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Academic literature on the topic 'AUTHORIZED BODY'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 27 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "AUTHORIZED BODY"

Ovchinnikova, A. A. "DEFINITION OF THE BODY AUTHORIZED TO REPRESENT A PUBLIC LEGAL ENTITY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF A RECOURSE ACTION AGAINST A GUILTY OFFICIAL." Vestnik of Khabarovsk State University of Economics and Law, no. 1-2 (October 20, 2020): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/2618-9526-2020-1-2-14.

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Radulova, Natalya. "Contents of the preparing a deceased coronavirus (covid-19) patient’s body for transfer to the pathology department by an authorized healthcare provider standard operating procedure." Medsestra (Nurse), no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-05-2007-03.

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This standard operating procedure (SOP) determines the procedure for preparing the body of a deceased person with a coronavirus infection (COVID-19) for transfer to a pathological department of the authorized medical organization.

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Kaczyńska-Kral, Agata M. "Spór kompetencyjny Ministra Cyfryzacji oraz Prezesa Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych na podstawie art. 33 Prawa przedsiębiorców." Studia Iuridica 77 (March 20, 2019): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1866.

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On the basis of the Polish law of entrepreneurs, a competency dispute arose between the Minister of Digitization and the President of the Office of Personal Data Protection. Both authorities deem it appropriate to interpret GDPR. The Minister of Digitization believes that he is authorized because of the rights to create a policy in the field of personal data protection. The President of the Office for Personal Data Protection believes that he is authorized as a supervisory body according to GDRP and the competent authority for the protection of personal data. Due to the fact that the GDPR is an act of a higher rank than the Polish law, it is necessary to admit to the supervisory body that it is the only person entitled to a binding interpretation of GDPR regulations.

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Adam, Murat. "Taxation of Digital Companies: Experience of Russia and Other CountriesLegal Regulation of Non-Judicial Methods of Consideration and Resolution of Tax Disputes: Tax Ombudsman, Tax Arbitration and Mediation in Tax Disputes." Financial Law Review, no. 22 (2) (2021): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996834flr.21.016.14106.

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Probably, as in any state, in the sphere of legal regulation of relations between business and the state, the public interests of the state are always above the private interests of business. Any democratic and legal state, including Kazakhstan, is based on the principles of equality of all before the law and the court, as well as the rule of law. The tax legislation of Kazakhstan does not provide for a legal mechanism for the consideration of tax disputes arising between a taxpayer and an authorized state body by any non-judicial organizations. All tax disputes are subject to consideration on complaints of the taxpayer to the higher authorized tax authority and only after receiving the decision of the higher state body, this dispute can be referred to the court. This paper deals with problematic issues of tax law related to the attribution of all tax disputes to consideration exclusively by the higher authorized tax authority and later by the court, which always guard the interests of the state, which in practice causes distrust of businessmen and investors to the state. In this regard, this paper examines out-of-court methods of resolving tax disputes, international experience in resolving tax disputes by out-of-court organizations.

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Олена Олександрівна Конопельцева. "Employee’s state of health as a reason for termination of an employment contract at the initiative of the employer." Problems of Legality, no. 149 (June 9, 2020): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.149.199961.

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The grounds on which the employer is allowed to terminate the employment contract with the employee are considered if the employee's inconsistency with the position or job is established. It is emphasized that dismissal of an employee is allowed in case of a discrepancy due to a state of health, which hinders the continuation of this work, if it is impossible to transfer him to an easier job due to the absence of a vacant job or refusal to transfer. A characteristic feature of dismissing an employee due to poor health is the lack of guilt. The inability of the employee to perform his or her work duties is linked to the state of health and does not depend on his will and desire, and therefore cannot be blamed on him. The article proves that temporary disability cannot be considered as a reason to dismiss a worker.According to the medical report, the owner or his authorized body must transfer such persons with their consent to such work temporarily or without a time limit. Such transfer of an employee is possible under the conditions on which both medical and legal basis can be.In the case of refusal of the employee to transfer or absence at the enterprise of work that he could perform without harm to his health, the owner or his authorized body may raise the issue of his dismissal in due course due to the found inconsistency of the occupied position or performed work due to a state of health that impedes the continuation of this work (paragraph 2 of Article 40 of the Labor Code of Ukraine). Such dismissal shall be allowed in the exceptional cases where the owner or his authorized body really does not have the opportunity to transfer the employee upon his or her consent to another job according to a medical report.

