To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Australian women authors.
Journal articles on the topic 'Australian women authors'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Australian women authors.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Butler-Henderson, Kerryn, Alisa Percy, and Jo-Anne Kelder. "Editorial 18:3 Celebrating women in higher education on International Women’s Day." Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 18, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53761/1.18.3.1.
Full textAbstract:
We have timed publishing our first standard issue of the year to coincide with International Woman’s Day, 8 March 2021 to celebrate the contribution women have made to higher education. The first woman documented as teaching in a university was more than 800 years ago, and yet it is only the last century that the number of female academics has started to increase (Whaley, 2011). In Australia, the first university was established in 1851, yet it would be another 32 years until Julia Guerin graduated in 1883 from the University of Melbourne with a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in 1883 (Women's Museum of Australia, 2020). And another 10 years when Leonora Little graduated from Melbourne University with a Bachelor of Science in 1983. Despite these accomplishments in the late 19th century, it was not until 1959 when the first woman, Dorothy Hill, was awarded a Chair appointment (Chair of Geology) in an Australian university, and nearly a century before Australia has its first female Vice Chancellor, when Dianne Yerbury became the Vice-Chancellor of Macquarie University in 1987, a position she held for twenty years. Australia’s higher education history tells a clear story of the slow integration of women in higher education, particularly within the STEM fields. For example, Little graduated in 1893 with a Bachelor of Science, but it was 1928 before the first female Lecturer in Mathematics, Ethel Raybould was appointed, and another 36 years before Hanna Neumann became the first female Professor of Pure Mathematics in 1964. It was just over 60 years ago that Margaret Williams-Weir was the first female Indigenous Australian to graduate with a university qualification in 1959. Female Indigenous Australians remain under-represented in the Australian university graduate population. The current situation for Australian higher education still retains a dominance of males within academic roles, such as 30 percent more men in Associate and Full Professor roles than women (Devlin, 2021). And whilst there has been progress in some jurisdictions, such as the majority of Queensland vice chancellors are women in 2021, these continue to be the exception, for example only 28% of vice chancellors in Australia are women. International Woman’s Day is an opportunity to reflect on the significant contribution women make in higher education in Australia and globally. We celebrate through the publication of this issue, with many female authors from across higher education globally.
2
Jones, Jocelyn, Mandy Wilson, Elizabeth Sullivan, Lynn Atkinson, Marisa Gilles, Paul L. Simpson, Eileen Baldry, and Tony Butler. "Australian Aboriginal women prisoners’ experiences of being a mother: a review." International Journal of Prisoner Health 14, no. 4 (December 17, 2018): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-12-2017-0059.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThe rise in the incarceration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers is a major public health issue with multiple sequelae for Aboriginal children and the cohesiveness of Aboriginal communities. The purpose of this paper is to review the available literature relating to Australian Aboriginal women prisoners’ experiences of being a mother.Design/methodology/approachThe literature search covered bibliographic databases from criminology, sociology and anthropology, and Australian history. The authors review the literature on: traditional and contemporary Aboriginal mothering roles, values and practices; historical accounts of the impacts of white settlement of Australia and subsequent Aboriginal affairs policies and practices; and women’s and mothers’ experiences of imprisonment.FindingsThe review found that the cultural experiences of mothering are unique to Aboriginal mothers and contrasted to non-Aboriginal concepts. The ways that incarceration of Aboriginal mothers disrupts child rearing practices within the cultural kinship system are identified.Practical implicationsAboriginal women have unique circumstances relevant to the concept of motherhood that need to be understood to develop culturally relevant policy and programs. The burden of disease and cycle of incarceration within Aboriginal families can be addressed by improving health outcomes for incarcerated Aboriginal mothers and female carers.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first literature review on Australian Aboriginal women prisoners’ experiences of being a mother.
3
Summers, Jane, Rumman Hassan, Derek Ong, and Munir Hossain. "Australian Muslim women and fitness choices – myths debunked." Journal of Services Marketing 32, no. 5 (August 13, 2018): 605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-07-2017-0261.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper was to better understand the underrepresentation of Muslim women living in Australia in physical activity and in group-fitness classes in particular. The authors contend that the Australian fitness industry has ignored the needs of this group through stereotypical islamophobic views focusing on religious dictates as the prime barrier for participation of this group. This study debunks this myth showing that motivations for exercise are complex and multi-faceted. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted interviews and a focus group with 27 Muslim women living in Australia. Through this method, the authors explored the role of religiosity and national culture in attitudes towards participation in exercise, gym attendance and group fitness classes. Findings The authors confirmed that while religion impacted the form and place of exercise options, it did not impact the overall motivation to engage in exercise. This study found that group-fitness classes offered by gyms did not particularly appeal to this group of women, partially due to their religion (this form of exercise being too aggressive and immodest) and partially due to their ethnic background. Exercise options that were more social were favoured. The authors found that notions of femininity and culturally embedded expectations for the role of women were more powerful predictors of exercise engagement and choice of exercise type. Research limitations/implications This research is exploratory in nature and as such its findings are restricted to the small sample. To extend this study’s implications, a larger empirical study should be conducted and needs to also consider the intersection between national culture and religiosity on decision-making. Practical implications This study has practical implications for the fitness industry attempting to attractive new markets in a multi-cultural population. To attract Muslim women, gyms and fitness centres need to consider providing appropriate areas for women to exercise that allow them to maintain their modesty. To attract this segment, fitness products that are focused on a holistic approach to wellness and highlight opportunities for social interaction should be developed. Focusing on this group as a market segment needs to include a broader contextualisation of their lifestyles and individual situations and should not just focus on their religion. Social implications The requirements of the Muslim religion for women to adopt conservative dress and to avoid contact with men do hinder their ability and also their desire to exercise to maintain a healthy mind and body. Many of these women would like to exercise but find it difficult to find the right settings and form of exercise that suits their needs. Engaging in exercise with others is also an important way for these women to integrate into their communities and to assimilate with the national culture. Originality/value This research is original in that it is one of the first to explore attitudes of Muslim women towards exercise and group-fitness classes in Australia. In particular, it includes an examination of the impact of religiosity on motivations and attitudes towards fitness and is the first to consider the relationship between religion, ethnic background and notions of femininity in the context of fitness. The influence of religiosity is an area heavily impacted by cultural bias and stereotyping, and it is therefore important for a deeper understanding of this issue in the services domain.
4
Rubik, Margarete. "Celebrating downward mobility in selected Australian texts." Acta Neophilologica 49, no. 1-2 (December 15, 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.49.1-2.19-27.
Full textAbstract:
Several critics have pointed out that the new lower class national hero from late 19th century onwards was invariably male, and that women were largely excluded from this national stereotype. Yet several recent Australian authors have portrayed female characters who correspond to this insubordinate, defiantly lower class ideal, and thereby insert women into the national myth.
5
Skinner, Anthea, and Jess Kapuscinski-Evans. "Facilitate This! Reflections from Disabled Women in Popular Music." Journal of Popular Music Studies 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jpms.2021.33.2.3.
Full textAbstract:
This article is a reflection by the authors on the impact that their identities as disabled women have had on their ongoing music careers. Skinner and Kapuscinski-Evans make up two-thirds of the Australian crip-folk trio, the Bearbrass Asylum Orchestra (the term “crip” is a cultural reappropriation of “cripple”). The Bearbrass Asylum Orchestra is a band that performs as part of the Disability Music Scene in Melbourne, Australia, using folk music to portray their experiences as people with disabilities. In this article Skinner and Kapuscinski-Evans discuss the formation of and philosophy behind the band, as well as the impact that growing up as disabled women had on their musical education, careers, and influences.
6
Gavin, Adrienne E. "Women writing crime fiction, 1860–1880: fourteen American, British and Australian authors." European Journal of English Studies 21, no. 2 (March 23, 2017): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13825577.2017.1282201.
Full text
7
Ghafournia, Nafiseh, and Patricia Easteal. "Are Immigrant Women Visible in Australian Domestic Violence Reports that Potentially Influence Policy?" Laws 7, no. 4 (September 21, 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws7040032.
Full textAbstract:
Through an intersectional lens, this article explores whether immigrant women are represented in a sample of Australian government documents aimed at providing information about family violence in Australia, and discusses implications for policy development. The authors find that while these documents pay lip service to the special vulnerabilities of immigrant and refugee women; arguably, they do not engage with the complexities of the intersection of gender and other social categories. Given that the reports do not focus adequately on how race, ethnicity, culture and immigration status play a role in these women’s experiences of domestic violence, this may limit the effect of policies that address the culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) victims’ needs and rights to protection. We argue that a more intersectional approach is necessary to address CALD women’s specific needs.
8
Du Plessis, Jean, James O'Sullivan, and Ruth Rentschler. "Multiple Layers of Gender Diversity on Corporate Boards: To Force or Not to Force?" Deakin Law Review 19, no. 1 (August 1, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2014vol19no1art207.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines diversity on corporate boards, focussing on gender diversity and taking both contemporary and historical perspectives. Australia forms a particular focus of this article, but, as far as mandatory quota legislation is concerned, other jurisdictions provide comparisons. The authors illustrate how Australian corporate board gender diversity is starting from a low base in contrast to some other types of boards. Arguments for and against more women on boards are analysed in order to provide a comprehensive examination of extant research. The article also examines briefly whether a business case can be made for board gender diversity within the wider framework of board diversity. The authors acknowledge that there are unanswered questions about the right gender balance on boards and whether, without mandatory quota legislation, a voluntary system can achieve best practice targets. They explore the notion of critical mass - the idea that, upon board representation reaching approximately 15 per cent, efforts to further redress the imbalance may lose momentum. Their conclusion is that, in the Australian jurisdiction, progress is being made belatedly towards increasing gender diversity on corporate boards. However, substantial challenges are envisaged if significant progress is not made imminently to increase the number of women serving on corporate boards.
