Journal articles: 'Australian rules football players'

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MacLeod, Scott A., and Philip W. S. Newall. "Investigating racial bias within Australian rules football commentary." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 25, 2022): e0272005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272005.

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International research has shown that live sports commentary exhibits racial bias. Specifically, non-White players are more likely to be praised in terms of their physicality, while White players are more likely to be praised in terms of their intellect and character. The current study, which utilised a quantitative content analysis design, examined whether the speech of AFL commentators exhibited racial bias. The study randomly selected 50 men’s AFL game quarters from the 2019 AFL season and analysed 1368 applicable statements directed at 382 unique players. Based on prior research, a coding instrument was developed that incorporated three main categories (physical, cognitive, and character attributes), and six subcategories (physical ability, appearance, cognitive ability, intelligence, general character, and hard work). In contrast to the international literature, findings revealed that there were no significant between-race differences for each main attribute category. However, non-White players received a higher proportion of statements related to their physical ability, and a lower proportion of statements related to their appearance compared to White players. Non-White players also received a higher proportion of negative statements related to their cognitive ability compared to White players. There was no evidence found to suggest that players of any race were discussed in terms of their physical ability being innate, natural, or instinctual. Given the strong, but also dated, evidence showing racial bias within both American and European sports commentary, the current study provides only weak evidence for the existence of racial bias within contemporary AFL live commentary.

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King, D., M. Hecimovich, T. Clark, and C. Gissane. "Measurement of the head impacts in a sub-elite Australian Rules football team with an instrumented patch: An exploratory analysis." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 3 (May 24, 2017): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117710512.

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An investigation was made of the frequency, magnitude, and distribution of head impacts in Australian Football League players over a season of matches. In a prospective cohort analysis of impact magnitude, frequency, and distribution on data collected with a wireless head impact sensor worn behind the ear of 23 players, a total of 4903 impacts were recorded. Players experienced on average 407 ± 143 impacts over the duration of the study resulting in 30 ± 38 impacts per-player per-match. Linear accelerations ranged from 10 g to 153 g with a mean, median, and 95th percentile value of 17 g, 13 g, and 40 g, respectively. Rotational accelerations ranged from 130 rad/s2 to 21,890 rad/s2 with a mean, median, and 95th percentile value of 2426 rad/s2, 1556 rad/s2, and 7571 rad/s2, respectively. This study obtained initial measurements on the frequency, magnitude, distribution, and risk weighted exposure of head impacts in Australia Rules Football in order to better inform medical personnel in the identification and evaluation of at-risk players for concussion. The location of impacts varied considerably with the back of the head recording more total impacts than the front, side, and top. Midfielders sustained more impacts per-player, per-match, and had higher median resultant linear accelerations than forwards and defenders. The results of this study, in which most impacts were within the low severity limit for linear, rotational, HITSP, and RWECP, indicate that Australian Rules football needs to include more encompassing methods of examination of player exposure.

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Alexander, Jeremy P., Timothy Bedin, Karl B. Jackson, and Sam Robertson. "Team numerical advantage in Australian rules football: A missing piece of the scoring puzzle?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): e0254591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254591.

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The primary aim of this study was to determine the relationship between a team numerical advantage during structured phases of play and match event outcomes in professional Australian football. The secondary aim was to quantify how players occupy different sub-areas of the playing field in match play, while accounting for match phase and ball location. Spatiotemporal player tracking data and play-by-play event data from professional players and teams were collected from the 2019 Australian Football League season played at a single stadium. Logistic regression analysed the relationship between total players and team numerical advantage during clearances and inside 50’s. Total players and team numerical advantage were also quantified continuously throughout a match, which were separated into three match phases (offence, defence, and stoppage) and four field positions (defensive 50, defensive midfield, attacking midfield, and forward 50). Results identified an increased team numerical advantage produced a greater likelihood of gaining possession from clearances or generating a score from inside 50’s. Although, an increased number of total players inside 50 was likely associated with a concomitant decrease in the probability of scoring, irrespective of a team numerical advantage. Teams were largely outnumbered when the ball was in their forward 50 but attained a numerical advantage when the ball was in the defensive 50.

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Roberts, Spencer S. H., Emma Falkenberg, Alysha Stevens, Brad Aisbett, Michele Lastella, and Dominique Condo. "The Sleep of Elite Australian Rules Footballers During Preseason: A Comparison of Men and Women." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0340.

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Purpose: Australian football has elite men’s (Australian Football League; AFL) and women’s (Australian Football League Women’s; AFLW) competitions. This study compared AFL and AFLW players’ sleep and characterized players’ sleep in the context of current sleep recommendations. Methods: A total of 70 players (36 AFL, 34 AFLW) had their sleep monitored via actigraphy over a 10-day preseason period. Sleep outcomes and their intraindividual variation, were compared between AFL and AFLW players using linear mixed models. Proportions of players sleeping ≥7 and ≥8 hours per night, and achieving ≥85% sleep efficiency, were compared using chi-square analyses. Results: Compared with AFL players, AFLW players slept less (7.9 [0.5] vs 7.1 [0.6] h, P = .000), had lower sleep efficiency (89.5% [2.8%] vs 84.0% [4.4%], P = .000), and greater intraindividual variation in sleep efficiency (3.1% [0.9%] vs 5.1% [2.1%], P = .000). A total of 47% of AFLW versus 3% of AFL players averaged <7 hours sleep (χ2 = 18.6, P = .000). A total of 88% of AFLW versus 50% of AFL players averaged <8 hours sleep (χ2 = 11.9, P = .001). A total of 53% of AFLW versus 14% of AFL players averaged <85% sleep efficiency (χ2 = 12.1, P = .001). Conclusions: AFLW players slept less and had poorer sleep quality than AFL players. Many AFLW players do not meet current sleep duration or sleep quality recommendations. Research should test strategies to improve sleep among Australian rules footballers, particularly among elite women.

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Condo, Dominique, Rachel Lohman, Monica Kelly, and Amelia Carr. "Nutritional Intake, Sports Nutrition Knowledge and Energy Availability in Female Australian Rules Football Players." Nutrients 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2019): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11050971.