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Smolak, Marek. "Od kultury władzy do kultury uzasadniania. Doświadczenia południowoafrykańskie." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 110 (November 30, 2017): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.110.6.

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FROM THE CULTURE OF AUTHORITY TO THE CULTURE OF JUSTIFICATION. SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCES The article focuses on gradual shift from the culture of authority to the culture of justification in South Africa. In culture of authority, justification for action is provided mainly at the stage of assigning authority and once authority has been assigned, the authorized body needs to offer little justification for its specific decisions. In aculture of justification even after authority has been assigned, the authorized body must still provide justification for all of its decisions. The culture of justification is associated with the expansive jurisdiction for the South African Constitutional Court. If proportionality is essentially arequirement of justification it is worthy to focus on The South African Constitutional Court, which has developed original proportionality test. This article examines the application of the test in order to evaluate the progress toward asociety based on human dignity, equality, and freedom. This evaluation is needed not only for South Africa but also for those states which struggle with infringement of the rule of law.

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Samuel, Samuel, and Siti Nurbaiti. "KEWENANGAN BADAN PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA KONSUMEN DALAM MENANGANI SENGKETA ANTARA PT. SINAR MENARA DELI DENGAN SARI ALAMSYAH." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 2, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v2i2.6538.

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In principle, the resolution of consumer disputes can be pursued peacefully. through an alternative mediation dispute resolution. In Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 / M-DAG / PER / 2017 concerning the Consumer Dispute Settlement Body does not impose limits on the authority of BPSK in handling and adjudicating a consumer dispute. However, in reality many times the decisions of the Consumer Dispute Settlement Body (BPSK) are submitted to the district court and stated that BPSK is not authorized to handle such disputes. How is the authority of the Consumer Dispute Resolution Board in handling disputes between PT. Sinar Menara Deli and Sari Alamsyah are the issues discussed. The method used in this research is descriptive normative legal research, using secondary data and primary data as supporting data with the law approach. The results of the study illustrate that BPSK is not authorized to handle disputes between PT. Sinar Menara Deli with Sari Alamsyah, because the business actors in this dispute have submitted a refusal to be resolved through BPSK and not achieving the requirements for consumer disputes. It is recommended that BPSK members pay more attention to the provisions in the Consumer Protection Act and other regulations concerning the Consumer Dispute Settlement Body.

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ABUGALIYEVA, M. A., and B. A. ALIBEKOVA. "IMPROVING THE ACTIVITIES OF INTERNAL STATE AUDIT BODIES IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 3, no. 12 (2020): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.12.03.017.

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The article deals with the activities of the authorized body for internal state audit in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author's definition of internal state audit is given. The analysis of the activities of the Internal State Audit Committee of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan was carried out and problematic aspects were identified. Reasonable suggestions have been made to resolve the problems.

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Alvarez-Jiménez, Alberto. "PUBLIC HEARINGS AT THE WTO APPELLATE BODY: THE NEXT STEP." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 59, no. 4 (October 2010): 1079–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002058931000045x.

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The WTO Appellate Body has so far authorized public appeal hearings as the exception, not the rule: it is limited to those instances in which the main parties request it. Such authorization constitutes a very positive development for the WTO dispute settlement system, for it enhances the transparency of the system at its highest stage. Indeed, the Appellate Body is becoming a leading actor in the formation of international law1 owing to the fact that it is the most active international court of the world, the relevance of the issues it deals with and the fact that it is at the apex of a dispute settlement system with permanent and exclusive jurisdiction over 153 States. Nonetheless, it is not in tune with inter-state international adjudication where the trend concerning hearings is, for good reason, geared towards openness and transparency, not privacy, as the rule.

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Stec, Roman, Łukasz Ciołek, and Marcin Roliński. "REGULATION AS A GENERALLY APPLICABLE LEGAL ACT ISSUED FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A STATUTE." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3207.

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The regulation shall be issued by the bodies indicated in the Constitution, based on a de-tailed authorization contained in the statute and for its implementation. The authorization should specify the body competent to issue a regulation, the scope of delegated issues and guidelines for the content of the act. The body authorized to issue a regulation shall not sub-delegate its competence in this area to another body (Article 92 of the Constitution). Such provision contained in the Constitution clearly defines the nature of regulations as implementing acts, requiring the detailed statutory authorization. The authorizing statute indicates that the regulation shall be issued by various bodies in cooperation. Cooperation may be based on consent (law specifies that the regulation will be issued "in agreement" or "in consultation"), or only on the expression of opinion.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "AUTHORIZED BODY"

Плотников, В. Д., and V. D. Plotnikov. "Совершенствование механизмов осуществления закупок товаров, работ, услуг для государственных нужд в субъекте Российской Федерации : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/99988.