9
Obukhova, Julia V., and Ekaterina L. Komarovskaya. "Distinct Features of the Self-Concept and the Meaning-Forming Motives of Intellectual Professionals: A Case of Australian and Russian Specialists of Intellectual Labour." Российский психологический журнал 15, no. 3 (October 25, 2018): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21702/rpj.2018.3.7.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The authors substantiate the necessity and relevance of studying the features of self-concept and the meaning-forming motives for intellectual labour. The novelty of this study is that a comparative analysis of the particularities of self-concept and the meaning-forming motives of the Australian and Russian specialists of intellectual labour is carried out for the first time.
Methods. The study is based on the survey of 30 Australian and 40 Russian professionals in various fields of intellectual labour, whose average age was 34 years and 36 years old respectively. Psychological testing and content analysis of respondents’ self-descriptions were used as primary methods of research. The questionnaire with open-ended items created by the authors, entitled “Meaning-Forming Motives of Labour Activity – Money”, has been used for data collection. Parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures were carried out in analyses.
Results and Discussion. This section describes the features of cognitive and emotional-evaluative components of self-concept, work-related meaning-forming motives of Australian and Russian professionals in the field of intellectual labour, both men and women. The leading categories in self-descriptions of the respondents are dependent on their nationality and gender. The following features of self-concept were revealed in the study: Australian men describe themselves through their look, Australian women – through their hobbies and friendships, Russian women – through their society status and social environment. The obtained results can be used in the development of a general management system and of training programs for professionals in the field of intellectual labour.
10
Lennon, Matthew J., Rose Kennedy, Hannah Ryan, Dennis R. Neuen, and Melissa Godwin. "Changes in the proportions of authors in Australian medical journals who were women, 2005–2018." Medical Journal of Australia 214, no. 8 (March 27, 2021): 376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50998.
Full text
11
Richardson, Grant, Grantley Taylor, and Roman Lanis. "Women on the board of directors and corporate tax aggressiveness in Australia." Accounting Research Journal 29, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-09-2014-0079.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This paper aims to investigate the impact of women on the board of directors on corporate tax avoidance in Australia. Design/methodology/approach The authors use multivariate regression analysis to test the association between the presence of female directors on the board and tax aggressiveness. They also test for self-selection bias in the regression model by using the two-stage Heckman procedure. Findings This paper finds that relative to there being one female board member, high (i.e. greater than one member) female presence on the board of directors reduces the likelihood of tax aggressiveness. The results are robust after controlling for self-selection bias and using several alternative measures of tax aggressiveness. Research limitations/implications This study extends the extant literature on corporate governance and tax aggressiveness. This study is subject to several caveats. First, the sample is restricted to publicly listed Australian firms. Second, this study only examines the issue of women on the board of directors and tax aggressiveness in the context of Australia. Practical implications This research is timely, as there has been increased pressure by government bodies in Australia and globally to develop policies to increase female representation on the board of directors. Originality/value This study is the first to provide empirical evidence concerning the association between the presence of women on the board of directors and tax aggressiveness.
12
McKenna, Bernard, Martie-Louise Verreynne, and Neal Waddell. "Locating gendered work practices: a typology." International Journal of Manpower 37, no. 6 (September 5, 2016): 1085–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-12-2015-0210.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Unequal workplace gender outcomes continue to motivate research. Using the prism of work-life-(im)balance, the purpose of this paper is to show how identity salience and motivation contribute to a subject position that for many reproduces socially gendered practices of workplaces. Design/methodology/approach After initial inductive computer-assisted text analysis, the authors innovatively move to deductively analyse data from focus group and semi-structured interviews of 18 female and 19 male Australian managers in the financial and government sectors. Findings The authors find that a gendered sense of reflexivity is virtually non-existent among the female Australian managers and professionals interviewed in this research. The inductive stage of critical discourse analysis revealed a substantial difference between men and women in two concepts, responsibility, and choice. These form the axes of the typological model to better explain how non-reflexive gendered workplace practices are “performed”. Practical implications This empirical research provides a foundation for understanding the role of choice and responsibility in work-home patterns for women. Social implications The absence of a reflexive gender-based understanding of women’s work-home choice is explained in Bourdieusian terms. Originality/value By not specifically using a gender lens, the authors have avoided the stereotypical understanding of gendered workplaces.
13
Coleman, Renae. "Cultural Safety In Midwifery 1. Cultural Safety In Midwifery For First Nations Women, People And Families." Practising midwife Australia 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55975/yutl5712.
Full textAbstract:
This is the first series of Midwifery Basics. It will contain a collection of authors, curated by Renae Coleman, and will explore the concepts of ‘cultural safety in midwifery’ within the Australian context. This series will consider the importance of equity, diversity, and inclusion, and show how midwives and birth workers are essential in creating a safe space for all.
14
Asri, Delukman, Burhanuddin Arafah, Harlina Sahib, and Herawaty Abbas. "Male Domination in Helen Garner’s Monkey Grip." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 13, no. 7 (July 1, 2023): 1651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1307.07.
Full textAbstract:
The difference between man and woman is not based on the biological aspect but on how society makes it. Women are formed by their community, where they are against discrimination. Moreover, the prejudices reveal language use, including in literary works. Monkey Grip by Helen Garner tells about a woman’s condition and feeling for a man. This study aims to elaborate on feminism and stylistics, especially in identifying Australian female authors. By using stylistic analysis, this study revealed that man character dominated the woman character in conversation and did not care about his partner’s feelings. Although the female character knew it, she was afraid to fight because of the male’s domination and her love.
15
Kehl, D. G. "The Distaff and the Staff: Stereotypes and Archetypes of the Older Woman in Representative Modern Literature." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 26, no. 1 (January 1988): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/f7ky-r6gk-ye7l-pbcd.
Full textAbstract:
Belles-lettres, dealing with what it means to be human, serve to expose stereotypes, strip them away, and reveal the truth behind the misconceptions, often in terms of archetypes. An all-too-common subject of stereotyping is the aging of women. Much modern fiction and poetry cogently exposes such demeaning stereotypes. References to twenty-five representative poems and nine works of fiction by thirty-five modern authors (American, British, Australian, French) demonstrate that the elderly woman often survives with dignity, even nobility, in a society often insensitive to her plight, that she often ages with grace, retaining her independence, fortitude, and passion for life.
16
Beaujouan, Éva, Anna Reimondos, Edith Gray, Ann Evans, and Tomáš Sobotka. "Declining realisation of reproductive intentions with age." Human Reproduction 34, no. 10 (September 27, 2019): 1906–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez150.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract STUDY QUESTION What is the likelihood of having a child within 4 years for men and women with strong short-term reproductive intentions, and how is it affected by age? SUMMARY ANSWER For women, the likelihood of realising reproductive intentions decreased steeply from age 35: the effect of age was weak and not significant for men. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Men and women are postponing childbearing until later ages. For women, this trend is associated with a higher risk that childbearing plans will not be realised due to increased levels of infertility and pregnancy complications. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study analyses two waves of the nationally representative Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. The analytical sample interviewed in 2011 included 447 men aged 18–45 and 528 women aged 18–41. These respondents expressed a strong intention to have a child in the next 3 years. We followed them up in 2015 to track whether their reproductive intention was achieved or revised. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTINGS, METHODS Multinomial logistic regression is used to account for the three possible outcomes: (i) having a child, (ii) not having a child but still intending to have one in the future and (iii) not having a child and no longer intending to have one. We analyse how age, parity, partnership status, education, perceived ability to conceive, self-rated health, BMI and smoking status are related to realising or changing reproductive intentions. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Almost two-thirds of men and women realised their strong short-term fertility plans within 4 years. There was a steep age-related decline in realising reproductive intentions for women in their mid- and late-30s, whereas men maintained a relatively high probability of having the child they intended until age 45. Women aged 38–41 who planned to have a child were the most likely to change their plan within 4 years. The probability of realising reproductive intention was highest for married and highly educated men and women and for those with one child. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our study cannot separate biological, social and cultural reasons for not realising reproductive intentions. Men and women adjust their intentions in response to their actual circumstances, but also in line with their perceived ability to have a child or under the influence of broader social norms on reproductive age. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results give a new perspective on the ability of men and women to realise their reproductive plans in the context of childbearing postponement. They confirm the inequality in the individual consequences of delayed reproduction between men and women. They inform medical practitioners and counsellors about the complex biological, social and normative barriers to reproduction among women at higher childbearing ages. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This research was partly supported by a Research School of Social Sciences Visiting Fellowship at the Australian National University and an Australian Research Council Discovery Project (DP150104248). Éva Beaujouan’s work was partly funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project ‘Later Fertility in Europe’ (Grant agreement no. P31171-G29). This paper uses unit record data from the HILDA Survey. The HILDA Project was initiated and is funded by the Australian Government Department of Social Services (DSS) and is managed by the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research (Melbourne Institute). The findings and views reported in this paper, however, are those of the authors and should not be attributed to either DSS or the Melbourne Institute. The authors have no conflicts of interest.
17
LESSOV, CHRISTINA N., NICHOLAS G. MARTIN, DIXIE J. STATHAM, ALEXANDRE A. TODOROV, WENDY S. SLUTSKE, KATHLEEN K. BUCHOLZ, ANDREW C. HEATH, and PAMELA A. F. MADDEN. "Defining nicotine dependence for genetic research: evidence from Australian twins." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 5 (July 2004): 865–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703001582.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Whether current criteria used to define nicotine dependence are informative for genetic research is an important empirical question. The authors used items of the DSM-IV and of the Heaviness of Smoking Index to characterize the nicotine dependence phenotype and to identify salient symptoms in a genetically informative community sample of Australian young adult female and male twins.Method. Phenotypic and genetic factor analyses were performed on nine dependence symptoms (the seven DSM-IV substance dependence criteria and the two Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) items derived from the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, time to first cigarette in the morning and number of cigarettes smoked per day). Phenotypic and genetic analyses were restricted to ever smokers.Results. Phenotypic nicotine dependence symptom covariation was best captured by two factors with a similar pattern of factor loadings for women and men. In genetic factor analysis item covariation was best captured by two genetic but one shared environmental factor for both women and men; however, item factor loadings differed by gender. All nicotine dependence symptoms were substantially heritable, except for the DSM-IV criterion of ‘giving up or reducing important activities in order to smoke’, which was weakly familial.Conclusions. The salient behavioral indices of nicotine dependence are similar for women and men. DSM-IV criteria of tolerance, withdrawal, and experiencing difficulty quitting and HSI items time to first cigarette in the morning and number of cigarettes smoked per day may represent the most highly heritable symptoms of nicotine dependence for both women and men.
