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Journal articles on the topic 'Author verification'
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1
Halteren, Hans Van. "Author verification by linguistic profiling." ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing 4, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1187415.1187416.
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Simonova, Natalia S. "An International Verifi cation Institute as an Element of the Mechanism of Ensuring for Meeting Commitments under International Treaties." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 1 (March 30, 2014): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2014-1-82-102.
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The article deals with the explanation of an international verification’s nature as a specific type of international legal relationship. An author critically analyses domestic and foreign doctrines as well as the international treaties’ practice concerning the issues of international verification. An international verification institute is quite well-searched in the international law science. But the article author considers that traditional approaches to analysis of the international verification essence (investigation of subjects, matters and aims) are not sufficient. Practical value of this article flows from the new vision of the international verification as a specific international legal relationship. The legal matter, subjects and substance of the international verification are suggested to be searched in the article.
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Fang, Yong, Yue Yang, and Cheng Huang. "EmailDetective: An Email Authorship Identification And Verification Model." Computer Journal 63, no. 11 (July 13, 2020): 1775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa059.
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Abstract Emails are often used to illegal cybercrime today, so it is important to verify the identity of the email author. This paper proposes a general model for solving the problem of anonymous email author attribution, which can be used in email authorship identification and email authorship verification. The first situation is to find the author of an anonymous email among the many suspected targets. Another situation is to verify if an email was written by the sender. This paper extracts features from the email header and email body and analyzes the writing style and other behaviors of email authors. The behaviors of email authors are extracted through a statistical algorithm from email headers. Moreover, the author’s writing style in the email body is extracted by a sequence-to-sequence bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) algorithm. This model combines multiple factors to solve the problem of anonymous email author attribution. The experiments proved that the accuracy and other indicators of proposed model are better than other methods. In email authorship verification experiment, our average accuracy, average recall and average F1-score reached 89.9%. In email authorship identification experiment, our model’s accuracy rate is 98.9% for 10 authors, 92.9% for 25 authors and 89.5% for 50 authors.
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Potha, Nektaria, and Efstathios Stamatatos. "Improved algorithms for extrinsic author verification." Knowledge and Information Systems 62, no. 5 (October 8, 2019): 1903–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10115-019-01408-4.
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Lazić, Ranko. "Verification Column." ACM SIGLOG News 9, no. 4 (October 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3583660.3583665.
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In this article, the author takes us in a masterful and engaging manner from the basics of stochastic games to the cutting-edge work on them in the verification community. I expect it will quickly become a widely used reference.
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Пинчук, Л. В. "The definition and features of on-site verification of testimony." Surgut State University Journal 12, no. 1 (2024): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35266/2949-3455-2024-1-11.
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The article is devoted to the clarification of specific features of on-site testimony. The author substantiates the idea that the concept of on-site testimony verification and its features can be established by analyzing the legal literature on the issue and its legislative regulation, as well as by the materials of judicial practice. The author summarized new material on the topic in question: examples from court practice from 2012, studies of domestic authors since 2003. A comprehensive use of this investigative procedure in inspecting road traffic offenses was proposed. The author analyzed the available points of view in the literature and judicial practice materials, listed features of on-site testimony verification, and gave a definition of the concept of on-site testimony verification.
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Castillo, Esteban, Ofelia Cervantes, and Darnes Vilari. "Author verification using a Graph-based Representation." International Journal of Computer Applications 123, no. 14 (August 18, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2015905654.
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Potha, Nektaria, and Efstathios Stamatatos. "Improving author verification based on topic modeling." Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 70, no. 10 (March 7, 2019): 1074–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.24183.
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Bytchkov, V. "The IAEA verification activity." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2022): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2022-2-245-262.
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The article explores the verification activity by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This activity involves three key aspects: the legal framework, goals, and measures and verification procedures to achieve these goals. The author analyzes legal and technical aspects of the IAEA verification activity, including the notions of diversion of nuclear material and a state’s noncompliance with its commitments related to corresponding safeguards agreements. The analysis is based on the systematic approach that takes into account the evolution of the safeguards system. The author proposes an original approach to reduce the risks of politicization of decisions on noncompliance of states with safeguards agreements by specifying the main notions related to the system of safeguards.
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Ostapenko, Oleksiy, and Iryna Shulhan. "Verification – as a form of legal support for the mobilization of ukrainian citizens under martial law." Visnik Nacional’nogo universitetu «Lvivska politehnika». Seria: Uridicni nauki 10, no. 40 (December 18, 2023): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/law2023.40.143.
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The protection of state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine is one of the constitutional duties of citizens. Under the legal regime of martial law, administrative and legal means of conducting a balanced State policy on mobilization, and creating an appropriate human resources potential for the protection of the State sovereignty and territorial value of Ukraine are of particular importance. The authors of the article state that verification of a citizen's identity documents is one of the means of clarifying and establishing the identity of a citizen by authorized officials of state authorities, local self-government and military administration, in particular, by the Territorial Centers for Recruitment and Social Support. Regulatory legal acts of Ukraine regulate the relations arising in the course of verification of citizens' identity and provide for supervision/control over compliance with the law by officials authorized to carry out the verification. The authors of the study aimed to identify the causes and conditions that lead to conflicts during the verification of documents under the legal regime of martial law by military officials of the Territorial Recruitment and Social Support Centers. The authors emphasize that the legal means of resolving conflicts arising during the verification should be enshrined in the substantive and procedural rules of administrative law. The author emphasizes that a compromise is a possibility of reaching a full agreement during the verification of an individual's documents. The author proposes a list of cases where a compromise may be reached between the parties to the document verification. It is noted that the use of physical force, special means or weapons is an extreme measure which is allowed in exceptional cases and in accordance with the procedure clearly defined by law.
