent conditions among school children. Executive function deficits representing difficulties in maintaining an appropriate problem set for the attainment of future goals are reported to be the major deficit in ADHD populations. There is a high rate of co-morbidity of learning disabilities and ADHD, with empirical evidence indicating an association with math and reading difficulties, but there is little research on the written expression of this population. There is a body of emergent research indicating that written expression is mediated by executive function. Written expression is a complex task that is affected by motivation, working memory, cognitive processes and long term memory, factors which are reported to be compromised in ADHD populations. This study evaluated the working memory and fluid reasoning in children with (combined and predominantly inattentive types) and without ADHD. Second, it explored the relationship between working memory and fluid reasoning on written expression in children with and without ADHD. Finally, the possible link between the executive functions of working memory and fluid reasoning, with written expression of children with and without ADHD was examined. The findings of this study indicate that children with the combined type of ADHD had lower written expression and working memory scores compared to children with the inattentive type of ADHD. The results of this study also indicated an association between disinhibition and working memory deficits on written expression performance. This research will serve to contribute to an understanding of the functional impact of ADHD on academic performance. Findings from this study could potentially help with interventions for deficits in written expression among school children.

This thesis addresses the issues of traumatic war memory concerning remembering and forgetting as presented construction of war memory in popular culture by closely examining the Japanese television anime series The Big O. The thesis proposes that the story told in The Big O can be seen as a vehicle for understanding why the Japanese wished to forget traumatic war memories related to the defeat of Japan in World War II. The Big O is a science fiction story that is set in a postwar defeated society. The protagonist of the story is Roger Smith, who searches for his lost memories. He is a social advocate for the people who want to recall their lost memories and acts as a negotiator in Paradigm City, a city that lost its own memories forty years ago. Drawing upon memory studies, the thesis explores various aspects of Japanese ambition and social concerns that emerged in Japan’s postwar society, including the national pride for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, the rising economic success, and the revision of World War II’s history in school textbooks. The thesis examines dialogues by the characters in The Big O by paying attention to two major arguments surrounding memories: remembering and forgetting. By doing so, the thesis attempts to elucidate the ways in which war memories are at times remembered and often forgotten by those recovering from the wounds of war.

ABSTRACT: Background. In India, prevalence rates of dementia and prodromal amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) are 3.1% and 4.3% respectively. Most Indians refer to the full spectrum of cognitive disorders simply as ‘memory loss.’ Barring prevention or cure, these conditions will rise rapidly with population aging. Evidence-based policies and practices can improve the lives of affected individuals and their caregivers, but will require timely and sustained uptake. Objectives. Framed by social cognitive theories of health behavior, this study explores the knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning cognitive impairment and related service use by older adults who screen positive for MCI, their primary caregivers, and health providers. Methods. I used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment to screen for cognitive impairment in memory camps in Mumbai. To achieve sampling diversity, I used maximum variation sampling. Ten adults aged 60+ who had no significant functional impairment but screened positive for MCI and their caregivers participated in separate focus groups. Four other such dyads and six doctors/ traditional healers completed in-depth interviews. Data were translated from Hindi or Marathi to English and analyzed in Atlas.ti using Framework Analysis. Findings. Knowledge and awareness of cognitive impairment and available resources were very low. Physicians attributed the condition to disease-induced pathology while lay persons blamed brain malfunction due to normal aging. Main attitudes were that this condition is not a disease, is not serious and/or is not treatable, and that it evokes stigma toward and among impaired persons, their families and providers. Low knowledge and poor attitudes impeded help-seeking. Conclusions. Cognitive disorders of aging will take a heavy toll on private lives and public resources in developing countries. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, systematic monitoring and quality care are needed to compress the period of morbidity and promote quality of life. Key stakeholders provide essential insights into how scientific and indigenous knowledge and sociocultural attitudes affect use and provision of resources.

碩士
淡江大學
中國文學系碩士班
104
Zhau—Zheng Zhong an outstanding reprehensive of writers in Taiwan. He established Jiaoyoutongxun, Taiwanese Literature, and Mingzhongribao , and has been a chief editor of many important book collections, infusing fresh and innovative writing qualities/genres into Taiwan literature. With his remarkable achievements, he has earned himself the title of “Mother of Taiwan literature.” In his writing, Zhong has reflected his personal life experiences, about which there must be some realization of and reflection about life. These understandings themselves are not only recollections of one’s past but in turn also help one to mature and pave the journey of life. For this reason, this paper aims to look into Zhau—Zheng Zhong three autobiographical works from a bildungsroman perspective to identify possible transitions in Zhong’s stories. After I found that Chung began not only with the simple stroke of realistic self-journey into work among these three, and also let us see the growth of the Chung Chao-cheng. In terms of the older characters in the novel, "Under the Octagonal Tower", "turbidite Trilogy", "youth line" representing the Lost Wandering school students, people familiar with fresh ways of the world community, to practice self-dream of youth. Three novels, not only witnessed the growth trajectory Chung Chao-cheng, also showed a pulse of social interaction and personal relationships, interwoven with the personal appeal era trend of moving picture. Chung began writing, not only to explore the social era, but also dig out all kinds of human nature from the creative process, while he works dialogue with readers and also the memory of past feelings of self-repair. The study found that Zhau—Zheng Zhong reflects his personal life experiences in the three novels, Under the Tower of Eight Angular, Social Life of the War Generation, and The Journey of Youth, and in particular, that of his growing up. In terms of the age and transformation of the protagonist in this series of novels, Lu Zhi Lung, we witness different stages of the character transforming from a naïve, fresh-faced high school student to a world weary, war-torn young adult, and finally to an adult who overcomes weariness to fulfill his dreams. These three novels not only capture the trajectory of his growing up, they also reveal the social realm he lives in and the intricate interpersonal relations in this world. Zhau—Zheng Zhong''s writing explores relevant social issues as well as humanity. He converses with readers through his writing, which in turn allows him to reminisce on his past with great affection.