18
Ellis, Katie, Gwyneth Peaty, and Leanne McRae. "Complicating Feature: Gender and Disability in Mad Max: Fury Road." Antipodes 36, no. 1 (2022): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apo.2022.a906034.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: While scholarly discussion of disability in Australian narrative has focused on disability as a representational device, used to reinforce a hypermasculine and able-national identity, this article draws on Ato Quayson's aesthetic nervousness to establish patterns of cultural critique throughout Mad Max: Fury Road , layered on and through capitalism and gender representation. Strong female protagonists have been a recurring character in action genres since the 1980s yet have often been absent in Australian national cinema. There is barely a scene in Fury Road that does not include a disabled body and/or a woman. Furiosa's counterpart is not Max but Immortan Joe. Both bodies are impaired and use prosthesis. However, the role of Joe's prosthesis is to hide his decaying body, while the role of Furiosa's seems only to exist in Joe's world. Throughout this article, the authors invoke critical disability studies to argue that disability and gender are central to the aesthetic of Fury Road and to conveying its sociopolitical messages. In an ensemble filled with women, Furiosa's distinguishing feature is no longer her gender but her disability.
19
Bhatta, Manoj, Emma Field, Max Cass, Kerstin Zander, Steven Guthridge, Matt Brearley, Sonia Hines, et al. "Examining the Heat Health Burden in Australia: A Rapid Review." Climate 11, no. 12 (December 18, 2023): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli11120246.
Full textAbstract:
Extreme heat has been linked to increased mortality and morbidity across the globe. Increasing temperatures due to climatic change will place immense stress on healthcare systems. This review synthesises Australian literature that has examined the effect of hot weather and heatwaves on various health outcomes. Databases including Web of Science, PubMed and CINAHL were systematically searched for articles that quantitatively examined heat health effects for the Australian population. Relevant, peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2023 were included. Two authors screened the abstracts. One researcher conducted the full article review and data extraction, while another researcher randomly reviewed 10% of the articles to validate decisions. Our rapid review found abundant literature indicating increased mortality and morbidity risks due to extreme temperature exposures. The effect of heat on mortality was found to be mostly immediate, with peaks in the risk of death observed on the day of exposure or the next day. Most studies in this review were concentrated on cities and mainly included health outcome data from temperate and subtropical climate zones. There was a dearth of studies that focused on tropical or arid climates and at-risk populations, including children, pregnant women, Indigenous people and rural and remote residents. The review highlights the need for more context-specific studies targeting vulnerable population groups, particularly residents of rural and remote Australia, as these regions substantially vary climatically and socio-demographically from urban Australia, and the heat health impacts are likely to be even more substantial.
20
Powell, Anastasia, and Nicola Henry. "Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Victimization: Results From an Online Survey of Australian Adults." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 17 (October 3, 2016): 3637–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516672055.
Full textAbstract:
Online forms of sexual harassment and abuse as experienced by adults represent an emerging yet under-researched set of behaviors, such that very few studies have sought to estimate the extent of the problem. This article presents the results of an online survey of 2,956 Australian adult (aged 18 to 54 years) experiences of technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV) victimization. The prevalence of TFSV was analyzed in relation to a 21-item scale developed in accordance with prior conceptual research identifying multiple dimensions of TFSV including digital sexual harassment, image-based sexual abuse, sexual aggression and/or coercion, and, gender and/or sexuality-based harassment (including virtual sexual violence). Results revealed significant differences in lifetime TFSV victimization for younger (18-24) and non-heterosexual identifying adults. Lifetime TFSV victimization for men and women was not significantly different, though women were more likely to report sexual harassment victimization and men were more likely to report victimization through the distribution of non-consensual images, as well as gender and/or sexuality-based harassment. The authors conclude that although women and men report experiencing similar overall prevalence of TFSV victimization, the nature and impacts of those experiences differ in particular gendered ways that reflect broader patterns in both gender relations and “offline” sexual harassment.
21
Xu, Xiaolin, Mark Jones, and Gita D. Mishra. "Age at natural menopause and development of chronic conditions and multimorbidity: results from an Australian prospective cohort." Human Reproduction 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez259.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract STUDY QUESTION Is age at natural menopause (ANM) associated with the development of multiple chronic conditions (multimorbidity) in postmenopausal life? SUMMARY ANSWER Women with premature menopause experience increased odds of developing individual chronic conditions and multimorbidity. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY ANM is considered as a marker of age-related morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal life. Multimorbidity affects more than 60% of older women and has been recognized as the most common ‘chronic condition’. Few studies have examined the association between ANM and the development of multimorbidity. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A prospective national cohort study of 11 258 Australian women, aged 45–50 years in 1996. Women were followed from 1996 to 2016. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Information about ANM and 11 chronic conditions (diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, osteoporosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, anxiety and breast cancer) were estimated approximately every 3 years. Multimorbidity is defined as 2 or more of these 11 conditions. Generalized estimating equations were used to link the categorical ANM with individual chronic conditions and multimorbidity. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Among 5107 women reporting ANM, 2.3% experienced premature menopause (≤40 years) and 55.1% developed multimorbidity. Compared with women who experienced menopause at age 50–51 years, women with premature menopause had twice the odds of experiencing multimorbidity by age 60 (OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.98) and three times the odds of developing multimorbidity in their 60s (OR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.62 to 5.64). Women with premature menopause also experienced higher incidence of most individual chronic conditions. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The main limitation of this study was the use of self-reported data, but with repeated assessments from prospective study design and the validity of most of the chronic conditions from hospital data, the potential for non-differential misclassification is minimized. WIDE IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the association of premature menopause and development of multimorbidity in a larger national cohort of mid-aged women. Health professionals should consider comprehensive screening and assessment of risk factors for multimorbidity when treating women who experienced premature menopause. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health was supported by the Australian Government Department of Health. X.X. is funded by an International Postgraduate Research Scholarship from the Australian government and a UQ Centennial Scholarship from The University of Queensland. G.D.M. is supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council Principal Research Fellowship (APP1121844). None of the authors has any conflicts of interest to declare.
22
Lovell, Belinda, Mary Steen, Adrian Esterman, and Angela Brown. "The Parenting Education Needs of Women Experiencing Incarceration in South Australia: Proposal for a Mixed Methods Study." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): e18992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18992.
Full textAbstract:
Background The mother-child relationship is extremely important, and for mothers experiencing incarceration, this relationship has unique challenges. There is limited evidence currently available to identify the type and content of parenting education that would best suit women who are incarcerated. Objective This study aims to design and evaluate a parent education program for women experiencing incarceration in South Australia. The program must meet the specific needs of incarcerated women and considers the cultural needs of Aboriginal and or Torres Strait Islanders and migrant women. Hereafter Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples will be referred to as Aboriginal; the authors acknowledge the diversity within Aboriginal cultures. Methods This study will utilize a mixed methods approach, including six phases framed by a community-based theoretical model. This methodology provides a collaborative approach between the researcher and the community to empower the women experiencing incarceration, allowing their parenting education needs to be addressed. Results A scoping review was undertaken to inform this study protocol. This paper describes and discusses the protocol for this mixed methods study. Recruiting commenced in December 2019, results will be published in 2020, and the project will be completed by August 2022. This project has been supported by a Research Training Scholarship from the Australian Government. Conclusions The scoping review highlighted a lack of rigorous evidence to determine the most appropriate parenting education program to suit women experiencing incarceration specifically, and there was little consideration for the cultural needs of women. It also became clear that when quantitative and qualitative data are utilized, the women’s voices can assist in the determination of what works, what will not work, and what can be improved. The data collected and analyzed during this study, as well as the current evidence, will assist in the development of a specific parenting education program to meet the needs of women experiencing incarceration in South Australia and will be implemented and evaluated as part of the study. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/18992
23
Hunter, Rosemary. "Australian Legal Histories in Context." Law and History Review 21, no. 3 (2003): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595121.
Full textAbstract:
Australian legal history has only emerged as a field of scholarship in its own right in the last twenty years. Prior to that, Australian legal history tended to be written and taught as a footnote to the great sweep of English legal history—the history of the king's courts, the common law and equity, and major nineteenth-century statutory reforms, with a chapter at the end about the classification of the Australian colonies as “settled” colonies, and the consequent reception of English law. This year (2002) sees the twentieth anniversary of Alex Castles's groundbreaking work An Australian Legal History, the first book to take Australian laws and legal institutions as its entire subject matter. It is also the twentieth anniversary of the first Australian Law and History Conference. The years since 1982 have seen the advent of the Australian and New Zealand Law and History Society, increasing attendances at its annual conferences, the establishment of the Australian Journal of Legal History, the completion of a number of Ph.D.theses in the field, and the publication of further influential texts and edited collections by (among others) the authors of the two articles featured in this forum. Two of the most productive strands in this developing literature have concerned the history of colonization and the dispossession of indigenous peoples and histories of women and gender relations in law, although these are by no means that only areas that have been explored. Running through much of this literature, too, are themes of imperial-colonial relations, and relations between law and colonial economies and societies, particularly prior to federation in 1901.
