Academic literature on the topic 'Australian wit and humor, Pictorial'

Western notions of authors’ Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), as expressed within copyright law, maintain a potentially fraught relationship with a range of philosophical and theoretical positions on writing and authorship that have developed within contemporary Western thinking. For Roland Barthes, authorship is compromised, de-identified and multiplied by the very nature of writing: ‘Writing is that neutral, composite, oblique space where our subject slips away, the negative where all identity is lost, starting with the very identity of the body writing’ (142). Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari follow a related line of thought in A Thousand Plateaus: ‘Write, form a rhizome, increase your territory by deterritorialization, extend the line of flight to the point where it becomes an abstract machine covering the entire plane of consistency’ (11). Similarly, in Of Grammatology, Jacques Derrida suggests that ‘Writing is that forgetting of the self, that exteriorization, the contrary of the interiorizing memory’ (24). To the extent that these philosophical and theoretical positions emerge within the practices of creative writers as remixes of appropriation, homage and/or pastiche, prima facie they problematize the commercial rights of writers as outlined in law. The case of Kathy Acker often comes up in such discussions. Acker’s 1984 novel Blood and Guts in High School, for example, incorporates techniques that have attracted the charge of plagiarism as this term is commonly defined. (Peter Wollen notes this in his aptly named essay ‘Death [and Life] of the Author.’) For texts like Acker’s, the comeback against charges of plagiarism usually involves underscoring the quotient of creativity involved in the re-combination or ‘remixing’ of the parts of the original texts. (Pure repetition would, it would seem, be much harder to defend.) ‘Plagiarism’, so-called, was simply one element of Acker’s writing technique; Robert Lort nuances plagiarism as it applies to Acker as ‘pseudo-plagiarism’. According to Wollen, ‘as she always argued, it wasn’t really plagiarism because she was quite open about what she did.’ As we shall demonstrate in more detail later on, however, there is another and, we suggest, more convincing reason why Acker’s work ‘wasn’t really plagiarism.’ This relates to her conscious interest in calligraphy and to her (perhaps unconscious) appropriation of a certain strand of Chinese philosophy. All the same, within the Western context, the consistent enforcement of copyright law guarantees the rights of authors to control the distribution of their own work and thus its monetised value. The author may be ‘dead’ in writing—just the faintest trace of remixed textuality—but he/she is very much ‘alive’ as in recognised at law. The model of the author as free-standing citizen (as a defined legal entity) that copyright law employs is unlikely to be significantly eroded by the textual practices of authors who tarry artistically in the ‘de-authored territories’ mapped by figures like Barthes, Deleuze and Guattari, and Derrida. Crucially, disputes concerning copyright law and the ethics of remix are resolved, within the Western context, at the intersection of relatively autonomous creative and legal domains. In the West, it is seen that these two domains are related within the one social fabric; each nuances the other (as Acker’s example shows in the simultaneity of her legal/commercial status as an author and her artistic practice as a ‘remixer’ of the original works of other authors). Legal and writing issues co-exist even as they fray each other’s boundaries. And in Western countries there is force to the law’s operations. However, the same cannot be said of the situation with respect to copyright law in China. Chinese artists are traditionally regarded as being aloof from mundane legal and commercial matters, with the consequence that the creative and the legal domains tend to ‘miss each other’ within the fabric of Chinese society. To this extent, the efficacy of the law is muted in China when it comes into contact with circumstances of authorship, writing, originality and creativity. (In saying this though, we do not wish to fall into the trap of cultural essentialism: in this article, ‘China’ and ‘The West’ are placeholders for variant cultural tendencies—clustered, perhaps, around China and its disputed territories such as Taiwan on the one hand, and around America on the other—rather than homogeneous national/cultural blocs.) Since China opened its system to Western capitalist economic activity in the 1980s, an ongoing criticism, sourced mainly out of the West, has been that the country lacks proper respect for notions of authorship and, more directly, for authorship’s derivative: copyright law. Tellingly, it took almost ten years of fierce negotiations between elements of the capitalist lobby in China and the Legislative Bureau to make the Seventh National People’s Congress pass the first Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China on 7 September 1990. A law is one thing though, and adherence to the law is another. Jayanthi Iyengar of Asia Times Online reports that ‘the US government estimates that piracy within China [of all types of products] costs American companies $20-24 billion a year in damages…. If one includes European and Japanese firms, the losses on account of Chinese piracy is in excess of $50 billion annually.’ In 2008, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) reported that more than 99% of all music files in China are pirated. In the same year, Cara Anna wrote in The Seattle Times that, in desperation at the extent of Chinese infringement of its Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), Microsoft has deployed an anti-piracy tactic that blacks out the screens of computers detected running a fake copy of Windows. