Journal articles: 'Australian Sex Role Scale'

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Farnill, Douglas, and Ian L. Ball. "Male and female factor structures of the australian sex-role scale (form A)." Australian Psychologist 20, no. 2 (July 1985): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050068508256166.

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Heman Contreras, Arturo, Leonor Lega, Monica O´Kelly, Mark J. Friedman, Joshua Feinberg, and Erika Kedding. "Preliminary factor analysis of the O’Kelly Women Beliefs Scale in a US sample." Universitas Psychologica 11, no. 2 (November 2, 2011): 611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy11-2.pfao.

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Using a Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy framework, the O’Kelly Women Beliefs Scale (O’Kelly, in press) was originally constructed in Australia to measure sex-role beliefs women may develop through sex-role stereotyping. Factor analysis of the 92 original items showed that 64 items loaded into a single component that accounted for 18.2% of the variance in a sample of 974 Australian women. The present exploratory study examined the psychometric properties of the OWBS in a sample of 202 women born and living in the US. A varimax rotation with cutoff eigenvalues of 3, showed that 37 items loaded into 3 components which accounted for 58.48% of the variance. The items were subsequently grouped into two factors: Irrationality, with a total of 27 items was created by merging component 1 and 3 (Pearson’s r = 0.8 between them), and Rationality, with the 10 items from component 2. Analyses indicated a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91 for Factor 1, and a Cronbach’s alpha 0.74 for Factor 2. Results indicate that this version of the instrument may be used to evaluate both the rational and irrational content of sex-role beliefs of women born in the US.

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Ramsay, Hamish A., Lance M. Leslie, Peter J. Lamb, Michael B. Richman, and Mark Leplastrier. "Interannual Variability of Tropical Cyclones in the Australian Region: Role of Large-Scale Environment." Journal of Climate 21, no. 5 (March 1, 2008): 1083–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1970.1.

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Abstract This study investigates the role of large-scale environmental factors, notably sea surface temperature (SST), low-level relative vorticity, and deep-tropospheric vertical wind shear, in the interannual variability of November–April tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the Australian region. Extensive correlation analyses were carried out between TC frequency and intensity and the aforementioned large-scale parameters, using TC data for 1970–2006 from the official Australian TC dataset. Large correlations were found between the seasonal number of TCs and SST in the Niño-3.4 and Niño-4 regions. These correlations were greatest (−0.73) during August–October, immediately preceding the Australian TC season. The correlations remain almost unchanged for the July–September period and therefore can be viewed as potential seasonal predictors of the forthcoming TC season. In contrast, only weak correlations (<+0.37) were found with the local SST in the region north of Australia where many TCs originate; these were reduced almost to zero when the ENSO component of the SST was removed by partial correlation analysis. The annual frequency of TCs was found to be strongly correlated with 850-hPa relative vorticity and vertical shear of the zonal wind over the main genesis areas of the Australian region. Furthermore, correlations between the Niño SST and these two atmospheric parameters exhibited a strong link between the Australian region and the Niño-3.4 SST. A principal component analysis of the SST dataset revealed two main modes of Pacific Ocean SST variability that match very closely with the basinwide patterns of correlations between SST and TC frequencies. Finally, it is shown that the correlations can be increased markedly (e.g., from −0.73 to −0.80 for the August–October period) by a weighted combination of SST time series from weakly correlated regions.

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Fitzsimmons, Terrance W., Miriam S. Yates, and Victor J. Callan. "Lean in? The role of single sex schools in the gendering of confidence in high school adolescents." Australian Journal of Career Development 30, no. 2 (July 2021): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10384162211012045.

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Structural inequalities and stereotypes are held out as explanations for gender differences in reported levels of confidence. However, while it is reported that in the absence of stereotypes women and men should possess identical levels of self-confidence, no study to date has tested this hypothesis. Single sex schools were identified as an environment where structural bias might be mitigated. From a survey of 9,414 Australian adolescents aged 13–17 years attending single sex high schools, no significant difference in overall self-efficacy was identified between genders. Overall, by age cohort there was no significant difference between boys’ and girls’ self-efficacy, with a minor exception of the 15 years cohort. Self-efficacy levels were linked to participation in team sport and undertaking leadership roles. The study provides the first large scale study that demonstrates that women are no less confident than men under conditions where gendered structures are mitigated by their environment.

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Melnick, Merrill J., and Daniel L. Wann. "An examination of sport fandom in Australia: Socialization, team identification, and fan behavior." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 46, no. 4 (September 23, 2010): 456–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690210380582.

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To examine sport fandom in Australia, a convenience sample of 163 university students (62% males, 38% females, M = 21.3) attending a large, multi-sector institution located in a western suburb of Melbourne voluntarily completed a 25-item questionnaire survey which included the Sport Fandom Questionnaire ( Wann, 2002 ) and the Sport Spectator Identification Scale ( Wann and Branscombe, 1993 ). Descriptive and inferential statistics revealed that males chose ‘friends’ as their most influential sport fan socialization agent while females ranked friends, parents and school about the same. Male socialization agents were very important for both sexes with ‘father’ chosen most influential. Males scored higher on every measure of sport fandom behavior including attending sports events, watching sports on television, listening to sports on the radio, engaging in a sports conversation with others, and accessing sport information via the Internet. Australian Football League teams were chosen ‘favorite team’ by 81 percent of the total sample; selection was unrelated to the respondent’s sex. Compared with similar data obtained from US, Norwegian and Greek university student samples, these Australian students were judged greater sport consumers and more heavily identified with the sport fan role and a favorite team.

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Polimeni, Anne-Maree, Elizabeth Hardie, and Simone Buzwell. "Friendship Closeness Inventory: Development and Psychometric Evaluation." Psychological Reports 91, no. 1 (August 2002): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.1.142.

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This study developed a psychometrically sound measure of closeness in Australian men's ( n = 59) and women's ( n = 77) same-sex friendships, the Friendship Closeness Inventory. Subscales were developed to measure both masculine and feminine styles of closeness in three domains of Emotional Closeness, Behavioural Closeness, and Cognitive Closeness. The inventory was subjected to reliability checks which supported the reliability of each scale, and factor analyses which supported the 3-factor design. Correlations among ratings on subscales suggested that the affective, behavioural, and cognitive dimensions are distinguishable but related components of friendship. Group comparisons indicated that women rated themselves closer to their same-sex friends on the affective dimension than men. Researchers have suggested that sex-role socialisation may partly account for sex differences in self-ratings of emotional expressiveness in friendships. There were no significant differences between men's and women's ratings on the behavioural and cognitive aspects of friendships. The cognitive element may need further exploration in further scale development as it measures only one aspect of cognitive closeness: the perceived influence of friends. Pending further validation, the inventory appears potentially useful for research exploring affective, behavioural, and cognitive elements of young men's and women's friendships.