24
Mena, Gabriela P., Gregore I. Mielke, and Wendy J. Brown. "Do physical activity, sitting time and body mass index affect fertility over a 15-year period in women? Data from a large population-based cohort study." Human Reproduction 35, no. 3 (March 2020): 676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez300.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract STUDY QUESTION Do physical activity (PA), sitting time (ST) and body mass index (BMI) affect fertility over a 15-year period in Australian women? SUMMARY ANSWER Moderate and high levels of PA confer advantages for fertility in women with normal BMI, but increased risk of infertility was observed in obese women. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Higher BMI is positively associated with higher rates of problems with fertility, but the effects of physical activity and sitting time on fertility are less well understood. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Participants in The Australian Longitudinal Study of Women’s Health (ALSWH) completed mailed surveys in 2000, with follow-ups in 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015 (N = 6130). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants were aged 22 to 27 in 2000. They were asked to report their physical activity levels, sitting time and fertility problems in each survey from 2000 to 2015. BMI was calculated from self-reported weight and height. Cumulative incidence of fertility problems was calculated from 2000 to 2015 and hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs were calculated using survival analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE From 2000 to 2015, the cumulative incidence of fertility problems was 15.4% (95% CI: 14.5–16.4). High levels of PA were associated with reduced risk of problems with fertility [HR 0.82 (95% CI: 0.69–0.98)], and higher BMI was positively associated with fertility problems [overweight: HR 1.18, (95% CI 0.99–1.39); obese: HR 1.36, (95% CI 1.14–1.63)]. In survival analyses, incidence rates were highest in every survey interval in women who reported low PA levels and in women who were obese. Overall, ST was not associated with fertility problems. In stratified models, high levels of PA attenuated the risk of problems with fertility in women who were in the normal BMI category [HR 0.64, (95% CI 0.49–0.82)]. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The ALSWH relies on self-reported data, which may be subject to recall bias. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The study provides estimates of problems with fertility in a cohort of young adult Australian women, and the results indicate that these are inversely associated with physical activity levels and positively associated with BMI. However, the high infertility risk in obese women was not attenuated by high levels of PA. The protective effects of PA were only observed in women with normal BMI. As rates of developing problems with fertility were highest in every survey interval among women who reported low levels of physical activity and in women who were obese, these findings suggest that improving physical activity levels could be an affordable strategy to reduce problems with fertility in women who are trying to conceive. These findings should be considered by clinical and public health practitioners. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The ALSWH is funded by the Australian Government. Funding for these analyses was provided by a University of Queensland (UQ) International Postgraduate Research Scholarship and a UQ International Development Fellowship. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
25
Bartkowiak-Theron, Isabelle, and Emma Colvin. "Understanding the impact of bail refusal on the Australian public health system." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 7, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.280.
Full textAbstract:
Australia’s incarceration rates are the highest they have been in a century. Bail and remand contribute much to this trend, and yet the reasons why police refuse bail to vulnerable people are currently unclear. What is clear, though, is that a disproportionate number of vulnerable people are being refused bail, resulting in periods of remand incarceration which end up either longer than the prison sentence given by a magistrate, or undue if the alleged offender is found not guilty. This tendency is particularly observable for the most vulnerable: Aboriginal people, children, people with a mental health condition, the homeless, and women. The authors investigated how magistrates grant or refuse bail as part of the court process, then looked at two tipping points bracketing the bail continuum: 1) policing interactions leading to court appearance, and 2) the impact of bail refusal on public health and community safety and well-being in general. In the present article, they examined how authorized police officers consider refusing or granting bail. This new project aims to investigate the police bail decision-making process and generate new knowledge about the impact of bail refusal on vulnerable people. Through an iterative process with national practitioners and international experts, the authors aimed to identify factors to consider when bail involves vulnerable people. Expected outcomes included the development of mechanisms to benefit the full remit of criminal justice, reduce costs, and improve fairness, accountability, and procedural justice.
26
Dodd, Jodie, and Jeffrey Robinson. "Commentary: public and private intervention rates in obstetric practice." Australian Health Review 27, no. 2 (2004): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah042720009.
Full textAbstract:
Dr Jodie Dodd is a maternal fetal medicine fellow, and Professor Jeffrey Robinson is head of Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Adelaide.The paper by Shorten and Shorten published in the last edition of Australian Health Review highlights differences in intervention rates (induction of labour, caesarean section, use of epidural analgesia) between women receiving private obstetric care and those receiving public obstetric care (Shorten & Shorten 2004).Similarly, the authors highlight the more frequent occurrence of "less favourable birth outcomes such as emergency CS, instrumental birth, episiotomy and (perineal) tear requiring suturing" in women giving birth in private hospital settings. These differences persisted after controlling for the risk profile of the woman or development of complications during birth (Shorten & Shorten 2004). These findings are not new in Australia, having been reported previously by King (1993 and 2000), and Roberts and colleagues (2000 and 2002). However, Shorten and Shorten's link to subsidies for private insurance raises a new concern.The global interest in obstetric intervention rates and in particular rates of caesarean section has been underpinned by the assumption that there is in fact an "ideal" rate of intervention, where benefits outweigh risks. Much of this discussion developed after the World Health Organization published a statement to the effect that a caesarean section rate of 15% was appropriate (WHO 1985). However there has been little critique of the derivation of this figure and there is a lack of evidence in the scientific literature supporting it. The rate of any particular intervention should not be considered in isolation - what is important is how the intervention relates to increasing or decreasing maternal and infant mortality and morbidity.
27
Laplonge, Dean. "A toolkit for women: the mis(sed) management of gender in resource industries." Journal of Management Development 35, no. 6 (July 11, 2016): 802–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-07-2014-0078.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show the extent to which work on how to manage gender in resource industries fails to draw on the body of knowledge which explores gender in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach – This paper explores the efficacy of a recently published toolkit within the context of the current debate about gender in resource industries (such as mining, and oil and gas). Findings – The Australian Human Rights Commission’s toolkit speaks to this debate, but fails to analyse existing strategies to deal with the “gender problem”; it simply repeats them as successful examples of what to do. The authors of the toolkit also fail to ask a question which is fundamental to the success of any intervention into gender: what is the definition of “gender” on which the work is based? Originality/value – The debate about gender in resource industries fails to take into consideration contemporary ideas about gender as they have appeared in academic research and human practice.
28
Barkatsas, Tasos, Grant Cooper, and Patricia McLaughlin. "Investigating Female Students’ Stem-Related Attitudes, Engagement and Work-Intentions When Involved in a University Workshop Initiative." Journal of Research in STEM Education 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51355/jstem.2019.63.
Full textAbstract:
Encouraging females to engage in and pursue Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education and vocations are key priorities for stakeholders and primary aims of the Australian Government-funded STEM in Situ (WISE 2016-18) project. Using a researcher-designed student survey by two of the authors, this article reports on the STEM-related attitudes, engagement and vocational intentions of female students involved in the project. The research survey developed for the project collected data in 2017-8 from 221 female students in Years 5-9 (11 to 16 years of age) from various public schools in Australia. Factor analytic and repeated measures t-tests data analysis techniques were used to explore the factor structure of the survey items and to examine students’ STEM-related attitudes, engagement and future work intentions both before and after their participation in the STEM in Situ project. The findings highlight the outcomes of the STEM in Situ workshops upon female students attitudes and engagements with STEM careers. The findings have the potential to inform future policies related to STEM interventions for young women.
29
Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "From the Front Line: The State as a Failed Parent." Children Australia 38, no. 2 (May 29, 2013): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2013.6.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of this article is young women aged 16–17 years who, while in State care in New South Wales gave birth, and from whom the child was then removed by the same department that is responsible for the mother's care. This topic is rarely examined due to two constraints. One is the lack of available data about the incidence of events of this kind. The second is the confidentiality provision in the New South Wales Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 which defines the Children's Court as a closed court and prohibits the reporting of identifiable case information.As a consequence much of this article is based on the authors' direct observation of cases involving young women of this age that they have encountered while undertaking professional duties in the Children's Court. The article also explores the further issue of the adoption of children removed from mothers who are still in State care.Because of the lack of data this article can be classified as an opinion piece which attempts to raise awareness about an important care issue. The article has a New South Wales focus but the authors expect that the same concerns are echoed in other Australian states and territories.