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This study aimed to assess nutritional intake, sports nutrition knowledge and risk of Low Energy Availability (LEA) in female Australian rules football players. Victorian Football League Women’s competition (VFLW) players (n = 30) aged 18–35 (weight: 64.5 kg ± 8.0; height: 168.2 cm ± 7.6) were recruited from Victoria, Australia. Nutritional intake was quantified on training days using the Automated 24 h Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24-Australia), and sports nutrition knowledge was measured by the 88-item Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (SNKQ). The risk of LEA was assessed using the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q). Daily mean carbohydrate intake in the current investigation was 3 g⋅kg−1⋅d−1, therefore, below the minimum carbohydrate recommendation for moderate exercise of approximately one hour per day (5–7 g⋅kg−1⋅d−1) and for moderate to intense exercise for 1–3 h per day (6–10 g⋅kg−1⋅d−1) for 96.3% and 100% of players, respectively. Daily mean protein intake was 1.5 g⋅kg−1⋅d−1, therefore, consistent with recommendations (1.2–2.0 g⋅kg−1⋅d−1) for 77.8% of players. Daily mean calcium intake was 924.8 mg⋅d−1, therefore, below recommendations (1000 mg⋅d−1) for 65.5% of players, while mean iron intake was 12.2 mg⋅d−1, also below recommendations (18 mg⋅d−1) for 100% of players. Players answered 54.5% of SNKQ questions correctly, with the lowest scores observed in the section on supplements. Risk of LEA was evident in 30% of players, with no differences in carbohydrate (p = 0.238), protein (p = 0.296), fat (p = 0.490) or energy (p = 0.971) intakes between players at risk of LEA and those not at risk. The results suggest that female Australian rules football players have an inadequate intake of carbohydrate and calcium and low sports nutrition knowledge. Further investigation to assess the risk of LEA using direct measures is required.

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Routledge, Harry E., Jill J. Leckey, Matt J. Lee, Andrew Garnham, Stuart Graham, Darren Burgess, Louise M. Burke, Robert M. Erskine, Graeme L. Close, and James P. Morton. "Muscle Glycogen Utilization During an Australian Rules Football Game." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0106.

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Purpose: To better understand the carbohydrate (CHO) requirement of Australian Football (AF) match play by quantifying muscle glycogen utilization during an in-season AF match. Methods: After a 24-h CHO-loading protocol of 8 and 2 g/kg in the prematch meal, 2 elite male forward players had biopsies sampled from m. vastus lateralis before and after participation in a South Australian Football League game. Player A (87.2 kg) consumed water only during match play, whereas player B (87.6 kg) consumed 88 g CHO via CHO gels. External load was quantified using global positioning system technology. Results: Player A completed more minutes on the ground (115 vs 98 min) and covered greater total distance (12.2 vs 11.2 km) than player B, although with similar high-speed running (837 vs 1070 m) and sprinting (135 vs 138 m). Muscle glycogen decreased by 66% in player A (pre: 656 mmol/kg dry weight [dw], post: 223 mmol/kg dw) and 24% in player B (pre: 544 mmol/kg dw, post: 416 mmol/kg dw). Conclusion: Prematch CHO loading elevated muscle glycogen concentrations (ie, >500 mmol/kg dw), the magnitude of which appears sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of elite AF match play. The glycogen cost of AF match play may be greater than in soccer and rugby, and CHO feeding may also spare muscle glycogen use. Further studies using larger sample sizes are now required to quantify the interindividual variability of glycogen cost of match play (including muscle and fiber-type-specific responses), as well examining potential metabolic and ergogenic effects of CHO feeding.

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McGuigan, Michael R., Stuart Cormack, and Robert U. Newton. "Long-Term Power Performance of Elite Australian Rules Football Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 23, no. 1 (January 2009): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31818753ca.

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van Rens, Fleur E. C. A., Erika Borkoles, Damian Farrow, and Remco C. J. Polman. "Domain Specific Life Satisfaction in the Dual Careers of Junior Elite Football Players: The Impact of Role Strain." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0011.

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Using a holistic perspective on athlete talent development, this study examines the impact of role strain on the life satisfaction in various life domains of junior elite Australian Rules Football players. One hundred and twelve talent-identified male Australian Rules Football players (Mage = 16.8; SD = .71) completed measures of role strain and multidimensional life satisfaction. The results indicated that role strain explained twelve to twenty-four percent of the variance in life satisfaction in the players’ life domains. Experiences of role strain related to the players’ dual careers were associated with decreased life satisfaction in sport, friendships, family, yourself, and global life satisfaction domains. Situations in which the players perceived that their abilities were underutilized were also negatively associated with life satisfaction across various life domains. This study thus evidences the importance of a domain specific, holistic approach to investigate the life satisfaction in junior athletes’ dual careers.

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Anderson, David Stewart, John Cathcart, Iseult Wilson, Julie Hides, Felix Leung, and Daniel Kerr. "Lower limb MSK injuries among school-aged rugby and football players: a systematic review." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (October 2020): e000806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000806.

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ObjectiveThe objective of this systematic review was to explore the incidence of lower limb musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries sustained by rugby union, rugby league, soccer, Australian Rules and Gaelic football players under 18 years. The review sought to identify the mechanisms and types of injury sustained and to compare between sports.DesignThis systematic review focused on the incidence of lower limb injury in adolescent team sports that involved running and kicking a ball. A literature search of studies published prior to January 2020 was conducted using SportDiscus, Medline and PubMed databases. The Standard Quality Assessment Criteria appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of each article included in the review. Two or more authors independently reviewed all papers.ResultsSixteen papers met the inclusion criteria; prospective cohort (N=14), retrospective (n=1) and longitudinal (n=1). These studies investigated injuries in rugby union and rugby league (n=10), football (soccer) (n=3), Australian Rules (n=2) and Gaelic football (n=1). There were a total of 55 882 participants, aged 7–19 years old, who reported 6525 injuries. The type, site and mechanisms of injury differed across sports.SummaryLower limb injuries were common in adolescent rugby, soccer, Gaelic football and Australian Rules football players, however these studies may not fully reflect the true injury burden where recurrent and overuse injuries have not been considered. There were differences between sports in the mechanisms, types and severity of injury.

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Perret, Michael, Sarah Warby, Godefroy Brais, Stephanie Hinse, Sophie Hoy, and Gregory Hoy. "Return to Professional Australian Rules Football After Surgery for Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 11 (August 16, 2021): 3066–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211029022.