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) has filed complaints from many countries against China over IPRs. Iyengar also reports that, under such pressure, the State Intellectual Property Office in Beijing has vowed it will continue to reinforce awareness of IPRs in order to better ensure their protection. Still, from the Western perspective at least, progress on this extremely contentious issue has been excruciatingly slow. Such a situation in respect of Chinese IPRs, however, should not lead to the conclusion that China simply needs to catch up with the more ‘morally advanced’ West. Rather, the problematic relations of the law and of creativity in China allow one to discern, and to trace through ancient Chinese history and philosophy, a different approach to remix that does not come into view so easily within Western countries. Different materialisms of writing and authorship come into play across global space, with different effects. The resistance to both the introduction and the policing of copyright law in China is, we think, the sign of a culture that retains something related to authorship and creativity that Western culture only loosely holds onto. It provides a different way of looking at remix, in the guise of what the West would tend to label plagiarism, as a practice, especially, of creativity. The ‘death’ of the author in China at law (the failure to legislate and/or police his/her rights) brings the author, as we will argue, ‘alive’ in the writing. Remix as anonymous composition (citing Barthes) becomes, in the Chinese example, remix as creative expression of singular feelings—albeit remix set adrift from the law. More concretely, our example of the Chinese writer/writing takes remix to its limit as a practice of repetition without variation—what the West would be likely to call plagiarism. Calligraphy is key to this. Of course, calligraphy is not the full extent of Chinese writing practice—not all writing is calligraphic strictly speaking. But all calligraphy is writing, and in this it influences the ethics of Chinese writing, whether character-based or otherwise, more generally. We will have more to say about the ‘pictorial’ material aspect of Chinese writing later on. In traditional Chinese culture, writing is regarded as a technical practice perfected through reproduction. Chinese calligraphy (visual writing) is learnt through exhaustively tracing and copying the style of the master calligrapher. We are tempted to say that what is at stake in Chinese remix/calligraphy is ‘the difference that cannot be helped:’ that is, the more one tries, as it were, to repeat, the more repetition becomes impossible. In part, this is explained by the interplay of Qing 情 (‘feelings’) and Yun 韵 (‘composed body movements’). Now, the order of the characters—Qing 情 (‘feelings’) before Yun 韵 (‘composed body movements’)—suggests that Qing creates and supports Yun. To this extent, what we have here is something akin to a Western understanding of creative writing (of the creativity of writing) in which individual and singular feelings are given expression in the very movement of the writing itself (through the bodily actions of the writer). In fact though, the Chinese case is more complicated than this, for the apprenticeship model of Chinese calligraphy cultivates a two-way interplay of Qing 情 (‘feelings’) and Yun 韵 (‘composed body movements’). More directly, the ‘composed body movements’ that one learns from the master calligrapher help compose one’s own ‘feelings’. The very repetition of the master’s work (its remixing, as it were…) enables the creativity of the apprentice. If this model of creativity is found somewhat distasteful from a Western perspective (that is, if it is seen to be too restrictive of originality) then that is because such a view, we think, depends upon a cultural misunderstanding that we will try to clear up here. To wit, the so-called Confucian model of rote learning that is more-or-less frowned upon in the West is not, at least not in the debased form that it adopts in Western stereotypes, the philosophy active in the case of Chinese calligraphy. That philosophy is Taoism. As Wing-Tsit Chan elucidates, ‘by opposing Confucian conformity with non-conformity and Confucian worldliness with a transcendental spirit, Taoism is a severe critic of Confucianism’ (136). As we will show in a moment, Chinese calligraphy exemplifies this special kind of Taoist non-conformity (in which, as Philip J. Ivanhoe limns it, ‘one must unweave the social fabric’). Chan again: ‘As the way of life, [Taoism] denotes simplicity, spontaneity, tranquility, weakness, and most important of all, non-action (wu-wei). By the latter is not meant literally “inactivity” but rather “taking no action that is contrary to Nature”—in other words, letting Nature take its own course’ (136). Thus, this is a philosophy of ‘weakness’ that is neither ‘negativism’ nor ‘absolute quietism’ (137). Taoism’s supposed weakness is rather a certain form of strength, of (in the fullest sense) creative possibilities, which comes about through deference to the way of Nature. ‘Hold fast to the great form (Tao), / And all the world will come’ illustrates this aspect of Taoism in its major philosophical tract, The Lao Tzu (Tao-Te Ching) or The Classic of the Way and its Virtue (section 35, Chan 157). The guiding principle is one of deference to the original (way, Nature or Tao) as a strategy of an expression (of self) that goes beyond the original. The Lao Tzu is full of cryptic, metaphoric expressions of this idea: ‘The pursuit of learning is to increase day after day. / The pursuit of Tao is to decrease day after day. / It is to decrease and further decrease until one reaches the point of taking no action. / No action is undertaken, and yet nothing is left undone’ (section 