30
Mena, Gabriela P., Gregore I. Mielke, and Wendy J. Brown. "Prospective associations between physical activity and BMI with irregular periods and heavy menstrual bleeding in a large cohort of Australian women." Human Reproduction 36, no. 6 (April 7, 2021): 1481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab055.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract STUDY QUESTION Are physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) associated with irregular periods and heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) in Australian women? SUMMARY ANSWER Overweight and obese women have higher odds of both irregular periods and HMB than underweight/normal-weight women, but high levels of PA reduce the odds of HMB. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Most studies on relationships between PA and menstrual problems have focused on female athletes, but there have been few population-based studies. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Prospective cohort study, 10618 participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women’s Health (ALSWH) who completed mailed surveys in 1996, with follow-ups in 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2015. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants were aged 22 to 27 in 2000. They were asked to report their PA levels and the frequency of irregular periods and HMB in each survey. BMI was calculated at every survey from self-reported weight and height. Generalised estimating equation population-averaged model analyses were conducted to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE At age 22 to 27 years, the prevalence of irregular periods was 19.4%. This remained stable over 15 years. There were no associations between PA and irregular periods. Overweight and obese women had higher odds of irregular periods [overweight: OR 1.08, (95% CI 1.00–1.17); obese: OR 1.29, (95%CI 1.18–1.41)] than women who were underweight/normal weight. The prevalence of HMB at age 22–27 years was 15.9%; this doubled over 15 years. Women who were highly active had 10% lower odds of HMB than women who reported no PA [OR 0.90, (95%CI 0.82–0.98)]. Overweight and obese women had higher odds of HMB [overweight: OR 1.15, (95%CI 1.07–1.23); obese: OR 1.37, (95%CI 1.26–1.49)] than women who were underweight/normal weight. Among obese women, high levels of PA were associated with 19% [OR 0.81, (95%CI 0.68–0.97)] reduction in the odds of HMB. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Data collected in the ALSWH are self-reported, which may be subject to recall bias. Reverse causation, due to menstrual problems impacting PA, is possible although sensitivity analyses suggest this is unlikely to have affected the results. Other conditions, e.g., polycystic ovary syndrome, for which no or incomplete data were available, could have affected the results. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Intervention studies are needed to assess the effect of increasing PA in women with HMB, but these preliminary findings suggest that promoting PA could be an affordable and feasible strategy for reducing HMB in young adult women. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The ALSWH is funded by the Australian Government. Funding for these analyses was provided by a University of Queensland (UQ) International Postgraduate Research Scholarship and a UQ International Development Fellowship. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A
31
Logan, Naeemah Z., Beth E. Karp, Kaitlin A. Tagg, Claire Burns-Lynch, Jessica Chen, Amanda Garcia-Williams, Zachary A. Marsh, et al. "130. increase in Multidrug Resistance (2011–2018) and the Emergence of Extensive Drug Resistance (2020) in shigella Sonnei in the United States." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.440.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Shigella sonnei infections are a serious public health threat, and outbreaks are common among men who have sex with men (MSM). In February 2020, Australia’s Department of Health notified CDC of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. sonnei in 2 Australian residents linked to a cruise that departed from Florida. We describe an international outbreak of XDR S. sonnei and report on trends in MDR among S. sonnei in the United States. Methods Health departments (HDs) submit every 20th Shigella isolate to CDC’s National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) laboratory for susceptibility testing. We defined MDR as decreased susceptibility to azithromycin (MIC ≥32 µg/mL) with resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and cotrimoxazole, and XDR as MDR with additional resistance to ceftriaxone. We used PulseNet, the national subtyping network for enteric disease surveillance, to identify US isolates related to the Australian XDR isolates by short-read whole genome sequencing. We screened these isolates for resistance determinants (ResFinder v3.0) and plasmid replicons (PlasmidFinder) and obtained patient histories from HDs. We used long-read sequencing to generate closed plasmid sequences for 2 XDR isolates. Results NARMS tested 2,781 S. sonnei surveillance isolates during 2011–2018; 80 (2.9%) were MDR, including 1 (0.04%) that was XDR. MDR isolates were from men (87%), women (9%), and children (4%). MDR increased from 0% in 2011 to 15.3% in 2018 (Figure). In 2020, we identified XDR isolates from 3 US residents on the same cruise as the Australians. The US residents were 41–42 year-old men; 2 with available information were MSM. The US and Australian isolates were highly related (0–1 alleles). Short-read sequence data from all 3 US isolates mapped to the blaCTX-M-27 harboring IncFII plasmids from the 2 Australian isolates with >99% nucleotide identity. blaCTX-M-27 genes confer ceftriaxone resistance. Increase in Percentage of Shigella sonnei Isolates with Multidrug Resistance* in the United States, 2011–2018† Conclusion MDR S. sonnei is increasing and is most often identified among men. XDR S. sonnei infections are emerging and are resistant to all recommended antibiotics, making them difficult to treat without IV antibiotics. This outbreak illustrates the alarming capacity for XDR S. sonnei to disseminate globally among at-risk populations, such as MSM. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
32
Macioti, P. G., Eurydice Aroney, Calum Bennachie, Anne E. Fehrenbacher, Calogero Giametta, Heidi Hoefinger, Nicola Mai, and Jennifer Musto. "Framing the Mother Tac: The Racialised, Sexualised and Gendered Politics of Modern Slavery in Australia." Social Sciences 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9110192.
Full textAbstract:
Centred on the slavery trial “Crown vs. Rungnapha Kanbut” heard in Sydney, New South Wales, between 10 April and 15 May 2019, this article seeks to frame the figure of the “Mother Tac” or the “mother of contract”, also called “mama tac” or “mae tac”—a term used amongst Thai migrants to describe a woman who hosts, collects debts from, and organises work for Thai migrant sex workers in their destination country. It proposes that this largely unexplored figure has come to assume a disproportionate role in the “modern slavery” approach to human trafficking, with its emphasis on absolute victims and individual offenders. The harms suffered by Kanbut’s victims are put into context by referring to existing literature on women accused of trafficking; interviews with Thai migrant sex workers, including Kanbut’s primary victim, and with members from the Australian Federal Police Human Trafficking Unit; and ethnographic field notes. The article unveils how constructions of both victim and offender, as well as definitions of slavery, are racialised, gendered, and sexualised and rely on the victims’ subjective accounts of bounded exploitation. By documenting these and other limitations involved in a criminal justice approach, the authors reveal its shortfalls. For instance, while harsh sentences are meant as a deterrence to others, the complex and structural roots of migrant labour exploitation remain unaffected. This research finds that improved legal migration pathways, the decriminalisation of the sex industry, and improved access to information and support for migrant sex workers are key to reducing heavier forms of labour exploitation, including human trafficking, in the Australian sex industry.
33
Jamali, Hamid R., Alireza Abbasi, and Lutz Bornmann. "Research diversification and its relationship with publication counts and impact: A case study based on Australian professors." Journal of Information Science 46, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551519837191.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims to investigate whether multi/inter-disciplinary research activities are related to research impact and publication counts of scholars. Since researchers with very high levels of multi/inter-disciplinarity might be able to target complex problems, we would expect them to receive more credits than their colleagues with a stronger disciplinary orientation. We analysed Web of Science (WoS) indexed publications of all associate and full professors from a random sample of Australian universities in physics, chemistry and biology (1980–2014). Australian Fields of Research (FoR) codes assigned to journals were used to calculate the diversification of authors’ publications. The number of citations in the first 3 years, number of 10% most frequently cited papers, and citation impact percentile were used for impact assessment. A few indicators were used to measure the diversity including ‘extent of diversification (ED)’ (number of distinct FoR codes divided by the number of publications) and ‘diversification ratio (DR)’ (ratio of the publications falling outside the dominant code to the total number of publications). A total of 47.76% of biologists’ publications, 35.23% of physicists’ publications and 20.36% of chemists’ publications were published in journals assigned to fields other than the Australian associate and full professors’ fields. Publications from biologists had the largest values of diversification. Women (compared with men) and associate professors (compared with full professors) in chemistry, biology and overall were more probably to publish diversely. ED was negatively correlated with output and citation impact. DR also had a negative but weak correlation with the number of publications and 10% most frequently cited paper.
34
McLaren, Suzanne, Rapson Gomez, Peter Gill, and Jessica Chesler. "Marital status and suicidal ideation among Australian older adults: the mediating role of sense of belonging – CORRIGENDUM." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 1 (October 2, 2014): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214002166.
Full textAbstract:
The authors regret errors in the reporting of the confidence intervals in the Results section. In relation to the first simple mediation model, the sentence “In this analysis, the β (95% CI) values of the direct effect and indirect effect of marital status on sense of belonging were 1.32 (−2.70, −0.05) and 0.72 (−1.43, −0.01), respectively.” Should read: “In this analysis, the β (95% CI) values of the direct effect and indirect effect of marital status on sense of belonging were 1.32 (−2.70, 0.05) and 0.72 (−1.43, 0.01), respectively.” In relation to the hypothesized mediation model, the sentence “The β (95% CI) values of the direct effect and indirect effect of marital status on suicidal ideation were 0.19 (−0.06, −0.43) and 0.22 (0.11, −0.35), respectively” should read: “The β (95% CI) values of the direct effect and indirect effect of marital status on suicidal ideation were 0.19 (−0.06, 0.43) and 0.22 (0.11, 0.35), respectively.” In relation to the moderated mediation model, the text “The relation between marital status and sense of belonging was significant for men as its bootstrapped 95% CI did not include zero (0.20, −0.67). In contrast, this relation was not significant for women as its bootstrapped 95% CI included zero (−0.03, −0.25)” should read: “The relation between marital status and sense of belonging was significant for men as its bootstrapped 95% CI did not include zero (0.20, 0.67). In contrast, this relation was not significant for women as its bootstrapped 95% CI included zero (−0.03, 0.25).”
35
Rosian, Katharina. "VP14 Screening Recommendations For Socioeconomic Disadvantages In Pregnancy." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317003087.
Full textAbstract:
INTRODUCTION:In 2015, 18.3 percent of the Austrian population were at risk of poverty and social exclusion - about 211,000 (20 percent) women aged 20–39 years were affected. International studies report that poverty may lead to an increased risk of complications and pathologies during pregnancy. Further, children who grow up in poverty often have poorer long-term health outcomes.METHODS:In order to identify recent guidelines (2011-2016) a comprehensive handsearch was conducted in the guideline databases National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) and Guidelines International Network (GIN). Moreover, a handsearch for systematic reviews and primary studies was conducted in PubMed.RESULTS:Two guidelines, the British National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guideline “Pregnancy and Complex Social Factors”, as well as the Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council (AHMAC) Guideline “Antenatal Care”, address socioeconomic disadvantages of women during antenatal care. The recommendation of the AHMAC is that pregnancy care should be offered to all pregnant women. In addition, an individual approach will help to pay particular attention to socioeconomic factors and to incorporate them in routine examinations. NICE recommends in its guideline, affected women should be supported in order to ensure adequate prenatal care. NICE also defines criteria which are used to identify pregnant women who are in greater need of support. The only identified study developed and tested a tool for the identification of patients affected by poverty. The authors of this Canadian pilot study concluded that the defined questions helped to identify socioeconomically disadvantaged persons during anamnesis without stigmatizing.CONCLUSIONS:Due to the proven link between poverty and health risks, special attention must be paid to socioeconomically disadvantaged pregnant women. Research on non-stigmatizing instruments, which can identify vulnerable women, is of great importance. In addition to social policy measures, it is necessary to ensure that low-threshold services are available for socioeconomic disadvantaged women and their children.