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Background: The treatment of traumatic anterior shoulder instability in professional Australian Football League (AFL) players is challenging, with an emphasis on early return to play and avoidance of instability recurrence. Purpose: To investigate return-to-sport (RTS) outcomes and complications after 2 different procedures for traumatic anterior shoulder instability in professional AFL players. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our surgical database for professional AFL players who underwent capsulolabral stabilization or open Latarjet procedure by a single surgeon between 2006 and 2017. Outcomes included RTS, on-field performance, and complications. Between-group analyses for RTS and complications were estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. Within-group analyses for on-field performance data were performed using paired t tests with significance set at .05. Results: A total of 58 capsulolabral stabilization procedures in 54 players and 32 Latarjet procedures in 29 players were included in the analysis; 93.1% of capsulolabral patients and 96.9% of Latarjet patients returned to professional AFL. The median RTS time was 6.8 months for the capsulolabral group and 7.3 months for the Latarjet group. There was no significant difference in RTS rates between the 2 groups ( P = .270). Of those undergoing surgery early in the season, 75% of the capsulolabral and 71% of Latarjet group were able to RTS within the same season, at a mean time of 16.9 weeks and 18.8 weeks, respectively. There was a significant difference in instability recurrence, with 19% for the capsulolabral group and no recurrence in the Latarjet group ( P = .017). There was no significant reduction in player on-field performance in either group ( P < .05). Conclusion: In this study, the median RTS in AFL players was approximately 7 months after capsulolabral and Latarjet surgery with no compromise to on-field performance. Instability-related complications occurred only in the capsulolabral group, and the incidence increased with time.

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Garrett, Joel, Stuart R. Graham, Roger G. Eston, Darren J. Burgess, Lachlan J. Garrett, John Jakeman, and Kevin Norton. "A Novel Method of Assessment for Monitoring Neuromuscular Fatigue in Australian Rules Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0253.

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Purpose: To compare the sensitivity of a submaximal run test (SRT) with a countermovement-jump test (CMJ) to provide an alternative method of measuring neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) in high-performance sport. Methods: A total of 23 professional and semiprofessional Australian rules football players performed an SRT and CMJ test prematch and 48 and 96 h postmatch. Variables from accelerometers recorded during the SRT were player load 1D up (vertical vector), player load 1D side (mediolateral vector), and player load 1D forward (anteroposterior vector). Meaningful difference was examined through magnitude-based inferences (effect size [ES]), with reliability assessed as typical error of measurements expressed as coefficient of variance. Results: A small decrease in CMJ height, ES −0.43 ± 0.39 (likely), was observed 48 h postmatch before returning to baseline 96 h postmatch. This was accompanied by corresponding moderate decreases in the SRT variables player load 1D up, ES −0.60 ± 0.51 (likely), and player load 1D side, ES −0.74 ± 0.57 (likely), 48 h postmatch before also returning to prematch baseline. Conclusion: The results suggest that in the presence of NMF, players use an alternative running profile to produce the same external output (ie, time). This indicates that changes in accelerometer variables during an SRT can be used as an alternative method of measuring NMF in high-performance Australian rules football and provides a flexible option for monitoring changes in the recovery phase postmatch.

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Garrett, Joel M., Ian McKeown, Darren J. Burgess, Carl T. Woods, and Roger G. Eston. "A preliminary investigation into the discriminant and ecological validity of the athletic ability assessment in elite Australian rules football." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 5 (October 9, 2017): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117736168.

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Objectives: To establish the discriminant validity of the athletic ability assessment in elite Australian rules football. Secondarily, to examine the association between athletic ability assessment and maximum running velocity extracted from elite Australian rules football game-play. Methods: To establish the discriminant validity of the athletic ability assessment, 43 Australian Football League players from one club were split into two groups based upon playing status; ‘starters’ ( n = 17; selected in 50% of the first 10 games of the Australian Football League season), ‘non-starters’ ( n = 26; not selected in 50% of the first 10 games of the Australian Football League season). Each group performed a modified version of the athletic ability assessment consisting of five foundational athletic movements. An independent-sampled t-test modelled the effect of player group (starters; non-starters) on the total score and for each individual exercise. Pearson product moment correlation was also conducted to establish the association between maximum running velocity and athletic ability assessment. Results: The starters attained a significantly greater total mean score on the athletic ability assessment ( d = 1.04, p < 0.05), overhead squat ( d = 0.96, p < 0.05), double lunge left ( d = 0.64, p < 0.05), single leg Romanian deadlift left ( d = 1.19, p < 0.05) and right single leg Romanian dead lift ( d = 0.79, p < 0.05) relative to the non-starters. Also noted were moderate, positive correlations between maximum running velocity and athletic ability assessment ( r = 0.31–0.46; p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results support the use of the athletic ability assessment to measure movement competency in elite Australian rules football. Accordingly, physical development coaches may consider its integration in high-performance training programs.

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Jackson, Graeme D., Michael Makdissi, Mangor Pedersen, Donna M. Parker, Evan K. Curwood, Shawna Farquharson, Alan Connelly, David F. Abbott, and Paul McCrory. "Functional brain effects of acute concussion in Australian rules football players." Journal of Concussion 3 (January 2019): 205970021986120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059700219861200.

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Aim To determine whether acute sport-related concussion is associated with functional brain changes in Australian rules footballers. Methods Twenty acutely concussed professional Australian footballers were studied with 3 T magnetic resonance imaging and compared to 20 age-matched control subjects. We statistically compared whole-brain local functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity between acutely concussed footballers and controls using voxel-wise permutation testing. Results The acutely concussed football players had significantly decreased local functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right inferior parietal lobe, and right anterior insula, compared to controls. No functional brain changes between groups within the default mode network were observed. Discussion Acutely concussed footballers had in common decreased functional connectivity within the right lateralized “cognitive control network” of the brain that is involved in executive functions, and the “salience network” involved in switching between tasks. Dysfunction of these brain regions is a plausible explanation for typical clinical features of concussion.

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Henderson, B., P. Gastin, J. Cook, and D. Kidgell. "Quantification of training load in elite junior Australian Rules football players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (January 2010): e138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.287.

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Saw, Richard, Caroline F. Finch, David Samra, Peter Baquie, Tanusha Cardoso, Danielle Hope, and John W. Orchard. "Injuries in Australian Rules Football: An Overview of Injury Rates, Patterns, and Mechanisms Across All Levels of Play." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 10, no. 3 (August 21, 2017): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738117726070.