48, Chan 162). Similarly, The female always overcomes the male by tranquility, / And by tranquility she is underneath. / A big state can take over a small state if it places itself below the small state; / And the small state can take over a big state if it places itself below the big state. / Thus some, by placing themselves below, take over (others), / And some, by being (naturally) low, take over (other states) (section 61, Chan 168). In Taoism, it is only by (apparent) weakness and (apparent) in-action that ‘nothing is left undone’ and ‘states’ are taken over. The two-way interplay of Qing 情 (‘feelings’) and Yun 韵 (‘composed body movements’), whereby the apprentice copies the master, aligns with this key element of Taoism. Here is the linkage between calligraphy and Taoism. The master’s work is Tao, Nature or the way: ‘Hold fast to the great form (Tao), / And all the world will come’ (section 35, Chan 157). The apprentice’s calligraphy is ‘all the world’ (‘all the world’ being, ultimately in this context, Qing 情 [‘feelings’]). Indeed, Taoism itself is a subtle philosophy of learning (of apprenticeship to a master), unlike Confucianism, which Chan characterises as a doctrine of ‘social order’ (of servitude to a master) (136). ‘“Learn not learn”’ is how Wang Pi, as quoted by Chan (note 121, 170), understands what he himself (Chan) translates as ‘He learns to be unlearned’ (section 64, 170). In unlearning one learns what cannot be taught: this is, we suggest, a remarkable definition of creativity, which also avoids falling into the trap of asserting a one-to-one equivalence between (unlearnt) originality and creativity, for there is both learning and creativity in this Taoist paradox of pedagogy. On this, Michael Meehan points out that ‘originality is an over-rated and misguided concept in many ways.’ (There is even a sense in which, through its deliberate repetition, The Lao Tzu teaches itself, traces over itself in ‘self-plagiarising’ fashion, as if it were reflecting on the re-tracings of calligraphic pedagogy. Chan notes just how deliberate this is: ‘Since in ancient times books consisted of bamboo or wooden slabs containing some twenty characters each, it was not easy for these sentences… to be added by mistake…. Repetitions are found in more than one place’ [note 102, 166].) Thinking of Kathy Acker too as a learner, Peter Wollen’s observation that she ‘incorporated calligraphy… in her books’ and ‘was deeply committed to [the] avant-garde tradition, a tradition which was much stronger in the visual arts’ creates a highly suggestive connection between Acker’s work and Taoism. The Taoist model for learning calligraphy as, precisely, visual art—in which copying subtends creativity—serves to shift Acker away from a Barthesian or Derridean framework and into a Taoist context in which adherence to another’s form (as ‘un-learnt learning’) creatively unravels so-called plagiarism from the inside. Acker’s conscious interest in calligraphy is shown by its prevalence in Blood and Guts in High School. Edward S. Robinson identifies this text as part of her ‘middle phase’, which ‘saw the introduction of illustrations and diagrams to create multimedia texts with a collage-like feel’ (154). To our knowledge, Acker never critically reflected upon her own calligraphic practices; perhaps if she had, she would have troubled what we see as a blindspot in critics’ interpretations of her work. To wit, whenever calligraphy is mentioned in criticism on Acker, it tends to be deployed merely as an example of her cut-up technique and never analysed for its effects in its own cultural, philosophical and material specificity. (Interestingly, if the words of Chinese photographer Liu Zheng are any guide, the Taoism we’re identifying in calligraphy has also worked its way into other forms of Chinese visual art: she refers to ‘loving photographic details and cameras’ with the very Taoist term, ‘lowly’ 低级 [Three Shadows Photography Art Centre 187].) Being ‘lowly’, ‘feminine’ or ‘underneath’ has power as a radical way of learning. We mentioned above that Taoism is very metaphoric. As the co-writer of this paper Cher Coad recalls from her calligraphy classes, students in China grow up with a metaphoric proverb clearly inspired by Lao Tzu’s Taoist philosophy of learning: ‘Learning shall never stop. Black comes from blue, but is more than the blue.’ ‘Black comes from blue, but is more than the blue.’ What could this mean? Before answering this question with recourse to two Western notions that, we hope, will further effect (building on Acker’s example) a rapprochement between Chinese and Western ways of thinking (be they nationally based or not), we reiterate that the infringement of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in China should not be viewed only as an egregious denial of universally accepted law. Rather, whatever else it may be, we see it as the shadow in the commercial realm—mixed through with all the complexities of Chinese tradition, history and cultural difference, and most particularly of the Taoist strand within Confucianism—of the never-quite-perfect copying of calligraphic writing/remixing. More generally, the re-examination of stereotypical assumptions about Chinese culture cues a re-examination of the meaning behind the copying of products and technology in contemporary, industrialised China. So, ‘Black comes from blue, but is more than the blue.’ What is this ‘more than the blue of black’? Or put differently, why is calligraphic writing, as learnt from the master, always infused with the singular feelings of the (apprentice) writer? The work of Deleuze, Guattari and Claire Parnet provides two possible responses. In On the Line, Deleuze and Guattari (and Deleuze in co-authorship with Parnet) author a number of comments that support the conception we are attempting to develop concerning the lines of Chinese calligraphy. A line, Deleuze and Guattari suggest, is always a line of lines (‘Line of chance, line of hips, line of flight’ [57]). In the section of On the Line entitled ‘Politics’, Deleuze and Parnet outline the impossibility of any line being just one line. If life is a line (as it is said, you throw someone a life line), then ‘We have as many entangled lines in our lives as there are in the palm of a hand’ (71). Of any (hypothetical) single line it can be said that other lines emerge: ‘Black comes from blue, but is more than the blue.’ The feelings of the apprentice calligrapher (his/her multiple lines) emerge through the repeated copying of the lines and composed body movements of the master. The Deleuzean notion of repetition takes this idea further. Repetitive Chinese calligraphy clearly indexes what Claire Colebrook refers to as ‘Deleuze’s concept of eternal return. The only thing that is repeated or returns is difference; no two moments of life can be the same. By virtue of the flow of time, any repeated event is necessarily different (even if different only to the extent that it has a predecessor)’ (121). Now, it might be objected that Chinese calligraphic practices, because of the substantially ideographic nature of Chinese writing (see Kristeva 72-81), allow for material mutations that can find no purchase in Western, alphabetical systems of writing. But the materiality of time that Colebrook refers to as part of her engagement with Deleuzean non-repetitious (untimely) repetition guarantees the materiality of all modes of writing. Furthermore, Julia Kristeva notes that, with any form of language, one cannot leave ‘the realm of materialism’ (6) and Adrian Miles, in his article ‘Virtual Actual: Hypertext as Material Writing,’ sees the apparently very ‘unmaterial’ writing of hypertext ‘as an embodied activity that has its own particular affordances and possibilities—its own constraints and local actualisations’ (1-2). Calligraphic repetition of the master’s model creates the apprentice’s feelings as (inevitable) difference. In this then, the learning by the Chinese apprentice of the lines of the master’s calligraphy challenges international (both Western and non-Western) artists of writing to ‘remix remix’ as a matter—as a materialisation—of the line. Not the line as a self-identical entity of writing that only goes to make up writing more generally; rather, lines as a materialisation of lines within lines within lines. More self-reflexively, even the collaborative enterprise of this article, co-authored as it is by a woman of Chinese ethnicity and a white Australian man, suggests a remixing of writing through, beneath and over each other’s lines. Yun 韵 (‘composed body movements’) expresses and maximises Qing 情 (‘feelings’). Taoist ‘un-learnt learning’ generates remix as the singular creativity of the writer. Writers get into a blue with the line—paint it, black. Of course, these ideas won’t and shouldn’t make copyright infringement (or associated legalities) redundant notions. But in exposing the cultural relativisms often buried within the deployment of this and related terms, the idea of lines of lines far exceeds a merely formalistic practice (one cut off from the materialities of culture) and rather suggests a mode of non-repetitious repetition in contact with all of the elements of culture (of history, of society, of politics, of bodies…) wherever these may be found, and whatever their state of becoming. In this way, remix re-creates the depths of culture even as it stirs up its surfaces of writing. References Acker, Kathy. Blood and Guts in High School: A Novel. New York: Grove Press, 1978. Anna, Cara. ‘Microsoft Anti-Piracy Technology Upsets Users in China.’ The Seattle Times. 28 Oct. 2008 ‹http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2008321919_webmsftchina28.html›. Barthes, Roland. ‘The Death of the Author.’ Barthes, Roland. Image-Music-Text. London: Fontana Press, 1977. 142-148. Chan, Wing-Tsit. A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1969. Colebrook, Claire. Gilles Deleuze. London: Routledge, 2002. Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. On the Line. New York: Semiotext(e), 1983. Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987. Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. ‘Recording Industry Steps Up Campaign against Internet Piracy in China.’ ifpi. 4 Feb. 2008 ‹http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/20080204.html›. Ivanhoe, Philip J. ‘Taoism’. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Ed. Robert Audi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 787. Iyengar, Jayanthi. ‘Intellectual Property Piracy Rocks China Boat.’ Asia Times Online. 16 Sept. 2004 ‹http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FI16Ad07.html›. Kristeva, Julia. Language: The Unknown: An Initiation into Linguistics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. Lort, Robert. ‘Kathy Acker (1944-1997).’ Jahsonic: A Vocabulary of Culture. 2003 ‹http://www.jahsonic.com/KathyAcker.html›. Meehan, Michael. ‘Week 5a: Playing with Genres.’ Lecture notes. Unit ALL705. Short Stories: Writers and Readers. Trimester 2. Melbourne: Deakin University, 2013. Miles, Adrian. ‘Virtual Actual: Hypertext as Material Writing.’ Studies in Material Thinking 1.2 (April 2008) ‹http://www.materialthinking.org/papers/29›. Robinson, Edward S. Shift Linguals: Cut-up Narratives from William S. Burroughs to the Present. New York: Editions Rodopi, 2011. Three Shadows Photography Art Centre. ‘Photography and Intimate Space Symposium.’ Conversations: Three Shadows Photography Art Centre’s 2007 Symposium Series. Ed. RongRong, inri, et al. Beijing: Three Shadows Press Limited, 2008. 179-191. Wollen, Peter. ‘Death (and Life) of the Author.’ London Review of Books 20.3 (5 Feb. 1998). ‹http://www.lrb.co.uk/v20/n03/peter-wollen/death-and-life-of-the-author›.