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Ranatunga, Sandaruwan Prabath Kumara. "Finding Efficient Linguistic Feature Set for Authorship Verification." Journal of Computer Science 1, no. 1 (October 7, 2013): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/jcs.v1i1.1616.
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Authorship verification rely on identification of a given document is written by a particular author or not. Internally analyzing the document itself with respect to the variations in writing style of the author and identification of the author’s own idiolect is the main context of the authorship verification. Mainly, the detection performance depends on the used feature set for clustering the document. Linguistic features and stylistic features have been utilized for author identification according to the writing style of a particular author. Disclose the shallow changes of the author’s writing style is the major problem which should be addressed in the domain of authorship verification. It motivates the computer science researchers to do research on authorship verification in the field of computer forensics and this research also focuses this problem. The contributions from the research are two folded: Former is introducing a new feature extracting method with Natural Language Processing (NLP) and later is propose a new more efficient linguistic feature set for verification of author of the given document. Experiments on a corpus composed of freely downloadable genuine 19th century English Books and Self Organizing Maps has been used as the classifier to cluster the documents. Proper word segmentation also introduced in this work and it helps to demonstrate that the proposed strategy can produced promising results. Finally, it is realized that more accurate classification is generated by the proposed strategy with extracted linguistic feature set.
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Sultan, Wabil Fadli, Sukri Tamma, and Ariana Yunus. "Perbandingan Verifikasi Peserta Pemilu Tahun 2019 dan 2024." Palita: Journal of Social Religion Research 7, no. 2 (November 9, 2022): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/pal.v7i2.3080.
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This paper focuses on the Comparison of Verification of Election Contestants in 2019 and 2024. In addition, this paper describes the problems that arise during the verification process. In this study, the author uses a qualitative method. The data used in the study consisted of primary and secondary data. The data collection method in this study used the Literature Study Technique. The author uses scientific papers such as journals, theses, and state documents in collecting data. The data collected by the author is then processed according to the needs of the analysis carried out. The results of the research show that the basic difference regarding the verification process for election participants in 2019 and 2024 is that there is no factual verification for Parliamentary parties participating in the 2024 election. The most basic problem of any verification carried out is the membership of political parties that still have members' names. The impact of such profiteering is the rights of the community that can cause harm, especially for job seekers because of the provisions of not being involved as administrators and/or members of political parties. It is necessary to carry out factual verification of management, office domicile and verification of membership without distinguishing between small and large parties in a proportional and fair manner. With integrity in the verification of political parties, it will produce public officials from credible and qualified political parties.
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Lagutina, Ksenia Vladimirovna. "Comparison of Style Features for the Authorship Verification of Literary Texts." Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems 28, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1818-1015-2021-3-250-259.
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The article compares character-level, word-level, and rhythm features for the authorship verification of literary texts of the 19th-21st centuries. Text corpora contains fragments of novels, each fragment has a size of about 50 000 characters. There are 40 fragments for each author. 20 authors who wrote in English, Russian, French, and 8 Spanish-language authors are considered.The authors of this paper use existing algorithms for calculation of low-level features, popular in the computer linguistics, and rhythm features, common for the literary texts. Low-level features include n-grams of words, frequencies of letters and punctuation marks, average word and sentence lengths, etc. Rhythm features are based on lexico-grammatical figures: anaphora, epiphora, symploce, aposiopesis, epanalepsis, anadiplosis, diacope, epizeuxis, chiasmus, polysyndeton, repetitive exclamatory and interrogative sentences. These features include the frequency of occurrence of particular rhythm figures per 100 sentences, the number of unique words in the aspects of rhythm, the percentage of nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs in the aspects of rhythm. Authorship verification is considered as a binary classification problem: whether the text belongs to a particular author or not. AdaBoost and a neural network with an LSTM layer are considered as classification algorithms. The experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of rhythm features in verification of particular authors, and superiority of feature types combinations over single feature types on average. The best value for precision, recall, and F-measure for the AdaBoost classifier exceeds 90% when all three types of features are combined.
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Reilly, Brian J. "Invisible Translator, Visible Author: Medieval Authorship Verification Through Modern Translation." Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures 7, no. 1 (2018): 93–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dph.2018.0005.
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Zhun, Wang. "Research to the Overall Design of 4-Axis VMC Based on CAD and NC Mfg Verification." Applied Mechanics and Materials 607 (July 2014): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.607.577.
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The author studied the 4-axis Vertical MC (VMC)，designed and created its general layout feature mode in one CAD platform (the author used Solidworks) with the engineer’s natural thought manner: topdown. The 4-axis VMC’s NC machining simulation is also carried out in one NC mfg verification tool (the author selected Vericut), and the conformability and compatibility are confirmed. The following conclusions can be summarized: the modern NC machine tool designer and user can promote their production quality, efficiency, cost reduction goals with the help of the integration between the CAD and NC mfg verification technology.
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Khan, Majid A., Nazeeruddin Mohammad, Ghassen Ben Brahim, Abul Bashar, and Ghazanfar Latif. "Writer verification of partially damaged handwritten Arabic documents based on individual character shapes." PeerJ Computer Science 8 (April 20, 2022): e955. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.955.
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Author verification of handwritten text is required in several application domains and has drawn a lot of attention within the research community due to its importance. Though, several approaches have been proposed for the text-independent writer verification of handwritten text, none of these have addressed the problem domain where author verification is sought based on partially-damaged handwritten documents (e.g., during forensic analysis). In this paper, we propose an approach for offline text-independent writer verification of handwritten Arabic text based on individual character shapes (within the Arabic alphabet). The proposed approach enables writer verification for partially damaged documents where certain handwritten characters can still be extracted from the damaged document. We also provide a mechanism to identify which Arabic characters are more effective during the writer verification process. We have collected a new dataset, Arabic Handwritten Alphabet, Words and Paragraphs Per User (AHAWP), for this purpose in a classroom setting with 82 different users. The dataset consists of 53,199 user-written isolated Arabic characters, 8,144 Arabic words, 10,780 characters extracted from these words. Convolutional neural network (CNN) based models are developed for verification of writers based on individual characters with an accuracy of 94% for isolated character shapes and 90% for extracted character shapes. Our proposed approach provided up to 95% writer verification accuracy for partially damaged documents.
