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Journal articles on the topic 'Austrian literature – 20th century'
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1
Kachorovskaya, A. E. "On the Reception of the Myth of Prometheus in Austrian Literature of 19th-20th Centuries." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-3-221-235.
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This article focuses its attention on the motive of resistance characteristic of Austrian literature of the 19th - 20th centuries, which is considered from the point of view of the historical and literary relationship with the myth of Prometheus. The history of the issue is reviewed. A selective analysis of the versions of the Promethean myth in the Austrian historical and literary context of the 19th-20th centuries, which is part of the pan-European literary and philosophical heritage, is given. The stylistic and genre originality of Austrian interpretations of the myth of Prometheus is proved on the basis of a study of a number of works. The artistic reception of the image of Prometheus in the poem by Z. Lipiner "Liberated Prometheus", little studied in Russian literary criticism is considered in the article. Attention is paid to the version of the Promethean myth in the literature of Austrian Art Nouveau (on the example of F. Kafka's little prose). The issue of conflicting trends in the development of Austrian literature of the 20th century, affecting the interaction of the motive of resistance with the Promethean myth, is investigated by the example of M. Gruber's essay. The correlation of the Austrian versions of the motive of resistance with the myth of Prometheus is proved. The results of the study confirm the significance of the Promethean myth in the Austrian reception of the 19th-20th centuries, which has more pronounced features of drama and theatricality in relation to the European context.
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Puff, Roman. "Scientists of the State, Science of the State, and the State: Austrian and German Public Lawyers in the Short 20th Century Part 1: The Age of Catastrophe, 1914-1945." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10076-012-0013-z.
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ABSTRACT Between the First World War and the end of the Cold War, Germany and Austria, whose legal cultures were highly interdependent in terms of persons, conceptions, and institutions, saw eleven or twelve fundamentally different regimes, depending on the interpretation of Austria’s status from 1938-45. Lawyers often ensured the legal functioning of these regimes and legitimized their existence. This again affected their notions of law, legality, and justice, and of the principles underlying these concepts, as well as their personal preferences and societal roles. Based on the analysis of about two hundred biographical sketches of Austrian and German lawyers, mostly from the field of public (international) law, of about 2,500 contributions to the leading “(Österreichische) Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht” from 1914 to 1945, and of the respective legal history-literature, this contribution analyzes the relation of Austrian and German lawyers to their respective states and regimes, and outlines the typical patterns of how they were affected by regime changes and how they reacted to them. Proceeding from this analysis, in the second part of this study, the relation between lawyers and the state until the end of the cold war will be illustrated and it will be shown that some typical patterns in the lawyers’ reaction to regime changes can be identified. Also the impact the state-lawyers-relation had on the development of Austria and Germany to stable, functioning democracies will be outlined.
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Betz, Dorothy M. "Australian Divagations: Mallarme & the 20th Century (review)." Nineteenth Century French Studies 32, no. 3 (2004): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ncf.2004.0004.
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Grubišić Pulišelić, Eldi. "WITCHES AND UNACCOMPLISHED MOTHERS: FEMALE OUTCASTS IN MELA HARTWIG’S THE WITCH." Folia linguistica et litteraria XII, no. 34 (April 2021): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.34.2021.3.
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This paper deals with the construction of outcast identity in the novella The Witch (Die Hexe), which is one of the most radical literary works of the Austrian writer Mela Hartwig (1893-1967). The main character Rune is considered an outcast from birth, so her marginalized role in the intolerant and exclusionary society defines her character within her fundamentally tragic existence leading to her violent death. Her outcast position has two layers: one is societal, characterized by her belonging to the lowest societal class, whereas the second layer is gender-related, marked by female identity as the symbol of “otherness”. The crime of the main (anti)heroine, i.e. the witch, is reflected in her distinctiveness, in the deviation from the socially acceptable behavior. Hartwig depicts the world of violence, suffering and destruction and warns about the difficult position of outcasts. Even though the novella is set in the 17th century, the misogynistic and racist theories she critically discusses here are reminiscent of the Austrian society at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Kovtun, Natalya, and Maria Larina. "Rethinking of the Legacy of the Second World War in Austrian Literature of the End of the 20th Century." Humanitarian Vector 15, no. 1 (February 2020): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2020-15-1-49-59.
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Cardoso, Eduardo Wright. "From Art as a Science to the Death of Poetry." Aletria: Revista de Estudos de Literatura 30, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2317-2096.2020.22090.
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This article reflects on the contacts and dialogues between literature and scientific thought in the works of Austrian writer Hermann Broch in the first half of the 20th century. His first novel, The Sleepwalkers [Die Schlafwandler] (1931-1932), points to certain interpretations, allusions and similarities in connection with thinkers such as Max Weber, Walter Benjamin and Hannah Arendt, which suggest the incorporation of literature to scientific and philosophical knowledge. Conversely, in his last fiction work, The Death of Virgil [Der Tod des Vergil] (1945), Broch seems to question and even to doubt the importance of literature as a way of reflecting on contemporary life. While prioritizing Broch’s early works, this article follows his trajectory as he incorporates philosophical, scientific, and religious considerations to fiction, while reflecting on the times in which he lived.
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Cardoso, Eduardo Wright. "From Art as a Science to the Death of Poetry." Aletria: Revista de Estudos de Literatura 30, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2317-2096.2020.22090.
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This article reflects on the contacts and dialogues between literature and scientific thought in the works of Austrian writer Hermann Broch in the first half of the 20th century. His first novel, The Sleepwalkers [Die Schlafwandler] (1931-1932), points to certain interpretations, allusions and similarities in connection with thinkers such as Max Weber, Walter Benjamin and Hannah Arendt, which suggest the incorporation of literature to scientific and philosophical knowledge. Conversely, in his last fiction work, The Death of Virgil [Der Tod des Vergil] (1945), Broch seems to question and even to doubt the importance of literature as a way of reflecting on contemporary life. While prioritizing Broch’s early works, this article follows his trajectory as he incorporates philosophical, scientific, and religious considerations to fiction, while reflecting on the times in which he lived.
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Głuszkowski, Piotr. "Recepcja twórczości literackiej Maksyma Gorkiego w Polsce." Studia Rossica Gedanensia, no. 6 (December 28, 2019): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/srg.2019.6.06.
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The paper explores the reception of Maxim Gorky’s literary works in Poland in 1900– 2018. At the beginning of the 20th century Gorky was among the most-translated Russian authors. Translations of his works were published in the former Polish territories under all partitions (Russian, Prussian and Austrian). In the years 1918–1939/1945, despite anti-Soviet attitudes of a significant part of Polish society, Gorky was still very popular. In the times of the Polish People’s Republic (1945–1989), the writer was characterized by the historians of Russian literature as a classic Soviet writer and the founder of the Socialist Realism. Polish scholars usually repeated views of their Soviet colleagues. Recently Gorky’s works attract attention rather of Polish writers and publicists (Józef Hen, Adam Michnik, Sylwia Frołow, Krzysztof Varga) than of historians of literature.
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Artemova, E. Z. "Cultural Features of the Austrian Writer Peter Rosegger’s Perception in Russia in Late XIX – Early XX Centuries." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 1, 2020 (2020): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2020-1-240-248.
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The article considers the sociocultural characteristics of the perception of the Austrian writer Peter Rosegger in Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The study showed that the now little-known author at the turn of the century experienced a phenomenal rise in popularity in Russia. He was one of the most published German-speaking authors in Russia, the first two decades of the 20th century was the peak of his popularity among popular readers. Rosegger’s work was primarily addressed to in educational series or periodicals for the people and children. The success of his works is based not on their artistic value, but on socio-cultural trends relevant to Russia at that time: the flourishing of mass culture, the journalization of society, the growth of the primary education network and the expansion of the readership of the people, the love of portraying peasant life, and the demand for moral and religious literature. Therefore, Rosegger turned out to be a “national writer” in Russia and was promoted by publishers with educational goals.
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Schoder, Angelika. "A History of Pebbles and Silt – Fluvial Sediment Transport, Hydropower and Technical Expertise at the Austrian Danube and its Tributaries." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 18, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0083.
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Abstract The paper investigates experts’ perceptions of hydropower, sediment regime, and their interaction in the 20th century with an environmental historical approach, based on various case studies at both the Danube River and one of its tributaries, and on a review of contemporary literature authored by engineers. Results show that questions of sediment continuity have engaged planners of hydropower plants since the advent of this technology, and decisions were at any time influenced by multiple interests (navigation, electricity demand, nature conservation). In such an intricate fluvial landscape, phenomena like reservoir sedimentation and riverbed incision can be approached as “legacies” of past technical interventions, which limit the options of current and future river management.