Humor-evoking events frequently contain aggressive elements. Sex differences have been found for the effects of aggressive content on perceived funniness, (Wilson & Molleston, 1981; Terry & Ertle, 1974; Groch, 1974; Felker & Hunter, 1970) but the findings are not consistent. Sexism is sometimes perceived as a more subtle form of aggression. Sex differences have also been found for the way sexism affects funniness ratings, (Chapman & Gadfield, 1976; Priest & Wilhelm, 1974) but again the findings are inconsistent. The primary purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between the ratings of sexism and the ratings of funniness for cartoons. A secondary purpose of the present study was to determine to what extent, if any, gender of experimenter influences humor, sex, sexism, and pain ratings.Subjects were 60 female and 58 male introductory Psychology students. There were four experimental groups: two groups of female and two groups of male subjects. A female experimenter was assigned to one male and one female group, and a male experimenter was assigned to one male and one female group. This design facilitated exploration of an experimenter gender x subject gender interaction. Subjects were shown 34 cartoons and asked to rate each for funniness, and then to rate them for the degree of sexual, sexist, and aggressive (pain) content each contained.A preliminary analysis revealed that there were significant relationships between gender of experimenter and funniness ratings, gender of subject and funniness ratings, as well as a gender of experimenter x gender of subject interaction.A step-down multiple regression was performed among the predictor variables experimenter gender and subject gender, with the criterion of funniness, for each of the four experimental conditions. For female subjects, only sexism scores correlated with funniness scores, and the contributions of sex and pain ratings were not significant. For male subjects, only sex scores correlated with funniness scores, and the contributions of sexism and pain ratings were not significant. Comparisons between these results and past research were made.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There are vanous definitions of the concept humour, each depending on the perception thereof. Such perceptions are influenced by shared experiences, culture, milieu and individual creativity. Pictorial humour is divided into various sub genres such as the caricature, cartoon and comic strip. Each one of these sub genres portrays an individual process of development, both locally and globally. The work of TO Honiball forms part of this tradition. His artistic personality and sense of humour is unmistakably portrayed in his creative work. Honiball became famous as a political cartoonist and played an important role in the rise of the National Party, seeing that his association with the Nasionale Pers provided him with a forum as opinion-former. It is said that his comic strips Oom Kaspaas, Jakkals en Wolf and Adoons-hulle influenced different age groups and even people who were not Afrikaners. It was however mainly Afrikaans-speaking people who strongly identified with these strips due to the strong Afrikaans character thereof. Various instances own Honniballiana, where it is being preserved and is available for research purposes. A number of marketing initiatives were launched to promote the work of Honiball, mainly by TO Honiball-Promosies. Despite the fact that much of his work is dated, new interest is generated by utilising his work in educational programmes. Honiball's body of work is a source for culture-historical research seeing that it offers references to the tangible and intangible culture of Afrikaans-speaking South Africans during his lifetime.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Etlike definisies bestaan van die begrip humor, afhangend van die persepsie daarvan. Sodanige persepsies word beïnvloed deur onder andere gedeelde ondervindings, kultuur, milieu en individuele kreatiwiteit. Pikturale humor word onderverdeel in verskillende sub-genres, soos die karikatuur, spotprent en strokie. Hierdie sub-genres toon elk 'n afsonderlike ontwikkelingsgang, plaaslik en globaal. Die werk van TO Honiball vorm deel van dié tradisie. Sy kunstenaarspersoonlikheid en humorsin word eweneens onmiskenbaar verbeeld in sy skeppings. Honiball het bekendheid verwerf as politieke spotprenttekenaar en het 'n belangrike rol gespeel in die opgang van die Nasionale Party, omdat sy verbintenis met die Nasionale Pers aan hom 'n forum gebied het om as meningsvormer op te tree. Daar word beweer dat sy strokiesreekse Oom Kaspaas, Jakkals en Wolf en Adoons-hulle verskillende ouderdomsgroepe en selfs mense van ander volksgroepe as die Afrikaner bereik het. As gevolg van die eg- Afrikaansheid daarvan het egter hoofsaaklik Afrikaanssprekendes sterk aanklank daarby gevind. Verskillende instansies is in besit van Honiballiana, waar dit bewaar word en beskikbaar is vir navorsingsdoeleindes. 'n Aantal bemarkingsinisiatiewe is geloods om Honiball se werk te promoveer, hoofsaaklik deur TO Honiball-Promosies. Ten spyte van die feit dat talle voorbeelde van sy werk gedateer is, word nuwe belangstelling gegenereer deur middel van die aanwending van sy werk in opvoedkundige programme. Honiball se oeuvre bied bronne vir kultuurhistoriese navorsing aangesien dit verwysings bied na die geestelike en stoflike kultuur van Afrikaanssprekendes gedurende sy leeftyd.