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Quinting, Julian F., and Michael J. Reeder. "Southeastern Australian Heat Waves from a Trajectory Viewpoint." Monthly Weather Review 145, no. 10 (October 2017): 4109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-17-0165.1.

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Although heat waves account for more premature deaths in the Australian region than any other natural disaster, an understanding of their dynamics is still incomplete. The present study identifies the dynamical mechanisms responsible for heat waves in southeastern Australia using 10-day backward trajectories computed from the ERA-Interim reanalyses. Prior to the formation of a heat wave, trajectories located over the south Indian Ocean and over Australia in the lower and midtroposphere ascend diabatically ahead of an upper-level trough and over a baroclinic zone to the south of the continent. These trajectories account for 44% of all trajectories forming the anticyclonic upper-level potential vorticity anomalies that characterize heat waves in the region. At the same time, trajectories located over the south Indian Ocean in the lower part of the troposphere descend and aggregate over the Tasman Sea. This descent is accompanied by a strong adiabatic warming. A key finding is that the temperatures are raised further through diabatic heating in the boundary layer over eastern Australia but not over the inner Australian continent. From eastern Australia, the air parcels are advected southward as they become incorporated into the near-surface anticyclone that defines the heat wave. In contrast to past studies, the importance of cloud-diabatic processes in the evolution of the midlatitude large-scale flow and the role of adiabatic compression in elevating the near-surface temperatures is emphasized. Likewise, the role of the local surface sensible heat fluxes is deemphasized.

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Ponte, Rui M., and Christopher G. Piecuch. "Interannual Bottom Pressure Signals in the Australian–Antarctic and Bellingshausen Basins." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 5 (April 24, 2014): 1456–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-0223.1.

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Abstract Analyses of large-scale (>750 km) ocean bottom pressure pb fields, derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and from an Estimating the Circulation & Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) state estimate, reveal enhanced interannual variability, partially connected to the Antarctic Oscillation, in regions of the Australian–Antarctic Basin and the Bellingshausen Basin, with pb magnitudes comparable to those of sea level and good correlation between the GRACE and ECCO pb series. Consistent with the theory of Gill and Niiler, the patterns of stronger pb variability are partly related to enhanced local wind curl forcing and weakened gradients in H/f, where H is ocean depth and f is the Coriolis parameter. Despite weaker H/f gradients, motions against them are sufficiently strong to play a role in balancing the local wind input. Topographic effects are as or more important than changes in f. Additionally, and contrary to the dominance of barotropic processes at subannual time scales, baroclinic effects are not negligible when balancing wind input at periods of a few years. Results highlight the emerging capability to accurately observe and estimate interannual changes in large-scale pb over the Southern Ocean, with implications for the interpretation of low-frequency variability in sea level in terms of steric height and heat content.

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Hong, Sung-Mook, and Effy Giannakopoulos. "Effects of Age, Sex, and University Status on Life-Satisfaction." Psychological Reports 74, no. 1 (February 1994): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.1.99.

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Diener, et al.'s 1985 Satisfaction With Life Scale was administered to 1749 adult Australians to examine differences between men and women, university students and nonuniversity students, and among 17- to 22-, 23- to 29-, and 30- to 40-yr.-olds. No significant differences in Life-satisfaction emerged in relation to sex or university status, but age showed a significant effect as higher life-satisfaction characterized older subjects. No interactions were found for any combination of the three variables. The results are interpreted in terms of egalitarian sex-role ideologies regarding sex, status-specific criteria in the assessment and conceptualisation of life-satisfaction for university status, and maturity trends in viewing life events concerning age.

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Hegney, Desley, Robert Eley, Elizabeth Buikstra, Sharon Rees, and Elizabeth Patterson. "Consumers' Level of Comfort with an Advanced Practice Role for Registered Nurses in General Practice: A Queensland, Australia, Study." Australian Journal of Primary Health 12, no. 3 (2006): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py06044.

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A study was carried out in Queensland, Australia, which aimed to ascertain how comfortable consumers were with both the current and an expanded practice role for nurses employed in general practice. Consumers from metropolitan, rural and remote areas were represented. The self-report questionnaire was completed by 87 females and 19 males. Consumers rated their level of comfort from very comfortable to very uncomfortable on a five-point scale in nurses performing 24 different routine and advanced procedures. They were most comfortable with nurses giving vaccinations and managing treatment of wounds and less comfortable with nurses diagnosing and treating minor illnesses. Overall, consumers were very comfortable with nurses performing what may be considered traditional roles of the practice nurse. They were less comfortable with the more extended roles that are seen more as the traditional role of the general practitioner. However, for no procedure were consumers uncomfortable with nurses performing that task. There were no differences in responses due to consumers' age, sex or previous contact with practice nurses. These results may be used to expand the role of practice nurses to complement the services provided by general practitioners.

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Li, Zeya, Neil J. Holbrook, Xuebin Zhang, Eric C. J. Oliver, and Eva A. Cougnon. "Remote Forcing of Tasman Sea Marine Heatwaves." Journal of Climate 33, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 5337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0641.1.

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AbstractRecent marine heatwave (MHW) events in the Tasman Sea have had dramatic impacts on the ecosystems, fisheries, and aquaculture off Tasmania’s east coast. However, our understanding of the large-scale drivers (forcing) and potential predictability of MHW events in this region off southeast Australia is still in its infancy. Here, we investigate the role of oceanic Rossby waves forced in the interior South Pacific on observed MHW occurrences off southeast Australia from 1994 to 2016, including the extreme 2015/16 MHW event. First, we used an upper-ocean heat budget analysis to show that 51% of these historical Tasman Sea MHWs were primarily due to increased East Australian Current (EAC) Extension poleward transports through the region. Second, we used lagged correlation analysis to empirically connect the EAC Extension intensification to incoming westward-propagating sea surface height (SSH) anomalies from the interior South Pacific. Third, we dynamically analyzed these SSH anomalies using simple process-based baroclinic and barotropic Rossby wave models forced by wind stress curl changes across the South Pacific. Finally, we show that associated monthly SSH changes around New Zealand may be a useful index of western Tasman Sea MHW predictability, with a lead time of 2–3 years. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that there is potential predictability of advection-dominated MHW event likelihoods in the EAC Extension region up to several years in advance, due to the deterministic contribution from baroclinic and barotropic Rossby waves in modulating the EAC Extension transports.