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Nemoto, Hiroshi, Shuya Hirano, Shin-Ichiro Hashimoto, and Shigeyuki Date. "Experimental Verification of Chemical Admixture to Reduce Stiffness of Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 853 (July 2020): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.853.198.
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In this paper, the phenomenon in which the fluidity drops significantly once the concrete, which is a problem in the construction work, is called “stiffness”, and the hypothesis of the occurrence mechanism was hypothesized based on a microscopic image of cement paste. Then, author developed a chemical admixture (stiffness reducing agent) that suppresses the aggregation of cement particles and verified the effect through various tests. In the verification test, author tried to quantify the stiffness of concrete by a simple test called the vane shear test. Also, through various construction performance tests, author confirmed the possibility of stiffness affecting the construction work.
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Andrejková, Gabriela, and Abdulwahed Almarimi. "Dissimilarities Detections in Texts Using Symbol n-grams and Word Histograms." Open Computer Science 6, no. 1 (November 2, 2016): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/comp-2016-0014.
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AbstractTexts (books, novels, papers, short messages) are sequences of sentences, words or symbols. Each author has an unique writing style. It can be characterized by some collection of attributes obtained from texts. The text verification is the case of an authorship verification where we have some text and we analyze if all parts of this textwere written by the same (unknown or known) author. In this paper, there are analyzed and compared results of two developed methods for a text verification based on ngrams of symbols and on local histograms of words. The results of a symbol n-gram method and a method of word histograms for a dissimilarities searching in text parts of each text are analyzed and evaluated. The searched dissimilarities call for an attention to the text (or not) if the text parts were written by the same author or not. The attention depends on selected parameters prepared in experiments. Results illustrate usability of the methods to dissimilarities searching in text parts.
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Cherepanov, Maksim Mukhtarzhanovich. "On the question of extradition verification conducted by the prosecutors of territorial and specialized prosecutor's offices of the lower echelon of the prosecutorial system of the Russian Federation, and on certain flaws of the snap poll of a person on the international wanted list." Международное право, no. 3 (March 2021): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2644-5514.2021.3.36132.
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The subject of this research is the materials of prosecutorial and judicial practice, as well as the norms of the current legislation of the Russian Federation, including international treaties of the Russian Federation. The object of this research is the extradition verification as the established by legislation legal means of the prosecutor aimed at detecting violations of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and laws effective in the territory of the Russian Federation, including international treaties of the Russian Federation and generally accepted principles of international law, human and civil rights and freedoms, factors and conditions that contribute to such violations, and responsible parties in the context of resolving the question of extradition of foreign citizens and stateless persons from the Russian Federation or establishing the absence of indicated violations. Special attention is given to the concept, peculiarities, structure and content of extradition prosecutorial verification. The author supports the opinion of some scholars on the need to adopt foreign experience (namely of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Ukraine), as well as specify in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation the normative definition of the term “extradition check verification” and particular procedural actions of the prosecutor that constitute such verifications. The conclusion is made that the snap poll procedure for the detainee should be considered the initial (organizational and preparatory) stage of the extradition verification; there are gaps in normative regulation of the snap poll procedure, which may cause difficulties in practice of the prosecutors of the lower echelon of prosecutorial system of the Russian Federation, who are entrusted to take part in international cooperation. The author underlines the need for mandatory correction of all the flaws, and offers the original perspective on their elimination.
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Bevendorff, Janek, Tobias Wenzel, Martin Potthast, Matthias Hagen, and Benno Stein. "On divergence-based author obfuscation: An attack on the state of the art in statistical authorship verification." it - Information Technology 62, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/itit-2019-0046.
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AbstractAuthorship verification is the task of determining whether two texts were written by the same author based on a writing style analysis. Author obfuscation is the adversarial task of preventing a successful verification by altering a text’s style so that it does not resemble that of its original author anymore. This paper introduces new algorithms for both tasks and reports on a comprehensive evaluation to ascertain the merits of the state of the art in authorship verification to withstand obfuscation.After introducing a new generalization of the well-known unmasking algorithm for short texts, thus completing our collection of state-of-the-art algorithms for verification, we introduce an approach that (1) models writing style difference as the Jensen-Shannon distance between the character n-gram distributions of texts, and (2) manipulates an author’s writing style in a sophisticated manner using heuristic search. For obfuscation, we explore the huge space of textual variants in order to find a paraphrased version of the to-be-obfuscated text that has a sufficiently high Jensen-Shannon distance at minimal costs in terms of text quality loss. We analyze, quantify, and illustrate the rationale of this approach, define paraphrasing operators, derive text length-invariant thresholds for termination, and develop an effective obfuscation framework. Our authorship obfuscation approach defeats the presented state-of-the-art verification approaches, while keeping text changes at a minimum. As a final contribution, we discuss and experimentally evaluate a reverse obfuscation attack against our obfuscation approach as well as possible remedies.
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Sharmila D , A. V. Pra.bu, N. Selvaganesh,. "AUTHORSHIP VERIFICATION USING MODIFIED PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 4262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1492.
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Digital forensics is the study of recovery and investigation of the materials found in digital devices, mainly in computers. Forensic authorship analysis is a branch of digital forensics. It includes tasks such as authorship attribution, authorship verification, and author profiling. In Authorship verification, with a given a set of sample documents D written by an author A and an unknown document d, the task is to find whether document d is written by A or not. Authorship verification has been previously done using genetic algorithms, SVM classifiers, etc. The existing system creates an ensemble model by combining the features based on the similarity scores, and the parameter optimization was done using a grid search. The accuracy of verification using the grid search method is 62.14%. The time complexity is high as the system tries all possible combinations of the features during the ensemble model's construction. In the proposed work, Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) is used to construct the classification model in the training phase, instead of the ensemble model. In addition to the combination of linguistic and character features, Average Sentence Length is used to improve the verification task accuracy. The accuracy of verification has been improved to 63.38%.