Text in English
While intergenerational transmission of trauma has been widely studied, there is a paucity of literature on intergenerational humiliation. Furthermore, humiliation is regarded as a significant feature of transgenerational transmission of trauma and revenge production. Therefore, the present study aimed to contribute to addressing this paucity and to explore and understand intergenerational humiliation as experienced by 20 children and grandchildren of victims of apartheid-era gross human rights violations. Conceptually, historical trauma theory framed the study. A hermeneutic phenomenological methodology was used to achieve the aims. Through purposive-criterion sampling, data was collected and analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Results show that the consequences of intergenerational humiliation are varied as feelings of hurt and loss perpetuate through the generations. Although positive influences counter these feelings within a generation, they remain alive in memories. This has implications on ethnic and racial inter-group relations as transitional societies such as South Africa seek social cohesion.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology (Research Consultation))

Orientação: José Manuel Gigante ; co-orientação: João Nuno Gomes
No âmbito do desenvolvimento de um exercício académico, exercício esse que passava pela realização de um projeto que albergasse as funções de um Lar Residencial, foi necessário fazer a avaliação da pré-existência, em estado de ruína, que se encontrava no lugar da intervenção. O terreno em causa, situado junto ao Largo do Actor Dias na cidade do Porto, conservava ainda os vestígios da existência de três edifícios habitacionais. De forma a dar cumprimento ao mencionado exercício académico, fez-se a avaliação da ruína, com o objetivo de perceber até que ponto a mesma detinha valor suficiente à sua preservação, e até mesmo à sua eventual integração no novo projeto. Avaliada a pré-existência, não se lhe reconheceu valor suficiente à sua preservação, pelo que a proposta para o local passou pela demolição da mesma. Contudo, esta não foi uma decisão tomada de forma despreocupada, pois foram muitas as interrogações e as dúvidas que surgiram, sobre se a demolição seria o caminho mais acertado para valorizar quer o terreno de intervenção, quer o quarteirão classificado como Área Histórica pelo Plano Diretor Municipal em vigor na cidade do Porto, sob o ponto da leitura do conjunto. O fato destas interrogações e dúvidas, terem surgido durante um exercício académico de quinto ano, fez com que uma outra preocupação despoletasse interesse em aprofundar esta matéria - a conclusão do mestrado em arquitetura começava a aproximar-se, pelo que este exercício já enquanto profissional na área, poderia num futuro próximo assumir-se como uma realidade. Uma vez que era provável, que estas questões já tivessem sido a preocupação de alguém, iniciouse a pesquisa de todos os que já se tivessem pronunciado sobre esta problemática. Pelo que recolher e compilar as suas opiniões e escrever sobre elas, pareceu relevante sob o ponto de vista de que aumentaria assim a bibliografia disponível sobre a matéria em causa, facilitando cada vez mais a pesquisa por parte de quem detém iguais dúvidas e procura igualmente respostas. Analisada a bibliografia encontrada, bem como os casos de estudos escolhidos, através quer da postura, quer das decisões tomadas pelo seu autor – João Mendes Ribeiro, foi-nos possível concluir que a chave para o sucesso de um projeto que visa a intervenção numa pré – existência, ainda que em estado de ruína, passa pela avaliação do lugar, da pré-existência quer sobre o ponto de vista histórico, quer arquitetónico, quer sob o ponto de vista da memória que aqueles vestígios representam, e essencialmente pelo bom senso na conjugação de todos estes fatores.
In the scope of the development of a university exercise, exercise this that passed for the accomplishment of a project that lodged the functions of a Residential Home, was necessary to make the evaluation of the daily pre-existence, in ruin state, that if found in the place of the intervention. The land in cause, situated next to the plaza of the Actor Dias in the city of the Port, still conserved the vestiges of the existence of three residential buildings. Of form to give fulfilment to the mentioned university exercise, it became evaluation of the ruin, with the objective to perceive even though until point the same one withheld enough value to is preservation, and to is eventual integration in the new project. Evaluated the daily pre-existence, if it did not recognize it enough value to is preservation, for what the proposal for the place passed for the demolition of the same one. However, this was not a taken decision of easied form, therefore the interrogations had been many and the doubts that had appeared, on if the demolition would be the way more made right to value want the intervention land, want the classified block as Historical Area for the Municipal Managing Plan in adhibition in the city of Porto, under the point of the reading of the set. The fact of these interrogations and doubts, to have appeared during a university exercise of fifth year, made with that one another concern to trigger interest in deepening this substance - the conclusion of the master’s degree in architecture started to come close itself, for what this professional exercise already while in the area, could in a next future be assumed as a reality. Since it was probable that these issues had already been the concern of somebody, the research of all those who had already pronounced on this problem began. In order to gather and compile their opinions and write about them, it seemed relevant from the point of view that it would increase the bibliography available on the subject in question, making research easier for those who have the same doubts and also seeks answers. Analyzing the bibliography found, as well as the case studies chosen, through both the posture and the decisions made by its author - João Mendes Ribeiro, it was possible to conclude that the key to the success of a project that aims at intervention in a pre-existence, even if in a state of ruin, passes through the evaluation of place, of pre-existence either on the historical or architectural point of view, or from the point of view of memory that these vestiges represent, and essentially by common sense in combination of all facts.