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Context: The nature of Australian rules football (Australian football) predisposes both unique and common injuries compared with those sustained in other football codes. The game involves a combination of tackling, kicking, high-speed running (more than other football codes), and jumping. Two decades of injury surveillance has identified common injuries at the professional level (Australian Football League [AFL]). Objective: To provide an overview of injuries in Australian rules football, including injury rates, patterns, and mechanisms across all levels of play. Study Design: A narrative review of AFL injuries, football injury epidemiology, and biomechanical and physiological attributes of relevant injuries. Results: The overall injury incidence in the 2015 season was 41.7 injuries per club per season, with a prevalence of 156.2 missed games per club per season. Lower limb injuries are most prevalent, with hamstring strains accounting for 19.1 missed games per club per season. Hamstring strains relate to the volume of high-speed running required in addition to at times having to collect the ball while running in a position of hip flexion and knee extension. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are also prevalent and can result from contact and noncontact incidents. In the upper limb, shoulder sprains and dislocations account for 11.5 missed games per club per season and largely resulted from tackling and contact. Concussion is less common in AFL than other tackling sports but remains an important injury, which has notably become more prevalent in recent years, theorized to be due to a more conservative approach to management. Although there are less injury surveillance data for non-AFL players (women, community-level, children), many of these injuries appear to also be common across all levels of play. Clinical Relevance: An understanding of injury profiles and mechanisms in Australian football is crucial in identifying methods to reduce injury risk and prepare players for the demands of the game.

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Burke, Louise M., Ross A. Gollan, and Richard S. D. Read. "Dietary Intakes and Food Use of Croups of Elite Australian Male Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 1, no. 4 (December 1991): 378–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.1.4.378.

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The present study conducted dietary surveys of four groups of Australian male athletes: triathletes, marathon runners, Australian Rules football players, and Olympic weightlifters. Their training diets were assessed via a 7-day food record from which mean daily intakes of energy, macronutrients, and key micronutrients were estimated. The data were compared between groups as well as to recommendations in the literature for athlete nutrition. Results showed major differences between groups. The contribution of carbohydrate to total energy intake was greater for triathletes and marathon runners than for the other two groups. There was no difference between all four groups in the total amount of fat consumed, yet its contribution to total energy intake was significantly lower for triathletes and marathon runners. The football players and weightlifters consumed a similar fat: energy ratio as the typical Australian diet. Furthermore, the micronutrient density of the football players' diets was significantly lower than that of the other groups.

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Ebert, Tammie R. "Nutrition for the Australian rules football player." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 3, no. 4 (December 2000): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(00)80004-3.

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Wedgwood, Nikki. "Kicking like a Boy: Schoolgirl Australian Rules Football and Bi-Gendered Female Embodiment." Sociology of Sport Journal 21, no. 2 (June 2004): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.21.2.140.

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This study of a schoolgirl Australian Rules football team uses life-history research to provide unusual insights into the gendered embodiment of female footballers. Focusing on the familial relations of players, the article looks at sport in the wider context of gender, showing complexities often overlooked. While documenting different patterns of female embodiment, the study examines whether the provision of full-contact sports is “schooling the bodies” of these young women in alternative forms of embodiment to those described by Young (1998) in “Throwing Like a Girl.” Specifically, this article addresses why the girls play football, whether they are consciously resisting male domination, whether playing football teaches them a different gendered embodiment, and how the girls deal with gender contradictions that arise from playing football.

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Sanders, Kellie. "Sportscapes: Contested bodies, gender and desire within a female Australian rules football team." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, no. 6 (April 14, 2019): 685–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690219837898.

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Despite the recent rise of female Australian rules football in the public eye, little research has explored the nuances of players’ experiences of gendered embodiment, performance, identity, desire and engagement in the sport. The aim of this article is to explore how spaces have the capacity to create, normalise and regulate gender, bodies, identity and desire through an analysis of a women’s Australian rules football team, a space that is neither dominated by heteronormativity and neither queer nor lesbian subcultures. Through analysis of photographs and photo-elicitation interviews, this paper seeks to explore how bodies, gender, desire and embodiment are experienced, perceived and contested by and through the lens of players, within this sportscape. The implications of this research are an insight into the fluid and complex dynamics of a particular sportscape and the capacity of such spaces to redefine belonging and normativity outside of dominant hetero-gendered discourses.

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Davies, Michael J., Warren Young, Damian Farrow, and Andrew Bahnert. "Comparison of Agility Demands of Small-Sided Games in Elite Australian Football." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 2 (March 2013): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.2.139.

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Purpose:To compare the agility demands of 4 small-sided games (SSGs) and evaluate the variability in demands for elite Australian Football (AF).Methods:Fourteen male elite Australian Football League (AFL) players (mean ± SD; 21.7 ± 3.1 y, 189.6 ± 9.0 cm, 88.7 ± 10.0 kg, 39.4 ± 57.1 games) completed 4 SSGs of 3 × 45-s bouts each with modified designs. Video notational analysis, GPS at 5 Hz, and triaxial accelerometer data expressed the external player loads within games. Three comparisons were made using a paired t test (P < .05), and magnitudes of differences were reported with effect size (ES) statistics.Results:Reduced area per player (increased density) produced a small increase in total agility maneuvers (SSG1, 7.2 ± 1.3; SSG2, 8.8 ± 4.1), while a large 2D player load was accumulated (P < .05, ES = 1.22). A reduction in players produced a moderate (ES = 0.60) total number of agility maneuvers (SSG 3, 11.3 ± 6.1; SSG 2, 8.3 ± 3.6); however, a greater variability was found. The implementation of a 2-handed-tag rule resulted in a somewhat trivial decline (P > .05, ES = 0.16) in agility events compared with normal AFL tackling rules (SSG 2, 8.3 ± 3.6; SSG 4, 7.8 ± 2.6).Conclusions:SSG characteristics can influence agility-training demand, which can vary considerably for individuals. Coaches should carefully consider SSG design to maximize the potential to develop agility for all players.

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Aitken, Dawn, Saliu Balogun, Yi Chao Foong, David Humphries, Laura Laslett, Nathan Pitchford, Hussain Khan, et al. "Clinical relevance of MRI knee abnormalities in Australian rules football players: a longitudinal study." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 3 (September 2021): e001097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001097.