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Damman, Wendy, Rani Liu, Féline P. B. Kroon, Monique Reijnierse, Tom W. J. Huizinga, Frits R. Rosendaal, and Margreet Kloppenburg. "Do Comorbidities Play a Role in Hand Osteoarthritis Disease Burden? Data from the Hand Osteoarthritis in Secondary Care Cohort." Journal of Rheumatology 44, no. 11 (September 15, 2017): 1659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.170208.

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Objective.Because the association and its clinical relevance between comorbidities and primary hand osteoarthritis (OA) disease burden is unclear, we studied this in patients with hand OA from our Hand OSTeoArthritis in Secondary care (HOSTAS) cohort.Methods.Cross-sectional data from the HOSTAS study were used, including consecutive patients with primary hand OA. Nineteen comorbidities were assessed: 18 self-reported (modified Charlson index and osteoporosis) and obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2). Mean differences were estimated between patients with versus without comorbidities, adjusted for age and sex: for general disease burden [health-related quality of life (HRQOL), Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 physical component scale (0–100)] and disease-specific burden [self-reported hand function (0–36), pain (0–20; Australian/Canadian Hand OA Index), and tender joint count (TJC, 0–30)]. Differences above a minimal clinically important improvement/difference were considered clinically relevant.Results.The study included 538 patients (mean age 61 yrs, 86% women, 88% fulfilled American College of Rheumatology classification criteria). Mean (SD) HRQOL, function, pain, and TJC were 44.7 (8), 15.6 (9), 9.3 (4), and 4.8 (5), respectively. Any comorbidity was present in 54% (287/531) of patients and this was unfavorable [adjusted mean difference presence/absence any comorbidity (95% CI): HRQOL −4.4 (−5.8 to −3.0), function 1.9 (0.4–3.3), pain 1.4 (0.6–2.1), TJC 1.3 (0.4–2.2)]. Number of comorbidities and both musculoskeletal (e.g., connective tissue disease) and nonmusculoskeletal comorbidities (e.g., pulmonary and cardiovascular disease) were associated with disease burden. Associations with HRQOL and function were clinically relevant.Conclusion.Comorbidities showed clinically relevant associations with disease burden. Therefore, the role of comorbidities in hand OA should be considered when interpreting disease outcomes and in patient management.

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Rubey, Michael, Sascha Brune, Christian Heine, D. Rhodri Davies, Simon E. Williams, and R. Dietmar Müller. "Global patterns in Earth's dynamic topography since the Jurassic: the role of subducted slabs." Solid Earth 8, no. 5 (September 11, 2017): 899–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-899-2017.

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Abstract. We evaluate the spatial and temporal evolution of Earth's long-wavelength surface dynamic topography since the Jurassic using a series of high-resolution global mantle convection models. These models are Earth-like in terms of convective vigour, thermal structure, surface heat-flux and the geographic distribution of heterogeneity. The models generate a degree-2-dominated spectrum of dynamic topography with negative amplitudes above subducted slabs (i.e. circum-Pacific regions and southern Eurasia) and positive amplitudes elsewhere (i.e. Africa, north-western Eurasia and the central Pacific). Model predictions are compared with published observations and subsidence patterns from well data, both globally and for the Australian and southern African regions. We find that our models reproduce the long-wavelength component of these observations, although observed smaller-scale variations are not reproduced. We subsequently define geodynamic rules for how different surface tectonic settings are affected by mantle processes: (i) locations in the vicinity of a subduction zone show large negative dynamic topography amplitudes; (ii) regions far away from convergent margins feature long-term positive dynamic topography; and (iii) rapid variations in dynamic support occur along the margins of overriding plates (e.g. the western US) and at points located on a plate that rapidly approaches a subduction zone (e.g. India and the Arabia Peninsula). Our models provide a predictive quantitative framework linking mantle convection with plate tectonics and sedimentary basin evolution, thus improving our understanding of how subduction and mantle convection affect the spatio-temporal evolution of basin architecture.

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Liu, Lin, Jianping Guo, Wen Chen, Renguang Wu, Lin Wang, Hainan Gong, Bo Liu, Dandan Chen, and Jian Li. "Dominant Interannual Covariations of the East Asian–Australian Land Precipitation during Boreal Winter." Journal of Climate 32, no. 11 (May 14, 2019): 3279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0477.1.

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AbstractThe present study applies the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method to investigate the interannual covariations of East Asian–Australian land precipitation (EAALP) during boreal winter based on observational and reanalysis datasets. The first mode of EAALP variations is characterized by opposite-sign anomalies between East Asia (EA) and Australia (AUS). The second mode features an anomaly pattern over EA similar to the first mode, but with a southwest–northeast dipole structure over AUS. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is found to be a primary factor in modulating the interannual variations of land precipitation over EA and western AUS. By comparison, the Indian Ocean subtropical dipole mode (IOSD) plays an important role in the formation of precipitation anomalies over northeastern AUS, mainly through a zonal vertical circulation spanning from the southern Indian Ocean (SIO) to northern AUS. In addition, the ENSO-independent cold sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the western North Pacific (WNP) impact the formation of the second mode. Using the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5, three 40-yr numerical simulation experiments differing in specified SST forcings verify the impacts of the IOSD and WNP SST anomalies. Further composite analyses indicate that the dominant patterns of EAALP variability are largely determined by the out-of-phase and in-phase combinations of ENSO and IOSD. These results suggest that in addition to ENSO, IOSD should be considered as another crucial factor influencing the EAALP variability during the boreal winter, which has large implications for improved prediction of EAALP land precipitation on the interannual time scale.

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Izumo, Takeshi, Clémentde Boyer Montégut, Jing-Jia Luo, Swadhin K. Behera, Sébastien Masson, and Toshio Yamagata. "The Role of the Western Arabian Sea Upwelling in Indian Monsoon Rainfall Variability." Journal of Climate 21, no. 21 (November 1, 2008): 5603–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2158.1.