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A partir de 1860, dois personagens tornaram-se familiares aos leitores da imprensa fluminense: o Moleque e o Dr. Semana, figuras que se transformaram em sinônimo da publicação que lhes deu vida, a Semana Ilustrada. Nas edições semanais, o cenário urbano da corte ganhava traços caricaturais e o jovem escravo alfabetizado e seu senhor branco circulavam livremente pelas ruas, abordavam os rumos da política imperial, as apresentações artísticas dos teatros e denunciavam as condições precárias dos serviços públicos. Dentro de uma grande comédia dos cidadãos, os mendigos, ratoneiros, pretos tigres, leões do norte, políticos e sinhás namoradeiras estavam sujeitos a esbarrar no esperto menino de libré e seu ioiô de cabeça avantajada e cabeleira volumosa. Para compor um heterogêneo mapa citadino, a sociedade fluminense, suas relações sociais e seus hábitos públicos e privados eram expostos pelas crônicas e caricaturas que não deixavam de cultuar a fumaça industrial, as artes civilizadoras, os estudiosos da ciência e o tempo do progresso. Tendo em conta a longevidade da revista, que atravessou diversas conjunturas que particularizaram o Segundo Reinado, a Semana Ilustrada apresenta-se ao historiador como uma fonte instigante, que se entrelaçou à imprensa ilustrada oitocentista, à escravidão urbana do Rio de Janeiro, aos aspectos anatômicos, afetivos e morais dos habitantes e à lógica do riso e do humor da época
From 1860, two characters became familiar to the readers of the Fluminense Press: the Moleque and Dr. Semana, figures that have become synonymous with the publication that gave them life, the Semana Ilustrada. Weekly editions, the urban setting of the Court wincaricature traces and the young literate slave and his white Lord freely circulated in the streets, talked about the imperial politics directions, the artistic presentations of theatres and denounced the precarious conditions of public services. Inside of large citizens of comedy, the beggars, lurchers, black tigers, lions of North, politicians and flirt ladies were subjects to bump the smart boy of liveryand your yo-yo, of a big head and voluminous hair. To compose a heterogeneous map city, the Fluminense society, their social relations and their publicand private habits were exposed by the chronics and caricatures that did not fail to worship the industrial smoke, civilizing arts, the scholars of science and the time of progress.Having regard to the longevity of the magazine, that crossed several times in the Second Reign, the Semana Ilustrada presents itself to the historian as an exciting source, that intertwined to illustrated press of 19th Century, to urban slavery of Rio de Janeiro, to anatomic, emotional and moral aspects of the inhabitants and to logic oflaughter and humor of the time

Orientador: Tania Regina de Luca
Banca: Silvia Maria Azevedo
Banca: Laura Moutinho Nery
Resumo: A partir de 1860, dois personagens tornaram-se familiares aos leitores da imprensa fluminense: o Moleque e o Dr. Semana, figuras que se transformaram em sinônimo da publicação que lhes deu vida, a Semana Ilustrada. Nas edições semanais, o cenário urbano da corte ganhava traços caricaturais e o jovem escravo alfabetizado e seu senhor branco circulavam livremente pelas ruas, abordavam os rumos da política imperial, as apresentações artísticas dos teatros e denunciavam as condições precárias dos serviços públicos. Dentro de uma grande comédia dos cidadãos, os mendigos, ratoneiros, pretos tigres, leões do norte, políticos e sinhás namoradeiras estavam sujeitos a esbarrar no esperto menino de libré e seu ioiô de cabeça avantajada e cabeleira volumosa. Para compor um heterogêneo mapa citadino, a sociedade fluminense, suas relações sociais e seus hábitos públicos e privados eram expostos pelas crônicas e caricaturas que não deixavam de cultuar a fumaça industrial, as artes civilizadoras, os estudiosos da ciência e o tempo do progresso. Tendo em conta a longevidade da revista, que atravessou diversas conjunturas que particularizaram o Segundo Reinado, a Semana Ilustrada apresenta-se ao historiador como uma fonte instigante, que se entrelaçou à imprensa ilustrada oitocentista, à escravidão urbana do Rio de Janeiro, aos aspectos anatômicos, afetivos e morais dos habitantes e à lógica do riso e do humor da época
Abstract: From 1860, two characters became familiar to the readers of the Fluminense Press: the Moleque and Dr. Semana, figures that have become synonymous with the publication that gave them life, the Semana Ilustrada. Weekly editions, the urban setting of the Court wincaricature traces and the young literate slave and his white Lord freely circulated in the streets, talked about the imperial politics directions, the artistic presentations of theatres and denounced the precarious conditions of public services. Inside of large citizens of comedy, the beggars, lurchers, black tigers, lions of North, politicians and flirt ladies were subjects to bump the smart boy of liveryand your yo-yo, of a big head and voluminous hair. To compose a heterogeneous map city, the Fluminense society, their social relations and their publicand private habits were exposed by the chronics and caricatures that did not fail to worship the industrial smoke, civilizing arts, the scholars of science and the time of progress.Having regard to the longevity of the magazine, that crossed several times in the Second Reign, the Semana Ilustrada presents itself to the historian as an exciting source, that intertwined to illustrated press of 19th Century, to urban slavery of Rio de Janeiro, to anatomic, emotional and moral aspects of the inhabitants and to logic oflaughter and humor of the time
Mestre

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.