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Фокусом научного исследования, проведенного в рамках настоящей магистерской диссертации, является механизм осуществления закупок товаров, работ, услуг для государственных нужд в условиях его реформирования. Цель исследования: анализ механизмов осуществления закупок товаров, работ, услуг для государственных нужд в субъекте Российской Федерации и формирование рекомендаций для совершенствования их работы. Основными методами проведения исследования стали качественный и количественный анализ, а именно экспертное интервью, контент-анализ. В процессе исследования были изучены теоретические основы контрактной системе в сфере закупок товаров, работ, услуг в Российской Федерации; рассмотрена нормативно-правовая база закупочной деятельности на международном, федеральном и региональном уровнях; предложено новое определение механизма закупочной деятельности; сформированы модели организации закупочной деятельности в регионах Российской Федерации; подготовлены практические материалы, которые могут быть использованы специалистами по закупкам в их профессиональной деятельности. Предложенные автором рекомендации по совершенствованию механизма государственных закупок региона Российской Федерации внесут уточнения в действующее законодательство, а также упростят и ускорят работу специалистов по закупкам.
The focus of the research conducted within the framework of this master's thesis is the mechanism of procurement of goods, works, and services for state needs in the context of its reform. The purpose of the study: to analyze the mechanisms of procurement of goods, works, and services for state needs in the subject of the Russian Federation and to form recommendations for improving their work. The main methods of conducting the research were qualitative and quantitative analysis, namely expert interviews, content analysis. In the course of the research, the theoretical foundations of the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, and services in the Russian Federation were studied; the regulatory and legal framework of procurement activities at the international, federal, and regional levels was considered; a new definition of the procurement mechanism was proposed; models of the organization of procurement activities in the regions of the Russian Federation were formed; practical materials were prepared that can be used by procurement specialists in their professional activities. The recommendations proposed by the author on improving the mechanism of public procurement in the region of the Russian Federation will clarify the current legislation, as well as simplify and speed up the work of procurement specialists.

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Books on the topic "AUTHORIZED BODY"

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee. Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 and oversight of previously authorized programs before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session: Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces hearing on fiscal year 2015 ground force modernization programs, hearing held April 2, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee. Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and oversight of previously authorized programs before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session: Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces hearing on fiscal year 2014 Army modernization programs, hearing held April 26, 2013. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.

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Subcommittee, United States Congress House Committee on Armed Services Tactical Air and Land Forces. Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 and oversight of previously authorized programs before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session: Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces hearing on fiscal year 2015 Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force combat aviation programs, hearing held March 26, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.

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Nick, Roberts. GameShark: Pocket power guide, authorized. Rocklin, Calif: Prima Pub., 1997.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee. Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and oversight of previously authorized programs before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session: Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces hearing on fiscal year 2014 Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force combat aviation programs, hearing held April 17, 2013. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee. Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and oversight of previously authorized programs before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session: Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces hearing on post Iraq and Afghanistan : current and future roles for UAS and the fiscal year 2014 budget request, hearing held April 23, 2013. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee. Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and oversight of previously authorized programs before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session: Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces hearing on equipping the individual soldier and marine : current and future year acquisition and modernization strategies and the fiscal year 2014 budget request, hearing held April 11, 2013. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.

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Twain, Mark. Life on the Mississippi: The Authorized Uniform Edition. Wildside Press, 2004.

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Twain, Mark. Life on the Mississippi: The Authorized Uniform Edition. Wildside Press, 2004.

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Binet, Alfred. The Mind and the Brain: Being the Authorised Translation of L'Âme et le Corps. BiblioBazaar, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "AUTHORIZED BODY"

Karapapa, Stavroula. "Implicitly Authorized Uses." In Defences to Copyright Infringement, 138–56. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795636.003.0005.