Learning through a language other than one's own mother-tongue presents similar problems world-wide. In South Africa, the shift from mother-tongue tuition to learning through the medium of English at Grade 5 (approximately 10 years of age) has a highly problematic and contested history. This study addresses the problem with specific reference to the SMILE project, the theories of Marcel Jousse and Outcomes Based Education. In Chapter One, the study examines the context of learning and gives an indication of the extent of the problem. It introduces the SMILE and the theoretical and practical components of the study. Chapter 2 outlines the process used to collect data by means of: • A literature review • Interviews • Observations • Participant Workshops • Reports on Field Trips • An informal Survey Chapter 3 records the data gleaned from the process outlined in Chapter 2. Chapter 4 relates the data recorded in Chapter Three to the Theories of Marcel Jousse. In this way, the practice in the SMILE project is shown to relate the Theories of Learning, Expression, Memory and Reading of Marcel Jousse. Chapter 5 relates the data recorded in Chapter 3 to OBE Critical Outcomes and Underlying Principles which are required of all learning and teaching programmes accredited and assured by SAQA. I will conclude my study by highlighting and suggesting the following: • How SMILE has succeeded in their quest for enhancing English learning among non-mother tongue speakers. • How an evaluation of SMILE could assist in any learning situation and in furthering the needs of OBE. • How starting with the spoken word enhances learning • Compilation of stories from children for their reading books and how this impacts on their learning. • How theories of Marcel Jousse could be incorporated in learning situations • How use of dance, movement could be used as a primary means of learning.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, 1998.

Orientação: Eliana Pereira Sousa Santos
O ato de caminhar, desde sempre foi modificador da paisagem. É este o âmago filosófico da presente dissertação, que irá interligar a deambulação a uma prática artística exploratória, acerca do objeto de estudo, nesse caso a ruína açoriana. A errância será assim entendida como uma ferramenta capaz de desvendar novos modos de olhar o espaço e a paisagem. A introdução à temática abrange bases teóricas sustentadas em conceitos como o caminhar, identidade e memória, que servirão de fio condutor para contextualizar e suportar o lado prático da investigação. Num espaço geográfico peculiar como os Açores, a ruína, um fragmento de arquitetura, permite que o passado seja compartilhado no presente. A noção do tempo que a ruína sugere (antes, durante e depois), a melancolia que transmite na sua contemplação, o carácter expectável e cénico da mesma são reflexões a ter de modo a salvaguardar a sua memória para gerações futuras e perceber de que forma o arquiteto pode intervir na revitalização das mesmas. É a partir da prática do geocaching, considerado a caça ao tesouro do século XXI que se procura mostrar as potencialidades desta atividade lúdica relacionando-a com a (re)descoberta das ruínas disseminadas pela paisagem micaelense.
The act of walking has always been a modifier of the landscape. This is the philosophical core of the present dissertation, which will link the ambulation to an exploratory artistic practice, about the object of study, in this case the azorean ruin. Wandering will thus be understood as a tool capable of unveiling new ways of looking at space and landscape. The introduction to the theme encompasses theoretical bases based on concepts such as walking, identity and memory, which will serve as a guiding thread to contextualize and support the practical side of research. In a peculiar geographic space like the Azores, ruin, a fragment of architecture, allows the past to be shared in the present. The notion of time that ruin suggests (before, during and after), the melancholy it conveys in its contemplation, the expectant and scenic character of it are reflections to have in order to safeguard its memory for future generations and to perceive how the architect can intervene in revitalizing them. It is from the practice of geocaching, considered the treasure hunter of the XXI century that seeks to show the potential of this playful activity relating it to the (re) discovery of the ruins spreads by the michaelense landscape.

Text in German, summaries in English and German
Alter und Altern gilt in Deutschland derzeit als eines der wichtigsten Zukunftsfelder wissenschaftlicher Forschung. Dabei liegt ein besonderes Augenmerk auf der nachberuflichen Lebensphase, dem so genannten dritten Lebensalter. Eine Gesellschaft des um 20-30 Jahre verlängerten Lebens bei meist guter Gesundheit ist kulturgeschichtlich ein neues Phänomen für das es keine Vorbilder gibt, so dass der jetzigen Generation der „jungen Alten“ eine gestalterische Aufgabe für sich und die Nachfolgegenerationen zukommt. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Thema Altern zunächst aus humanistischer und daran anschließend aus biblisch-theologischer Sicht. Diese beiden Kapitel enthalten grundlegende Aussagen zum Thema Altern aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen und beziehen diese, wo möglich, aufeinander. Sie bilden die Grundlage und Voraussetzung für das Folgekapitel, in dem Bedeutung, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Biografiearbeit als praktisch-theologisches Bildungsangebot in der pastoralen Begleitung von Menschen in der nachberuflichen Lebensphase untersucht werden. Dabei wird offensichtlich, dass sowohl gerontologische Literatur als auch biblische Texte Biografiearbeit an einschneidenden Wendepunkten des Lebens als eine wichtige Voraussetzung für gelingendes Leben darstellen. Der Person und der Professionalität der Anleiterin kommen in dem Prozess biografischer Selbstreflexion mit älteren Menschen eine tragende Rolle zu.
Old age and the process of aging is currently one of the most important fields for future scientific study and research. Special focus is centered on the post-career phase. A society where life is prolonged for an extra 20 to 30 years, most of which are spent in reasonably good health, is culturally speaking a recent phenomenon for which there are no historical models. It follows, that the current generation bears a great responsibility in shaping and moulding this stage in their lives not only for themselves but also for future generations. This dissertation concentrates on the theme of aging, first from a humanistic point of view, and secondly by focusing on biblical and theological aspects. Both of these chapters contain fundamental and important statements regarding the subject of aging as seen from different disciplines, and, wherever possible, with reference to each other. They build the basis and prerequisite for the following chapter in which the significance and possibilities as well as the limits of biography work is researched in view of pastoral care and training for elderly people in the post employment phase of their life. It becomes obvious, that not only gerontological literature but also biblical texts depict biographical work as an important prerequisite for a life experienced as being successful, especially at drastic turning points in life. A vital part in biographical reflection with elderly people is played by the person and professionalism of the instructor.
Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology
M. Th. (Practical Theology)

Decision-making in resource allocation can be a complex and daunting task. Often there exist circumstances where there is no clear optimal path to choose, and instead the decision maker must predict future need and allocate accordingly. The application of resource allocation can be seen in many organizations, from military, to high end commercial and political, and even individuals living their daily life. We define resource allocation as follows: the allocation of owner’s assets to further the particular cause of the owner. We propose two ways that computers can assist with the task of resource allocation. Firstly they can provide decision support mechanisms, with alternate strategies for the allocations that might not have been previously considered. Secondly, they can provide training mechanisms to challenge human decision makers in learning better resource allocation strategies. In this research we focus on the latter, and provide the following general hypothesis: Coevolutionary algorithms are an effective mechanism for the creation of a computer player for strategic decision-making games. To address this hypothesis, we present a system that uses coevolution to learn new strategies for the resource allocation game of TEMPO. The game of TEMPO provides a perfect test bed for this research, as it abstracts real-world military resource allocation, and was developed for training Department of Defence personnel. The environment created allows players to practice their strategic decision-making skills, providing an opportunity to analyse and improve their technique. To be truly effective in this task, the computer player the human plays against must be continuously challenging, so the human can steadily improve. In our research the computer player is represented as a fuzzy logic rule base, which allows us investigation into the strategies being created. This provides insight into the ways the coevolution addresses strategic decision-making. Importantly, TEMPO also gives us an abstraction of another component of strategic decision-making that is not directly available in other games – that of intelligence (INTEL) and counter intelligence (CI). When resource allocation is occurring in a competitive circumstance, it is often beneficial to gain insight into what your opponent is doing through intelligence. In turn, an opponent may seek to halt or skew the information being gained. The use of INTEL and CI in TEMPO allows research into the effects this has on the resource allocation process and the coevolved computer player. The development of a computer player for the game of TEMPO gives us endless possibilities of research. In this research, we have focused on the creation a computer player that can provide a fun and challenging environment for humans learning resource allocation strategies. We investigate the addition of memory to a coevolutionary algorithm for strategy creation. This includes mechanisms to select memory individuals for evaluation of coevolutionary individuals. We describe a successful strategy of selection, based on the way a human’s short and long term memory works. We then investigate the use of INTEL and CI in the game of TEMPO, and the way it is used by the coevolved computer players. Through this work, we present a new version of the TEMPO game that more realistically represents INTEL and CI. Finally, we describe a process that uses coevolution to adapt to a human player real-time, to create a tailored game-play experience. This process was tested in a user study, and showed a distinct advantage through the adaptive mechanism. Overall, we have made some important discoveries, and described some limitations that leave future research open. Ultimately, we have shown that our hypothesis is an achievable goal, with an exciting future.
Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science, 2008

Decision-making in resource allocation can be a complex and daunting task. Often there exist circumstances where there is no clear optimal path to choose, and instead the decision maker must predict future need and allocate accordingly. The application of resource allocation can be seen in many organizations, from military, to high end commercial and political, and even individuals living their daily life. We define resource allocation as follows: the allocation of owner’s assets to further the particular cause of the owner. We propose two ways that computers can assist with the task of resource allocation. Firstly they can provide decision support mechanisms, with alternate strategies for the allocations that might not have been previously considered. Secondly, they can provide training mechanisms to challenge human decision makers in learning better resource allocation strategies. In this research we focus on the latter, and provide the following general hypothesis: Coevolutionary algorithms are an effective mechanism for the creation of a computer player for strategic decision-making games. To address this hypothesis, we present a system that uses coevolution to learn new strategies for the resource allocation game of TEMPO. The game of TEMPO provides a perfect test bed for this research, as it abstracts real-world military resource allocation, and was developed for training Department of Defence personnel. The environment created allows players to practice their strategic decision-making skills, providing an opportunity to analyse and improve their technique. To be truly effective in this task, the computer player the human plays against must be continuously challenging, so the human can steadily improve. In our research the computer player is represented as a fuzzy logic rule base, which allows us investigation into the strategies being created. This provides insight into the ways the coevolution addresses strategic decision-making. Importantly, TEMPO also gives us an abstraction of another component of strategic decision-making that is not directly available in other games – that of intelligence (INTEL) and counter intelligence (CI). When resource allocation is occurring in a competitive circumstance, it is often beneficial to gain insight into what your opponent is doing through intelligence. In turn, an opponent may seek to halt or skew the information being gained. The use of INTEL and CI in TEMPO allows research into the effects this has on the resource allocation process and the coevolved computer player. The development of a computer player for the game of TEMPO gives us endless possibilities of research. In this research, we have focused on the creation a computer player that can provide a fun and challenging environment for humans learning resource allocation strategies. We investigate the addition of memory to a coevolutionary algorithm for strategy creation. This includes mechanisms to select memory individuals for evaluation of coevolutionary individuals. We describe a successful strategy of selection, based on the way a human’s short and long term memory works. We then investigate the use of INTEL and CI in the game of TEMPO, and the way it is used by the coevolved computer players. Through this work, we present a new version of the TEMPO game that more realistically represents INTEL and CI. Finally, we describe a process that uses coevolution to adapt to a human player real-time, to create a tailored game-play experience. This process was tested in a user study, and showed a distinct advantage through the adaptive mechanism. Overall, we have made some important discoveries, and described some limitations that leave future research open. Ultimately, we have shown that our hypothesis is an achievable goal, with an exciting future.
Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science, 2008

Text in English, with abstracts and keywords in English, Zulu and Xhosa
Link to the dataset (catalogue): https://doi.org/10.25399/UnisaData.14101913.v1
Digital image editing is rooted in the analog practices of photographic retouching from the late nineteenth century. This study interrogated how novel contributions of new media practice can inform understanding of the relationship between digital and analog media. The study also sought to explore new conceptual avenues in the creation of digital art that incorporates key aspects of both new and traditional media. This study employed a literature review of selected discourses related to new media studies. Specifically, the work of scholars Lev Manovich, Jay David Bolter, Richard Grusin, and Filipe Pais on the interplay between traditional and new media formed the cornerstone of the analysis. These discourses contextualise an analysis of several contemporary case studies of digital artists, with a particular focus on John Craig Freeman and the Oddviz collective. These works were selected for the way in which they destabilise conventional notions of digital photography in new media and the way digital content can be ‘displaced’ into a physical space. From this analysis several concepts arise that serve as distinguishing markers for media displacement. These themes include embodiment, memory, identity formation, autotopography, and intermediality. The dissertation concludes with an overview of my work that incorporates the concepts derived from my analysis of the case studies. It discusses how my exhibition Digital Tourist, a mixed media installation, makes use of photogrammetry and AR to displace the private connections of an individual life into the public space of the gallery.
Ukuhlelwa kwezithombe zezindaba zedijithali kususelwe emikhubeni ye-analokhu yokuthwebula kabusha izithombe kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye leminyaka.. Lolu cwaningo luphenye ukuthi iminikelo yenoveli emisha yokwenziwa kwezezindaba ezintsha zingakwazisa kanjani ukuqonda kobudlelwano phakathi kwezindaba zedijithali ne-analokhu. Ucwaningo luphinde lwafuna ukubheka izindlela ezintsha zomqondo ekwakhiweni kobuciko bedijithali obufaka izinndaba ezibalulekile kokubili kwezokuxhumana nezendabuko ezintsha. Izinkulumo ezikhethiwe ezihlobene nezifundo zezindaba ezintsha zibuyekeziwe. Ngokuqondile, umsebenzi wezazi uLev Manovich, Jay David Bolter, Richard Grusin noFilipe Pais ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwabezindaba bendabuko nabasha kwakha okuzobhekwa ngqo uma kuhlaziywa. Lezi zinkulumo zigxila ekuhlaziyweni kwezifundo zamanje zamaciko edijithali, kugxilwe kakhulu kuJohn Craig Freeman kanye neqoqo le-Oddviz. Le misebenzi yakhethwa ngendlela yokuthi ingazinzisi imiqondo ejwayelekile yokuthwebula izithombe zedijithali emithonjeni emisha kanye nokuthi okuqukethwe kwedijithali "kungahanjiswa kanjani" endaweni ebonakalayo. Ukusuka kulokhu kuhlaziywa kuvela imiqondo eminingana esebenza njengezimpawu ezihlukanisayo zokufuduswa kwabezindaba. Lezi zingqikithi zifaka phakathi ukwakheka, inkumbulo, ukwakheka kobunikazi, ukuziphendulela kanye nokuzibandakanya. Idezetheyishini iphetha ngokubuka konke ngomsebenzi wami ohlanganisa imiqondo esuselwe ekuhlaziyweni kwami kwezifundo zocwaningo. Ingxoxo ihlanganisa ukuthi umbukiso wami we-Zivakashi zeDijithali, ukufakwa kwabezindaba okuxubile, isebenzisa uhlelo lokuthwebula olusebenzisa ulimi noma ifothogrametri ne-AR ukukhipha ukuxhumana kwangasese kwempilo yomuntu ngamunye endaweni yomphakathi yegalari.
Ukuhlela imifanekiso yedijithali yinkqubo eyendeleyo, nowaqalwa kwiminyaka yokugqibela yenkulungwane yeshumi elinethoba, kwimisebenzi yezifaniso/yeanalogu ekuhlaziyweni kweefoto. Esi sifundo siphonononga ukuba igalelo elikhethekileyo leendlela ezintsha zonxibelelwano lwemiboniso/imidiya lingenza njani ukuqinisa ukuqonda unxulumano phakathi kwemiboniso yedijithali neyeanalogu. Kwakhona, esi sifundo sizama ukuphanda iindlela ezintsha ezisetyenziswa kubugcisa bedijithali neziquka imiba ephambili yemiboniso yale mihla neyakudala. From this analysis several concepts arise that serve as distinguishing markers for media displacement. These themes include embodiment, memory, identity formation, autotopography and intermediality. Kuphononongwe iingxoxo ezithile ezimalunga nezifundo zemiboniso yale mihla. Kuqwalaselwe ngakumbi imisebenzi yeengcali ooLev Manovich, Jay David Bolter, Richard Grusin kunye noFilipe Pais malunga nonxulumano phakathi kwemiboniso yakudala neyale mihla njengesiseko solu hlalutyo. Ezi ngxoxo zifaka emxholweni uhlalutyo lwezifundo zokuzekelisa zale mihla malunga nabazobi bale mihla, kugxininiswa kwindibanisela ka John Craig Freeman nekaOddviz. Le misebenzi ikhethwe ngenxa yokuba iyazichitha iingcinga eziqhelekileyo malunga nokufota ngedijithali kwimiboniso yale mihla nangendlela iziqulatho zedijithali “zinokushenxiswa” zisiwe kwindawo ebambekayo. Olu hlalutyo luveze iingcinga eziliqela nezisebenza njengeempawu zoshenxiso lwemiboniso. Imixholo iquka imifuziselo, ukukhumbula, ukwenziwa kwesazisi, ukuzazisa ngezinto onazo, unxulumano phakathi kwemiboniso eyahlukeneyo Le ngxelo yophando igqibela ngokushwankathela umsebenzi wam ohlanganisa iingcinga ezivele ekuhlalutyeni kwam izifundo ezingumzekelo. Ingxoxo ibonisa ukuba umboniso wengqokelela yemisebenzi yam owaziwa ngokuba yiDigital Tourist, ubusebenzise njani ubuchwepheshe ekuthiwa yifotogrametri (obokufumana ulwazi ngokuhlalutya imifanekiso) ekushenxiseni unxulumano lwabucala lobomi bomntu ibubeke kwindawo ebonwa nguwonkewonke apho kubukwa imifanekiso neefoto (igalari).