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Abstract The Indian summer monsoon rainfall has complex, regionally heterogeneous, interannual variations with huge socioeconomic impacts, but the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. The upwelling along the Somalia and Oman coasts starts in late spring, peaks during the summer monsoon, and strongly cools the sea surface temperature (SST) in the western Arabian Sea. They restrict the westward extent of the Indian Ocean warm pool, which is the main moisture source for the monsoon rainfall. Thus, variations of the Somalia–Oman upwelling can have significant impacts on the moisture transport toward India. Here the authors use both observations and an advanced coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model to show that a decrease in upwelling strengthens monsoon rainfall along the west coast of India by increasing the SST along the Somalia–Oman coasts, and thus local evaporation and water vapor transport toward the Indian Western Ghats (mountains). Further observational analysis reveals that such decreases in upwelling are caused by anomalously weak southwesterly winds in late spring over the Arabian Sea that are due to warm SST/increased precipitation anomalies over the Seychelles–Chagos thermocline ridge of the southwestern Indian Ocean (and vice versa for years with strong upwelling/weak west Indian summer monsoon rainfall). The latter SST/precipitation anomalies are often related to El Niño conditions and the strength of the Indonesian–Australian monsoon during the previous winter. This sheds new light on the ability to forecast the poorly predicted Indian monsoon rainfall on a regional scale, helped by a proper ocean observing/forecasting system in the western tropical Indian Ocean.

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Barrymore, Stuart J., and Jane Ballard. "Decommissioning – a path forward for Australia." APPEA Journal 59, no. 1 (2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18143.

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Australia has embarked on a review of its decommissioning law and practice with a comprehensive discussion paper being issued by the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. Initial stakeholder comments and submissions have been made, and the Department is now considering those submissions with a view to issuing recommendations to the Minister. The discussion paper ultimately proposes that new laws will be implemented to ensure that Australia has a 21st century fit-for-purpose decommissioning regime to apply to its offshore petroleum installations. After an overview of the review process and the selected issues that the Department regards of significance, this article considers a selection of the issues that emerge. It is evident that diverse views exist on almost all topics, and it will not be an easy task to find a balance that both meets the goals and aspirations of industry and community sectors. This challenge is compounded by the scale of decommissioning operations and the cost that will be incurred to remediate wells and remove associated facilities. The balance sought is one that does not stifle industry’s capacity to further invest nor impose onerous or uncompetitive imposts or controls, but also assures that adequate funding is available to carry out decommissioning works. Everyone seemingly accepts that it is not the role of the Australian Government to remove the facilities and restore the sea bed. Globally, techniques that are being increasingly utilised to manage this risk involve the imposition of securities or other assurance and enhanced statutory liability mechanisms. These legal and commercial considerations are given particular focus in the article.

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Laplante, David P., Gabrielle Simcock, Lei Cao-Lei, Maya Mouallem, Guillaume Elgbeili, Alain Brunet, Vanessa Cobham, Sue Kildea, and Suzanne King. "The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene and child's sex moderate the relationship between disaster-related prenatal maternal stress and autism spectrum disorder traits: The QF2011 Queensland flood study." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 04 (November 5, 2018): 1395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418000871.

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AbstractThe 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter has been shown to play a role in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Moreover, disaster-related prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) has also been shown to be associated with ASD. However, no study to date has examined whether these two factors, either individually or in combination, are predictive of ASD traits in the same sample. We hypothesized that children, particularly boys, with the LL genotype exposed to high levels of disaster-related PNMS would exhibit higher levels of ASD traits compared to boys with the LS or SS genotypes and girls regardless of genotype. Genotype and ASD levels obtained using the Australian normed Autism Spectrum Rating Scales – Short Form were available for 105 30-month-old children exposed to varying levels of PNMS following the 2011 Queensland Flood. For boys, higher ASD traits were associated with the 5-HTTLPR LL genotype in combination with either a negative maternal appraisal of the flood, or high levels of maternal composite subjective stress, PSTD-like or peritraumatic dissociation symptoms. For girls, maternal peritraumatic dissociation levels in combination with the 5-HTTLPR LS or SS genotype were associated with higher ASD traits. The present findings are the first to demonstrate that children’s genotype moderates effects of disaster-related PNMS on ASD traits, with different pattern according to child sex.

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Skiba, Marina A., Robin J. Bell, Dilinie Herbert, Alejandra Martinez Garcia, Rakibul M. Islam, and Susan R. Davis. "Use of community-based reference ranges to estimate the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome by the recognised diagnostic criteria, a cross-sectional study." Human Reproduction 36, no. 6 (April 8, 2021): 1611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab069.

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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Does the application of reference ranges for sex steroids and the modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mFG) scale established in the community from which the study sample was drawn, combined with the most conservative polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) criteria to the recognised diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) improve the certainty of diagnosis of PCOS in non-healthcare-seeking women? SUMMARY ANSWER Despite application of the stringent definitions of the elements used to diagnose PCOS in a non-healthcare seeking community-based sample, the risk of diagnostic uncertainty remains. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY There is heterogeneity in prevalence estimates for PCOS due, in part, to lack of standardisation of the elements comprising the recognised National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rotterdam and Androgen Excess Society (AE-PCOS) diagnostic criteria. The AE-PCOS Society proposed refinements to the definitions of biochemical androgen excess and PCOM that can now be incorporated into these sets of diagnostic criteria to estimate PCOS prevalence. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An Australian cross-sectional study of 168 non-healthcare-seeking women. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The 168 included women were aged 18–39 years, euthyroid and normoprolactinemic, not recently pregnant, breast feeding or using systemic hormones. Each provided menstrual history and assessment of the mFG, had measurement of sex steroids by liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, and a pelvic ultrasound. The presence of PCOS was determined using modified (m) NIH, Rotterdam, and AE-PCOS criteria according to AE-PCOS Society recommendations. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Overall, 10.1% of the included participants met the mNIH PCOS criteria, which requires the presence of menstrual dysfunction, while 18.5% met the mRotterdam and 17.5% the AE-PCOS criteria, with the latter requiring hyperandrogenism. Eight of the 27 participants with menstrual dysfunction, 10 of 31 women with PCOM, and 39 of 68 women with hyperandrogenism had no other feature of PCOS. Of the 19 participants with hyperandrogenaemia, 10 met the mNIH criteria (52.5%) and 14 met both the mRotterdam and AE-PCOS criteria (78.9%). Women who had the combination of hyperandrogenism and PCOM explained the greatest discrepancy between the mNIH and the other criteria. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Clinical androgenisation relied on participant self-assessment, which has been shown to be valid when compared with clinician assessment. The sample size was a function of both the strict inclusion criteria and the requirements of non-healthcare-seeking women having a blood draw and pelvic ultrasound which may have introduced a selection bias. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Despite applying stringent cut-offs for serum androgens, the mFG scale and the ovarian follicle count, these criteria remain arbitrary. Accordingly, healthy women may be captured by these criteria, and misidentified as having PCOS, while women with the condition may be missed. Consequently, PCOS remains a diagnosis to be made with care. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was supported by the Grollo-Ruzzene Foundation. Dr S.R.D. is an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow (Grant no. 1135843). S.R.D. has been paid for developing and delivering educational presentations for Besins Healthcare, BioFemme and Pfizer Australia, has been on Advisory Boards for Theramex, Abbott Laboratories, Mayne Pharmaceuticals and Roche and a consultant to Lawley Pharmaceuticals and Que Oncology and has received has received institutional grant funding for Que Oncology research; there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A

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King, Lynda A., and Daniel W. King. "Sex-Role Egalitarian Ism Scale." Psychology of Women Quarterly 21, no. 1 (March 1997): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00101.x.