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Sharapenkova, Natalia G. "Moscow by Andrei Bely in the dialogue with Austrian literature of the 20th century (a case study of Gustav Meyrink’s The Golem)." Imagologiya i komparativistika, no. 18 (2022): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/18/7.
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The article identifies typological parallels between Andrei Bely and G. Meyrink based on their similar worldviews: Bely, the ideologist of Russian Symbolism, was an adept of Rudolph Steiner’s anthroposophy; Gustav Meyrink, an outstanding representative of the Prague School, had an intense interest in occultism and mysticism. Both factors - the aesthetic representation of unconsciousness in fiction and the appellation to mystic and occult experience - bring together Bely’s novel Moscow (1926-1932) and Meyrink’s The Golem (1915). The interest to the oeuvre of both writers emerges in the period of breaking the old paradigm, the epoch of methodological impasse, and the search for new heuristic opportunities of text interpretation. The article reveals the common features of oneyropoetics in both novels and the typological proximity of the “characters of the way” (Ivan Korobkin and Athanasius Pernat) in the aspect of life creation (Bely) and in overcoming the “golemic” aspect and creating “Higher Self’ (Meyrink), raising the problem of the ambivalent finals. Architectonically, both novels are a two-layer text for a “mass” reader on the one hand and a special “initiated” reader on the other. The demonic urban spaces of Moscow and Prague take on the shape of a utopian city, undergoing transformed through the character’s mysterial suffering and becoming the final of their way (initiation) to “Higher Self.” The ideological centre of the novels is the concept of personality; namely, awareness and overcoming the “rapture” (“golemic nature”) by the character in Austrian (Prague) novel and responsibility for a scientific discovery and desire to “warm the Universe” by the character of the Russian novel, which results in his search for a spiritual integrity. Dreams as a bright epitomy of linguistic experiment serve for the plot formation in Moscow and accompany the character, the scientist, throughout his entire spiritual way. The Golem has a frame composition where dreaming and identification of the narrator with Pernat, who passed a mysterial way, become his spiritual experience and initiation. The present study is intended to show the opportunities of “comparative poetics”, which allows to correlate the oeuvre of both writers who fit stadially in the Expressionist Aesthetic and in more epochal sense - in the poetics of art modality (Samson Broytman). The author declares no conflicts of interests.
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Kastiņš, Juris Andrejs. "Hanss Magnuss Encensbergers – literāro vinješu meistars." Aktuālās problēmas literatūras un kultūras pētniecībā: rakstu krājums, no. 26/1 (March 1, 2021): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/aplkp.2021.26-1.261.
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The article “Hans Magnus Enzensberger – Master of Literary Vignettes” is dedicated to the latest book of the outstanding German poet and publicist “Masters of Survival: 99 Literary Vignettes of the 20th Century”, published on the occasion of the author’s 90th anniversary. It presents 99 literary portraits in the characteristic style of Enzensberger – from critical attitude to admirable praise. The article first describes the vignette as a special genre of literature (miniature literature), its meaning, and history. Several examples from the history of German and Austrian literature are mentioned: Stefan Zweig, Robert Walser, Franz Kafka, Robert Musil. All objects in Enzensberger’s literary vignettes are “masters of survival” – they are writers and poets between the First and Second World Wars. The article qualifies the critical performance of Marko Martin, Helmut Böttiger, Christian Metz, and Alexander Cammann in evaluating Enzensberger’s work. The style of Enzensberger is also characterised. It surprises the reader by bringing the personal, subjective aspect closer to various intimate facts from the lives of writers and poets. The most significant attention is paid to the representatives of German literature – Gottfried Benn, Gerhart Hauptmann, Johannes R. Becher, and others.
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Dujic, Dejan. "A bonus ec diligens pater familias 20. századi alakulása a német családjogban." DÍKÉ 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/dike.2021.05.01.04.
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The process of women’s emancipation in European legal culture can be divided into three major periods according to their defining issues and objectives. The findings of the following study refer to the period from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day, which is usually identified in the literature as the second wave, and then as the third wave from the 1990s onwards. The turning point between these two stages is the thirty years after 1950, when the social, personal and family legal status of women changed significantly in Europe. The demands of the third wave, the ’modern emancipation movement’, which are still ongoing today, are of a different nature and are primarily sociological rather than legal nature. Although the topic of feminism is popular and has been dealt with in many ways in the Hungarian social science literature too, this study is nevertheless suppletory as I present the German marriage and family law reforms by means of the historical legal analysis, which will be supplemented in later studies by a comparison of Austrian and Hungarian law for the same period.
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Radaeva, E. A. "EXPRESSIONIST WORLDVIEW IN THE CONTEXT OF CULTURE OF THE 1960S. (BASED ON THE WORK OF T. BERNHARD)." Izvestiya of the Samara Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, Humanitarian, Medicobiological Sciences 23, no. 81 (2021): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2413-9645-2021-23-81-89-97.
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In this article, the author examines the features of the expressionist worldview in the context of the culture of the second half of the 20th century, specifically, the 1960s. And in this regard, it is most appropriate to turn first of all to the most prominent representative of the Austrian literature of those years (Austria, Germany - the historical birthplace of expressionism) - Thomas Bernhard. The author comes to the conclusion that despite the epoch-making discoveries of those years and scientific and technological progress, mostly positive changes in the world, there is always a place for a confused consciousness: modern man, in the words of V. Worringer, uttered back in 1909, “about -opposes the image of the universe as lost, as helpless as primitive man. In the bosom of the 1960s, when other creative personalities around the world protest and rebellion have a fairly clear direction, the expressionist supposedly sums up all the world's discontent and gives it out through the "violent register of his feelings" (although often this discontent is caused by facts exclusively of his own biography, childhood traumas), thereby organically fitting into the era. The material of the study was the work of the above-mentioned writer of the early 1960s: the novel "The Cold", the stories "Culterer" and "Preferance".
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Glebova, Natalia M., and Michael Klamer. "Evolution and modernism of church architecture in Vienna." Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 11, no. 2 (2021): 314–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2021-2-314-329.
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The study aims to perform an introductory historical insight into the architecture of the Roman Catholic churches in Vienna to follow the style evolution and form making during the change of epochs, particularly in the 20th century, and to reveal how architects interacted with their customers – churchmen. This article is an introduction to a series of articles revealing and illustrating the diversity of modern architecture in seemingly conservative and canon-bound religious architecture. We carried out field studies and photo fixation of over a hundred historical and modern churches in Vienna and overviewed scientific literature in this field, mainly authored by Austrian architects and art historians. We reviewed the main historical events that affected Vienna and the religious denominations in its territory. They led to significant changes in church architecture in terms of city development plans, architectural composition and form making, design of the exterior and interior, hence a great variety of visual patterns and new architectural identities. It was determined how and why modernism and its movements were reflected in Vienna sacral architecture. The study unveils how the relationship between church, society, art and architecture was built. It can be concluded that the Catholic Church in the modern era responds to social phenomena and, as a customer, considers the opinion of distinguished Austrian architects. As a result, sacred architecture flexibly alters its form to suit social needs.
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Lőkös, István. "A zágrábi Tudományegyetem hungarológiai tanszékének története." Gerundium 9, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29116/gerundium/2018/3/5.
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The author gives an overview on the history of a quarter of a century of the youngest foreign workshop of Hungarian studies, namely, Department of Hungarian Language and Literature of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Zagreb. The education on Hungarian studies started in Zagreb in 1944 and was precedented. At the University of Zagreb the Hungarian Language Department was functioning as early as the second half of the 19th century. Form 1904 to 1918, for almost one and a half century at the same place Hungarian language and literature was educated with the direction of professor Dr. Kázmér Greska. After the collapse of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy the representatives of the Croatian National Council radically put out professor Greska from the university and closed down the department. It was impossible to reorganize it in Yugoslavia between the two world wars. A new possibility came only after the independence of Croatia in 1994. The work in the department restarted on the basis of an interstate contract under the leadership of professor Dr. Milka Jauk-Pinhak and with the partnership of visiting teachers from Hungary. Today, under the management of Orsolya Žagar-Szentesi, 25-30 students start their studies at the department in each year. The function of the special college of translation of poetic works is outstanding. The department in 2002 celebrated the 900 years jubilee of the coronation of Kálmán Könyves as Croatian king with the representative volume of essays entitled Croato-Hungarica. The department was introduced in the „Hungarian issue” of the journal Književna smotra, the Zagreb journal of world literature in 2014 on the 20th jubilee of the department. Their latest publication is With heart and Soul/ Dušom i srcem Hungarian-Croatian Somatic Phraseology/ Mađarsko-hrvatski rječnik somatskih frazema (2018).