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When combatting allegations of copyright infringement, the defendant can argue that the copyright holder authorized the activity at issue, either expressly or implicitly. Exclusive rights under copyright have a common constituent: they represent activities that the copyright holder can authorize or prohibit, authorization being necessary to avoid liability for infringement. Authorization from the copyright holder may be explicit and not raise interpretative difficulties, or it may be implied. The doctrine of implied consent has not received harmonization at EU level but can be found in national laws with regard to interpreting a contractual relationship or conduct. Written agreements may include implied contractual terms and in this context, the implied license doctrine is viewed as a ramification of contract law. But implied authorization may be assumed even in the absence of an agreement or prior communication, where the conduct of the copyright holder gives the impression that a particular activity is permitted. This understanding of implied consent can be traced to German jurisprudence and a body of recent cases that have affirmed the existence of implied authorization where copyright holders did not signify their refusal to consent to a specific activity e.g. by not enacting access control mechanisms in their online content. The judicially created doctrine of ‘implied consent’ is crucial to the functioning of essential Internet facilities such as search engines. This chapter discusses the scope of this doctrine, its applicability to other Internet services, its potential to serve as a defensive rule, and the way in which Svensson can be read as introducing an implied consent defence into EU copyright law.

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Savaş, Elif. "Proper Subjects of Gendered Necropolitics: A Case of Constructed Virginities in Turkey." In Turkey's Necropolitical Laboratory, 118–38. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450263.003.0006.

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Is virginity the glorified signifier of proper and disciplined female subjectivity or is it the site of resistance and sabotage of the hegemonic gender norms? Focusing on hymen reconstruction operations (hymenoplasty) in Turkey and conceptualising them as medico-political assemblages, this chapter explores how virginity is understood and constructed in Turkey and the kinds of female subjectivity configured through these operations. Framing hymen reconstruction cases and virginity within the problematic of necropolitics helps us understand how the enemies to be expunged from the unfolding gendered regime and ideology in Turkey are defined and how the boundaries of a realm where an authorized female subject – the virgin – can dwell are reconstructed. The chapter focuses on the metaphorical death of the (female) subject as a result of the appropriation of its most defining features, such as autonomy on her own body, which renders her a threatening subject when she is not ‘the virgin.’ Thinking about hymen reconstruction as an example of necropolitical performance, this chapter analyses the possible meanings of the death of virginity within the medico-political assemblages of Turkey.

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Barney, William L. "The Confederacy." In Rebels in the Making, 253–82. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190076085.003.0010.

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In forming the Confederate States of America at a convention in Montgomery, Alabama, in February 1861, the delegates made the protection of slavery their top priority. They wrote into the Provisional Confederate Constitution explicit guarantees for the perpetuation of slavery. Anxious to project an image of bipartisan moderation, they denied leadership positions to the fire-eaters, the original hard-core radicals, and chose Jefferson Davis, a latecomer to secession, for president, and Alexander Stephens, who had warned against the dangers of secession, for vice-president. As inducements for the Upper South to join the Confederacy, the convention adopted a moderate tariff instead of free trade and constitutionally mandated the prohibition of the African slave trade. God was invoked as their protector on the official seal of the Confederacy, a confirmation of the evangelical belief that Southerners were undertaking a holy mission in forming a new Christian republic dedicated to the glory of God. Although specifically authorized only with drafting a provisional constitution, the delegates conferred the powers of a legislative body or congress on the convention in order to move ahead quickly in shaping their new government and preparing for a possible war with the North. By March, a functioning government and army were in place.

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Cohn, Margit. "Executive-Generated Fuzziness." In A Theory of the Executive Branch, 223–52. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821984.003.0009.

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This chapter is dedicated to analyses of examples of executive-generated fuzziness in the context of implementation. It offers examples of the ways executives can create further nodes of fuzziness, by crafting the implementation of the law, be it fuzzy or relatively clear, in ways that further fuzzy-up the law. Under the classical vision of executive action, implementation and enforcement are straightforward, easily apprehended processes that follow the legislative mandate and are applied by authorized regulators. The well-developed body of research on the gap between law-on-the-books and law-in-action overviewed in this chapter more than challenges this vision. Either as proof of government failure, or, opposingly, as an indication of well-thought-out responsive action aimed to achieve optimal results, all action located in this gap is fuzzy. Using examples from the UK and the US in the fields of emergency and air pollution law, I discuss three practices that challenge the classical understanding of the nature of implementation: selective enforcement; creative compliance; and the non-application of law ('pastiche law'). The focus here is, then, on the behaviour of the executive and the ways it applies a power granted to it in ways that frustrate the law without moving into the sphere of illegality.