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The Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale (SRES) was developed to measure attitudes toward the equality of women and men across content domains representing marital, parental, employment, social-interpersonal-heterosexual, and educational roles. The instrument exists in four versions: two alternate 95-item full forms and two alternate 25-item abbreviated forms. Reliability indices derived from a classical test-theory approach, multifaceted generalizability procedures, and an item-response theory-based analysis all support consistency or precision of measurement. Evidence for convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity is presented, along with a series of recommendations for future psychometric and substantive research using the scale.

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Mazzella, Carmela, Kevin Durkin, Emma Cerini, and Paul Buralli. "Sex role stereotyping in Australian television advertisements." Sex Roles 26-26, no. 7-8 (April 1992): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00289910.

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McGregor, Shayne, Neil J. Holbrook, and Scott B. Power. "Interdecadal Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part I: The Role of Off-Equatorial Wind Stresses and Oceanic Rossby Waves." Journal of Climate 20, no. 11 (June 1, 2007): 2643–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4145.1.

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Abstract The Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre CGCM and a linear first baroclinic-mode ocean shallow-water model (SWM) are used to investigate ocean dynamic forcing mechanisms of the equatorial Pacific Ocean interdecadal sea surface temperature (SST) variability. An EOF analysis of the 13-yr low-pass Butterworth-filtered SST anomalies from a century-time-scale CGCM simulation reveals an SST anomaly spatial pattern and time variability consistent with the interdecadal Pacific oscillation. Results from an SWM simulation forced with wind stresses from the CGCM simulation are shown to compare well with the CGCM, and as such the SWM is then used to investigate the roles of “uncoupled” equatorial wind stress forcing, off-equatorial wind stress forcing (OffEqWF), and Rossby wave reflection at the western Pacific Ocean boundary, on the decadal equatorial thermocline depth anomalies. Equatorial Pacific wind stresses are shown to explain a large proportion of the overall variance in the equatorial thermocline depth anomalies. However, OffEqWF beyond 12.5° latitude produces an interdecadal signature in the Niño-4 (Niño-3) region that explains approximately 10% (1.5%) of the filtered control simulation variance. Rossby wave reflection at the western Pacific boundary is shown to underpin the OffEqWF contribution to these equatorial anomalies. The implications of this result for the predictability of the decadal variations of thermocline depth are investigated with results showing that OffEqWF generates an equatorial response in the Niño-3 region up to 3 yr after the wind stress forcing is switched off. Further, a statistically significant correlation is found between thermocline depth anomalies in the off-equatorial zone and the Niño-3 region, with the Niño-3 region lagging by approximately 2 yr. The authors conclude that there is potential predictability of the OffEqWF equatorial thermocline depth anomalies with lead times of up to 3 yr when taking into account the amplitudes and locations of off-equatorial region Rossby waves.

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Callaghan, Jeff. "Weather systems and extreme rainfall generation in the 2019 north Queensland floods compared with historical north Queensland record floods." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 71, no. 1 (2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es20005.

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Earlier papers have addressed floods from warm-air advection (WAA) in southeast Australia and around the globe, and extreme rainfall in US hurricanes and Australian tropical cyclones (TCs). This is the first paper to address the WAA phenomena in causing monsoon and TC floods and in TC-like systems which develop over the interior of northern Australia. The inland events help explain Australia’s worst tropical flooding disaster in 1916. A disastrous series of floods during late January and early February 2019 caused widespread damage in tropical north Queensland both in inland regions and along the coast. This occurred when some large-scale climate influences, including the sea surface temperatures suggested conditions would not lead to major flooding. Therefore, it is important to focus on the weather systems to understand the processes that resulted in the extreme rainfall responsible for the flooding. The structure of weather systems in most areas involved a pattern in which the winds turned in an anticyclonic sense as they ascended from the low to middle levels of the atmosphere (often referred to as WAA) which was maintained over large areas for 11 days. HYSPLIT air parcel trajectory observations were employed to confirm these ascent analyses. Examination of a period during which the heaviest rain was reported and compared with climatology showed a much stronger monsoon circulation, widespread WAA through tropical Queensland where normally its descending equivalent of cold-air advection is found, and higher mean sea level pressures along the south Queensland coast. The monsoon low was located between strong deep monsoon westerlies to the north and strong deep easterlies to the south which ensured its slow movement. This non-TC event produced heavy inland rainfall. Extreme inland rainfall is rare in this region. Dare et al. (2012), using data from 1969/70 to 2009/10, showed that over north Queensland non-TC events produced a large percentage of the total rainfall. The vertical structure associated with one of the earlier events that occurred in 2008 had sufficient data to detect strong and widespread WAA overlying an onshore moist tropical airstream. This appears to have played a crucial role in such extreme rainfall extending well inland and perhaps gives insight to the cause of a 1916 flooding disaster at Clermont which claimed around 70 lives. Several other events over the inland Tropics with strong WAA also help explain the 1916 disaster.

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Dias, Fabio Boeira, C. M. Domingues, S. J. Marsland, S. M. Griffies, S. R. Rintoul, R. Matear, and R. Fiedler. "On the Superposition of Mean Advective and Eddy-Induced Transports in Global Ocean Heat and Salt Budgets." Journal of Climate 33, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 1121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0418.1.

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AbstractOcean thermal expansion is a large contributor to observed sea level rise, which is expected to continue into the future. However, large uncertainties exist in sea level projections among climate models, partially due to intermodel differences in ocean heat uptake and redistribution of buoyancy. Here, the mechanisms of vertical ocean heat and salt transport are investigated in quasi-steady-state model simulations using the Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator Ocean Model (ACCESS-OM2). New insights into the net effect of key physical processes are gained within the superresidual transport (SRT) framework. In this framework, vertical tracer transport is dominated by downward fluxes associated with the large-scale ocean circulation and upward fluxes induced by mesoscale eddies, with two distinct physical regimes. In the upper ocean, where high-latitude water masses are formed by mixed layer processes, through cooling or salinification, the SRT counteracts those processes by transporting heat and salt downward. In contrast, in the ocean interior, the SRT opposes dianeutral diffusion via upward fluxes of heat and salt, with about 60% of the vertical heat transport occurring in the Southern Ocean. Overall, the SRT is largely responsible for removing newly formed water masses from the mixed layer into the ocean interior, where they are eroded by dianeutral diffusion. Unlike the classical advective–diffusive balance, dianeutral diffusion is bottom intensified above rough bottom topography, allowing an overturning cell to develop in alignment with recent theories. Implications are discussed for understanding the role of vertical tracer transport on the simulation of ocean climate and sea level.