36
Birdsall, Sally, and Peta White. "Participating in Research Symposia: Tales of Reinscription, Disruption, and Inclusivity." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 33, no. 3 (November 2017): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aee.2018.14.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractHaving participated in both the New Zealand Association for Environmental Education (NZAEE) and Australian Association for Environmental Education (AAEE) Research Symposia of 2016, the authors provide a critical analysis of the opportunities provided during these symposia for researchers to position themselves within the environmental education field. Each symposium is analysed in terms of its purpose and program structure, and the opportunities for researchers to communicate and share their ideas, build their research community, and frame their field. It was found that there were spaces for researchers to reinscribe the structures and practices of the environmental education field, but less space for its disruption. Furthermore, it seemed that there were some voices from the edge who were unintentionally silenced to some degree; for example, emerging researchers, women, and Indigenous people. It is recommended that symposia organisers and delegates give careful consideration to these spaces for disruption and to inclusivity when planning and attending future symposia.
37
KIPPEN, REBECCA, ANN EVANS, and EDITH GRAY. "PARENTAL PREFERENCE FOR SONS AND DAUGHTERS IN A WESTERN INDUSTRIAL SETTING: EVIDENCE AND IMPLICATIONS." Journal of Biosocial Science 39, no. 4 (July 2007): 583–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932006001477.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThis paper considers whether sex composition of existing children in Australian families is an important factor in parity progression. Using census data from 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001, women are linked with their co-resident children, allowing investigation of family sex composition and its changing impact over time on the propensity to have another child. The study finds that parents are much more likely to have a third and fourth birth if existing children are all of the same sex, indicating a strong preference for children of both sexes. This increased propensity has added around three per cent to the fertility of recent cohorts. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential impact of sex-selection technologies on fertility. The authors argue that future widespread use of reliable sex-selection technologies might act to increase fertility in the short term, but would lead to a long-term reduction in fertility.
38
Bell, Robin J., Rakibul M. Islam, Marina A. Skiba, Dilinie Herbert, Alejandra Martinez Garcia, and Susan R. Davis. "Substituting serum anti-Müllerian hormone for polycystic ovary morphology increases the number of women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome: a community-based cross-sectional study." Human Reproduction 37, no. 1 (November 6, 2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab232.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract STUDY QUESTION Can serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) replace polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) determined by ultrasound as a diagnostic component of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Despite good correlations between serum AMH and PCOM, the use of a high serum AMH as a proxy for PCOM resulted in the reclassification of PCOS in 5% of study participants, with the main effect being more women identified, although some women previously classified as having PCOS were no longer classified as such. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY AMH has been proposed as an alternative to PCOM as a diagnostic component of PCOS. Previous studies are limited by poorly defining PCOS, use of infertile women as comparators, measurement of hormones by immunoassay that lack precision in the female range, low-resolution ovarian ultrasound and inconsistent handling and storage of serum samples. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is an Australian cross-sectional study of 163 non-healthcare-seeking women. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Serum AMH was measured by both the Ansh picoAMH assay and the Beckman Coulter Access 2 (BA2) assay, in parallel with androgens measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, in blood samples of women, not pregnant, breast feeding or using systemic steroids, who also underwent high-resolution ovarian ultrasound. PCOS was determined by the Rotterdam criteria with PCOM defined by the Androgen Excess-PCOS Taskforce recommendation of ≥25 follicles in at least one ovary. Cut-off serum concentrations that best identified women as having PCOM were identified by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 163 women, mean (SD) age 32.5 (5.5) years, who provided a blood sample and had both ovaries visualized on ultrasound were included in the analysis. Women with isolated PCOM had higher median (range) Ansh AMH and BA2 AMH concentrations than those with no PCOS characteristics [56.9 pmol/l (34.6, 104.2) versus 18.7 (3.2, 50.9), P = 0.002 and 38.5 pmol/l (22.2, 100.2) versus 16.7 (3.5, 38.9), P = 0.002, respectively]. An AMH ≥ 44.0 pmol/l, suggested by the ROC curve, identified 80.6% of women with PCOM, falsely identified 15.2% of women without PCOM as having PCOS and had a positive predictive value of 55.6%. The negative predictive value was 94.9%. An AMH BA2 assay cut-off of ≥33.2 pmol/l provided a sensitivity of 80.6%, a specificity of 79.5% and a positive predictive value for PCOM of 48.1%. The negative predictive value was 94.6% for PCOM. When serum AMH was used in the place of PCOM as a diagnostic criterion for PCOS, the Ansh assay resulted in an additional seven women classified as having PCOS and no longer classified one woman as having PCOS. For the BA2 assay, eight additional and two fewer women were classified as having PCOS. Overall, both assays resulted in six more women being classified as having PCOS. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Women with functional hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism were not excluded and may have been misclassified as having an oligo-amenorrhoea-PCOM phenotype. As study participants were predominantly Caucasian/White, our findings cannot be generalized to women of other ethnicities. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Although serum AMH reflects the number of developing ovarian follicles, the absolute values vary between assays and specific reference ranges for individual assays are required. Irrespective of the assay used, replacing PCOM with serum AMH to diagnose PCOS in a community-based sample altered the number of women classified as having or not having PCOS. Consequently, although overall the risk of women being identified as having PCOS would be increased, some women would no longer be classified as having this condition. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was supported by the Norman Beischer Research Foundation and the Grollo-Ruzzene Foundation. S.R.D. is an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow (Grant No. 1135843). S.R.D. reports unrelated support that includes grants from the NHMRC Australia, personal fees for educational activities from Besins Healthcare, Abbott Chile, BioFemme and Pfizer Australia, personal Advisory Board/consultancy fees from Theramex, Abbott Laboratories, Astellas, Mayne Pharmaceuticals, Roche Diagnostics, Lawley Pharmaceuticals and Que Oncology and has received institutional grant funding from Que Oncology and Ovoca research. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
39
Pagnoccolo, Joe, and Santina Bertone. "The apprentice experience: the role of interpersonal attributes and people-related generic skills." Education + Training 63, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-05-2020-0116.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThis research explores the training experiences of Australian apprentices in the workplace with a focus on workplace relationships and their link to interpersonal attributes and people-related generic skills among apprentices.Design/methodology/approachQualitative research is conducted, and the authors analysed interview data from 20 apprentices (17 men, three women; average age 25 years) who came from a range of industries and trade sectors.FindingsThese findings revealed common themes around the importance of communication, emotional direct cognition, self-awareness and teamwork during training on the job. This suggests that interpersonal attributes are central to apprentices' practices within their training experiences.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings indicate a need for greater emphasis on the development of interpersonal attributes in training both on the job and within training packages.Practical implicationsThe paper extends the literature on the role of interpersonal skills in the apprentice experience, presents information about young people's challenges in training and points to further investigations needed to explore this phenomenon.Originality/valueAn authentic detailed account is presented of apprentices' interpersonal attributes and people-related generic skills in their training experiences.
40
Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew, Arul Earnest, Anju E. Joham, Allison M. Hodge, Helena J. Teede, Wendy J. Brown, and Lisa J. Moran. "Weight gain and lifestyle factors in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome." Human Reproduction 37, no. 1 (November 11, 2021): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab239.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract STUDY QUESTION Do extrinsic factors including lifestyle, psychosocial factors and healthcare professional engagement independently contribute to weight gain in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Women with PCOS had a higher rate of weight gain than women without PCOS which was most marked in those with unhealthy lifestyles. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Women with PCOS have a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity and greater weight gain than women without PCOS. The association of lifestyle factors with weight change in PCOS is not known. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The study was a population-based observational study with data collected from seven surveys over 19 years (N = 14 127; Survey 1) involving women with and without PCOS. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We used data from the 1973–1978 birth cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Women with PCOS gained more weight annually (0.26 kg/year; 95% CI 0.12, 0.39; P < 0.0001) and over 19 years (4.62 kg; 95% CI 3.04, 6.21; P < 0.0001) than women without PCOS (adjusted analyses). For all women, there were positive associations between weight gain and energy intake, sitting time and stress; inverse associations with fibre intake and physical activity (PA); and no associations with diet quality, glycaemic index, healthcare utilization, depression or anxiety. There were interactions between lifestyle factors (energy intake P = 0.006, glycaemic index P = 0.025, sitting time P = 0.041 and PA P = 0.021), PCOS status and time such that weight gain varied between women with and without PCOS according to these factors. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The limitations of this study include the use of self-reported measures such as diet, PA, sitting time, psychological factors and health care utilization. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS While women with PCOS are more prone to weight gain, lifestyle factors have a more profound impact on weight gain in women with PCOS than without PCOS. These study findings have implications for understanding the mechanisms of weight gain in women with PCOS. They also highlight the importance of early lifestyle intervention as soon as PCOS is diagnosed to address modifiable extrinsic factors and prevent excess weight gain and worsening of the clinical features of PCOS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) M.A.A. is funded by the Monash International Tuition Scholarship and Monash Graduate Scholarship and L.J.M. is funded by a National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship. The authors declared no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
41
Callander, Emily Joy, Christine Andrews, Kirstine Sketcher-Baker, Michael Christopher Nicholl, Tanya Farrell, Shae Karger, and Vicki Flenady. "Safer Baby Bundle: study protocol for the economic evaluation of a quality improvement initiative to reduce stillbirths." BMJ Open 12, no. 8 (August 2022): e058988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058988.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionStillbirth continues to be a public health concern in high-income countries, and with mixed results from several stillbirth prevention interventions worldwide the need for an effective prevention method is ever present. The Safer Baby Bundle (SBB) proposes five evidence-based care packages shown to reduce stillbirth when implemented individually, and therefore are anticipated to produce significantly better outcomes if grouped together. This protocol describes the planned economic evaluation of the SBB quality improvement initiative in Australia.Methods and analysisThe implementation of the SBB will occur over three state-based health jurisdictions in Australia—New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria, from July 2019 onwards. The intervention is being applied at the state level, with sites opting to participate or not, and no individual woman recruitment. The economic evaluation will be based on a whole-of-population linked administrative dataset, which will include the data of all mothers, and their resultant children, who gave birth between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2023 in these states, covering the preimplementation and postimplementation time period. The primary health outcome for this economic evaluation is late gestation stillbirths, with the secondary outcomes including but not limited to neonatal death, gestation at birth, mode of birth, admission to special care nursery and neonatal intensive care unit, and physical and mental health conditions for mother and child. Costs associated with all healthcare use from birth to 5 years post partum will be included for all women and children. A cost-effectiveness analysis will be undertaken using a difference-in-difference analysis approach to compare the primary outcome (late gestation stillbirth) and total costs for women before and after the implementation of the bundle.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval for the SBB project was provided by the Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number: HREC/2019/QRBW/47709). Approval for the extraction of data to be used for the economic evaluation was granted by the New South Wales Population and Health Services Research Ethics Committee (approval number: 2020/ETH00684/2020.11), Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number: EO2020/4/1167), and Public Health Approval (approval number: PHA 20.00684) was also granted. Dissemination will occur via publication in peer reviewed journals, presentation at clinical and policy-focused conferences and meetings, and through the authors’ clinical and policy networks.This study will provide evidence around the cost effectiveness of a quality improvement initiative to prevent stillbirth, identifying the impact on health service use during pregnancy and long-term health service use of children.