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Dodson, Giles. "REVIEW: 'Digger' media out-manoeuvred by military." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.303.
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Review of: Witnesses to War: The History of Australian Conflict Reporting, by Fay Anderson and Richard Trembath. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2011, 501 pp, ISBN 978-0522856446 (pbk)Witnesses to War: The History of Australian Conflict Reporting provides a thorough-going account of the developments and, importantly, of continuities which have characterised Australian reporting of foreign wars since the 19th century. It is a welcome addition to the growing body of conflict reporting literature, in particular to that which concerns the local experience. It is clear the forces which structure Australian war journalism have remained relatively constant throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.
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Fedorova, Oleksandra A., Svitlana M. Lutsak, and Iryna Y. Mykytyn. "The Hutsul Springtime of Nations by Kajetan Abgarowicz: the discourse of the borderland as a state of culture awareness." Rusin, no. 67 (2022): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/67/15.
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This literary study of the Carpathian manifestation of The Springtime of Nations (1848-1849) is based of the short story “At the Hunting Campfire” from the collection “Rusini” [The Rusins] by Kajetan Abgarowicz (Abgar-Soltan), a Polish writer of Armenian descent of the late 19th - early 20th century. The imagological reflection of public sentiments of the 19th century is analysed through the lens of the discourse of the borderland as a state of culture awareness: the Polish (“ours” from the perspective of the Polish author) and “theirs” (i.e. Hutsul). The authors determine the Carpathian society before The Springtime of Nations as cultural borderlands of the Polish, Hutsul, German, Jewish, and Gypsy ethnic groups coexisted in daily life, with their fundamental values unchanged. They argue that the Hutsul community unconditionally accepted the imperative the Austrian highlanders, the model of neighborhood with the Poles, and trusting relations with the gypsies, but infernally mythologized of the Germans in the person of the local officer and his entourage. The focus is placed on the peculiarities of the Hutsul reception of news about the uprising against the Habsburgs outside the Carpathians and the development of the revolutionary events of the local “strange spring” in the contezt of the confrontation between the highlanders and the local authorities during the Carpathian stay of the Hungarian army, which rebelled against the Austrian emperor. The impact of revolutionary events on the HutsuL community is analyzed within their cultural identity awareness as of representatives of a separate ethnic group with its own history of resistance in in the context of opryshoks, an unusual, non-Polish cultural landscape, axiology, and ontology. In his “At the Hunting Campfire”, Kajetan Abgarowicz creates a literary version of the The Springtime of Nations in the Carpathians, with a new Look on the dialogue in the relationship between “our” and “their” cultural universes.
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НOLYK, Roman. "THE SYSTEM, MOSAIC OR KALEIDOSCOPE?: LINGUISTIC, LITERARY AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF LVIV AND HALYCHYNA AS AN INTELLECTUAL ISSUE." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 36 (2022): 256–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2022-36-256-274.
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The question of methodological bases and synthesis of research around Lviv and Halychyna is raised. It is studied how Lviv studies and Halychyna studies developed at different stages, maps of research of Lviv and Halychyna are outlined: from the texts by the older generation of researchers of this problem of the 19th – middle of the 20th century to the works of scientists of the late 20th – early 21st century. Thematic niches of this research map are outlined: the studies on social history, language, literature, book culture, and other phenomena. Emphasis is placed on the institutional and professional division of research, the existence of information barriers among philologists, historians, linguists, and cultural studies scholars; Ukrainianists, Polonists, Germanists, experts in the history of the culture of Central and Eastern Europe, etc. The world and Ukrainian experience of building complex schemes of history of the cities and regions as social, linguistic, cultural, and literary centers are briefly analyzed. Different approaches to writing different types of histories of languages and literatures as social phenomena are analyzed. A theoretical attempt is made to model and combine different dimensions of the social, cultural, linguistic, and literary history of Lviv and Halychyna in general. It is noted that the beginnings of this complex and complicated history should be derived from the literary heritage, social and political history of the medieval «Proto-Halychyna» and Lviv. It is described through the prism of the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) tradition at the first stage and the gradual break with this tradition, its Latinization, Germanization and Polonization after the 1340s. The specifics of the late medieval and early modern history of the Rus’ voievodship, the role of Ruthenian (Ukrainian), Polish and other book cultures in the functioning of the society of that time are clarified. Interactions between the Latin and post-Byzantine cultural heritage of Lviv and the region in this period are revealed. The main changes in the development of culture, language, literature and books in the context of Austrian Lviv and the newly formed Halychyna and Volodymyr after 1772 and before 1918 are traced. Attention is drawn to the profound transformations in the ethno-social, cultural, linguistic and literary spheres of city life during and after World War II. The main parameters of the Soviet and post-Soviet linguistic, cultural and literary situation are revealed and compared.
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Koval, Oxana A., and Ekaterina B. Kriukova. "Ludwig Wittgenstein As a Fictional Character. Part I." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 3 (2021): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-3-196-207.
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In these latter days, there is a clear tendency towards convergence in the complex relationship between the two language practices – fiction and philosophy. On the one hand, philosophy increasingly turns to the interpretation of important literary texts. On the other hand, literature responds to the challenges of modern thought. This paper focuses on the creative heritage and personality of Ludwig Wittgenstein, the main initiator of “linguistic turn”, from the point of view not of philosophical, but of literary reception. The art of the word in the 20th century was strongly charged due to the language problems. That is why it could not pass over in silence the philosopher, who showed that language activity is one of the fundamental factors in understanding the world. Different authors, such as Terry Eagleton, Bruce Duffy, Winfried G. Sebald, Umberto Eco, Edgar Lawrence Doctorow, Arkadii Dragomoshchenko, brought out in their works – directly or indirectly – a character undoubtedly similar to Wittgenstein. Eventually, the combination of different aspects creates an integral portrait of the Austrian thinker, representing an adequate alternative to philosophical approaches. The fictitious space of literature allows us to show something that philosophy is unable to say – because of its disciplinary limits and its need to stay inside the facts and laws of logic. This confirms the well-known thesis of “Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus”: “What can be shown, cannot be said” (4.1212).
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Stogov, Dmitrii I. "The Rusin agenda in the works of Russian Conservatives of the late 19th - early 20th century." Rusin, no. 67 (2022): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/67/10.
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The article analyses the statements of a number of right-wing conservative politicians, publicists, and thinkers concerning various aspects (socio-economic, political, religious, and cultural) of the life of the Rusinian population of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Analyzing the socio-political life of the Austro-Hungarian Rusins, Conservatives drew attention to their difficult economic situation, criticized the Austro-Hungarian authorities and the Polish public and called for the development of possible ways to improve the situation. Russian Conservatives mostly focused on the spiritual and cultural life of the Rusins in Austria-Hungary and emphasised that, despite Uniatism imposed on them, the Rusins preserved a living Orthodox tradition. The author concludes that some Conservatives advocated the unity (primarily spiritual) of the Rusins, Little Russians and Great Russians, regardless of their citizenship to a particular state, be it Russia or Austria-Hungary. Obviously, the cornerstone in their reasoning was the idea of a once unified Russian people that existed in the days of Old Rus, but due to various circumstances but due to various circumstances fell apart into separate conglomerations on the territory of different states. However, before the outbreak of the First World War, the conservative camp conveyed two positions in relation to the “Rusin question”: the active support of the Rusins from the moderate-right and nationalists and the more restrained position of the extreme right, who did not want to aggravate relations with Austria-Hungary. With the outbreak of the war, the extreme right also began to actively support the Rusin movement.
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Darian-Smith, Kate, Catriona Elder, and Fiona Paisley. "“Are We Internationally Minded?” Everyday Cultures of Australian Internationalism in the mid-20th Century." Journal of Australian Studies 43, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2019.1704171.
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KONDRATIUK, Kostiantyn, and Oresta KOTSIUMBAS. "ACADEMIC GYMNASIUM IN LVIV: 1849-1914." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 33 (2020): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2020-33-50-68.