Includes abstract. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed February 9, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 339-346). Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.

Este trabalho investiga a relação entre a imagem ilustrada e a experiência da modernidade. Nas margens da arte da gravura e de uma nova matriz industrial, a imagem ilustrada torna visível um espectro social abrangente e participa na formação de novos sujeitos da política e da esfera pública. É também uma forma atravessada por impulsos contraditórios — pelo humor e pelo pendor científico; pela visão atomizada e pela produção de séries que procuram recodificar a sociedade. A investigação de imagens recreativas e instrutivas, retratos fisiológicos e carica­turas, publicadas sobretudo na imprensa ilustrada do século XIX, internacional e portuguesa, permite entender melhor as representações políticas que emergem com a dissolução da ideia de soberania do Antigo Regime.
This paper investigates the relationship between the illustrated image and the experience of mo­dernity. In the cross-line between an industrial matrix and the art of engraving, illustration gives visibility to a comprehensive social spectrum and participates in the formation of new subjects of politics and the public sphere. It is also a media touched by contradictory impulses — humor and scientific bias; atomized vision and production of series, aiming to recode society. The investigation of recreational and instructional images, physiological portraits and caricatures, published mainly in the illustrated press of the nineteenth century (in Portugal and abroad), will allow a better understanding of the political representations that emerge with the dissolution of the Ancient Regime’s idea of sovereignty .
Este trabajo investiga la relación entre la imagen ilustrada y la experiencia de la modernidad. En los márgenes del arte del grabado y de una nueva matriz de producción industrial, la imagen ilustrada dota de visibilidad a un espectro social amplio y participa en la formación de nuevos sujetos de la política y de la esfera pública. Es también una forma atravesada por impulsos contradictorios: el humor y una cierta inclinación científica, una visión atomizada y la producción de series que buscan recodificar la sociedad. La investigación de imágenes recreativas e instructivas, retratos fisiológicos y caricaturas, publicadas sobre todo en la prensa ilustrada del siglo XIX, internacional y portuguesa, permite entender mejor las representaciones políticas que emergen con la disolución de la idea de soberanía del Antiguo Régimen.

A presente dissertação investiga a construção do estereótipo do colono italiano nos quadrinhos de Radicci, de Carlos Henrique Iotti, com vistas a contribuir para os estudos sobre a identidade regional da Serra Gaúcha. A análise é feita a partir da seleção de três categorias na série de histórias em quadrinhos: a construção dos personagens, a representação dos espaços em que se situam as narrativas e o conflito identitário existente entre os protagonistas. Para tanto, busca-se estabelecer relações com o contexto histórico, social e cultural da Região de Colonização Italiana no Rio Grande do Sul, a fim de averiguar a forma como é feita a estereotipação dos traços culturais do imigrante italiano. O aporte teórico é multidisciplinar, contemplando Estudos Literários, História, Sociologia, Comunicação Social e Artes Visuais. Os resultados obtidos permitem considerar que a estereotipação de dados históricos é capaz de (re)criar identidades, conservar e dar novos significados a práticas e usos culturais.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.
The present dissertation investigates the stereotyped construction of the Italian colonists in Radicci comics series, by Carlos Henrique Iotti, with the intention to contribute to the studies about the regional identity of Serra Gaúcha. The analysis starts with the selection of three categories in the comics series: character development, description of spaces in which the narrative takes place, and the identity conflict existing among characters. For this purpose, connections are established with the historical, social, and cultural context of the Italian Colonization Region in Rio Grande do Sul, in order to verify how the stereotyping of the Italian immigrant cultural features happens. The theoretical basis is multidisciplinary, including: Literary Studies, History, Sociology, Social Communication and Visual Arts. From the results, one can consider that stereotyping historical data can (re)create identities while preserving and providing new meanings for cultural habits and manners.