42
Міхно, Олександр. "FOREIGN BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARIES OF EDUCATORS: CREATION CONCEPTS AND CONTENT FEATURES." Інноватика у вихованні, no. 17 (June 15, 2023): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35619/iiu.v1i17.522.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers foreign experience in creating biographical dictionaries of educators. The table presents 8 dictionaries published in Australia, Great Britain, Italy and the USA in 1978-2021. The content of each dictionary is analyzed according to the following parameters: number of authors, structure, number and volume of articles, distribution of articles by gender, scheme of biographical article, availability of appendices.
It has been found that the dictionaries published in the 1970s and 1990s in the Great Britain and the USA were created according to the established scientific tradition: short biographical articles (up to 500 words), with theorists, practitioners and administrators of education, as well as philosophers and psychologists predominating among the personalities. An exception is the bio-bibliographic sourcebook published in the USA in 1994, which is the first publication devoted exclusively to women educators and contains extensive biographical articles. Instead, biographical dictionaries of educators published in the 2010s and early 2020s demonstrate new methodological approaches to both the selection of individuals and the creation of the dictionary: 1) the Italian biographical dictionary of educators (2013), in addition to educational theorists and practitioners, presents founders and heads of educational institutions of various types, editors of pedagogical periodicals, children's writers and illustrators of books for children, theorists and popularizers of physical and sports education, leaders of youth associations, etc, 2) the concepts of creating an Australian dictionary of Catholic educators (2020) and an encyclopaedia of modern Asian educators (2021) include a division into sections with introductory review articles on the development of education in a particular historical period.
A generalized scheme of a biographical article about an educator is presented. The features of the content of dictionaries are highlighted. The prospects of using foreign experience in the creation of an encyclopaedic biographical dictionary of educators of Ukraine are determined: creating a more objective and complete list of educators whose biographies will be included in the dictionary, improving the scheme of writing a biographical article, introducing appendices into the structure of the dictionary.
43
Sheridan, Alison, Linley Lord, and Anne Ross-Smith. "Disrupting board appointments: Australia's governance guidelines and gender capital." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 40, no. 5 (February 5, 2021): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-08-2020-0242.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify how board recruitment processes have been impacted by the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) governance changes requiring listed boards to report annually on their gender diversity policy and profile.Design/methodology/approachEmploying a social constructivist approach, the research analyses interviews conducted with matched samples of board directors and stakeholders in 2010 and 2017 about board recruitment in ASX50 companies.FindingsThe introduction of ASX guidelines requiring gender reporting disrupted traditional board appointment processes. Women's gender capital gained currency, adding an additional dimension to the high levels of human and social capital seen as desirable for board appointments. The politics of women's presence is bringing about changes to the discourse and practice about who should/can be a director. The authors identify highly strategic ways in which women's gender capital has been used to agitate for more women to be appointed to boards.Research limitations/implicationsWhile sample sizes are small, data within the themes cohered meaningfully across the time periods, making visible how women's presence in the board room has been reframed. Future research could consider what this may mean for board dynamics and how enduring are these changes.Practical implicationsThis study highlights the forms that human and social capital take in board appointments, which can be instructive for potential directors, and how these intersect with gender capital. The insights from the study are relevant to board recruitment committees seeking to reflect their commitment to a more gender equitable environment.Originality/valueThere has been a recalibration of men's and women's gender capital in board appointments, and there is now a currency in femaleness disrupting the historical privilege afforded “maleness”.
44
Rigg, Julie. "A Grand Adventure (in Which the Author Encountered Rupert Murdoch's Ideas about What Women Want)." Media International Australia 157, no. 1 (November 2015): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1515700107.
Full textAbstract:
When The Australian began publication out of Canberra in 1964, I was one of the youngest journalists on staff. I worked for editors Maxwell Newton, Adrian Deamer and Walter Kommer. I covered education and immigration, and wrote a fortnightly column on social issues: conscription, the Vietnam War, civil liberties, racism, policing, and the White Australia policy. I also wrote about women, often: about marriage, sex education, abortion, unequal pay, childbirth, childcare and all the issues attitudes and structures that constrained us. In this article, I tell some stories from those years, and reflect on the editorial attitudes I encountered.
45
Mac, Olivia A., Amy Thayre, Shumei Tan, and Rachael H. Dodd. "Web-Based Health Information Following the Renewal of the Cervical Screening Program in Australia: Evaluation of Readability, Understandability, and Credibility." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): e16701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16701.
Full textAbstract:
Background Three main changes were implemented in the Australian National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP) in December 2017: an increase in the recommended age to start screening, extended screening intervals, and change from the Papanicolaou (Pap) test to primary human papillomavirus screening (cervical screening test). The internet is a readily accessible source of information to explain the reasons for these changes to the public. It is important that web-based health information about changes to national screening programs is accessible and understandable for the general population. Objective This study aimed to evaluate Australian web-based resources that provide information about the changes to the cervical screening program. Methods The term cervical screening was searched in 3 search engines. The first 10 relevant results across the first 3 pages of each search engine were selected. Overall, 2 authors independently evaluated each website for readability (Flesch Reading Ease [FRE], Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook [SMOG] index), quality of information (Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool [PEMAT] for printable materials), credibility (Journal of the American Medical Association [JAMA] benchmark criteria and presence of Health on the Net Foundation code of conduct [HONcode] certification), website design, and usability with 5 simulation questions to assess the relevance of information. A descriptive analysis was conducted for the readability measures, PEMAT, and the JAMA benchmark criteria. Results Of the 49 websites identified in the search, 15 were eligible for inclusion. The consumer-focused websites were classed as fairly difficult to read (mean FRE score 51.8, SD 13.3). The highest FRE score (easiest to read) was 70.4 (Cancer Council Australia Cervical Screening Consumer Site), and the lowest FRE score (most difficult to read) was 33.0 (NCSP Clinical Guidelines). A total of 9 consumer-focused websites and 4 health care provider–focused websites met the recommended threshold (sixth to eighth grade; SMOG index) for readability. The mean PEMAT understandability scores were 87.7% (SD 6.0%) for consumer-focused websites and 64.9% (SD 13.8%) for health care provider–focused websites. The mean actionability scores were 58.1% (SD 19.1%) for consumer-focused websites and 36.7% (SD 11.0%) for health care provider–focused websites. Moreover, 9 consumer-focused and 3 health care provider–focused websites scored above 70% for understandability, and 2 consumer-focused websites had an actionability score above 70%. A total of 3 websites met all 4 of the JAMA benchmark criteria, and 2 websites displayed the HONcode. Conclusions It is important for women to have access to information that is at an appropriate reading level to better understand the implications of the changes to the cervical screening program. These findings can help health care providers direct their patients toward websites that provide information on cervical screening that is written at accessible reading levels and has high understandability.
46
Shaikh, Neda Parvin. "To Veil or not to Veil: Tracing the Hijab in Contemporary Muslimah’s Writings." Muslim English Literature 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/mel.v2i2.35096.
Full textAbstract:
This research examines the constructions of Muslimah or Muslim women's identity through the lens of religious clothing, specifically the hijab, as depicted in two contemporary Muslimah literary texts. Randa Abdal Fattah’s Does My Head Look Big In This? (2005) is a bildungsroman told from the perspective of a sixteen-year-old Australian-Palestinian Muslim girl who makes the life-changing decision to wear the hijab. The second novel is Leila Aboulela’s Minaret (2005), tracing the journey of a young female Sudanese immigrant in London who finds herself struggling socially, economically and culturally in a foreign country after leaving behind a life of affluence in Sudan. Using theories such as Homi K Bhabha’s Cultural Hybridity and Miriam Cooke’s Islamic Feminism, the article analyses the protagonists’ choice of veiling and the internal and external factors that influence this difficult decision. The analysis suggests that female hybrid identities in Western diasporic contexts are uniquely configured through religious and cultural markers like the hijab that forge feminist bonds and reignite connections to the Homeland and God. The decision to wear the hijab also helps counter Western stereotypes related to Islam and Muslim women. The hijab has also become a contentious issue in recent times. It is thus imperative to look closely at contemporary Muslimah literature that addresses this topic, especially those written by Muslimah authors. This research helps to reduce mainstream misrepresentation and contest stereotypes, thereby making space for newer ways of reading Muslim identities and feminist tendencies.