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Hawkins, Darryl, William G. Herron, William Gibson, Geraldine Hoban, and Mary Jane Herron. "Homosexual and Heterosexual Sex-Role Orientation on Six Sex-Role Scales." Perceptual and Motor Skills 66, no. 3 (June 1988): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.3.863.

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A comparison was made of the sex roles of homosexual and heterosexual men and women on the Bern Sex Role Inventory, Personality Attributes Questionnaire, Personality Research Form Androgyny Scale, Adjective Checklist Masculinity and Femininity Scales, Extended Personality Attributes Questionnaire and Undesirable Characteristics Scale. The results indicated that homosexuals and heterosexuals differ in their response to different aspects of sex roles. The most consistent difference was the greater femininity of male homosexuals in respect to male heterosexuals. Other differences were scale-specific and the low interscale comparability indicated such scales should not be used interchangeably. Differences between results of studies comparing sex roles of the homosexuals and heterosexuals appear attributable to sample heterogeneity and distinctions between sex-role scales.

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Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Elizabeth C. Kent, Adrian J. Matthews, Benjamin G. M. Webber, Simon C. Peatman, and P. N. Vinayachandran. "Intraseasonal Variability of Air–Sea Fluxes over the Bay of Bengal during the Southwest Monsoon." Journal of Climate 31, no. 17 (September 2018): 7087–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0652.1.

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In the Bay of Bengal (BoB), surface heat fluxes play a key role in monsoon dynamics and prediction. The accurate representation of large-scale surface fluxes is dependent on the quality of gridded reanalysis products. Meteorological and surface flux variables from five reanalysis products are compared and evaluated against in situ data from the Research Moored Array for African–Asian–Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA) in the BoB. The reanalysis products: ERA-Interim (ERA-I), TropFlux, MERRA-2, JRA-55, and CFSR are assessed for their characterization of air–sea fluxes during the southwest monsoon season [June–September (JJAS)]. ERA-I captured radiative fluxes best while TropFlux captured turbulent and net heat fluxes Qnet best, and both products outperformed JRA-55, MERRA-2, and CFSR, showing highest correlations and smallest biases when compared to the in situ data. In all five products, the largest errors were in shortwave radiation QSW and latent heat flux QLH, with nonnegligible biases up to approximately 75 W m−2. The QSW and QLH are the largest drivers of the observed Qnet variability, thus highlighting the importance of the results from the buoy comparison. There are also spatially coherent differences in the mean basinwide fields of surface flux variables from the reanalysis products, indicating that the biases at the buoy position are not localized. Biases of this magnitude have severe implications on reanalysis products’ ability to capture the variability of monsoon processes. Hence, the representation of intraseasonal variability was investigated through the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation, and we found that TropFlux and ERA-I perform best at capturing intraseasonal climate variability during the southwest monsoon season.

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Burns, Ailsa, and Ross Homel. "Sex Role Satisfaction Among Australian Children: Some Sex, Age, and Cultural Group Comparisons." Psychology of Women Quarterly 10, no. 3 (September 1986): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00754.x.

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Children's satisfaction with being a member of their own sex was explored within two Australian samples. In a national sample of 2,268 children, grades 1–6, trends were similar to those reported in the United States. Girls were less satisfied with their sex role than boys, and older girls were more dissatisfied than younger girls. The most frequent reason girls offered for dissatisfaction with their sex was restriction of sports opportunities. In a smaller sample of 9-11-year-olds (133 boys, 146 girls), chosen to include adequate representation of children of non-Anglo immigrants, it was found that while Anglo-Australian girls were less satisfied with their sex role than boys, non-Anglo girls were just as satisfied as the boys. The non-Anglo girls were no higher in global satisfaction with themselves or with their lives in general than other children. They were, however, less likely to offer self-definitions that included sports abilities and interests. While non-Anglo parents observed a stronger public/private division of labor in certain childcare activities, this difference was not associated with children's satisfaction with their sex role. However, across the entire sample, children's sex-role satisfaction was associated with parents' division of labor on two tasks on which cultural groups did not differ—disciplining and comforting.

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Monk, Khalia, Elise-Andrée Guérette, Clare Paton-Walsh, Jeremy D. Silver, Kathryn M. Emmerson, Steven R. Utembe, Yang Zhang, et al. "Evaluation of Regional Air Quality Models over Sydney and Australia: Part 1—Meteorological Model Comparison." Atmosphere 10, no. 7 (July 4, 2019): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070374.

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The ability of meteorological models to accurately characterise regional meteorology plays a crucial role in the performance of photochemical simulations of air pollution. As part of the research funded by the Australian government’s Department of the Environment Clean Air and Urban Landscape hub, this study set out to complete an intercomparison of air quality models over the Sydney region. This intercomparison would test existing modelling capabilities, identify any problems and provide the necessary validation of models in the region. The first component of the intercomparison study was to assess the ability of the models to reproduce meteorological observations, since it is a significant driver of air quality. To evaluate the meteorological component of these air quality modelling systems, seven different simulations based on varying configurations of inputs, integrations and physical parameterizations of two meteorological models (the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM)) were examined. The modelling was conducted for three periods coinciding with comprehensive air quality measurement campaigns (the Sydney Particle Studies (SPS) 1 and 2 and the Measurement of Urban, Marine and Biogenic Air (MUMBA)). The analysis focuses on meteorological variables (temperature, mixing ratio of water, wind (via wind speed and zonal wind components), precipitation and planetary boundary layer height), that are relevant to air quality. The surface meteorology simulations were evaluated against observations from seven Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) Automatic Weather Stations through composite diurnal plots, Taylor plots and paired mean bias plots. Simulated vertical profiles of temperature, mixing ratio of water and wind (via wind speed and zonal wind components) were assessed through comparison with radiosonde data from the Sydney Airport BoM site. The statistical comparisons with observations identified systematic overestimations of wind speeds that were more pronounced overnight. The temperature was well simulated, with biases generally between ±2 °C and the largest biases seen overnight (up to 4 °C). The models tend to have a drier lower atmosphere than observed, implying that better representations of soil moisture and surface moisture fluxes would improve the subsequent air quality simulations. On average the models captured local-scale meteorological features, like the sea breeze, which is a critical feature driving ozone formation in the Sydney Basin. The overall performance and model biases were generally within the recommended benchmark values (e.g., ±1 °C mean bias in temperature, ±1 g/kg mean bias of water vapour mixing ratio and ±1.5 m s−1 mean bias of wind speed) except at either end of the scale, where the bias tends to be larger. The model biases reported here are similar to those seen in other model intercomparisons.