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Academic Gymnasium was found in October 1784 at the University of Lviv. This is a state secondary educational institution of the humanitarian direction. The graduates-maturists had the opportunity to continue their studies at the university after its completion. The Academic Gymnasium was the oldest gymnasium with the Ukrainian language of instruction. The information concerning the gymnasium's organization's functioning and principles till 1848 was lost due to revolutionary events. We can find the data about the organization of the institution's functioning, the number of teachers and students, and their social origin from 1849. At the same time, this date coincides with the secondary school's reform in 1849 based on the «Organizational Essay of High Schools and Actual Schools of Austria» and the «Normative Plan of Education for Gymnasia», which functioned until 1910 with minor changes. Exactly these normative documents regulated the functioning of the gymnasium - the organization of the educational process, the language of teaching, the priority of disciplines, the number and load of teachers, the organization of extra-curricular activities of high school students. Since 1907, the gymnasium is reorganized into the Main Gymnasium due to the number of students' growth and moving into a newly built building on L. Sapieha street and the Branch in the premises of the Narodnyi dim (People's Hall). The educational process in the gymnasium was carried out based on ministerial plans. By the end of the 20th century, more than 60% of the educational time was spent on learning languages, and the natural and mathematical cycle reached 25%, which indicates the humanitarian direction of gymnasium preparation. The situation was changed by the curriculum for classical gymnasiums in 1909, according to which the disciplines of the natural-mathematical cycle were synchronized with the requirements of universities. The article's main thesis is that during the 1849-1914 years, the Tsissar-Royal Academic Gymnasium in Lviv developed into a leading secondary educational institution. Mostly Ukrainian Greek Catholics, natives from Halychyna, studied here. The headmasters of the gymnasium were experienced teachers, skilled administrators. During the second half of the 19th century - at the beginning of the 20th century, the gymnasium was headed by Franz Brugger (1848-1858), Ivan Piontkovskyi (1858-1868), Vasyl Ilnytskyi (1868-1892 ), Edvard Kharkevych (1892-1911) and Illia Kokorudz (1911-1927). The teaching staff was increasing quantitatively and qualitatively. Careful selection, education requirements, and teaching methods provided the gymnasium with qualified specialists and responsible officials. The institution's educational process was provided by about 23-25 teachers, 70% of whom were gymnasium professors. Teachers of gymnasium conducted classes on a high professional level with students and created original textbooks in their native language, literature, history, and geography. Many teachers of the gymnasium and later graduates became well-known socio-political figures, scientists, and artists.So, Academic Gymnasium in Lviv is a secondary educational institution of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. It functioned following Austrian secondary school legislation. The Academic Gymnasium, being in the structure of the Lviv University, provided it with well-prepared entrants. Students received a profound knowledge of normative disciplines in the gymnasium and a good national and religious education. The heads of the educational institution were experienced teachers and organizers who took care of the proper provision of the educational institution with teaching staff. The educational and methodological literature was supported, developed, and implemented in the educational process, together with teachers and public figures. Teachers of the gymnasium constantly worked on self-education and were active socio-political leaders. Keywords: Academic Gymnasium, organization, Krajova Szkolna Rada (Region School Council), teachers, teaching process, students, educational legislation.
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Mehedinţi-Beiean, Mihaela. "Political instability and corruption. The Phanariot regime as seen by Russian and Nordic travellers." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 8, no. 1 (August 15, 2016): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v8i1_3.
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The history of the Romanian Principalities was particularly tumultuous during the modern period, given that they were situated in a geographical area of great interest for three large empires: the Ottoman Empire, the Austrian Monarchy and Russia. As a result, the political regime established in Moldavia and Wallachia in the 18th century and which lasted until 1821 bore all the hallmarks of Orientalism as expressed by rulers, namely the most profound corruption at all administrative levels, an utter lack of interest regarding the people’s welfare and the unremorseful pursuit of their own interests. The Nordic and Russian travellers were acutely aware of all these problems and considered that the Ottomans were the only ones to blame for this deplorable state of affairs. Unfortunately, with time, some of the shortcomings associated with the Phanariot regime became unmistakable traits of Romanian political behaviour which persisted well into the 20th century. Nevertheless, some of the travellers also remarked the adoption of a number of reforms with highly beneficial effects for the Principalities between 1711/1716 and 1821 and, at least apparently, the period when General Pavel Kiseleff was governor of Moldavia and Wallachia was an especially prolific one in terms of reversing some of the damage caused by the Phanariots. However, one of the limitations of using travel literature as a source is that it needs to be treated with extreme care when it comes to establishing the boundaries between truth and fiction, as well as between innocent observations and decidedly dishonest interpretations. The aim of the present study is thus to present all of the above-mentioned political evolutions as they were seen by foreign travellers, whilst also questioning and unravelling the latter’s motives for depicting a certain image of the Romanian Principalities’ political elite.
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Kosior, Andrzej, Waldemar Celary, Paweł Olejniczak, Jan Fijał, Wieslaw Król, Wojciech Solarz, and Piotr Płonka. "The decline of the bumble bees and cuckoo bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini) of Western and Central Europe." Oryx 41, no. 1 (January 2007): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001597.
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The bumble and cuckooo bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini; Bombus spp. and Psithyrus spp., respectively) are important plant pollinators and any decline in numbers or species constitutes a significant threat both to biological diversity and to whole economies. The distribution, status and factors threatening all 60 known taxa (species and subspecies) of Bombini of 11 countries of Western and Central Europe (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland) were assessed from the beginning of the 20th century. The analysis was based on a literature review, unpublished data, personal communications, our own observations, and an expert review. The IUCN Red List categories were used for assessing the threat of extinction. Eighty per cent of taxa were threatened in at least one country of the region, and 30% of taxa were threatened throughout their range in the countries considered. More species went extinct per country in the second than in the first half of the 20th century, and four taxa went extinct in all 11 countries during 1951–2000. Amongst the factors adversely affecting the Bombini anthropogenic factors (particularly those associated with large-scale farming schemes) appear to be of greater importance than natural factors. To halt population declines and species extinctions it will be necessary to preserve aspects of traditional farming practices and for all Bombini to be afforded legal protection in all countries of the region. The implementation of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy is likely to have the greatest single impact upon pollinators in the near future.
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Markov, Alexander. "Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele in contemporary Russian Poetry." Philology & Human, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/filichel(2021)2-14.
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Leading Austrian artists of the first quarter of the 20th century, Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele, did not attract the Russian writers attention until the 1990s, when the development of Russian postmodern literature was conductive to the attention to their experiments, polystylistics, cultural symbolism and aestheticism. It is stressed that although the heritage of these artists was adapted to the aesthetic project of Russian postmodernism, poetic statements about them revealed aspects of art that are not obvious to the common viewer. First of all, in the Russian poetry of the 1990s and the early 2000s (Alexander Ulanov, Alexander Skidan, Irina Mashinsky, Polina Barskova, Elena Fanailova) it was convincingly shown that Schiele’s expressionism directly takes it start from the symbolism of Klimt, and Klimt’s aesthetics already contains Schiele’s one, but Schiele’s manner retains the achievements of Klimt. Further, the author shows a connection between these artists and the achievements of physics along with the cultural and political atmosphere of the time. Finally, it was reported that the achievements of these artists opposed Nazism because Klimt and Schiele demonstrated the inadmissibility of any form of oppression. Regardless of the private thoughts or the works of Klimt and Schiele, these ideas are conveyed by the very form of their works and the approach to style: the semanticization of the material and the ability to give life to the depicted characters. Particular techniques and devices of expressiveness of both artists were interpreted as auxiliary to their humanistic ideas, and it should be recognized as the contribution of poetry to art history.
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ZAHARIA, Mihaela. "LITERATURE AND ANTHROPOLOGY (ON THE PRODUCTIONS OF ROBERT MÜLLER AND ERNST JÜNGER)." Ezikov Svyat (Orbis Linguarum) 17, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.v17.i2.14.