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Volkov, Dmitrii. "Modern substantial approach to the problem of identity of personality." Философия и культура, no. 1 (January 2017): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0757.2017.1.21669.
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The object of the research of this article is the modern philosophical discourse on the problem of identity of personality. The subject of the study is the substantial approach of R. Swinburne and his place in this discourse. The author analyzes R. Swinburne's approach and, in particular, its main advantages – the ability to solve the problem of personality reduplication. However, as the author of the article shows, the substantive approach itself is not devoid of vulnerabilities. First of all, he is vulnerable to criticism using the verification principle. Swinburne believes that his approach is not consistent only with a strong version of the verification principle. However, as the author of this article shows, even a weak version of the verification principle is a problem for Swinburne's substantive approach. The author presents his own alternative to the substantial approach for overcoming the reduplication argument and interpreting hypothetical situations associated with it. Such an alternative is the perdurant theory of personality. The article presents a study in the field of the history of modern analytical philosophy. Therefore, the key research method used is historical and philosophical. In particular, the study used a textual analysis of the works of philosophers, first of all, R. Swinburne, according to several sources, a reconstruction of his views was carried out. The article also uses the method of comparative analysis, in particular, a comparison of empiricist approaches and a substantive approach to the problem of identity of personality is made. The article is devoted to the substantial concept of identity of R. Swinburne's personality. Despite the fact that this concept represents an important alternative to solving the problem of identity, it has not been studied much, especially in the Russian history of philosophy. The novelty of the article also lies in a detailed analysis of the verification counterargument in relation to the substantive approach. The author of the article also presents his own alternative to the substantial approach, which allows overcoming the indicated difficulties. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that the substantial approach only partially solves the problem of asynchronous identity of personality, and is most vulnerable to criticism with the help of the verification argument.
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Żółtowski, Bogdan, Petra Dančová, and Jan Novosád. "Vibration measures in the diagnostics of technical systems." MATEC Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818202021.
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In the article author identifies a possible bone of mutual vibration energy measuring application used in the study of standard rail, as part of a dedicated research methodology and detailed methodologies developed in many previous author studies. Theoretical analysis and practical verification of susceptibility testing measurement information complex vibration processes indicates a possibility for their use. Recognizing the need to improve methods of machines and structures testing to assess their degradation state - this work presents important results of the research in the verification field of the proposed measures effectiveness of mutual research bench.
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Stepanenko, Diana. "Modeling in the Process of Verifying a Suspects and a Defendants Alibis." Siberian Criminal Process and Criminalistic Readings, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6122.2021.4.87-94.
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The author examines the use of modeling in the verification of a suspect’s and a defendant’s alibis. In the conditions of digitization, there are wide prospects for the use of such a method. Alibi verification can be viewed as a special case of the criminalistic reconstruction of the event of the crime, and the modeling method is morphologically included in the process of reconstructing the investigated event or its part. Flowcharts are designed with the use of the working systems of alibi verification proposed by the author, they reflect forensically relevant features of the investigated object that should be selected from the flow of information as information blocks and properly organized. Information blocks are interconnected and correlate with each other. The more content each block contains, the more accurate the result produced by the constructed model will be. The author concludes that modeling should result in building an adequate model of an episode of the criminal event under investigation that will reflect data on the “history” of the alibi and will make it possible to predict its variants.
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Manakhova, Alla Mikhajlovna, and Nadezhda Stanislavovna Lagutina. "Analysis of the Impact of the Stylometric Characteristics of Different Levels for the Verification of Authors of the Prose." Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems 28, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 260–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1818-1015-2021-3-260-279.
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This article is dedicated to the analysis of various stylometric characteristics combinations of different levels for the quality of verification of authorship of Russian, English and French prose texts. The research was carried out for both low-level stylometric characteristics based on words and symbols and higher-level structural characteristics.All stylometric characteristics were calculated automatically with the help of the ProseRhythmDetector program. This approach gave a possibility to analyze the works of a large volume and of many writers at the same time. During the work, vectors of stylometric characteristics of the level of symbols, words and structure were compared to each text. During the experiments, the sets of parameters of these three levels were combined with each other in all possible ways. The resulting vectors of stylometric characteristics were applied to the input of various classifiers to perform verification and identify the most appropriate classifier for solving the problem. The best results were obtained with the help of the AdaBoost classifier. The average F-score for all languages turned out to be more than 92 %. Detailed assessments of the quality of verification are given and analyzed for each author. Use of high-level stylometric characteristics, in particular, frequency of using N-grams of POS tags, offers the prospect of a more detailed analysis of the style of one or another author. The results of the experiments show that when the characteristics of the structure level are combined with the characteristics of the level of words and / or symbols, the most accurate results of verification of authorship for literary texts in Russian, English and French are obtained. Additionally, the authors were able to conclude about a different degree of impact of stylometric characteristics for the quality of verification of authorship for different languages.
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Buhriy, O. V. "IMPROVEMENT OF VERIFICATION AND EVALUATION STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE." Educational Dimension 1 (May 19, 2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/educdim.5008.
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To increase the guality of pupils' knowledge we must improve the control and appraisal of learning this knowledge. The article deals with the guestions of content o f control and the criterias of appraisement as well as the problems o f the main point o f control and appraisal, the accounting of results, the standard of knowledge. Creative using ofacguired knowledge are stressed by the author.
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Mikhailova, Elena, Polina Diurdeva, and Dmitry Shalymov. "N-Gram Based Approach for Text Authorship Classification." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 8, no. 2 (July 2017): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijertcs.2017070102.