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Massey, David R., and Carol A. Christensen. "Student Teacher Attitudes to Sex Role Stereotyping: some Australian data." Educational Studies 16, no. 2 (January 1990): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305569900160201.

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Orlofsky, Jacob L., Ralph S. Cohen, and Mark W. Ramsden. "Relationship between sex-role attitudes and personality traits and the revised sex-role behavior scale." Sex Roles 12, no. 3-4 (February 1985): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00287603.

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30

Callan, Victor J., and Cynthia Gallois. "Sex-Role Attitudes and Attitudes to Marriage Among Urban Greek-Australian and Anglo-Australian Youth." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 16, no. 3 (October 1985): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.16.3.345.

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Nigro, Giovanna, and Ida Galli. "Sex-Role Identity and Machiavellianism." Psychological Reports 56, no. 3 (June 1985): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.863.

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177 Italian undergraduates (83 men and 94 women) completed the Italian version of the Spence, et al.'s Personal Attributes Questionnaire and the Italian version of the Christie's Mach IV Scale. One-way analysis of variance indicated for men that undifferentiated individuals reported significantly higher Mach scores. For women, feminine sex-typed individuals reported higher Mach scores. Low masculinity might be associated with stronger Machiavellianism. Further implications of the findings were discussed.

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Milovchevich, Darryl, Kevin Howells, Neil Drew, and Andrew Day. "Sex and gender role differences in anger: an Australian community study." Personality and Individual Differences 31, no. 2 (July 2001): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00122-7.

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Chusmir, Leonard H., and Christine S. Koberg. "Development and Validation of the Sex Role Conflict Scale." Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 22, no. 4 (October 1986): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002188638602200404.

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Orlofsky, Jacob L., and Connie A. O'Heron. "Development of a Short-Form Sex Role Behavior Scale." Journal of Personality Assessment 51, no. 2 (June 1987): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5102_11.

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35

Simon, Lorna J., Patricia L. Francis, and John P. Lombardo. "Sex, Sex-Role, and Machiavellianism as Correlates of Decoding Ability." Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 1 (August 1990): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.1.243.

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The present study examined the relationships of sex, sex-role and Machiavellianism to the ability to decode adult facial expressions. 80 undergraduates, classified into traditional, cross-sex, androgynous or undifferentiated sex-role categories based on scores on Bern's inventory, were asked to view slides of adults posing different facial expressions and asked to choose which emotion was being expressed. Subjects were given the Machiavellianism V scale to complete. Neither sex nor sex-role significantly influenced decoding ability; however, Machiavellianism was negatively related to the ability to decode facial expressions.

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Royse, David, and Donna Clawson. "Sex-Role Egalitarianism, Feminism, and Sexual Identity." Psychological Reports 63, no. 1 (August 1988): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.1.160.

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This study of 132 feminists found no statistically significant differences among heterosexuals, bisexuals, or lesbians on the Sex-role Egalitarianism Scale. The hypothesis of greater sex-role egalitarianism among lesbians was not supported.

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Grieve, Norma, Doreen Rosenthal, and Antoniette Cavallo. "Self-Esteem and Sex-Role Attitudes: A Comparison of Italian- and Anglo-Australian Adolescent Girls." Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 2 (June 1988): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00935.x.

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Two groups of 15-year-old girls, one Italian-Australian (IA, n = 60), and one Anglo-Australian (AA, n = 48), were compared on self-esteem and a wide range of measures associated with sex roles, including sex-role satisfaction, sex-role orientation, and assessment of and attitudes toward sex-role differentiation in the family and the culture. Self-esteem and sex-role satisfaction did not differ in the two groups. Nor were there differences in attitudes toward sex-role differentiation, even though cultural and familial differentiation were greater in the IA group and males were accorded relatively more value. However, the groups did differ in the pattern of variables associated with self-esteem and with these sex-role measures. In the more traditional IA subculture, girls' sex-role attitudes correlated with situational constraints. Unlike the AA girls, self-esteem was, in part, associated with stereotypic feminine attributes and preoccupations, and conformed to the androgyny model of well-being. In the AA group, sex-role attitudes and self-esteem were associated with perceptions of personal qualities valued in the broader, more egalitarian culture, such as intellectual ability and masculinity, thus confirming the masculinity model.

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E. Soulé, M., B. G. Mackey, H. F. Recher, J. E. Williams, J. C. Z. Woinarski, Don Driscoll, W. C. Dennison, and M. E. Jones. "The role of connectivity in Australian conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 10, no. 4 (2004): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc040266.

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The existing system of nature reserves in Australia is inadequate for the long-term conservation and restoration of native biological diversity because it fails to accommodate, among other elements, large scale and long-term ecological processes and change, including physical and biotic transport in the landscape. This paper is an overview of the connectivity elements that inform a scientific framework for significantly improving the prospects for the long-term conservation of Australia's biodiversity. The framework forms the basis for the WildCountry programme. This programme has identified connectivity at landscape, regional and continental scales as a critical component of an effective conservation system. Seven categories of ecological phenomena are reviewed that require landscape permeability and that must be considered when planning for the maintenance of biological diversity and ecological resilience in Australia: (1) trophic relations at regional scales; (2) animal migration, dispersal, and other large scale movements of individuals and propagules; (3) fire and other forms of disturbance at regional scales; (4) climate variability in space and time and human forced rapid climate change; (5) hydroecological relations and flows at all scales; (6) coastal zone fluxes of organisms, matter, and energy; and, (7) spatially-dependent evolutionary processes at all scales. Finally, we mention eight cross-cutting themes that further illuminate the interactions and implications of the seven connectivity-related phenomena for conservation assessment, planning, research, and management, and we suggest how the results might be applied by analysts, planners, scientists, and community conservationists.

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Tann, John. "Images of Australian Odonata wings." Technical Reports of the Australian Museum online 33 (March 24, 2021): 1–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.1835-4211.33.2021.1767.