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e aim of the article is to examine some works of two authors from the first half of the 20th century, both native speakers of the German language in order to look for common mental constructs and symbols. Many literary critics comparing Robert Müller and Ernst Jünger emphasize the similar roles they played in the literatures of Austria and Germany, respectively. Robert Müller and Ernst Jünger leave the impression that they search for order in the contradictory universe and if they do not find it, they create it. They are both social analysts, they are multi-talented, both dreamers and travelers, obsessed by pure ideas, within whose framework they try to sort out everything that exists, they are both idealists. Robert Müller is Head of the Academic Society for Literature and Music in Vienna and founder of the illicit organization "Katakomba" and the Vienna Association of Magazines Pubishers and author of numerous publications. Despite the numerous attempts to portray his work in its true light and to show his great role in the German-speaking cultural area, Ernst Jünger's reception in Germany is permanently marked by his image of the person and officer Ernst Jünger. The reasons for this is, on the one hand, moral tabooing in Germany after the Second World War, and, on the other hand, his internal development, which has transformed the "scandalous" young writer into a fully integrated member of bourgeois life which he used to highly criticize in his early years.
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Colăcel, Onoriu. "Suceava On Camera: The County Council And Local Self-Identification In 21st Century Romania." Messages, Sages and Ages 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msas-2015-0008.
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Abstract In post-communist Romania, regional self-identification has undergone significant change. Particularly, a paradigm shift occurred in relation to 20th century Romanian historiography (I have in mind the national communist as well as inter-war historic narratives). The literature and the promotional films of Suceava County Council (i.e., the local government branch) are a case in point. They are designed to advertise tourism products in travel marts and various media outlets. Next to the story of a multi-faith/ethnic community, particular images and symbols are employed in order to craft the public identity of the county. A regional iconography gradually emerges on screen as more video content about Suceava is being produced. Capturing the essence of Romanian Bucovina on camera is a challenge steeped both in the history of the Habsburg Duchy and in that of the Moldavian principality (whose northernmost part was incorporated into the Habsburg Empire in 1775). Next comes the attempt to ‘touristify’ natural sites of environmental interest. History and nature are narrative tropes that amount to a coherent story delivered to natives and visitors alike. Despite the industrial scarring of the landscape well known to the natives, areas of woodland and countryside are on display. City life is largely ignored for the sake of a multicultural history of Bukovina mainly located in a rural setting. Screening Suceava has everything to do with identity-building. The rhetoric of regional self-designation seems to rank high on the local political agenda. The cosmopolitan Austro-Hungarian Bukovinian identity is obviously at odds with the ethno-national legacy celebrated in the so-called ‘Northern monasteries’ of Moldavia or in the Suceava fortress of Stephen the Great (who was built into an icon of Romanian historiography). The recreational opportunities of Suceava County are marketed to tourist boards, hotel chains, etc. as the retention of a Mitteleuropean distinctiveness. Explicitly, it is ‘something’ that has stayed with the indigenous population ever since the Austrian state set out to instruct the natives in the arts of life. There is a video side effect to the story. The mountainous countryside of Suceava is sold to the public as being peopled by men and women in national dress, a community dramatically different from all other surrounding areas of 21st century Romania.
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Chalmers, Shane. "Terra Nullius? Temporal Legal Pluralism in an Australian Colony." Social & Legal Studies 29, no. 4 (September 24, 2019): 463–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663919875991.
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There remains a puzzle as to the status of Indigenous land rights in Australian colonial law. The common view is that the laws of the British colonies, and subsequently of the federated state, did not recognise Indigenous land rights until late in the 20th century. Against this, a smaller body of scholarship argues that recognition had already occurred much earlier, the clearest instance being in the colony of South Australia in the 1830s and 1840s. The result is an apparent duplicity in the colonial law, whereby Indigenous land rights appear to have been both recognised and denied. The article shows a tendency in the scholarly literature to resolve this duplicity in absolute terms, based on positivist analysis of law. In contrast, by taking a critical legal pluralist approach, the article shows how different and even contradictory manifestations of the same law subsisted simultaneously through time. This both sheds new light on the question of the recognition of Indigenous land rights in Australian colonial law, and contributes theoretically to ‘critical legal pluralism’ by developing its temporal dimension.
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Furaih, Ameer Chasib. "A Poetics of De-colonial Resistance: A Study in Selected Poems by Evelyn Araluen Cor." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES 12, no. 02 (2022): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijrssh.v12i02.029.
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First Nations peoples in Australia, as in many other colonized countries, were forced to acquired English soon after the arrival of the colonists in their country during the second half of the 18th century. In response to their land dispossession, Indigenous Australian poets adopted and adapted the language and literary forms of colonists to write a politicized literature that tackles fundamental subjects such as land rights, civil, and human rights, to name but a few. Their literary response can be traced back to the early 1800s, and it had continued through the 20th century. One example is the poem “The Stolen Generation” (1985) by Justin Leiber, which has since been considered a motto for the struggle of Aboriginal peoples against obligatory removal of children from Aboriginal families.This paper aims at examining 21th century politicized literary response of Aboriginal poets. It sheds lights on the poetry of Evelyn Araluen as a telling paradigm of decolonial poetics, demonstrating her role in the political struggle of her peoples. Analysing representative poems by the poet, including “decolonial poetics (avant gubba)” and “Runner-up: Learning Bundjalung on Tharawal,” the paper examines the interdisciplinary nature of her poetry, and demonstrates how the poet transgresses the boundaries between poetry and politics, so as to be utilized as an effective tool of political resistance.
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Omarbayev, Y. K., V. T. Tarakchi, K. К. Bazarbayev, and Zh Zh Kumganbayev. "Subjects of Austria-Hungary in Western Siberia and Turkestan in the early twentieth century (1900–1917)." Rusin, no. 64 (2021): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/64/7.
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Russian Empire played an important role in the processes of European migration. Of particular importance was the migration policy with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Czechs, Rusins, Poles, and Slovaks, who belonged to the Austro-Hungarian population, settled mainly in the European part of the Russian Empire and engaged mainly in agriculture, while the Austrians and Germans opened industrial enterprises in the cities of Western Siberia (Governor- Generalship of the Steppes, 1882–1918). In general, there were two reasons why the Austro-Hungarians settled in Western Siberia and Turkestan: some voluntarily resettled and contributed to the economic and social development of the regions, while others had to move here as prisoners of war. However, it should be noted that in both cases, the tsarist administration did not restrict their social and legal status. The article examines the reasons for the stay of Austro-Hungarian subjects in Western Siberia and Turkestan, as well as their impact on the socio-economic situation of these regions. Austro- Hungarian immigrants, as well as immigrants from other European countries, acted as transmitters of new entrepreneurial experience, advanced technologies, and Western entrepreneurial culture. The descendants of immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian lands became part of the multinational composition of Western Siberia and Turkestan.
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Dobrzhanskiy, Oleksandr V., and Liliia I. Sholohon. "The Ukrainian professional associations of teachers of Galicia and Bukovyna (second half of the 19th - early 20th century): an attempt of comparative analysis." Rusin, no. 68 (2022): 131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/68/6.
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Focusing on the professional teachers' associations of Galicia and Bukovyna, the author makes an attempt of comparative analysis and introduces a number of previously unknown sources to discuss six professional pedagogical associations established during the 1880s - early 20th century. The problems of public schools and proper professional level of their teachers came in sight of “Rus Pedagogical Society” (“Ukrainian Pedagogical Society”) in Galicia and the “Ruska Shkola” (“Ukrainian school”) in Bukovyna. “Mutual Aid of Ukrainian Teachers” and “Free Organization of Ukrainian Teachers in Bukovyna” defended the professional interests of school teachers respectively. Higher professional level of gymnasium teachers in Ukraine became a priority in the activities of the “Teachers' Community” and the Hryhoriy Skovoroda Society of Higher School Teachers established in Lviv and Chernivtsi. Since Galicia and Bukovyna were separate autonomous regions within Austria-Hungary, they had their own teachers' associations with the similar mission. The difficulties faced by the schools of these two regions were similar; however, they tackled them differently due to the specific political circumstances. As a result, the Ukrainian Pedagogical Society in Galicia had the most significant achievements in the creation of the Ukrainian-Language primary schools, gymnasiums, teachers' seminaries, courses for the illiterate and publishing activity, while the pedagogical assiciations of Bukovyna managed to protect the professional rights of teachers and achieve a significant increase in teachers' salaries supported by other public associations and political parties of the region.
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Dimić, Ljubodrag. "Genocide over the Serbian people in the Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945)." Napredak 3, no. 2 (2022): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/napredak3-39499.