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Buzgan, Turan, and Öner Güner. "The Effectiveness of the World Health Organization in Pandemics and the Future of the Post-Pandemic Era." In Reflections on the Pandemic in the Future of the World, 95–113. Turkish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.2020.029.

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World Health Organization (WHO) is the specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) which was established in 1948. It has its Headquarters in Geneva, 6 different Regional Offices and149 Country Offices. World Health Organization’s mandate, priority areas and working fields are decided by its Member States. Its primary decision-making body is the World Health Assembly (WHA) with WHO Executive Board (EB). World Health Organization’s work is determined and reviewed at the WHA by instructions and approval of official delegations authorized by Member States. World Health Organization Director General and staff, together constituting Secretariat, are responsible of implementation of decisions. WHO is an organization that is setting standards and norms in the field of global health, therefore WHO has an impact and mandate on particularly as the directing and coordinating authority, norm and standard setting agency, providing support in cases of emergencies and development of health policies health systems countries. Being a legal framework of detection and control of public health risks at its origin before crossing border, The International Health Regulations (IHR imposes some obligations on WHO and assigns some responsibilities on Member States. Some global health problems and lately the COVID-19 pandemic has led to some criticisms on World Health Organization and brought up the future of World Health Organization for discussion in the post-pandemic era.

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Salem, Osman, Alexey Guerassimov, Ahmed Mehaoua, Anthony Marcus, and Borko Furht. "Anomaly Detection in Medical Wireless Sensor Networks using SVM and Linear Regression Models." In E-Health and Telemedicine, 466–86. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8756-1.ch024.

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This paper details the architecture and describes the preliminary experimentation with the proposed framework for anomaly detection in medical wireless body area networks for ubiquitous patient and healthcare monitoring. The architecture integrates novel data mining and machine learning algorithms with modern sensor fusion techniques. Knowing wireless sensor networks are prone to failures resulting from their limitations (i.e. limited energy resources and computational power), using this framework, the authors can distinguish between irregular variations in the physiological parameters of the monitored patient and faulty sensor data, to ensure reliable operations and real time global monitoring from smart devices. Sensor nodes are used to measure characteristics of the patient and the sensed data is stored on the local processing unit. Authorized users may access this patient data remotely as long as they maintain connectivity with their application enabled smart device. Anomalous or faulty measurement data resulting from damaged sensor nodes or caused by malicious external parties may lead to misdiagnosis or even death for patients. The authors' application uses a Support Vector Machine to classify abnormal instances in the incoming sensor data. If found, the authors apply a periodically rebuilt, regressive prediction model to the abnormal instance and determine if the patient is entering a critical state or if a sensor is reporting faulty readings. Using real patient data in our experiments, the results validate the robustness of our proposed framework. The authors further discuss the experimental analysis with the proposed approach which shows that it is quickly able to identify sensor anomalies and compared with several other algorithms, it maintains a higher true positive and lower false negative rate.

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Bruno, Simma. "Part I The Human Rights Mandate of the Principal Organs, 4 The International Court of Justice." In The United Nations and Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198298373.003.0005.

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This chapter evaluates the International Court of Justice, which is one of the United Nation’s principal Charter bodies, and its principal judicial organ. As such, it hears cases brought by states against others and can render advisory opinions sought by certain organs of the UN and international organizations authorised to do so, both of which bear on a wide range of international legal issues. The ICJ is not specifically a human rights body, but its jurisprudence may have, indeed has had, an impact on international human rights law. The chapter then looks at the interpretation and application of human rights by the ICJ. It also assesses the linkage of the Court and human rights, identifying two phases in the engagement of the Court with human rights matters.

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Smith, George E., and Raghav Seth. "Postscript on the Realism-Instrumentalism Debate." In Brownian Motion and Molecular Reality, 374–416. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190098025.003.0008.

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The body of the monograph has throughout skirted around the philosophic literature comprising the “realist-instrumentalist” debate. This Postscript does not take sides in this debate, but offers suggestions intended to make the debate more tractable. One suggestion concerns two largely ignored distinctions: the first between theoretical claims that enter into the design of an experiment constitutively versus only heuristically; the second between intermediate standings a hypothesis can have between its being a mere conjecture and its becoming deeply entrenched through the success of research predicated on it. The second half of the Postscript explains why, of all elements of science, the equations in theory-mediated measurement that authorize values for target quantities to be obtained from values of more accessible quantities and the values so obtained can, under identifiable conditions, have the strongest claim to permanence in the face of both new data and theory change.