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Background/AimThe clinical relevance of MRI knee abnormalities in athletes is unclear. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MRI knee abnormalities in Australian Rules Football (ARF) players and describe their associations with pain, function, past and incident injury and surgery history.Methods75 male players (mean age 21, range 16–30) from the Tasmanian State Football League were examined early in the playing season (baseline). History of knee injury/surgery and knee pain and function were assessed. Players underwent MRI scans of both knees at baseline. Clinical measurements and MRI scans were repeated at the end of the season, and incident knee injuries during the season were recorded.ResultsMRI knee abnormalities were common at baseline (67% bone marrow lesions, 16% meniscal tear/extrusion, 43% cartilage defects, 67% effusion synovitis). Meniscal tears/extrusion and synovial fluid volume were positively associated with knee symptoms, but these associations were small in magnitude and did not persist after further accounting for injury history. Players with a history of injury were at a greater risk of having meniscal tears/extrusion, effusion synovitis and greater synovial fluid volume. In contrast, players with a history of surgery were at a greater risk of having cartilage defects and meniscal tears/extrusion. Incident injuries were significantly associated with worsening symptoms, BML development and incident meniscal damage.ConclusionsMRI abnormalities are common in ARF players, are linked to a previous knee injury and surgery history, as well as incident injury but do not dictate clinical symptomatology.

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Norris, Dean, David Joyce, Jason Siegler, Daniel Cohen, and Ric Lovell. "Considerations in interpreting neuromuscular state in elite level Australian Rules football players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 24, no. 7 (July 2021): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.02.007.

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Holzer, Karen E., Peter Brukner, Louise Davies, and Lou Irving. "Incidence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in sub-elite Australian rules football PLAYers." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000272997.78409.aa.

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Pietsch, S., and T. Pizarri. "Epidemiology of quadriceps muscle strain injuries in elite Australian rules football players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 25 (November 2022): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2022.09.096.

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Garrett, Joel M., Stuart R. Graham, Roger G. Eston, Darren J. Burgess, Lachlan J. Garrett, John Jakeman, and Kevin Norton. "Comparison of a Countermovement Jump Test and Submaximal Run Test to Quantify the Sensitivity for Detecting Practically Important Changes Within High-Performance Australian Rules Football." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0150.

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Purpose: To determine the typical variation of variables from a countermovement jump (CMJ) test and a submaximal run test (SRT), along with comparing the sensitivity of each test for the detection of practically important changes within high-performance Australian rules football players. Methods: A total of 23 professional and semiprofessional Australian rules football players performed 6 CMJs and three 8-second 50-m runs every 30 seconds (SRT), 7 days apart. Absolute and trial-to-trial reliability was represented as a coefficient of variation, CV (±90% confidence intervals). Test–retest reliability was examined using the magnitude of the difference (effect size [±90% confidence interval]) from week 1 to week 2. The smallest worthwhile change was calculated as 0.25 × SD. Results: Good reliability (CVs = 6.6%–9.3%) was determined for all variables except eccentric displacement (CV = 12.8%), with no clear changes observed in any variables between week 1 and week 2. All variables from the SRT possessed a CV less than smallest worthwhile change, indicating an ability to detect practically important changes in performance. Only peak velocity from the CMJ test possessed a CV less than smallest worthwhile change, exhibiting a limitation of this test in detecting practically meaningful changes within this environment. Conclusions: The results suggest that while all variables possess acceptable reliability, a SRT might offer to be a more sensitive monitoring tool than a CMJ test within high-performance Australian rules football, due to its greater ability for detecting practically important changes in performance.

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Ferguson, Cassandra, Brad Aisbett, Michele Lastella, Spencer Roberts, and Dominique Condo. "Evening Whey Protein Intake, Rich in Tryptophan, and Sleep in Elite Male Australian Rules Football Players on Training and Nontraining Days." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 32, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0145.

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Objectives: To investigate the effect of evening whey protein supplementation, rich in tryptophan, on sleep in elite male Australian Rules Football players. Design: Double-blinded, counterbalanced, randomized, cross-over study. Methods: Sleep was assessed using wrist activity monitors and sleep diaries in 15 elite male Australian Football League players on two training and nontraining days following evening consumption of an isocaloric whey protein supplement or placebo in preseason. A 5-day preintervention period was implemented to determine habitual dietary intake and baseline sleep measures. These habitual data were used to inform the daily dietary intake and timing of ingestion of the evening whey protein supplement or placebo on the intervention days. The whey protein supplement or placebo was consumed 3 hr prior to habitual bedtime. Results: Separate one-way repeated-measures analyses of covariance revealed no differences between the whey protein supplement and the placebo on sleep duration, sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, or wake after sleep onset on either training or nontraining days. Conclusions: Evening whey protein supplementation, rich in tryptophan, does not improve acute sleep duration or quality in elite male Australian Football League players. However, elite athletes may be able to ingest a high protein/energy intake close to bedtime without impairing sleep, which is important for athlete recovery. Future research should investigate the effect of evening protein intake, high in tryptophan, on sleep duration and quality, including sleep staging during periods of restricted sleep and in poor-sleeping athletes.

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Cormack, Stuart J., Robert U. Newton, and Michael R. McGuigan. "Neuromuscular and Endocrine Responses of Elite Players to an Australian Rules Football Match." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 3 (September 2008): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.3.359.

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Purpose:To examine the acute and short-term responses of variables obtained during a single countermovement jump (CMJ1); repeated countermovement jump involving 5 consecutive efforts without a pause (CMJ5); and cortisol, testosterone, and testos-terone-to-cortisol ratio (T:C) to an elite Australian Rules Football (ARF) match with a view to determining which variables may be most useful for ongoing monitoring.Methods:Twenty-two elite ARF players participating in a preseason cup match performed a CMJ1 and a CMJ5 and provided saliva samples 48 h before the match (48pre), prematch (Pre), postmatch, 24 h post (24post), 72 h post (72post), 96 h post (96post), and 120 h post (120post). The magnitude of change in variables at each time point compared with Pre and 48pre was analyzed using the effect size (ES) statistic.Results:A substantial decrement in the pre- to postmatch comparison occurred in the ratio of CMJ1 Flight time:Contraction time (ES −0.65 ± 0.28). Cortisol (ES 2.34 ± 1.06) and T:C (ES −0.52 ± 0.42) displayed large pre- to postmatch changes. The response of countermovement variables at 24post and beyond compared with pre-match and 48pre was varied, with only CMJ1 Flight time:Contraction time displaying a substantial decrease (ES −0.32 ± 0.26) postmatch compared with 48pre. Cortisol displayed a clear pattern of response with substantial elevations up to 24post compared with Pre and 48pre.Conclusion:CMJ1 Flight time:Contraction time appears to be the most useful variable for monitoring neuromuscular status in elite ARF players due to its substantial change compared with 48pre and prematch. Monitoring cortisol, due to its predictable pattern of response, may provide a useful measure of hormonal status.