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A recently finished project has created an openly accessible, high-resolution, photographic library of wings of Australian dragonflies and damselflies, order Odonata. The library is an open resource for identification and research. Both male and female wings of 318 species of dragonfly and damselfly have been photographed with a specialist set-up using identified museum collection material. In general, both wings were removed from the insect body to produce an image with a minimum of visual artefacts. Each resulting image shows a pair of right wings, a scale, an identifying taxonomic name and sex.

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Gilly, Mary C. "Sex Roles in Advertising: A Comparison of Television Advertisements in Australia, Mexico, and the United States." Journal of Marketing 52, no. 2 (April 1988): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200206.

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In the past, research has found that the portrayal of sex roles in advertising has not reflected equality or reality. Further, studies typically have examined only U.S. advertising, leaving open the question of cultural influence on advertising's sex role portrayals. The author offers a new analysis of sex roles in advertising and compares content analysis findings for U.S., Australian, and Mexican television advertisements. Results reveal differences in the portrayal of the sexes in U.S. advertisements. Australian advertisements show somewhat fewer sex role differences and Mexican advertisements show slightly more sex role differences than U.S. advertisements. Stereotypes are found in the advertising of all three countries, but are manifested in different ways.

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Neto, Félix. "A Portuguese Short Form of the Sex-Role Ideology Scale." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3 (December 1998): 1104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.1104.

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This study examined the psychometric properties of the Sex-Role Ideology Scale in Portugal. In the first of 2 samples were 139 undergraduate volunteers. Internal consistency was .75, and a factor analysis gave some support for a unidimensional solution, which is consistent with scoring provided by the authors of the scale. Given the continuing ambiguity about the factor structure of the scale, we developed a unidimensional short form of 14 items. There was a tendency for the women to obtain higher scores for Egalitarianism than the men. 93 women of the second sample provided data for cross-validation of the structure of the short form.

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NETO, FELIX. "A PORTUGUESE SHORT FORM OF THE SEX-ROLE IDEOLOGY SCALE." Psychological Reports 83, no. 7 (1998): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.83.7.1104-1106.

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King, Lynda A., Daniel W. King, D. Bruce Carter, Carol Ryan Surface, and Kim Stepanski. "Validity of the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale: Two replication studies." Sex Roles 31-31, no. 5-6 (September 1994): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01544593.

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Ramanaiah, Nerella V., Fred R. J. Detwiler, and Anupama Byravan. "Sex-Role Orientation and Satisfaction with Life." Psychological Reports 77, no. 3_suppl (December 1995): 1260–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3f.1260.

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The hypothesis that androgynous people are more satisfied with life than others was tested by administering the Personal Attributes Questionnaire and the Satisfaction with Life Scale to 245 undergraduates (111 men and 134 women). Results strongly supported the tested hypothesis for men but not for women.

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Mitchell, Shannon K., and Robin E. Stonecash. "THE ROLE OF ECONOMIES OF SCALE IN AUSTRALIAN R&D." Prometheus 14, no. 2 (December 1996): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08109029608629215.

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Coleman, Marilyn, and Lawrence H. Ganong. "Sex, Sex-Roles, and Irrational Beliefs." Psychological Reports 61, no. 2 (October 1987): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.2.631.

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Irrational beliefs have been related to a variety of psychological distresses, some of which are thought of more in relation to one sex than the other, i.e., depression, nonassertiveness, anger. However, Ellis did not assert that there were sex differences in irrational beliefs, and few researchers have examined the effect of sex-role socialization on irrational beliefs. The present study explored the effect of sex and sex-roles on irrational beliefs for a sample of 270 college students using the Irrational Beliefs Test and Bern's scale. While the study supports the belief that sex and sex-role are not unidimensional constructs, the data suggest that differences in sex-role socialization contribute to differences in adherence to irrational beliefs. It appears, however, that a feminine sex-role orientation is related to irrational beliefs. Although study is needed, clinicians are cautioned not to assume there are no sex or sex-role differences related to irrational thinking.

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Hastie, Peter A. "Coaching Preferences of High School Girl Volleyball Players." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 3_suppl (December 1993): 1309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3f.1309.

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80 Australian and 100 Canadian high school girl volleyball players reported a significant difference by nationality on “democratic behavior” and by age, and by sex of the coach on “positive feedback” on Chelladurai and Saleh's Leadership Scale for Sports. No significant main effects were found between nationality groups, players' age, or sex of the coach on any of the other variables of the scale.

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de Visser, Richard O., Paul B. Badcock, Judy M. Simpson, Andrew E. Grulich, Anthony M. A. Smith, Juliet Richters, and Chris Rissel. "Attitudes toward sex and relationships: the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships." Sexual Health 11, no. 5 (2014): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14099.

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Background Attitudes towards sex and relationships influence laws about what is and is not permissible and social sanctions against behaviours considered unacceptable. They are an important focus for research given their links to sexual behaviour. The aim of the present study was to describe attitudes towards sex and relationships, to identify correlates of scores on a scale of sexual liberalism and to examine responses to jealousy-evoking scenarios among Australian adults. Methods: Computer-assisted landline and mobile telephone interviews were completed by a population-representative sample of 20 094 men and women aged 16–69 years. The overall participation rate among eligible people was 66.2%. Respondents expressed their agreement with 11 attitude statements, five of which formed a valid scale of liberalism, and also responded to a jealousy-evoking scenario. Results: There was general agreement that premarital sex was acceptable (87%), that sex was important for wellbeing (83%) and that sex outside a committed relationship was unacceptable (83%). Respondents were accepting of homosexual behaviour and abortion and few believed that sex education encouraged earlier sexual activity. More liberal attitudes were associated with: being female; speaking English at home; homosexual or bisexual identity; not being religious; greater education; and higher incomes. Respondents who expressed more liberal attitudes had more diverse patterns of sexual experience. Predicted sex differences were found in response to the jealousy-evoking scenario — men were more jealous of a partner having sex with someone else and women were more jealous of a partner forming an emotional attachment — but responses varied with age. Conclusion: Sexual attitudes of Australians largely support a permissive but monogamous paradigm. Since 2002, there has been a shift to less tolerance of sex outside a committed relationship, but greater acceptance of homosexual behaviour.

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Milner, Laura M., and Bronwyn Higgs. "Gender Sex-Role Portrayals in International Television Advertising over Time: The Australian Experience." Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising 26, no. 2 (September 2004): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2004.10505166.

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Kok, Jodi LY, and Bruce Findlay. "An exploration of sex-role stereotyping in Australian award-winning children’s picture books." Australian Library Journal 55, no. 3 (August 2006): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049670.2006.10721857.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Australian Sex Role Scale'

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