47
David, Fiona, and Jake Blight. "Understanding Australia’s Human Rights Obligations in Relation to Transsexuals: Privacy and Marriage in the Australian Context." Deakin Law Review 9, no. 2 (November 1, 2004): 310–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2004vol9no2art246.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines recent European jurisprudence on the rights of transsexuals to privacy and marriage. The authors argue that Australia’ s obligations under the ICCPR should be understood in light of this jurisprudence. On this basis, Australia is obliged to ensure that its authorities: (a) legally recognise the changed gender of post-operative transsexuals; and (b) permit the marriage of post-operative trans- sexuals to persons of the opposite gender to their re-assigned gender. The authors note the continuing uncertainty around the extension of these rights to transsexuals who have not had ‘surgery’ but argue in favour of extending ICCPR rights in this way. The authors also consider the legal situation regarding privacy and marriage for transsexuals in Australia. Like the international jurisprudence, Australian laws have not dealt with the situation of transsexuals who have not had surgery. The authors argue that legal distinctions based on the surgical model are more about providing certainty than they are about ensuring the rights and dignity of the people affected. Given Australia’s human rights obligations, it would be more appropriate for consideration to be given to the full range of social and cultural factors that affect whether a person is considered to be a man or a woman.
48
Adisa, Toyin Ajibade, Issa Abdulraheem, and Sulu Babaita Isiaka. "Patriarchal hegemony." Gender in Management: An International Journal 34, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-07-2018-0095.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeResearch on the impact of patriarchy and patriarchal norms on women’s work-life balance is scarce. A typical patriarchal society, such as Nigeria, tends to be organised based on gender, and the construct is embedded in the culture. This paper aims to investigate the impact of patriarchy on women’s work-life balance in a non-Western context: Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopt a qualitative research approach to enhance their insight into the issue of patriarchy and women’s work-life balance. Data for the study were collected over a four-month period, using semi-structured interviews as the primary method of data collection.FindingsThe findings of the thematic analysis reveal the impact of patriarchy on women’s work-life balance in Sub-Saharan Africa, specifically Nigeria. Women’s aspirations to achieve work-life balance in this part of the world are often frustrated by patriarchal norms, which are deeply ingrained in the culture. The findings of this study reveal that male dominance of and excessive subordination of females, domestic and gender-based division of labour and higher patriarchal proclivities among men are the ingredients of a patriarchal society. These issues make the achievement of work-life balance difficult for women.Research limitations/implicationsThe extent to which the findings of this research can be generalised is constrained by the limited sample size and the selected research context.Practical implicationsThe insights gleaned from this research suggest that there are still major challenges for women in the global south, specifically Nigeria, in terms of achieving work-life balance due to the prevalent patriarchy and patriarchal norms in the society. Strong patriarchal norms and proclivity negatively affect women’s work-life balance and in turn may impact employee productivity, organisational effectiveness, employee performance and employee punctuality at work. However, an Australian “Champion of Change” initiative may be adopted to ease the patriarchal proclivity and help women to achieve work-life balance.Originality/valueThis paper provides valuable insights by bringing patriarchy into the discussion of work-life balance. This issue has been hitherto rare in the literature. It therefore enriches the literature on work-life balance from a patriarchal perspective.
49
Al Wattar, Bassel H., Helena Teede, Rhonda Garad, Steve Franks, Adam Balen, Priya Bhide, Terhi Piltonen, et al. "Harmonising research outcomes for polycystic ovary syndrome: an international multi-stakeholder core outcome set." Human Reproduction 35, no. 2 (February 2020): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez272.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract STUDY QUESTION What are the key core outcomes to be reported in studies on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? SUMMARY ANSWER We identified 3 generic and 30 specific core outcomes in 6 specialist domains: metabolic (8), reproductive (7), pregnancy (10), oncological (1), psychological (1) and long-term outcomes (1). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Research reporting PCOS is heterogeneous with high variation in outcome selection, definition and quality. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Evidence synthesis and a modified Delphi method with e-surveys were used as well as a consultation meeting. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Overall, 71 health professionals and 123 lay consumers (women with lived experience of PCOS and members of advocacy and peer support groups) from 17 high-, middle- and low-income countries were involved in this analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The final core outcome set included 3 generic outcomes (BMI, quality of life, treatment satisfaction) that are applicable to all studies on women with PCOS and 30 specific outcomes that were categorised into six specialist domains: 8 metabolic outcomes (waist circumference, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, coronary heart disease, lipid profile, venous thromboembolic disease); 7 reproductive outcomes [viable pregnancy (confirmed by ultrasound including singleton, twins and higher multiples), clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism, menstrual regularity, reproductive hormonal profile, chronic anovulation, ovulation stimulation success including the number of stimulated follicles ≥ 12 mm, incidence and severity of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]; 10 pregnancy outcomes (live birth, miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal mortality, gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, preterm birth, hypertensive disease in pregnancy, baby birth weight, major congenital abnormalities); 3 psychological outcomes (depression, anxiety, eating disorders); 1 oncological (abnormal endometrial proliferation including atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer); and 1 outcome in the long-term domain (long-term offspring metabolic and developmental outcomes). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION We involved lay consumers in all stages of study through e-surveys but not through focus groups, thereby limiting our understanding of their choices. We did not address the variations in the definitions and measurement tools for some of the core outcomes. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Implementing this core outcome set in future studies on women with PCOS will improve the quality of reporting and aid evidence synthesis. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Evidence synthesis was funded through the Australian government, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre for Research Excellence in PCOS, and H.T. is funded through an NHMRC fellowship. B.H.A. is funded through an NIHR lectureship. All authors have no competing interest to declare.
50
Winship, Amy L., Meaghan Griffiths, Carolina Lliberos Requesens, Urooza Sarma, Kelly-Anne Phillips, and Karla J. Hutt. "The PARP inhibitor, olaparib, depletes the ovarian reserve in mice: implications for fertility preservation." Human Reproduction 35, no. 8 (June 30, 2020): 1864–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa128.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract STUDY QUESTION What is the impact of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, olaparib, alone or in combination with chemotherapy on the ovary in mice? SUMMARY ANSWER Olaparib treatment, when administered alone, depletes primordial follicle oocytes, but olaparib does not exacerbate chemotherapy-mediated ovarian follicle loss in mice. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The ovary contains a finite number of oocytes stored within primordial follicles, which give rise to all mature ovulatory oocytes. Unfortunately, they are highly sensitive to exogenous DNA damaging insults, such as cytotoxic cancer treatments. Members of the PARP family of enzymes are central to the repair of single-strand DNA breaks. PARP inhibitors have shown promising clinical efficacy in reducing tumour burden, by blocking DNA repair capacity. Olaparib is a PARP1/2 inhibitor recently FDA-approved for treatment of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with metastatic breast cancer. It is currently being investigated as an adjunct to standard treatment at an earlier stage, potentially curable, BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast cancer which affects reproductive age women. Despite this, there is no preclinical or clinical information regarding the potential impacts of olaparib on the ovary or on female fertility. Unfortunately, it may be many years before clinical data on fertility outcomes for women treated with PARP inhibitors becomes available, highlighting the importance of rigorous preclinical research using animal models to establish the potential for new cancer therapies to affect the ovary in humans. We aimed to comprehensively determine the impact of olaparib alone, or following chemotherapy, on the ovary in mice. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION On Day 0, mice (n = 5/treatment group) were administered a single intraperitoneal dose of cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg/body weight), doxorubicin (10 mg/kg), carboplatin (80 mg/kg), paclitaxel (7.5 mg/kg) or vehicle control. From Days 1 to 28, mice were administered subcutaneous olaparib (50 mg/kg) or vehicle control. This regimen is proven to reduce tumour burden in preclinical mouse studies and is also physiologically relevant for women. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Adult female wild-type C57BL6/J mice at peak fertility (8 weeks) were administered a single intraperitoneal dose of chemotherapy, or vehicle, then either subcutaneous olaparib or vehicle for 28 days. Vaginal smears were performed on each animal for 14 consecutive days from Days 15 to 28 to monitor oestrous cycling. At 24 h after final treatment, ovaries were harvested for follicle enumeration and immunohistochemical analysis of primordial follicle remnants (FOXL2 expressing granulosa cells), DNA damage (γH2AX) and analysis of apoptosis by TUNEL assay. Serum was collected to measure circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations by ELISA. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Olaparib significantly depleted primordial follicles by 36% compared to the control (P < 0.05) but had no impact on other follicle classes, serum AMH, corpora lutea number (indicative of ovulation) or oestrous cycling. Primordial follicle remnants were rarely detected in control ovaries but were significantly elevated in ovaries from mice treated with olaparib alone (P < 0.05). Similarly, DNA damage denoted by γH2AX foci was completely undetectable in primordial follicles of control animals but was observed in ∼10% of surviving primordial follicle oocytes in mice treated with olaparib alone. These observations suggest that functional PARPs are essential for primordial follicle oocyte maintenance and survival. Olaparib did not exacerbate chemotherapy-mediated follicle depletion in the wild-type mouse ovary. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study was performed in mice, so the findings may not translate to women and further studies utilizing human ovarian tissue and sera samples should be performed in the future. Only one long-term time point was analysed, therefore olaparib-mediated follicle damage should be assessed at more immediate time points in the future to support our mechanistic findings. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Olaparib dramatically depleted primordial follicles and this could be attributed to loss of intrinsic PARP-mediated DNA repair mechanisms. Importantly, diminished ovarian reserve can result in premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility. Notably, the extent of follicle depletion might be enhanced in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, and this is the subject of current investigations. Together, our data suggest that fertility preservation options should be considered for young women prior to olaparib treatment, and that human studies of this issue should be prioritized. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was made possible through Victorian State Government Operational Infrastructure Support and Australian Government NHMRC IRIISS. This work was supported by funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC); (K.J.H. #1050130) (A.L.W. #1120300). K.A.P. is a National Breast Cancer Foundation Fellow (Australia—PRAC-17-004). K.A.P. is the Breast Cancer Trials (Australia) Study Chair for the OlympiA clinical trial sponsored by AstraZeneca, the manufacturer of olaparib. All other authors declare no competing financial or other interests.