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Automated authorship attribution is actual to identify the author of an anonymous texts, or texts whose authorship is in doubt. It can be used in various applications including author verification, plagiarism detection, computer forensics and others. In this article, the authors analyze an approach based on frequency combination of letters is investigated for solving such a task as classification of documents by authorship. This technique could be used to identify the author of a computer program from a predefined set of possible authors. The effectiveness of this approach is significantly determined by the choice of metric. The research examines and compares four different distance measures between a text of unknown authorship and an authors' profile: L1 measure, Kullback-Leibler divergence, base metric of Common N-gram method (CNG) and a certain variation of dissimilarity measure of CNG method. Comparison outlines cases when some metric outperforms others with a specific parameter combination. Experiments are conducted on different Russian and English corpora.
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Dossis, M. "High-level Synthesis Integrated Verification." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 5, no. 5 (October 4, 2015): 864–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.596.
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It is widely known in the engineering community that more than 60% of the IC design project time is spent on verification. For the very complex contemporary chips, this may prove prohibitive for the IC to arrive at the correct time in the market and therefore, valuable sales share may be lost by the developing industry. This problem is deteriorated by the fact that most of conventional verification flows are highly repetitive and a great proportion of the project time is spent on last-moment simulations. In this paper we present an integrated approach to rapid, high-level verification, exploiting the advantages of a formal High-level Synthesis tool, developed by the author. Verification in this work is supported at 3 levels: high-level program code, RTL simulation and rapid, generated C testbench execution. This paper is supported by strong experimental work with 3-4 popular design synthesis and verification that proves the principles of our methodology.
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Klinger, Volkhard. "SMoBAICS." International Journal of Privacy and Health Information Management 5, no. 2 (July 2017): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijphim.2017070103.
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Simulation and modelling are powerful methods in computer aided therapy, rehabilitation monitoring, identification and control. The smart modular biosignal acquisition and identification system (SMoBAICS) provides methods and techniques to acquire electromyogram (EMG)- and electroneurogram (ENG)-based data for the evaluation and identification of biosignals. In this paper the author focuses on the development, integration and verification of platform technologies which support this entire data processing. Simulation and verification approaches are integrated to evaluate causal relationships between physiological and bioinformatical processes. Based on this we are stepping up of efforts to develop substitute methods and computer-aided simulation models with the objective of reducing animal testing. This work continues the former work about system identification and biosignal acquisition and verification systems presented in (Bohlmann et al., 2010), (Klinger and Klauke, 2013), (Klinger, 2014). This paper focuses on the next generation of an embedded data acquisition and identification system and its flexible platform architecture. Different application scenarios are shown to illustrate the system in different application fields. The author presents results of the enhanced closed-loop verification approach and of the signal quality using the Cuff-electrode-based ENG-data acquisition system.
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Cicherska, Anna. "Związek prawa ubezpieczeń społecznych z prawem cywilnym w świetle orzecznictwa sądowego – wybrane zagadnienia." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 16, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1199.
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This study presents interrelations between social insurance law and civil law. The author describes the nature of social insurance law regulations and their influence on possible invocations of the civil law provisions with regard to cases based on social insurance law. Then, the scope of application of civil law in proceedings before a disability pension authority is presented. The author describes in particular invocation of the civil law provisions in connection with the need to verify accuracy and diligence in execution of social insurance obligations by premium payers. Based on examples selected by the author, the issues of examination of validity of concluded contracts (civil law contracts or employment contracts) and individual contractual stipulations aimed at verification of the moment of inception of entitlement to social insurance or accuracy of verification of premium assessment basis are presented.
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Lv, Qian, and Li Gong Cui. "FPGA Verification for the OR1200 Subsystem in AVS-SoC." Advanced Materials Research 651 (January 2013): 807–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.651.807.
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This paper adopts a completely open-source OR1200 to development the CPU subsystem in AVS-SoC video decoder. Through the reasonable optimization and configuration for the core and its peripherals, it greatly enhanced the AVS chip’s reusability and integration level. At first, the author successfully completed the simulation in RTL-level. And then for the OR1200 can be better used in AVS video decoder chip, designers set up a verification platform for OR1200 subsystem on FPGA board. The author elaborated on the process of software design and hardware transplant from ASIC to FPGA, and then verified and optimized the performance for this CPU subsystem. Setting up AVS decoding system on FPGA, the project can software/hardware co-verify the video decoder, which will greatly accelerate the SoC chip’s development. Through the verification on FPGA board, testing for OR1200-based system has achieved the desired results.
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Namba, Noriaki. "Logical verification of Einstein’s “light clock” thought experiment." Physics Essays 34, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-34.3.369.
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Numerous paradoxes have been noted with regard to Einstein’s special theory of relativity (STR) [A. Einstein, Ann. Phys. 322, 891 (1905)]. This is because the logical consistency of the two guiding principles he adopts has not been fully verified. Here, the author discusses Einstein’s “light clock” thought experiment based on the two guiding principles of STR. Following those principles would lead to a logical breakdown in the STR.
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Никитин, Сергей, and Sergey Nikitin. "Indirect Judicial Normative Control: Notion and Issues of Realization." Journal of Russian Law 2, no. 1 (December 12, 2013): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1820.
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The author analyses the concept and content of the indirect normative control in civil and arbitral proceedings as a form of judicial control in rule-making. By indirect judicial normative control the author means supervisory activity of general jurisdiction courts and arbitration courts aimed at verification of legality (eligibility) of legal commands subject to be applied during proceedings and adjudications in a specific legal file initiated unrelated to the verification of this legal command. The author notes lack of completeness and uniformity in legal regulation of indirect judicial normative control issues. The author analyses the attitude of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the problem of enforcement of general jurisdiction courts’ right to verify in specific cases federal laws and other laws and regulations, and direct applicability of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The author offers for consideration measures, allowing the creation of necessary conditions for barring the action of legal commands, invalidated by a court during carrying out the indirect normative control and for their subsequent elimination from the Russian statutory and regulatory system.