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From its very establishment in 1918, the Yugoslav state strived to be the state of "reconciliation". That is why the crimes over Serbs perpetrated by Austria-Hungary were not largely emphasized in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Yugoslavia, particularly not the crimes by Croats in occupation units, but conscientious researchers have still left their testimonies about them (see Reiss, 2019). For the sake of "reconciliation", nothing was said about the genocide over the Serbian people in WW2 in the territory of the ISC. Because of the strategy of "keeping silent about the genocide", crucially and for years, in the name of brotherhood and unity of Yugoslav nations, the topic did not have its place in the primary and secondary school curricula; the genocide crime perpetrated over the Serbian people was not discussed in history textbooks; for decades, it was not the topic in literature, while historians did not research the genocide crime or wrote substantially about it. However, if several generations of the representatives of the historian profession have an "alibi" for such behaviour, the generation of those writing in Serbian culture today must also take an attitude towards that sensitive topic. "To speak up" about the genocide over the Serbian people in the 20th century primarily means to write critically about the past times, with no passion, rationally and based on historical sources, "the way it really occurred".
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Seibel, Natalya, Julia Kazakova, Elena Shastina, and Nailya Ziganshina. "Iconic Character of Bestiary Images in the Novels of F. Werfel and E. Canetti." Space and Culture, India 7, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v7i4.486.
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The anthropomorphic depiction of animals bearing allegorical meanings is the well-represented and actively demanded bestiary of world literature. It reflects the mythological thinking of writers and is an integral part of the worldview basis on which literary works are based. Bestiary images in the artistic text acquire the status of universal representative symbols. This study discusses bestiary images in novelistic works of Austrian writers, Franz Werfel (1890-1945) and Elias Canetti (1905-1994). Using the semiotic approach, the researchers define a range of images and meanings that are related to these two writers as representatives of the era of historical upheavals and individual authorial purposes that reflect the basis of the worldview of each of them. A bestiary image in a literary text can function as an iconic sign, which, on the one hand, reflects the material object in its materiality, and on the other hand, contributes to the emerging of "new", constructed by analogy, aesthetic reality. The similarity to the referent, in this case, is included in the overall system of ontological values. An iconic sign, after Ch.S. Pierce, refers to a simple sign based on the similarity to a thing and participating in the creation of symptoms of a higher order – symbols. Bestiary images in a literary text acquire the status of universal representative characters. The functioning of animal images in the text, their nomination, combinatorics, communication with the elements, time periods, and behavioural patterns are the way of the study of the philosophical foundations of the author's world picture. Canetti’s bestiary is represented by metaphorical images of a monkey, a cat, a pig, and a tortoise, which are used as a tool for analysing various psychic and psychological states of the characters of the novel "Blinding" (Die Blendung, 1931-1932). Multiple forms of anthropopathy and zoomorphism are based on the writer's attitude towards the initial "equality" of man and animal. The study of zoopoetics (the term of J. Lacan) of Werfel’s novel "Barbara, or Piety" (Barbara oder die Frömigkeit, 1929) helps to reveal the axiological foundation upon which the writer constructs his novels. The functioning of images of animals, a horse, for example, is related to the semantics of sacrifice that is rethought and acquiring new meanings in a new historical context. Composite images connecting different characteristics and associated with various natural elements are important. It is apparent that the study of the works by Werfel and Canetti, given the iconic nature of bestiary images, seems relevant to detect common patterns of development of European literature and culture of the first third of the 20th Century.
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Pylypchuk, Oleh, Oleh Strelko, and Yuliia Berdnychenko. "PREFACE." History of science and technology 11, no. 2 (December 12, 2021): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-2-271-273.
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The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation of metrology as government regulated activity in France. The article has discussed the historical process of development of metrological activity in France. It was revealed that the history of metrology is considered as an auxiliary historical and ethnographic discipline from a social and philosophical point of view as the evolution of scientific approaches to the definition of individual units of physical quantities and branches of metrology. However, in the scientific literature, the little attention is paid to the process of a development of a centralized institutional metrology system that is the organizational basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. The article by Irena Grebtsova and Maryna Kovalska is devoted to the of the development of the source criticism’s knowledge in the Imperial Novorossiya University which was founded in the second half of the XIX century in Odesa. Grounding on a large complex of general scientific methods, and a historical method and source criticism, the authors identified the stages of the formation of source criticism in the process of teaching historical disciplines at the university, what they based on an analysis of the teaching activities of professors and associate professors of the Faculty of History and Philology. In the article, the development of the foundations of source criticism is considered as a complex process, which in Western European and Russian science was the result of the development of the theory and practice of everyday dialogue between scientists and historical sources. This process had a great influence on the advancement of a historical education in university, which was one of the important factors in the formation of source studies as a scientific discipline. The article by Tetiana Malovichko is devoted to the study of what changes the course of the probability theory has undergone from the end of the 19th century to our time based on the analysis of The Theory of Probabilities textbook by Vasyl P. Ermakov published in 1878. The paper contains a comparative analysis of The Probability Theory textbook and modern educational literature. The birth of children after infertility treatment of married couples with the help of assisted reproductive technologies has become a reality after many years of basic research on the physiology of reproductive system, development of oocyte’s in vitro fertilization methods and cultivation of embryos at pre-implantation stages. Given the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies in modern medical practice and the great interest of society to this problem, the aim of the study authors from the Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was to trace the main stages and key events of assisted reproductive technologies in the world and in Ukraine, as well as to highlight the activities of outstanding scientists of domestic and world science who were at the origins of the development of this area. As a result of the work, it has been shown that despite certain ethical and social biases, the discovery of individual predecessor scientists became the basis for the efforts of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe to ensure birth of the world's first child, whose conception occurred outside the mother's body. There are also historical facts and unique photos from our own archive, which confirm the fact of the first successful oocyte in vitro fertilization and the birth of a child after the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Ukraine. In the next article, the authors tried to consider and structure the stages of development and creation of the “Yermak”, the world's first Arctic icebreaker, and analyzed the stages of preparation and the results of its first expeditions to explore the Arctic. Systematic analysis of historical sources and biographical material allowed to separate and comprehensively consider the conditions and prehistory for the development and creation of “Yermak” icebreaker. Also, the authors gave an assessment to the role of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov in those events, and analyzed the role of Sergei Yulyevich Witte, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky in the preparation and implementation of the first Arctic expeditions of the “Yermak”icebreaker. The authors of the following article considered the historical aspects of construction and operation of train ferry routes. The article deals with the analysis and systematization of the data on the historical development of train ferry routes and describes the background for the construction of train ferry routes and their advantages over other combined transport types. It also deals with the basic features of the train ferries operating on the main international train ferry routes. The study is concerned with both sea routes and routes across rivers and lakes. The article shows the role of train ferry routes in the improvement of a national economy, and in the provision of the military defense. An analysis of numerous artefacts of the first third of the 20th century suggests that the production of many varieties of art-and-industrial ceramics developed in Halychyna, in particular architectural ceramic plastics, a variety of functional ceramics, decorative tiles, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, etc. The artistic features of Halychyna art ceramics, the richness of methods for decorating and shaping it, stylistic features, as well as numerous art societies, scientific and professional associations, groups, plants and factories specializing in the production of ceramics reflect the general development of this industry in the first half of the century and represent the prerequisites the emergence of the school of professional ceramics in Halychyna at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the next paper is to analyze the formation and development of scientific and professional schools of art-and-industrial ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. During the environmental crisis, electric transport (e-transport) is becoming a matter for scientific inquiry, a subject of discussion in politics and among public figures. In the program for developing the municipal services of Ukraine, priorities are given to the development of the infrastructure of ecological transport: trolleybuses, electric buses, electric cars. The increased attention to e-transport on the part of the scientific community, politicians, and the public actualizes the study of its history, development, features of operation, etc. The aim of the next study is to highlight little-known facts of the history of production and operation of MAN trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities, as well as to introduce their technical characteristics into scientific circulation. The types, specific design solutions of the first MAN trolleybus generation and the prerequisites for their appearance in Chernivtsi have been determined. Particular attention has been paid to trolleybuses that were in operation in Germany and other Western European countries from the first half of the 1930s to the early 1950s. The paper traces the stages of operation of the MAN trolleybuses in Chernivtsi, where they worked during 1939–1944 and after the end of the Second World War, they were transferred to Kyiv. After two years of operation in the Ukrainian capital, the trolleybuses entered the routes in Dnipropetrovsk during 1947–1951. The purpose of the article by authors from the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies of Ukraine is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway.
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Affeldt, Stefanie. "The Burden of ‘White’ Sugar: Producing and Consuming Whiteness in Australia." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 52, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 439–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2017-0020.