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Cormack, Stuart J., Robert U. Newton, Michael R. McGuigan, and Prue Cormie. "Neuromuscular and Endocrine Responses of Elite Players During an Australian Rules Football Season." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 4 (December 2008): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.4.439.

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Purpose:To examine variations in neuromuscular and hormonal status and their relationship to performance throughout a season of elite Australian Rules Football (ARF).Methods:Fifteen elite ARF players performed a single jump (CMJ1) and 5 repeated countermovement jumps (CMJ5), and provided saliva samples for the analysis of cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) before the season commenced (Pre) and during the 22-match season. Magnitudes of effects were reported with the effect size (ES) statistic. Correlations were performed to analyze relationships between assessment variables and match time, training load, and performance.Results:CMJ1Flight time:Contraction time was substantially reduced on 60% of measurement occasions. Magnitudes of change compared with Pre ranged from 1.0 ± 7.4% (ES 0.04 ± 0.29) to −17.1 ± 21.8% (ES −0.77 ± 0.81). Cortisol was substantially lower (up to −40 ± 14.1%, ES of −2.17 ± 0.56) than Pre in all but one comparison. Testosterone response was varied, whereas T:C increased substantially on 70% of occasions, with increases to 92.7 ± 27.8% (ES 2.03 ± 0.76). CMJ1Flight time:Contraction time (r = .24 ± 0.13) and C displayed (r = −0.16 ± 0.1) small correlations with performance.Conclusion:The response of CMJ1Flight time:Contraction time suggests periods of neuromuscular fatigue. Change in T:C indicates subjects were unlikely to have been in a catabolic state during the season. Increase in C compared with Pre had a small negative correlation with performance. Both CMJ1Flight time:Contraction time and C may be useful variables for monitoring responses to training and competition in elite ARF athletes.

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Cronin, John. "Leg Asymmetries During Running In Australian Rules Football Players With Previous Hamstring Injuries." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24 (January 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jsc.0000367090.73380.d8.

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Cremona-Meteyard, S. L., and G. M. Geffen. "Persistent visuospatial attention deficits following mild head injury in Australian rules football players." Neuropsychologia 32, no. 6 (June 1994): 649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(94)90026-4.

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Liptak, Matthew G., and Kevin R. Angel. "Return to Play and Player Performance After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Elite Australian Rules Football Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 6 (June 2017): 232596711771188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117711885.

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McIntosh, Sam, Stephanie Kovalchik, and Sam Robertson. "Validation of the Australian Football League Player Ratings." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 6 (February 6, 2018): 1064–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118758000.

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This study investigated the validity of the official Australian Football League Player Ratings system. It also aimed to determine the extent to which the distribution of points across the 13 rating subcategories could explain Australian Football League match outcome. Ratings were obtained for each player from Australian Football League matches played during the 2013–2016 seasons, along with the corresponding match outcome (Win/Loss and score margin). The values for each of the 13 subcategories that comprise the ratings were also obtained for the 2016 season. Total team rating scores were derived as an objective team outcome for each match. Percentage agreement and Pearson correlational analyses revealed that winning teams displayed a higher total team rating in 94.2% of matches and an association of r = 0.96 (95% confidence interval = 0.95–0.96) between match score margin and total team rating differential, respectively. A Partial Decision Tree (PART) analysis resulted in seven rules capable of determining the extent to which relative contributions of rating subcategories explain Win/Loss at an accuracy of 79.3%. These models support the validity of the Australian Football League Player Ratings system and its use as a pertinent system for objective player analyses in the Australian Football League.

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Clough, Meaghan, Steven Mutimer, David K. Wright, Adrian Tsang, Daniel M. Costello, Andrew J. Gardner, Peter Stanwell, et al. "Oculomotor Cognitive Control Abnormalities in Australian Rules Football Players with a History of Concussion." Journal of Neurotrauma 35, no. 5 (March 2018): 730–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5204.

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Bennett, F., L. Otago, and P. Swan. "356 Perceptions of injury prevention in community level netball and Australian Rules football players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 8 (December 2005): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30853-8.

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Harris, S., P. Chivers, F. McIntyre, B. Piggott, and F. Farringdon. "Risk factors that predict head trauma exposure in semi-professional Australian Rules Football players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 21 (November 2018): S22—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.053.

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Smith, N., M. Franettovich-Smith, and J. Hides. "Relationship between muscle volume and eccentric hamstring strength in elite Australian Rules football players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 21 (November 2018): S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.080.

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Wehbe, George, Tim Gabbett, Dan Dwyer, Christopher McLellan, and Sam Coad. "Monitoring Neuromuscular Fatigue in Team-Sport Athletes Using a Cycle-Ergometer Test." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 3 (April 2015): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0217.

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Purpose:To compare a novel sprint test on a cycle ergometer with a countermovement-jump (CMJ) test for monitoring neuromuscular fatigue after Australian rules football match play.Methods:Twelve elite under-18 Australian rules football players (mean ± SD age 17.5 ± 0.6 y, stature 184.7 ± 8.8 cm, body mass 75.3 ± 7.8 kg) from an Australian Football League club’s Academy program performed a short sprint test on a cycle ergometer along with a single CMJ test 1 h prematch and 1, 24, and 48 h postmatch. The cycle-ergometer sprint test involved a standardized warm-up, a maximal 6-s sprint, a 1-min active recovery, and a 2nd maximal 6-s sprint, with the highest power output of the 2 sprints recorded as peak power (PP).Results:There were small to moderate differences between postmatch changes in cycle-ergometer PP and CMJ PP at 1 (ES = 0.49), 24 (ES = –0.85), and 48 h postmatch (ES = 0.44). There was a substantial reduction in cycle-ergometer PP at 24 h postmatch (ES = –0.40) compared with 1 h prematch.Conclusions:The cycle-ergometer sprint test described in this study offers a novel method of neuromuscular-fatigue monitoring in team-sport athletes and specifically quantifies the concentric component of the fatigue-induced decrement of force production in muscle, which may be overlooked by a CMJ test.