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Arin, Ikrar Adinata. "Perancangan Sistem Informasi Signature Verification System For Banking." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v4i1.2741.
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Every teller of Bank XYZ Teller needs to verify and validate the customer's signature for withdrawal transactions done at the bank in order to avoid manipulation of original signature of the customer. If the amount of withdrawals money made is very large number (typically for corporate customers), the risk of manipulation becomes higher. Therefore, there is a need to implement a kind of software applications which functions as a tool to verify the signatures of banking customers. The author conducted a Signature Verification System for businees operational of Bank XYZ.
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Bratko, Tatiana Dmitrievna. "Verification of constitutionality of tax breaks: Russian and U.S. approaches." Налоги и налогообложение, no. 3 (March 2020): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-065x.2020.3.32849.
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Ensuring compliance with the generally accepted principles of law, protection of human and civil constitutional right and freedoms are attributed to a number of fundamental problems of the Russian and foreign law. Special place among them belongs to the problem of protection of constitutional rights of tax payers, particularly the contest of constitutionality of tax breaks. The essentially different approaches towards verification of constitutionality of tax breaks have established in the Russian Federation and the United States. Unlike the Supreme Court of the United States, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation refuses to verify the constitutionality of tax breaks based on compliances of the taxpayers, and thus in the author’s opinion, neglects the violation of constitutional norms. The goal of this article consists in examination of the problem of contest of constitutionality of tax breaks by the Russian taxpayers, and finding a possible way for its solution that would ensure compliance with the constitutional requirements in terms of tax incentivization. For achieving the set goal, the author resorts to comparative analysis of the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the United States on the questions of verification of constitutionality of tax breaks. The author believes that the Supreme Court of the United States leans on the presumption of constitutionality of tax breaks, while the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation – on the fiction of constitutionality of tax breaks. The conclusion is made in the need for implementation of the U.S. experience in the Russian Federation due to positive assessment of the developed by the Supreme Court of the United States algorithm of verification of constitutionality of tax breaks and presumption of constitutionality of tax breaks.
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EGOROVA, Irina S. "Other information in the audit: Verification issues." Financial Analytics: Science and Experience 16, no. 2 (May 30, 2023): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fa.16.2.172.
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Subject. This article discusses the issues related to the identification of possible and actual material inconsistencies (distortions) between other information reflected in the annual report of the audited entity and its accounting (financial) statements. Objectives. The article aims to present the author-developed interpretation of this identification. Methods. For the study, I used systems, and functional and structural analyses, as well as special audit procedures. Results. Based on the analysis of the main problems of identifying possible and actual material inconsistencies (distortions) between other information reflected in the annual report of the audited entity and its accounting (financial) statements, the article proposes ways to solve them. Conclusions. International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 720 regulates the need to consider other information during the audit, but the issue of its practical implementation is still poorly worked out.
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Nauryzbek, M. D. "Declaration system in the civil service: experience of Kazakhstan and the UK." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2020-1-3-263-269.
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The article examines and compares the declaration systems in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the United Kingdom, since the declaration institute is one of the most effective tools for preventing conflicts of interest. In particular, the study examines the aspects of disclosure and verification of data in the declaration system of two countries. The functioning of an effective state apparatus requires strong consistency with the principle of transparency and accountability. In this situation, public officials, disciplining their behavior, are aware of responsibility for their actions. To ensure the disclosure of reliable and complete declared information, it is necessary to use a verification system. Verification is also one of the most important components in the process of forming an effective system for declaring income and assets, liabilities and interests. It is a tool that allows to prevent and identify conflicts of interest, which often lead to the commission of the corruption violations. This article uses the method of comparative analysis, since comparative analysis allows to determine the fundamental values, and accordingly, to offer the most appropriate solutions to the problems. In the first part of the analysis, the author explores the Kazakhstani declaration system, in particular, the concept of declaration is given, the regulatory provisions on disclosure and verification of declared information are analyzed. Next, in contrast, the system of Great Britain is examined, on the same basic aspects. This approach allowed us to identify the pain points in the Kazakhstani system and made it possible to apply the positive experience of the UK. The study provides an information base for both the civil servants and the non-governmental sector and the population. As a result of the research, the author offers a number of recommendations on the VAP principle developed by the author, based on the experience of the UK, to improve the declaration system in Kazakhstan.
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Fu, Yong Jie, and Xing Bo Hou. "Design of the Time Interval Generator Automatic Verification and Management System." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1099.
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This paper is aimed at the matter that verification method of time interval generator is still manual test, low efficiency, heavy workload, and for mechanical stopwatch calibrator can not be test because of lack of a machine / electrical converter. The author developed a machine/electrical switch, and programmed the automatic verification and management software using VB language, which realized the automatic verification and information management for various types of time interval generator. The machine/electrical switch is tested by NIM, the result show that the main indexes meet the design requirements. By practical application, the system has been working condition, which can be used as standard equipment of time and frequency parameter.
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Lydiard, T. J. "Overview of current practice and research initiatives for the verification and validation of KBS." Knowledge Engineering Review 7, no. 2 (June 1992): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900006238.
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AbstractBased on a survey of recent literature, this report aims to highlight the issues associated with the verification and validation of knowledge based systems. The confusion arising from the lack of clear terminology is considered, along with some of the characteristics of knowledge based systems that cause particular difficulties for verification and validation. The various approaches that can be adopted to address these difficulties are discussed, followed by a survey of recent research initiatives.The author concludes that many of the difficulties associated with the verification and validation of knowledge based systems are a feature of the complexity of the system being built and the manner of its development rather than of the specific technology chosen to implement it.