https://doi.org/10.25399/UnisaData.14101913.v1
Arts and Music
M.A. (Visual Arts)

Orientação: Maria Constança Pignateli de Sousa e Vasconcelos
O presente estudo da prática de Ensino Supervisionada consiste em validar a importância da utilidade do Diário Gráfico nas práticas do ensino-aprendizagem no Desenho e na realização de projetos em Oficina de Artes, descrevendo as atividades desenvolvidas na escola, com uma turma do 12º ano, com a orientação do professor das respetivas disciplinas, reunindo a fundamentação teórica de suporte a esta investigação-ação, aplicada no contexto da prática letiva. Numa primeira fase existiu a preocupação de se realizar uma sensibilização sobre o Diário Gráfico, que foi extendida à comunidade escolar, com os alunos das turmas de artes, do Secundário, com turmas do 3º Ciclo, de EV e de Biologia e Geologia, e as turmas dos cursos profissionais, com demonstração de seus potenciais enquanto ferramenta exploratória, com exemplos de experiências que promovem o desenvolvimento da observação do pensamento criativo, crítico e reflexivo nas artes visuais. Numa segunda fase foi feita a implementação, na prática letiva, usando diversas estratégias de aplicação do diário Gráfico em diferentes situações e contextos, para desenvolver diferentes destrezas, como o domínio do gesto, a observação e o pensamento criativo. Com este estudo pretende-se aferir até que ponto, observar, registar, refletir e desenvolver a criatividade de modo sistemático sobre o que nos rodeia através do diário gráfico, é essencial para a formação dos alunos. É uma procura na identificação de aspetos e de contextos integradores da utilidade, uso e aplicabilidade do Diário Gráfico como ferramenta de trabalho e objeto de aprendizagem. O Diário Gráfico é um instrumento de trabalho, que integra o programa curricular do ensino das artes visuais, com base num interesse exploratório pelo desenho e pode ser utilizado como uma estratégia para incutir o hábito de observar e de desenhar, assim como o de refletir. Na conclusão apresenta-se o resultado das questões exploratórias e dos objetivos que se retiram da implementação de estratégias de motivação, identificando as dificuldades e recompensas, para deste modo se compreender a utilidade do diário Gráfico inserido em estratégias de ensino/aprendizagem no desenvolvimento do gesto, da observação, memória, imaginação e inovação do sentido critico e da prática reflexiva.
The present study of Supervised Teaching practice consists of validating the importance of the use of the Graphic Diary in the teaching-learning practices in the Design and in the accomplishment of projects in Arts Workshop, describing the activities developed in the school, with a class of the 12th year, with the guidance of the teacher of the respective disciplines, bringing together the theoretical basis of support for this action research, applied in the context of learner practice. In the first phase, there was a concern to raise awareness about the Graphic Diary, which was extended to the school community, with students from arts classes, Secondary School, 3rd Cycle, 7th and 8th year classes in Biology and Geology, and classes of professional courses, demonstrating their potential as an exploratory tool, with examples of experiences that promote the development of the observation of creative, critical and reflective thinking in the visual arts. In a second phase the implementation was made, in the practice of the school, using various strategies of application of the Graphic diary in different situations and contexts, to develop different skills, such as mastery of gesture, observation and creative thinking. The purpose of this study is to assess the extent to which, observing, recording, reflecting and developing creativity in a systematic way about what surrounds us through the graphic diary is essential for the formation of students. It is a search in the identification of aspects and contexts integrating the usefulness, use and applicability of the Graphic Diary as a work tool and learning object. The Graphic Diary is a working tool that integrates the curriculum of visual arts teaching, based on an exploratory interest in drawing and can be used as a strategy to instill the habit of observing and drawing, as well as to reflect.The conclusion is the result of the exploratory questions and the objectives that are removed from the implementation of motivation strategies, identifying the difficulties and rewards, in order to understand the usefulness of the graphic journal inserted in teaching / learning strategies in the development of the gesture , of observation, memory, imagination and innovation of the critical sense and reflective practice

1 SUMMARY Regaining the Past. Yugoslav Legacy in the Period of Transition: the Case of Formal and Alternative Institutions of Art and Culture in Serbia at the End of the 20th and the Beginning of the 21st Century Before, during the existence of Yugoslav state, and in the post Yugoslav period, common cultural (and art) space was shaped by the similar language, culture, connections, mentality, territory, economic relations, (foreign) influences and art production. After the dissolution of Yugoslavia in disastrous war conflicts, a large economic and cultural crisis hit the whole Balkan region. Cruelty of the Bosnia war, together with embargo, economic crisis, severe inflation, protests, caused a cultural collective trauma in all former Yugoslav countries. Simultaneously. High level of (narrative) fragmentation occurs in all institutions as the consequence of the crisis in society. It reflects in the dysfunctionality of institutions and eventually in closing down. After the dark period of the ‘90s, in 2000, Serbia dived into progressive democratic changes and an unblocked transition process, that will become a large source of disappointment in Serbian society. During all the changes and fluctuations, Yugoslavia (idea and a state) figurate as a main culprit for a crisis and a huge mistake in the newest history. Individual memory and private space of citizens in Serbia was still crowded by the memories of the previous period, but translating into cultural memory became doubtful. For that kind