La tesis que presento realiza un trabajo comparativo entre dos periódicos ilustrados europeos de carácter satírico-humorístico que se fundaron a finales del siglo XIX. Se trata del semanario alemán Simplicissimus y del sueco Strix. El trabajo comienza con el estudio y análisis de los periódicos satíricos ilustrados europeos precursores de los que son objeto de este trabajo: La Caricature, Le Charivari, Gil Blas Illustré, Le Rire, L’Assiette au Beurre, Punch, Fliegende Blätter, Kladderadatsch y Söndags-Nisse. Tiene el objetivo de encontrar un modelo en su contenido, en su tendencia o en la obra de sus colaboradores, que influyese posteriormente a Simplicissimus o a Strix. La introducción a estos periódicos abarca un plazo de casi 100 años. Comienza en el año 1830 y se extiende hasta el inicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial. En ella se analiza la influencia que tuvo la caricatura como medio de divulgación y agitación al publicarse como panfleto durante diversos conflictos bélicos como en la Revolución Alemana de 1848 o durante la Guerra Franco-Prusiana. También se analiza una novedad de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, y es el nacimiento del sector publicitario moderno. Supuso para escritores y artistas una forma innovadora de ganarse la vida creando carteles publicitarios o slogans. La publicidad fue muy importante para la mayoría de estos periódicos satíricos ilustrados ya que les aportó unos sustanciosos ingresos adicionales. El estudio de los productos anunciados permite observar tendencias, modas y preferencias de consumo de la época. Algunos productos anunciados en Simplicissimus o en Strix hace 120 años se siguen vendiendo en la actualidad. A continuación, la tesis se estructura con sendos capítulos dedicados a cada periódico, primero a Simplicissimus y después a Strix, que constituyen el corpus central de la investigación. En ellos se explicita cómo fueron fundados, sus principales escritores y artistas, así como su contenido. Son sujeto de análisis las portadas, los números extras, los suplementos y los anuncios, pero sobre todo la diversidad de textos en prosa, las tendencias y géneros literarios más representativos. El trabajo incluye el análisis de las ilustraciones que documentan el contenido de estos semanarios, pues eran una parte importante de estas publicaciones. Muchas ilustraciones necesitaban un texto que aclarase la escena y suele ser éste el que pone la nota humorística, aunque también había ilustraciones narrativas. A los dos capítulos dedicados a los dos periódicos le sigue un capítulo que recapitula, comparándolos, los resultados de los análisis realizados. El trabajo abarca un periodo de casi veinte años, es decir de 1896 a 1914, fecha que marcó el inicio de la Primer Guerra Mundial y con ello el cambio de orientación y contenido de estos semanarios. El análisis comparativo se basa únicamente en los textos en prosa. Ambos periódicos comparten temática en cuanto a acontecimientos de actualidad, política, crítica social o entretenimiento. El último capítulo de la tesis recoge las conclusiones. Se evidencia la influencia que ejerció un periódico en el contenido del otro mediante los protagonistas de textos o ilustraciones, y mediante el tratamiento de temas. Esto manifiesta la originalidad de la obra y las preferencias de cada semanario. También es relevante la influencia que ejercen determinados escritores y artistas en la obra de autores coetáneos extranjeros. Algunos de estos artistas colaboraron con ambas publicaciones. Se aprecia que Simplicissimus influyó en el contenido de Strix, pero igualmente hay influencia nórdica en Simplicissimus.
I have done a comparative investigation between two European satirical illustrated newspapers grounded by the end of the nineteenth century. They are the German Simplicissimus and the Swedish Strix. This thesis starts studying and analysing older European satirical illustrated newspaper such as La Caricature, Le Charivari, Gil Blas Illustré, Le Rire, Punch, Fliegende Blätter, Kladderadatsch and Söndags-Nisse. The aim was to find a model in their content or tendencies, or work of their collaborators, which had later influenced on Simplicissimus and Strix. My research starts in 1830 and includes almost 100 years. It shows the influence of the caricature used as a stirring source publishing as a pamphlet during wars and conflicts such as the 1848 German Revolution or the French-Prussian War in 1870-1871. Another important development, which occurred in the second part of the nineteenth century was the beginning of modern advertising, which represented a new way of employment for artists and writers. Advertising offered a substantial additional income for the satirical newspapers. The products reveal tendencies and preferences. Some of those products advertised 120 years ago in Simplicissimus or in Strix are still on the market. I dedicate the following chapters to each newspaper, first Simplicissimus, then Strix. I explain where they were founded, their main contributors as well as their content. I analyse their cover, special issues, advertisements but above all their diversity in prose text, their main literary genders and tendencies. I have also included and analysed illustrations because they were significant for those newspapers. Sometimes they required a text to clarify the content. Later in my work, I accomplish the comparative research, which is only based on prose texts published between 1896 and 1914. Both newspapers shared subjects such as politics or current events. Finally, in my conclusions I discuss for instance the influence from the text or illustration’s main characters of one publication to the other or the importance of several artist. Some of those artists contributed to both newspapers. Simplicissimus was an inspiration for Strix, but you also notice the Scandinavian influence on Simplicissimus.

This chapter is an exploration of Chinese political cartoons. Visual humor through caricature, satire and parody, and wit and playfulness has a long, rich history in dynastic China. Modern cartooning—usually meaning coming from the West—entered China at the juncture of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries through cartoon/humor magazines, pictorial magazines, newspapers, and lianhuanhua (palm-size narrative picture books). Major catalysts for this transformation were the growing dissatisfaction with the Qing Dynasty and increased contact with the outside world. In addition to the history of political cartoons in China, the chapter also explores contemporary government regulation and censorship of cartoons and comics. It also explores the state of cartooning under the Xi Jinping presidency. The chapter concludes with some remarks on the differences between political and news cartoonists.