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Dementyeva, Anisya Aleksandrovna. "Relevant issues of conducting verification of reports on illegal banking operations." Юридические исследования, no. 10 (October 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2021.10.36539.
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This article is dedicated to the issues of conducting audit pursuant to the Article 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation on report of crimes established by the Article 172 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Methodological framework for this research consists of dialectical, logical, and formal-legal methods; the normative framework is comprised of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, criminal and criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation, local normative acts that regulate the conduct of audit initiating at the stage of initiating a criminal case. Major attention is turned to the theoretical and applied issues associated with the initiation of criminal cases stipulated by the Article 172 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Analysis is conducted on the peculiarities of seizure of objects and documents on this category of crime; as well as on the goals, tasks, methods of seizure, and admissible procedural actions. The author examines the questions of admissibility of evidence received at the state of opening a criminal case, their role in subsequent stages of criminal proceedings. Assessment is given to the existing theoretical and practical views on the possibility of instituting a search and seizure prior to opening a criminal case. The author analyzes case law on the topic, and concludes on the need for further amendments. The importance of observing the rights and legitimate interests of individuals and companies in the course of pre-trial proceedings pertinent to the reports of illegal banking operations is substantiated. The author also indicates that arbitrary interference of law enforcement agencies in legitimate business activity is unacceptable.
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Borodina, M. A., V. V. Nikiforov, M. V. Medvedev, K. V. Mashkova, G. N. Suvorov, and S. S. Zenin. "The Problem of Gender Verification in Sport: Legal, Medical and Ethical Aspects." Lex Russica, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.151.6.053-060.
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Equal opportunities for women to participate in sports, including women originally considered male, are accompanied with a debate on the need for gender verification for fear of participation in women’s competitions of female athletes with genetic characteristics more typical of men, which, in some experts’ opinions, gives them unfounded starting advantages. Thus, it is necessary to consider legal, medical and ethical aspects of gender verification in high performance sports. The article analyzes the main alterations developed by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) Rules for selection of sportswomen with violations of gender formation for participation in competitions. Given the position of the Special Rapporteur of the UN Human Rights Council, the author considers the issue concerning the compliance of these changes with international principles and norms in the field of human rights protection with due regard to non — discrimination, respect for honor, dignity and integrity of the person. It is concluded that there is considerable uncertainty about admissibility of the use of testosterone level as a universal criterion for gender verification, as well as the availability of direct cause-effect relationship between the corresponding hormonal characteristics and the sports results achieved. The author draws attention to the ethical element of gender verification in sport related to the methods offered by IAAF to assess the sufficient level of femininity and the requirement of its adjustment to artificially determined indicators, even when the principle of confidentiality is declared.
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Kao, Hsin-Hsiung, and Che-Yen Wen. "An Offline Signature Verification and Forgery Detection Method Based on a Single Known Sample and an Explainable Deep Learning Approach." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 27, 2020): 3716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113716.
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Signature verification is one of the biometric techniques frequently used for personal identification. In many commercial scenarios, such as bank check payment, the signature verification process is based on human examination of a single known sample. Although there is extensive research on automatic signature verification, yet few attempts have been made to perform the verification based on a single reference sample. In this paper, we propose an off-line handwritten signature verification method based on an explainable deep learning method (deep convolutional neural network, DCNN) and unique local feature extraction approach. We use the open-source dataset, Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR) 2011 SigComp, to train our system and verify a questioned signature as genuine or a forgery. All samples used in our testing process are collected from a new author whose signatures are not present in the training or other stages. From the experimental results, we get the accuracy between 94.37% and 99.96%, false rejection rate (FRR) between 5.88% and 0%, false acceptance rate (FAR) between 0.22% and 5.34% in our testing dataset.
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Mirică, Ştefan. "Verification Theorems for Optimal Feedback Strategies in Differential Games." International Game Theory Review 05, no. 02 (June 2003): 167–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198903000878.
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We give complete proofs to the verification theorems announced recently by the author for the "pairs of relatively optimal feedback strategies" of an autonomous differential game. These concepts are considered to describe the possibly optimal solutions of a differential game while the corresponding value functions are used as "instruments" for proving the relative optimality and also as "auxiliary characteristics" of the differential game. The 6 verification theorems in the paper are proved under different regularity assumptions accompanied by suitable differential inequalities verified by the generalized derivatives, mainly of contingent type, of the value function.
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Mulyana, Asep. "ANALISA PENGARUH PAJAK DAERAH DAN RETRIBUSI DAERAH TERHADAP PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH KOTA TANGERANG SELATAN." Jurnal Akuntansi, Bisnis dan Ekonomi 4, no. 2 (September 24, 2018): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33197/jabe.vol4.iss2.2018.187.
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This research method using descriptive and verification method. The descriptive method aims to test a fairly clear picture of the object under study and draw conclusions based on research conducted. While research method verification aims to estimate (estimate) and hypothesis testing (testing hypothesis). In testing the hypothesis author using the t-test for the hypothesis of partial and simultaneous F test for the hypothesis. While statistical tools such as regression, correlation, and a determination made through SPSS for Windows 20.0, by first doing a classic assumption test including normality test, autocorrelation, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity.
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Terekhova, N. V. "Etymological Analysis Model of the Chinese Hieroglyph: an Experiment." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-1-270-284.