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Temkin, Sefton D. "Sustaining the College (1875–1883)." In Creating American Reform Judaism, 281–86. Liverpool University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774457.003.0044.

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This chapter discusses Isaac Mayer Wise’s attempts to keep his college in operation. In a sense, the Hebrew Union College, like Minhag America, was a vestige of a more comprehensive scheme. The all-embracing synod, which would legislate for American Judaism and authorize an official prayer-book as well as an official seminary for training rabbis, had been laid on one side. From time to time Wise still tried to raise the wind in its favour, but he found no support. The union, as established in 1873, was a deliberately circumscribed body, both as to the scope of its powers and as to the area of its membership. Wise’s presence was felt, but in the wings rather than the centre of the stage. The college itself, limited to the preparatory department of a rabbinical school, was only a first instalment of the comprehensive institution Wise had planned. If, as his critics charged, Wise was bent on becoming a ‘western pope’, being given the presidency of Hebrew Union College was hardly a coronation.

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Demacopoulos, George E. "Innocent’s Ambivalence." In Colonizing Christianity, 49–72. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284429.003.0004.

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This chapter focuses on the correspondence of Pope Innocent III, his interlocutors, and his successors in order to understand more fully the conditions that gave rise to the first papal pronouncements asserting that Greek theological error was so egregious that it warranted violence, occupation, and larceny. The subjugation of the schismatic Greeks may have provided certain opportunities for those eager to assert the supremacy of the papacy as the governing body of the Church, but the use of military force to achieve and sustain Greek subjugation also called into question the integrity of the crusading endeavor and, more importantly, it upended previous assumptions regarding the boundaries of the Christian community. The events surrounding the Fourth Crusade and the subsequent maintenance of the Latin territory in the Greek East triggered a striking ambivalence in papal articulations of whether and to what extent the Greeks were “Christian” in the proper sense. As papal rhetoric gradually moved toward a more hostile characterization, the papacy became more willing to authorize a number of colonial enterprises previously inconceivable. These include violence against Greek Christians, the permanent settlement of Byzantine territory, and the extraction of Byzantine treasure.

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Conference papers on the topic "AUTHORIZED BODY"

Ene, Daniela. "Preliminary Waste Management Plan of European Spallation Source." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96154.

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The European Spallation Source (ESS) is the European common effort in designing and building a next generation large-scale user facility for studies of the structure and dynamics of materials. The proposed schematic layout of the ESS facility is based on a linear driver (linac) directing the proton beam (5 MW of 2.5 GeV) of 2.8 ms long pulses with a 20 Hz on a tungsten target where neutrons are produced via spallation reactions. Further the neutrons will be moderated to thermal and subthermal energies in a couple of moderators placed around the target. The moderators feed 22 beamlines guiding the neutrons to the scattering instruments, mainly for neutron scattering research, as has been previously mentioned. The objective of this work is to develop a waste management plan for ESS facility. In this respect two important aspects are analyzed. First the present status of the problem is outlined as follow. Estimate types and quantities of waste that the ESS project will generate at different stages: commission, operation, decommissioning were derived using: i) precise Monte Carlo calculations ii) scaling the activity from the operation experience of the existing spallation source installations for waste such it is difficult to predict level of activation or for components of the facility in stage of the pre-conceptual model. Associated waste treatment/conditioning options and final disposal route were further analyzed in order to define the waste type and packet descriptions in agreement with Swedish regulations and policy. It was found that the compilation of completely new waste type descriptions for qualification of the ESS waste for disposal will be necessary. Particular attention was devoted to “problematic waste” as Beryllium reflector, C-14 from graphite used as core zone of the beam-dump and collimators or waste arising from the purification systems of both Helium and water cooling circuits. Management of waste on ESS site: collection/segregation systems, characterization system, storage options, is also described. In the second step, the acquired information is used for planning and implementing actions involving all participants (ESS, treatment facility operator, disposal operator, regulatory body and other authorized authorities).

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Chen Roy, Ting, Kamel Bennaceur, Daniel Markel, Leonard Harp, Casey Harrison, James Shelton, Aaron Hall, et al. "Liners with Bulk Metallic Glass/High Entropy Alloy, Degradable in Formation Fluids for a Skin Free, Clear, Perforating Tunnel, Enabling Enhanced Reservoir Connectivity." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205902-ms.