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Rogers, Daniel K., Ian McKeown, Gaynor Parfitt, Darren Burgess, and Roger G. Eston. "Effect of Biological Maturation on Performance of the Athletic Ability Assessment in Australian Rules Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0683.

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Purpose: To determine the effect of biological maturation on athletic movement competency as measured using the Athletic Ability Assessment-6. Methods: Fifty-two junior Australian Rules football players were split into 3 groups based on proximity to peak height velocity, while 46 senior players were split into 2 groups based on playing status. The subjects completed the Athletic Ability Assessment-6 (inclusive of the overhead squat, double lunge, single-leg Romanian dead lift, push-up, and chin-up). All subjects were filmed and retrospectively assessed by a single rater. A 1-way analysis of variance and effect-size statistics (Cohen d) with corresponding 90% confidence intervals were used to describe between-groups differences in the component movement scores. The statistical significance was set a priori at P < .05. Results: There were significant between-groups differences for all component movements (P < .05). Post hoc testing revealed that older, more mature subjects possessed greater competency in all movements except the overhead squat. The effect sizes revealed predominantly moderate to very large differences in competency between the senior and junior groups (range of d [90% confidence interval]: 0.70 [0.06 to 1.30] to 3.01 [2.18 to 3.72]), with unclear to moderate differences found when comparing the 3 junior groups (0.08 [−0.50 to 0.65] to 0.97 [0.22–1.61]). Conclusions: The findings suggest that biological maturation may be associated with changes in athletic movement competency in youth Australian Rules football players. Therefore, it is recommended that strength and conditioning coaches monitor maturity status when working with 12- to 15-y-old players. This can allow for a comparison of an individual’s athletic movement competency to maturity-based standards and help guide developmentally appropriate training programs.

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Neville, Timothy J., Paul M. Salmon, and Gemma J. M. Read. "Analysis of In-Game Communication as an Indicator of Recognition Primed Decision Making in Elite Australian Rules Football Umpires." Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 11, no. 1 (October 14, 2016): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555343416672557.

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In sport, decision-making research has identified consistent results among the three variations of the recognition primed decision (RPD) model. Despite the fact that officials in sport are a key component of sports systems, previous research has explored the RPD model in players only. This paper addresses this by applying the RPD model to examine the decision making of umpires in Australian Rules football (Australian Football League [AFL]). Method: Audible communication instances of AFL field umpiring teams overseeing three games were transcribed. The data were coded into “decision moments”; each decision moment was classified into one of the three RPD model variations. Results: Within the 6,025 communication instances, 887 decision moments were identified. Of the decision moments, 78.70% were classified as Variation 1, 19.75% as Variation 2, and 1.35% as Variation 3. Discussion: The results demonstrate that AFL umpire decision making can be characterized by a similar RPD breakdown as that by players in sport. RPD variation in AFL umpiring is influenced by the game situation and the type of adjudication being made. The implications for research and practice are discussed, including extending the analysis to multirole officiating teams (e.g., soccer) and the provision of tailored decision-making training.

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Ritchie, Dean, Will G. Hopkins, Martin Buchheit, Justin Cordy, and Jonathan D. Bartlett. "Quantification of Training Load During Return to Play After Upper- and Lower-Body Injury in Australian Rules Football." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 5 (May 2017): 634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0300.

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Context:Training volume, intensity, and distribution are important factors during periods of return to play.Purpose:To quantify the effect of injury on training load (TL) before and after return to play (RTP) in professional Australian Rules football.Methods:Perceived training load (RPE-TL) for 44 players was obtained for all indoor and outdoor training sessions, while field-based training was monitored via GPS (total distance, high-speed running, mean speed). When a player sustained a competition time-loss injury, weekly TL was quantified for 3 wk before and after RTP. General linear mixed models, with inference about magnitudes standardized by between-players SDs, were used to quantify effects of lower- and upper-body injury on TL compared with the team.Results:While total RPE-TL was similar to the team 2 wk before RTP, training distribution was different, whereby skills RPE-TL was likely and most likely lower for upper- and lower-body injury, respectively, and most likely replaced with small to very large increases in running and other conditioning load. Weekly total distance and high-speed running were most likely moderately to largely reduced for lower- and upper-body injury until after RTP, at which point total RPE-TL, training distribution, total distance, and high-speed running were similar to the team. Mean speed of field-based training was similar before and after RTP compared with the team.Conclusions:Despite injured athletes’ obtaining comparable TLs to uninjured players, training distribution is different until after RTP, indicating the importance of monitoring all types of training that athletes complete.

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Verrall, G. M. "Incidence of pubic bone marrow oedema in Australian rules football players: relation to groin pain." British Journal of Sports Medicine 35, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.1.28.

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Harris, S., P. Chivers, F. McIntyre, B. Piggott, and F. Farringdon. "Early warning signs? Recent head trauma linked to depressive symptoms in Australian Rules football players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20 (November 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.219.

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Hyde, Jodie, Warren R. Stanton, and Julie A. Hides. "Abdominal muscle response to a simulated weight-bearing task by elite Australian Rules football players." Human Movement Science 31, no. 1 (February 2012): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2011.04.005.

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Weber, Ben, Jason Bos, Elizabeth Mary Clancy, Ranjit Menon, Tom Cross, and Kate Hall. "Role of club doctors in the mental health management of Australian rules football players: a Delphi study." British Journal of Sports Medicine 56, no. 6 (October 18, 2021): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104388.

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Professional team athletes experience a range of mental health problems, both sports and non-sports related. However, there is limited information available for those charged with responsibility for managing these mental health conditions, particularly within the context of professional sporting clubs. This paper reports on consensus findings from a study of club doctors, who are primary care providers for professional team athletes within a specific code, the Australian Football League (AFL). Drawing on findings from a systematic literature search, a two-round Delphi procedure was used to develop a consensus on best practice for managing mental health conditions for club doctors as primary care providers for professional team athletes. Participants in this study were current and former club doctors employed in professional AFL clubs across Australia, with 28 doctors participating across two survey rounds. Overall, 77 statements were presented, with 50 endorsed as essential or important by ≥ 80% of the participants across the two rounds. Primary themes across nine domains include: (1) Prevention and Mental Health Promotion Activities; (2) Screening; (3) Engaging External Specialists; (4) Duty of Care; (5) Treatment: Assessment, Treatment and Case Coordination; (6) Communication; (7) Confidentiality; (8) Sleep Management and (9) Substance Use Management. This study is the first to offer club doctors working in professional team settings consensus guidelines for the management of mental health conditions, and the opportunity for greater clarification and consistency in role delivery.