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Abstract This article investigates the history of the Queensland cane sugar industry and its cultural and political relations. It explores the way the sugar industry was transformed from an enterprise drawing on the traditional plantation crop cultivated by an unfree labour force and employing workers into an industry that was an important, symbolical element of ‘White Australia’ that was firmly grounded in the cultural, political, nationalist, and racist reasoning of the day. The demographic and social changes drew their incitement and legitimation from the ‘White Australia’ culture that was represented in all social strata. Australia was geographically remote but culturally close to the mother country and was assigned a special position as a lone outpost of Western culture. This was aggravated by scenarios of allegedly imminent invasions by the surrounding Asian powers, which further urged cane sugar’s transformation from a ‘black’ to a ‘white man’s industry’. As a result, during the sugar strikes of the early 20th century, the white Australian sugar workers were able to emphasize their ‘whiteness’ to press for improvements in wages and working conditions. Despite being a matter of constant discussion, the public acceptance of the ‘white sugar campaign’ was reflected by the high consumption of sugar. Moreover, the industry was lauded for its global uniqueness and its significance to the Australian nation. Eventually, the ‘burden’ of ‘white sugar’ was a monetary, but even more so moral support of an industry that was supposed to provide a solution to population politics, support the national defence, and symbolize the technological advancement and durability of the ‘white race’ in a time of crisis.
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Oleksyn, Tadeusz. "Edward Taylor – Outstanding Economist and Educator." Problemy Zarządzania - Management Issues 2/2020, no. 88 (July 3, 2020): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1644-9584.88.4.
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Purpose: The aim of this article is to reflect on the phenomenon of creativity, activity, output, extensive knowledge and interests of the Polish Scot, Edward Taylor – an outstanding economist and educator in the 20th century. I wish to draw attention to where his contribution was seen as the greatest and to the challenges that he indicated, particularly in the field of the theory and practice of economics. The aim is also to establish what thoughts of his have stood the test of time, which thoughts and convictions of his are still important and valid today, which may be an inspiration for contemporary Polish scientists, educators, students, and a wide range of readers who are interested in problematic economics, management, and political science issues. A brief description of the scientific output of professor E. Taylor is presented, as well as his opinions on the subject of the Polish economy and academic teaching, along with his non-professional interests, passions of life and interest in all facets of life. He could have been included in the liberal school of thought; in terms of a wide range of issues, his views were confluent with those of the most outstanding representatives of the Austrian School of Economics, albeit he didn’t belong to it. Design/methodology/approach: The following research techniques were used in the article: comparative analysis of literature (not only economic), deduction, induction, synthesis. Originality/value: Relatively original content: liberal thought in interwar Poland struggled to break through totalitarian ideologies, which had some supporters here, and also through nationalism and clericalism. After nearly a hundred years, at the turn of the second and third decades of the 21st century, things were generally similar. The reason for this is mainly the economic infantilism of a large part of society, susceptible to populist demagogy and the giving away of money by the current power. Teaching economics is objectively difficult for a variety of reasons. And then and now it does not generally produce good results. It means negative social and political consequences. Taylor’s diagnosis and counteractions were correct. They are worth getting to know better and continuing. Findings: The article shows the versatility of Taylor, who was not only an outstanding economist, educator, organizer of science, publisher and editor of a long scientific series, but also a man deeply involved in many different fields. He was a co-founder of the Polish Economic Society. He was a reformer of the Polish treasury. He fought against inflation and supported the development of the maritime economy. He was strongly involved in the development of cooperatives and territorial self-government. In each of these areas, he brought new ideas, values and solutions. His phenomenal interdisciplinarity and activity is shown.
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Tiemeyer, Lena-Sofia. "Jonah in 20th Century Literature." Religions 13, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13070661.
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The biblical book of Jonah has been the subject of multiple literary retellings, ranging from individual poems to whole novels and theatrical dramas. This article focuses on interaction with the book of Jonah in 20th-century world literature, where Jonah becomes our alter ego; he embodies our own struggles with God. I shall highlight three common tropes in the retellings: (1) Several retellings use the character of Jonah to express a person’s failure to escape God’s calling. Others use him to explore the Jewish experience of never being able to run away from being chosen by God. (2) Other retellings turn the trope of “the fleeing Jonah” into “Jonah the refugee”: Jonah is a man whom God abandoned. These retellings stem from Jonah 2:5 (Eng. 2:4] where Jonah expresses how he is cast out from God’s presence. They gain further inspiration from the affinity between the dialogue between God and Jonah in Jonah 4 and that between Cain and God in Gen 4. This intertextuality fashions Jonah as a type for the “wandering Jew.” (3) Yet another set of retellings employs the figure of Jonah to discuss God’s justice and his perceived failure to be unmerciful.
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Hanlin, Todd C., and Donald G. Daviau. "Major Figures of Nineteenth-Century Austrian Literature." German Studies Review 22, no. 1 (February 1999): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1431604.
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Schreckenberger, Helga, and Donald G. Daviau. "Major Figures of Nineteenth-Century Austrian Literature." German Quarterly 73, no. 2 (2000): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/407959.
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Staudigl-Ciechowicz, Kamila. "Civil Law in Forced Unions. The Austrian Civil Code and its Significance for the Development of Civil Law in Central Europe." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 13, no. 3 (2020): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.20.021.12517.
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The current Austrian Civil Code goes back to 1811, after more than 200 years it still is in force in Austria –though with many amendments. Its origin and development is connected to the political history of the Austrian Empire, later the Dual Monarchy and its successor states in the 20th century. The paper analyses the significance of the Austrian Civil Code on the development of civil law in Central Europe on the verge of the collapse of the old empires and the emergence of the new political systems. Especially the question of the influence of the Austrian Civil Code on Polish law and inversely the influence of Polish lawyers on the development of the Austrian Civil Code is addressed. Due to the character of the inclusion of the Polish parts into the Austrian Empire in the 18th century the paper raises the question of the role of civil law in forced unions.
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Potapova, I. M. "EPIGRAM IN 20TH-CENTURY ITALIAN LITERATURE." Тrаnscarpathian Philological Studies 1, no. 23 (2022): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/tps2663-4880/2022.23.1.55.
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BOOTH, JAMES. "African Literature in the 20th Century." African Affairs 89, no. 354 (January 1990): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098271.
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Hoang, Mai. "Trần Dần: Selected Poetry Translations." Columbia Journal of Asia 1, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cja.v1i1.9383.
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After Trần Dần criticized the poetry collection of Tỗ Hữu, a politician—calling his magnum opus a manual collection of propaganda and leadership—Tỗ Hữu assembled 150 poets and party intellectuals to criticize the poet, declaring Trần Dần and likeminded writers guilty of petty bourgeoisie. In February 1956, Trần Dần was purged from the party and sent to the infamous Hanoi Prison. Though he was released after an attempted suicide, Trần Dần was suspended from the Union of Arts and Literature for the next thirty years. In other words, for most of the poet's life, his works never saw the light of day. In August 2018, I was sitting in a cafe in Saigon sipping coffee when a novel caught my eyes: Crossroads and Lampposts it read—after a few lines I was mesmerized. I had seldom seen Vietnamese used in such a creative thought-provoking and frankly rule-breaking way. I searched up the author’s name and incredulously realized that instead of an emerging avant-garde writer, I was looking at the wikipedia entry for a 20th century radical who produced the draft fifty years before it was published. What followed was an obsessive pursuit of the elusive author's only poetry collection that led me from bookstore to bookstore across town without success. I afterwards realized that I could not find any copies because it had gone out of print long ago. Though the state had officially given Trần Dần pardon, their relationship with his poetry is still a precarious one. Fortunately, I was able to contact an Australian expatriate in Hanoi, the translator of Crossroads and Lampposts who had an electronic copy of the poetry collection that he shared with me.
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Horák, Ondřej. "Od „posledního“ k „nejbližšímu“ dědici? K vývoji postavení manželky v česko-rakouském a československém dědickém právu." PRÁVNĚHISTORICKÉ STUDIE 52, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/2464689x.2022.38.