of translation, and revitalization of the part of the culture, space for speech, discussion, search for meaning should be essential, initiated and placed in institutions of culture. In my research I was trying to investigate if and how Yugoslavia continued to exist in cultural institutions as a phenomenon, through values of its ideology and common and wide cultural space, as a notion, motif, and theme of the projects and events, in spite of all mentioned 2 circumstances. I intended to represent the importance of Yugoslav legacy (as a symbolic heritage in the first place), from the perspective of making continuity and finding (creating) meaning about the past, as a way of overcoming cultural trauma. The main categories and points of view I have chosen as a methodology of the research, could be named as interdisciplinary cultural study approach, through content analysis and notions of representations interpretation, discovering of symbolic or concrete presence/ absence. The material for my research were catalogues from the exhibitions and following publications, articles from newspapers and magazines, academic literature, non-official interviews, videos, comments on exhibitions, comments as a part of the program in institutions, personal interpretations of actors (artists, academics, curators, activists, audience) expressed in informal interviews and meetings, noted or recorded, so that could be incorporated in my research. Entire argument is divided into the four parts: State of Art, Historical Context, Official Institutions; Alternative Institutions accompanied with the Introduction at the beginning, and Conclusions at the end (together with Bibliography, List of Photos and Summary in English, Polish and Serbian). In the first chapter State of Art, with an overview of books, articles and projects that are connected with a theme of my work, I present different aspects of its formulation and content. The second chapter titled Historical context is dedicated to the history of South Slavic unity with overview of Yugoslav history. For the analytical part of my research I have chosen three official and three alternative institutions to describe and illustrate the place and role of the Yugoslav narrative and legacy in cultural institutions: among official those are Serbian Pavilion in Venice (Paviljon Republike Srbije u Veneciji), Museum of Contemporary Art in Belgrade (Muzej savremene umetnosti u Beogradu), Museum of Yugoslavia (Muzej Jugoslavije), and among nonofficial (alternative) institutions those are Centre for Cultural Decontamination (Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju/ CZKD), squat Inex, and alternative cultural center Catch 22 (Kvaka 22). I had an assumption that choosing from the different types of the institution could help in creating the wider image, and form the basis for a more complete map of the institutions in Serbia in the post Yugoslav period. Analytical part dedicated to official institutions placed after Historical context contains three chapters describing three institutions. 3 The first chapter in a part regarded official institutions is dedicated to the Pavilion of Republic Serbia in Venice, former Pavilion of Yugoslavia in Venice (all of state emanations). I have decided to investigate Serbian (former Yugoslav) Pavilion in Venice as the only institution where Yugoslavia still exists in the frame of international art and culture manifestations (even just as a living memory and context). The second chapter is dedicated to The Museum of Contemporary Art in Belgrade, opened in 1965 as the most prominent cultural institution representing the Yugoslav and Serbian Art of the 20th century. The Museum of Contemporary Art appears to be the institution symbol of the Yugoslav art and culture creation. The third one is dedicated to the Museum of Yugoslavia, the only institution in former Yugoslav space dedicated fully to representation of Yugoslavia. Institution showed the enormous capacity for transformation, communicating the possibility of the new modern institution. Analytical part dedicated to alternative institutions also contains three chapters with the short introduction bringing the explanations and description of alternative institutions as a phenomenon. The first chapter in a part of research Alternative institutions is dedicated to the Centre for Cultural Decontamination (Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju / CZKD). Being one of the oldest non official organizations in Serbia, emerged from a decisive protest against the regime of Slobodan Milošević in 1995, CZKD was my choice for the alternative institution of the older generation. As the second case I have decided to describe the squat and cultural center Inex established in a building of the Inex Film Company. The end of the analytical part dedicated to alternative institutions represents the case of Kvaka 22, as an example for the youngest generations of the artists and cultural workers, activists and citizens, and their approach towards culture and art, past and present. In the Conclusions I have presented in the same time common denominators of the all described institutions from the perspective of Yugoslav legacy, and wider context as a common space for them all. Also, I have accentuated the conclusion about the significance of cooperation between institutions, in the field of cultural memory but not just. The phenomenon of relatedness and interconnectedness appears to be crucial for the resolution of the cultural crisis.