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Abstract A shaped charge for wellbore perforation includes a solid metal or powder liner pressed onto a case, sandwiching high explosives which may have varying thermal stability, dictated by the expected time of exposure and bottom hole temperature (BHT). It is common knowledge that post detonation, the liner-jet punctures the gun body and casing, continuing forward to perforate the formation until its eventual collapse. The jet debris is deposited on the crushed zone forming an impermeable skin and a slug at the end of the perforation-tunnel. This reduces fracture conductivity, and thus, production. Here we present a game changing innovation, the development of a shaped charge with a novel responsive liner. The jet created from our novel degradable liner, post detonation punctures the casing and progress to penetrate the formation until an eventual collapse. However, this system is designed so that, during detonation, a water disintegrable reaction product, bulk metallic glasses (BMG) and/or high entropy alloys (HEA), are formed. These degradable BMG/HEA or complexions decorate the grain boundaries and domain interfaces of the impermeable skin lining the crushed zone of the perforation tunnel as amorphous intergranular films (AIFs) and plug at end of the pathway. Interacting with flowback fluids the BMG/HEA promotes grain dropping, disintegrating the liner and carrot leaving behind a clean perforation tunnel, improving fracture conductivity thus enhanced productivity. In addition, a clear perf tunnel has zero skin value. As such, compared to a coated tunnel with gun and charge debris, it needs little or no acid to clean-up. This results in a demarked reduction of formation breakdown pressures with improved economics for the client. Last but not least this leads to cost reduction of authorized field expenditure (AFE) to support optimized performance of completion design allowing for increased production. CLEAR shaped charges have been qualified to customer specifications in field conditions and are ready to be commercialized. An extension of this technology is being applied to design charges for "Big-Hole" perforations, for the Plug and Abandonment (P&A) market where an effective cement squeeze, anchoring a plug effectively seals the wellbore, preventing the leakage of residual hydrocarbon and associated contamination and emissions.

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Reports on the topic "AUTHORIZED BODY"

Lehtimaki, Susanna, Kassim Nishtar, Aisling Reidy, Sara Darehshori, Andrew Painter, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/pb-f/2021/2.

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Based on the proposal by the European Council, more than 25 heads of state and the World Health Organization (WHO) support development of an international treaty on pandemics, that planned to be negotiated under the auspices of WHO, will be presented to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. Given that the treaty alone is not enough to ensure compliance, triggers for a high-level political response is required. To this end, to inform the design of a support system, we explored institutional mechanismsi with a mandate to review compliance with key international agreements in their signatory countries and conduct independent country investigations in a manner that manages sovereign considerations. Based on our review, there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right. There is, however, potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms to support a strong, enforceable treaty. These aspects include: • Periodic review - based on the model of human rights treaties, with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body to ensure the independence. If made obligatory, the review could support compliance with the treaty. • On-site investigations - based on the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture according to which visits cannot be blocked by state parties. • Non-negotiable design principles - including accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. • Technical support - WHO can provide countries with technical assistance, tools, monitoring, and assessment to enhance emergency preparedness and response.

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Lehtimaki, Susanna, Aisling Reidy, Kassim Nishtar, Sara Darehschori, Andrew Painter, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/rr/2021/1.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has created enormous challenges for national economies, livelihoods, and public services, including health systems. In January 2021, the World Health Organization proposed an international treaty on pandemics to strengthen the political commitment towards global pandemic preparedness, control, and response. The plan is to present a draft treaty to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. To inform the design of a support system for this treaty, we explored existing mechanisms for periodic reviews conducted either by peers or an external group as well as mechanisms for in-country investigations, conducted with or without country consent. Based on our review, we summarized key design principles requisite for review and investigation mechanisms and explain how these could be applied to pandemics preparedness, control, and response in global health. While there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right, there is potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms. A Universal Periodic Review design based on the model of human rights treaties with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body, if made obligatory, could support compliance with a new pandemic treaty. In terms of on-site investigations, the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture could lend itself to treaty monitoring and outbreak investigations on short notice or unannounced. These mechanisms need to be put in place in accordance with several core interlinked design principles: compliance; accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. The World Health Organization can incentivize and complement these efforts. It has an essential role in providing countries with technical support and tools to strengthen emergency preparedness and response capacities, including technical support for creating surveillance structures, integrating non-traditional data sources, creating data governance and data sharing standards, and conducting regular monitoring and assessment of preparedness and response capacities.

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