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The paper deals with the changes in the position of the wife in law of succession (both as an intestate heir and as a person entitled to the forced share) in the Czech lands from the middle of the 18th century to the present day, and also with discussions about the adjustment of her inheritance-legal position in Czech-Austrian jurisprudence at the beginning of the 20th century (during the recodification of ABGB) and in the 1920s (in connection with the interwar recodification). The evolution of law of succession in the Czech-Austrian area and in the European context is characterized by the strengthening of the position of spouses; in the domestic regulation of law of succession as a whole and especially in the intestate succession, we can see a shift from “consanguinity” to consideration of “needs” and “merit”. In the Czech lands, however, there is a different approach in the intestate law, where the position of the wife was gradually strengthened (the turning point was in particular the 1st sub-amendment of the ABGB in 1914, inspired by the German BGB in 1896), and when regarding the forced share, where her position (unlike in Austria) has not yet been improved (despite repeated efforts at the beginning of the 19th century during the finalization of the ABGB, at the beginning of the 20th century during the preparation of the amendment of the ABGB, in the 20s of the 20th century in connection with the interwar recodification, and at the beginning of the 21st century during the preparation of the 2012 Civil Code).
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Svitlenko, Serhiy. "Ukrainian intellectual Trokhym Zinkivskyi and preservation of historical memory of Taras Shevchenko." Chornomors’ka Mynuvshyna, no. 17 (December 31, 2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2519-2523.2022.17.268828.
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The personality of Trochym Zinkivskyi (1861–1891) remains little known and insufficiently developed in modern Ukrainian historiography. The purpose of the article is to study the figure of Trokhym Zinkivskyi in the context of the problem of preserving the historical memory of Taras Shevchenko. Research methods are personalistic, historical-genetic and historical-systemic. Sources: published epistolaries of T. Zinkivskyi and his addressees, memories of contemporaries, biographical articles in the Ukrainian press of the beginning of the 20th century etc. The main results consist in elucidating the peculiarities of the formation of T. Zinkivskyi's worldview under the conditions of the oppression of the Southern Ukrainian lands by the Russian imperial regime, in particular in Berdyansk, Feodosia and Odesa, the establishment of his Ukrainian national-democratic views during his studies and military service in Smila, Shpola and Uman, in Kyiv and St. Petersburg. It is noted that an important factor in the development of his Ukrainian consciousness and identity was his family upbringing, which instilled love for his native language and formed Christian, religious values. A prominent role was played by the reading circle, which included Shevchenkov's «Kobzar» along with other literary works of Ukrainian and foreign writers; as well as Ukrainian folk art. V. Kravchenko, L. Smolenskyi, B. Grinchenko, M. Komarov, and a number of representatives of the Ukrainian colony in St. Petersburg were included in the closest circle of persons who significantly influenced the formation of the worldview of the Ukrainian figure. The article traces the main stages of the intellectual and public activity of the Ukrainian figure in the matter of preserving the historical memory of Kobzar. It is noted that already in the middle and second half of the 80s of the 19th century. T. Zinkivskyi began work in the field of Ukrainian literature, took care of translation activities. In St. Petersburg, he was able to begin wider work for the benefit of Ukrainianism and became an ideological leader of young Ukrainians. The powerful vital energy of the activist was organically combined with consistent and convinced actions in the name of the Ukrainian cause. In the youth group at Shevchenko's anniversary, T. Zinkivskyi read a number of essays, such as «The National Question in Russia», «Shevchenko in the Light of European Criticism», «Young Ukraine» and others. His essay «Taras Shevchenko in the Light of European Criticism», which was read in Ukrainian on the evening of February 25, 1889 in the capital of the empire, was of exceptional importance. This speech, prepared mostly on the basis of French, Austrian, German, and Polish historiographical sources, presented Kobzar as a figure of global poetic scale and destroyed the perception of the Russian metropolitan public about Ukrainians and the Ukrainian language as something provincial and inferior. Conclusions.T. Zinkivskyi became one of the brightest representatives of the «Young Ukraine» generation. The short-lived but important intellectual activity of the ideological leader of young Ukrainians, in particular, speeches at the Shevchenko anniversary, publication of abstracts, epistolaries, drew the attention of contemporaries to the figure of Taras Shevchenko, to his poetic heritage; actualized the issue of preserving the historical memory of Kobzar as a leader of the national values of Ukrainians. It has been proven that during the 1880s and early 1890s, T. Zinkivskyi's intellectual activity contributed to the progress of Ukrainian public affairs and national science, the establishment of Ukrainian national consciousness among the generation of young Ukrainians. The practical significance of the article is that the given material will be of interest to specialists in the context of studying the ethno-national history of Ukraine in the second half of the 19th century. The originality of the article lies in the understanding of insufficiently studied aspects of the activity of the Ukrainian intellectual, who stood at the origins of the idea of «Young Ukraine». Scientific novelty in updating the intellectual activity of T. Zinkivskyi in the matter of preserving Ukrainian national memory and forming national consciousness and identity.
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Harris, Wendell V. "Shaping the 20th Century." English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920 50, no. 1 (2007): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/elt.2007.0004.
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Luckhurst, Roger. "Creating the 20th Century." English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920 50, no. 2 (2007): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/elt.2007.0022.
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ПУКИШ, В. С. "A SLOVAK HOMESTEAD BY THE LITTLE LABA: FROM “REMINISCENCES OF THE CAUCASUS” BY MATÚŠ FILO." Известия СОИГСИ, no. 43(82) (March 29, 2022): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2022.82.43.004.
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В последней трети XIX в. в Черноморский округ и Кубанскую область прибывают среди других этнические чехи из Австро-Венгрии, основавшие в регионе около десятка сел и хуторов. Автор этой статьи ранее показал, что среди этих переселенцев-чехов были и этнические словаки, редко выделяемые в то время из состава первых. Целью настоящего исследования является введение в отечественный научный оборот путевых заметок современника словацких переселенцев – словацкого предпринимателя Матуша Фило (1852–1913). Записи М. Фило содержат описание быта словаков, проживавших в станице Костромской Кубанской области, бродячих словацких торговцев, приезжавших на Кавказ, оценку казачьего быта иностранцем-путешественником, а также нанесение на карту «чехословацких» населенных пунктов края хутора, основанного в конце XIX в. словаками-лесопромышленниками на берегу р. Малая Лаба в районе ст. Псебайской Кубанской области (ныне – пос. Псебай Мостовского района Краснодарского края). Ранее путевые заметки М. Фило на русском языке не публиковались (были опубликованы на словацком языке в 1889 г. в газете «Národné noviny»). На основании архивных документов, воспоминаний современников, записанных в литературных источниках столетней давности, и справочной литературы в статье отслеживается судьба словацких предпринимателей Духоней, устроителей лесопилки и владельцев пивоварен в Кубанской области. Отслеживается судьба последнего (?) представителя семьи – инженера Владимира Духоня, репрессированного в годы Великой Отечественной войны. Отмечается, что пребывание словаков-промышленников в окрестностях ст. Псебайской оставило след в гидронимии и микротопонимии современного Кавказского заповедника. In the last third of the 19th century, Czech peasants were resettling in Kuban Oblast and Black Sea Okrug from Austria-Hungary. They founded about a dozen villages and farmsteads in the area. Earlier the author of this article showed that within this group of Czech resettlers were ethnic Slovaks who at that time were rarely distinguished from Czechs. The purpose of this article was to introduce into scholarly discourse the travelogues written by the Slovak entrepreneur Matúš Filo (1852–1913), plot the homestead founded at the end of the 20th century on the bank of the Little Laba River near Psebaiskaya Village (now Psebai, Mostovskoi Rayon, Krasnodar Krai) on the map of the ‘Czechoslovak’ settlements of that time, describe the everyday life of ethnic Slovaks residing in Kostromskaya Village, and wandering Slovak tinkers/pedlars coming out to the Caucasus. M. Filo’s travelogues have never been published in Russian (they were published in Slovak in 1889 in the Národné noviny newspaper). Based on archive documents, reminiscences of contemporaries published a century ago, and reference literature, the author of this article tracks the fate of the members of the Duchoň family that established a sawmill and owned breweries and other enterprises in Kuban Oblast. The article traces the tragic fate of the last (?) representative of the family, Engineer Vladimír Duchoň, who was persecuted for political reasons during WWI. It is noted that the Slovak entrepreneurs that lived near Psebaiskaya Village blazed a trail in the hydronymy and microtoponymy of the present-day Caucasus Natural Reserve.
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Govedar, Nina Z. "Nikolay Timchenko on 20th-Century Serbian Literature." Филолог – часопис за језик књижевност и културу 19, no. 19 (June 30, 2019): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.21618/fil1919596g.
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