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The paper presents a gradual model of etymological analysis of the Chinese hieroglyph. The research was based on the game approach logic expressed in the combination of Russian and Chinese linguistic analysis of Chinese characters. The established rules include verification of the graphic paradigm according to the stages of Chinese writing development. In addition, the rules involve grammatological, structural, semantic, and ideosemantic analyses. Individual research strategy included selection of linguistic, historical, and cultural sources for verification of the graphic-semantic characteristics of the Chinese character. The author applied a combination and sequence of research approaches and introduced an authentic analysis terminology. The authentic terminology was supported by analogies from Russian linguistics, as well as by the experience of etymologization of the character in Chinese philological science. The paper features a model of etymological analysis of the Chinese character. It consists of several stages/types of etymological reconstructions: formal-graphic,grammatical or structural, and semantic (including ideosemantic).The created etymological model was tested on the example of etymologization of the Chinese hieroglyph "cart" 車 che / ju. Its paradigm was verified according to its graphic variants, which belonged to the early stages of ancient Chinese writing, namely jinwen, jiaguwen, and zhuanti. The author determined the graphic-semantic core of the character. Its graphic sensemaking form was systematically analyzed on the basis of verification of its graphic and semantic characteristics. Finally, the author conducted a semantic and ideosemantic analysis of the character, which included historical and archeological data on Chinese material culture. As a result, the study helped to define the etymological meaning of the character.
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Honc, Daniel, and Eleonora Riva Sanseverino. "Magnetic Levitation – Modelling, Identification and Open Loop Verification." TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 8, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/tee.2019.1.013.
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<p>The paper describes a procedure using the first principle modelling and experimental identification of the Magnetic Levitation Model CE 152. It is a modified version of the paper [1]. The difference is that the identification and verification is done in open loop and constraints logic is added in the current paper. The author optimized and simplified dynamic model to a minimum to what is needed to characterize given system for the simulation and control design purposes. Only few open-loop experiments are needed to estimate the unknown parameters. Model quality is verified in open loop where the real and simulated data are compared. The model can serve as a simulation model for some standard control algorithms or as a process model for advanced control method design.</p>
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Szreder, Mirosław. "Statistical significance in the era of big data." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 64, no. 11 (November 28, 2019): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7583.
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The development of new technologies has affected both the procedures of traditional statistical surveys and the perception of their results in the light of other availa-ble sources of information. In this connection, the roleof the verification of statistical hypotheses and of the interpretation and presentation of its results, including the use of statistical significance and p-value, has recently returned as a frequent topic for discussion among the scientific community. The author was inspired to write this paper by a wave of discussion regarding this matter held at the beginning of 2019 in the Natureand The American Statistician journals. The aim of the paper is to present the opportunities provided and challenges posedby the use of big data to the hypothesis verification process and to statistical inference, both in the traditional and Bayesian approaches. The author explains the necessity of discontinuing adopting excessivesimplifications while performing statisticalinference and pre-senting the results of the verification of hypotheses. This involves both the postulate to pay greater attention tothe quality of sampling data, especially in the case of data originating from big data sets, as well as the postulate to providefull information about the statistical model on the basis of which the inference is being performed.
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PASKO, IHOR. "THE REFLECTION ON THE CONCEPT OF UNIVERSALS AND ITS SOCIAL-HISTORICAL VERIFICATION." Skhid, no. 1(2) (July 1, 2021): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2021.1(2).227385.
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In this article, the author reviews the concept of singular and general. The analysis focus on the problem of universals during social-historical transformation. The author illustrates the manifestation of universals as a category during the Antiquity and the Modern era. The author argues that the shift in perception of Natural law, making an individual the central unit of analysis, happened during the Modernity. This shift leads to the creation of the concept of the social contract and the development of the idea that the will of individuals within a given society has to be the state's law. Therefore, a historical paradox occurred, where private property and laissez-faire economic doctrine simultaneously became the causes for development and a foundation for objection to the conceptional-nominalist paradigm. The consecutive historical development was connected with mass attempts of different social groups to implement individual freedom, anti-etatism, rationalism. This led to shaping the social paradigm of modernity as well as to moderate conservative way of thinking and recognizing the practical falsity of extreme forms realism and nominalism. This influence of various social groups resulted in the establishment of moderate conservatism in the contemporary social paradigm and the invalidation of radical realism and nominalism. This fact is confirmed by the dominance of liberal-conservative consensus in Modern Europe. Synthesizing the different approaches to the historical experience of formation and evolution of realism and nominalism, it also explores the role and significance theoretical reflection on Universals in the process of social reconstruction.
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Makolkin, Nikita Nikolayevich. "Some approaches to the legal interpretation of the terms "verification" and "authentication"." Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-B (December 24, 2020): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-b612p.179-183.
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In this article, the author attempts to formulate the problem of the absence of a clear regulatory fixation of the terms "verification" and "authentication" in the legal field of the Russian Federation. In order to overcome the existing uncertainty, the study proposes a scientifically based approach to the interpretation of the above evidence, based both on the linguistic features of these terms and on their interpretation by foreign lawyers, their commonly used meanings. In the course of this study, the authors have found that there is a gap in the legislation, which leaves unresolved issues of verification and authentication, as well as online accessibility of justice, which, given the existing realities, allows talking about some belated responses of the judicial system to the current challenges of our time, which in particular showed the spread of a new type of coronavirus infection COVID-19. At the same time, it is emphasized that the formation of non-standard situations is a kind of trigger and catalyst for the accelerated intensive development.
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Makolkin, Nikita Nikolayevich. "Some approaches to the legal interpretation of the terms "verification" and "authentication"." Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-B (December 24, 2020): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-b612p.185-189.
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In this article, the author attempts to formulate the problem of the absence of a clear regulatory fixation of the terms "verification" and "authentication" in the legal field of the Russian Federation. In order to overcome the existing uncertainty, the study proposes a scientifically based approach to the interpretation of the above evidence, based both on the linguistic features of these terms and on their interpretation by foreign lawyers, their commonly used meanings. In the course of this study, the authors have found that there is a gap in the legislation, which leaves unresolved issues of verification and authentication, as well as online accessibility of justice, which, given the existing realities, allows talking about some belated responses of the judicial system to the current challenges of our time, which in particular showed the spread of a new type of coronavirus infection COVID-19. At the same time, it is emphasized that the formation of non-standard situations is a kind of trigger and catalyst for the accelerated intensive development.