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Webster, Kate E., Haydn J. Klemm, and Julian A. Feller. "Rates and Determinants of Returning to Australian Rules Football in Male Nonprofessional Athletes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 232596712210749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221074999.

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Background: Return to sport is a goal for most patients who undergo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. However, at a nonelite level, there are limited sport-specific data regarding rates or factors associated with return to play. Purpose: To report rates and determinants of returning to play Australian Rules football after ACL reconstruction in male nonprofessional athletes. Study Design: Case-series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 354 male nonprofessional Australian Rules football players who had undergone primary ACL reconstruction were asked to complete detailed sports activity questions at 12 months and 2 to 5 years (mean, 3 years) after surgery. Rates of return to play were calculated for both timepoints, along with preoperative patient expectations and postoperative sport performance. The following predictors of return to play were examined: age at surgery; height; weight; frequency of weekly football participation; sport participation level; psychological readiness to return to sport; and knee-related quality of life. Further ACL injuries were also documented. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize return-to-play data and contingency analysis for predictors of return to sport. Results: The rate of return to any level of play was 35% (95% CI, 30%-41%; n = 284) at the 12-month follow-up and 78% (95% CI, 72%-83%; n = 233) at the 2- to 5-year follow-up. Overall, 64% (95% CI, 57%-70%) of the patients were able to return to their same or higher level of play. Before surgery, 92% of the patients expected to return to their same preinjury level of Australian Rules football participation. At the 2- to 5-year follow-up, 61% who returned to play felt that they could perform as well as they could before their ACL injury. A greater psychological readiness to return to sport preoperatively and higher level of sport participation were significant predictors of a return at 2 to 5 years. Further ACL injuries were sustained by 21% of the cohort (15% graft rupture; 6% contralateral ACL injury). Conclusion: Most male athletes who participate in Australian Rules football returned to some level of play after ACL reconstruction; however, only 64% returned to preinjury levels. Preoperative expectations were not met, and high reinjury rates are a cause for concern.

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Bellinger, Phillip M., Cameron Ferguson, Tim Newans, and Clare L. Minahan. "No Influence of Prematch Subjective Wellness Ratings on External Load During Elite Australian Football Match Play." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0395.

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Purpose: To determine whether there is an association between external match load and contextual factors on subjective wellness in the days before and after Australian Rules football match play. Methods: A total of 34 elite male Australian football players completed a subjective wellness questionnaire in the days leading into the match (–3, –2, and –1 d), the day of (match day), and the days after each match (+3, +2, and +1 d). Players subjectively rated each item (mood, energy, stress, leg heaviness, muscle soreness, sleep quality, hours slept, and total wellness [a sum of the total response score]) on a visual analog scale ranging from 1 to 10, with 1 representing the negative end of the continuum. External load during competitive matches was quantified using accelerometer-derived PlayerLoad, and running activity was quantified using global positioning system technology across 2 competitive seasons. The relationships between perceptions of wellness (within-individual z score), external match load, and contextual factors (match result, match location, and between-matches recovery duration) were analyzed using linear mixed models. Results: Mixed-effect linear models revealed trivial effects of match-day wellness z score on subsequent external match load metrics. Match result (win) and PlayerLoad in the anteroposterior vector (au·min−1) were associated with an increased (estimate ± SE: 0.30 ± 0.13 z score) and reduced subjective wellness (−0.15 ± 0.06 z score), respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that prematch perceived wellness does not relate to external match load in elite Australian football players. The between-matches microcycle length appears to be sufficient to restore perceived wellness to values that do not affect the subsequent external match loads.

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Ricks, Matthew, Paul Borbas, Michael Perret, Sarah Warby, and Greg Hoy. "When is early return too early? Clavicle plate fixation in Australian Rules football athletes: A retrospective review of cases." F1000Research 8 (September 10, 2019): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19821.1.

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Background: We retrospectively reviewed return to sport times and results for a series of professional Australian Rules football (AFL) players after clavicle fracture management using a precurved Titanium (Acumed) plate and screws. We allowed very early use and aimed to assess if this construct is strong enough to withstand collision sport activities before radiological union is confirmed. Methods: We reviewed 14 consecutive senior listed AFL players who underwent plate fixation by the senior author over a 10 year period. Outcome measures were taken between 12 and 36 months post operatively and included time to return to play, Nottingham Clavicle Score (NCS) and the Oxford Shoulder Score. Results: The median time for return to training was 3.5 weeks and 6 weeks for return to full competition. All fractures eventually united. Three of the players that returned before 6 weeks post-operatively suffered significant impacts that caused a bend in the titanium plates. One of these required revision fixation surgically due to perceived weakness in the bent plate construct and cosmetic deformity. The mean Nottingham Clavicle Score and Oxford Shoulder Score were 87.9 and 45.1 points respectively. Survival analysis showed that more than half of the players returned to training at 4 weeks and over 80% at 12 weeks. Discussion: The decision to operate early on AFL players who suffered a clavicle fracture in competition play resulted in excellent longterm results. However, the decision to return some players earlier than accepted times for bony union resulted in bending of plates in a significant number, and the risk of further injury must be weighed up in a collision sport. The early return to play time had no adverse effects on performance and participant satisfaction was high, as reflected by the Nottingham Clavicle score and the Oxford shoulder score.

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Anderson, H., M. Magarey, A. Esterman, and M. Heynen. "The relationship between pre-season musculoskeletal screening and injury rates in junior Australian Rules Football players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 14 (December 2011): e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.033.

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Aitken, D., D. Humphries, L. Laslett, N. Pitchford, H. I. Khan, F. Abram, J. P. Pelletier, J. Martel-Pelletier, G. Jones, and T. Winzenberg. "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-assessed knee abnormalities in Australian rules football players – AFL tas knee study." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 23 (April 2015): A240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2015.02.446.

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Foong, Y., D. Aitken, D. Humphries, L. Laslett, N. Pitchford, H. Khan, F. Abram, et al. "Knee function, pain and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in Australian Rules Football players: a cohort study." Internal Medicine Journal 47 (May 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imj.5_13463.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Australian rules football players'

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