1 Streszczenie Odzyskiwanie przeszłości. Dziedzictwo jugosłowiańskie w okresie transformacji: oficjalne i alternatywne instytucje kultury i sztuki w Serbii na przełomie XX i XXI wieku Wspólna jugosłowiańska przestrzeń kulturowa (i artystyczna) kształtowała się zanim powstała Jugosławia, w czasie jej istnienia, a także po jej rozpadzie. Czynnikami, które o tym decydowały był podobny język, kultura, powiązania, mentalność, terytorium, stosunki gospodarcze, (zewnętrzne) wpływy i produkcja artystyczna. Po rozpadzie Jugosławii w wyniku katastrofalnych konfliktów wojennych omawiany region został dotknięty ogromnym kryzysem ekonomicznym i kulturalnym. Okrucieństwo wojny w Bośni i Hercegowinie, a także embargo, kryzys ekonomiczny, ostra inflacja i protesty wywołały zbiorową traumę kulturową we wszystkich krajach byłej Jugosławii równocześnie. Konsekwencją kryzysu społecznego był wysoki stopień fragmentacji (narracji) pojawiający się we wszystkich instytucjach. Wyrażał się on w dysfunkcjonalności instytucji, a następnie w ich zamknięciu. W roku 2000, po mrocznej dekadzie lat dziewięćdziesiątych, Serbia rozpoczęła demokratyczne zmiani i odblokowała proces transformacji, który stał się powodem ogromnego rozczarowania społeczeństwa serbskiego. W trakcie tych zmian i przekształceń Jugosławia (rozumiana jako idea i państwo) zaczęła jawić się jako główny sprawca kryzysu. Pamięć indywidualną i przestrzeń prywatną obywateli Serbii wciąż wypełniały wspomnienia poprzedniego systemu, ale możliwość przełożenia tego na pamięć kulturową stała pod znakiem zapytania. Dla tego typu kulturowego przekładu i rewitalizacji wspomnianego wycinka kultury konieczna jest bowiem przestrzeń dialogu, dyskusji, poszukiwania sensu, zainicjowana i umiejscowiona w instytucjach kultury. W rozprawie podjęłam próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy i w jaki sposób Jugosławia, rozumiana jako pojęcie, motyw, temat projektów i wydarzeń, przejawiająca się w określonym systemie aksjologicznym oraz fenomenie wspólnoty kulturowej – funkcjonuje w instytucjach kultury wbrew powyżej zarysowanym okolicznościom. Moim zamierzeniem było zaprezentowanie znaczenia dziedzictwa Jugosławii (przede wszystkim jego 2 symbolicznego wymiaru) w odniesieniu do procesu ustanawiania ciągłości i odnajdywania (tworzenia) sensu przeszłości jako sposobu na przezwyciężenie traumy kulturowej. Główne kategorie i perspektywy badawcze, które stały się metodologiczną podstawą moich badań, tworzą podejście nazywane interdyscyplinarnymi badaniami kulturowymi i obejmują analizę treści, interpretację reprezentacji, odkrywanie symbolicznej lub rzeczywistej obecności/nieobecności. Jako materiał naukowy posłużyły mi publikacje dotyczące wystaw i projektów, a także opracowania takie jak artykuły prasowe, filmy, komentarze do wystaw, komentarze zawarte w programach instytucji, literatura naukowa, osobiste interpretacje aktorów społecznych (artystów, naukowców, kuratorów, aktywistów) wyrażone w nieformalnych i formalnych wywiadach udzielanych podczas spotkań i zarejestrowanych przez media. Rozprawa składa się z czterech rozdziałów: Stań badań, Kontekst historyczny, Oficjalne instytucje, Alternatywne instytucje. Poprzedza je Wprowadzenie i zamykają Wnioski. W końcowej części pracy znajduje się Bibliografia, Spis ilustracji i streszczenie. W rozdziale pierwszym (Stan badań) zaprezentowałam przegląd literatury, prasy oraz projektów związanych z tematem pracy, podkreślając różnorodność w obrębie ich treści, a także w sposobach formułowania głównego problemu. Rozdział drugi (Kontekst historyczny) poświęcony jest historii idei jedności Słowian Południowych na tle historii Jugosławii. W części analitycznej rozprawy do badania roli narracji o Jugosławii i jej dziedzictwa w instytucjach kulturalnych wybrałam trzy instytucje oficjalne i trzy instytucje alternatywne. Wśród instytucji oficjalnych znalazły się: Pawilon Serbski w Wenecji (Paviljon Republike Srbije u Veneciji), Muzeum Sztuki Współczesnej w Belgradzie (Muzej savremene umetnosti u Beogradu) oraz Muzeum Jugosławii (Muzej Jugoslavije). Spośród instytucji nieoficjalnych (alternatywnych) do analizy wybrałam Centrum Dekontaminacji Kulturowej (Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju, CZKD), squat Inex oraz alternatywne centrum kultury Kvaka 22. Przyjęłam założenie, że taki wybór z szerokiego wachlarza instytucji przyczyni się do zaprezentowania szerokiego obrazu, a także stanowić będzie podstawę pełniejszej mapy instytucji kultury w Serbii w okresie postjugosłowiańskim. Część analityczna poświęcona oficjalnym instytucjom składa się z trzech podrozdziałów. Pierwszy podrozdział poświęcony jest Pawilonowi Serbskiemu w Wenecji, byłemu Pawilonowi Jugosławii w Wenecji (emanacji Jugosławii na każdym etapie jej politycznego istnienia). 3 Postanowiłam poddać badaniu Pawilon Serbski (były Jugosłowiański) w Wenecji jako jedyną instytucję, w której Jugosławia wciąż istnieje w ramach międzynarodowych manifestacji kultury i sztuki (choćby jako żywa pamięć i kontekst). Drugi podrozdział poświęcony jest Muzeum Sztuki Współczesnej w Belgradzie, otwartemu w 1965 roku, jako czołowej instytucji kulturalnej reprezentującej jugosłowiańską i serbską sztukę XX wieku. Muzeum Sztuki Współczesnej jawi się tu jako symbol procesu tworzenia kultury i sztuki Jugosławii. Trzeci podrozdział poświęcony jest Muzeum Jugosławii, jedynej instytucji na obszarze byłej Jugosławii w całości poświęconej Jugosławii. Instytucja ta wykazała się ogromną zdolnością transformacji, wykazując jednocześnie potencjał nowoczesnej instytucji kultury. Część analityczna poświęcona instytucjom alternatywnym również składa się z trzech podrozdziałów. Poprzedza je krótkie wprowadzenie i ogólna analiza instytucji alternatywnych jako fenomenu kulturowego. Pierwszy podrozdział poświęcony jest Centrum Dekontaminacji Kulturowej (Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju / CZKD). W związku z tym, że Centrum wyrosło ze zdecydowanego protestu przeciwko reżimowi Slobodana Miloševicia w 1995 roku i jest jedną z najstarszych nieoficjalnych instytucji w Serbii, zostało poddane analizie jako instytucja alternatywna starszej generacji. W drugim podrozdziale omówiony został squat i centrum kulturalne Inex, założone w budynku wytwórni filmowej Inex. W ostatnim podrozdziale części analitycznej uwagę poświęciłam instytucji alternatywnej Kvaka 22 jako przykładowi działalności najmłodszego pokolenia artystów i działaczy kultury, aktywistów, obywateli. W części Konkluzje opisałam punkty styczne wszystkich analizowanych instytucji z perspektywy dziedzictwa Jugosławii, a także naświetliłam szerszy kontekst funkcjonowania tych instytucji jako ich przestrzeń wspólną. Ponadto opisałam wnioski dotyczące znaczenia współpracy między tymi instytucjami nie tylko w obszarze pamięci kulturowej. Zjawisko pokrewieństwa i wzajemnych powiązań wydaje się mieć kluczowe znaczenie dla wyjścia z kryzysu kulturowego.