Journal articles: 'Australian retirement income policy'

1

Borowski, A. "The 'Revolution' in Australian Retirement Income Policy." Gerontologist 27, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/27.4.478.

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GRUEN, F. H. "Australian Government Policy on Retirement Incomes." Economic Record 61, no. 3 (September 1985): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1985.tb02016.x.

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McRae, Ian S., and Francesco Paolucci. "The global financial crisis and Australian general practice." Australian Health Review 35, no. 1 (2011): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09830.

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Objective. To explore the potential effects of the global financial crisis (GFC) on the market for general practitioner (GP) services in Australia. Design. We estimate the impact of changes in unemployment rates on demand for GP services and the impact of lost asset values on GP retirement plans and work patterns. Combining these supply and demand effects, we estimate the potential effect of the GFC on the market for GP services under various scenarios. Results. If deferral of retirement increases GP availability by 2%, and historic trends to reduce GP working hours are halved, at the current level of ~5.2% unemployment average fees would decline by $0.23 per GP consultation and volumes of GP services would rise by 2.53% with almost no change in average GP gross earnings over what would otherwise have occurred. With 8.5% unemployment, as initially predicted by Treasury, GP fees would increase by $0.91 and GP income by nearly 3%. Conclusions. The GFC is likely to increase activity in the GP market and potentially to reduce fee levels relative to the pre-GFC trends. Net effects on average GP incomes are likely to be small at current unemployment levels. What is known about the topic? Although the broad directions of the impact of the global financial crisis on the demand for and supply of GP services have been the subject of public discussion, the overall impact on the GP market has not been formally assessed. What does this paper add? Drawing on existing supply and demand models, we estimate the likely effect of the global financial crisis on GP activity levels, GP earnings, and the fees to be faced by patients. What are the implications for practitioners? Practitioners on average are likely to work harder to recover losses in the investments they have made for their retirements. They may face lower fees than would have been the case due to the increasing supply of GPs as some defer retirement, but average incomes are likely to be minimally affected.

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Borowski, Allan. "Back at the Crossroads: The Slippery Fish of Australian Retirement Income Policy." Australian Journal of Social Issues 43, no. 2 (December 2008): 311–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2008.tb00104.x.

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McCallum, J. "THE PUBLIC VERSUS THE POLICIES: THE ETHICAL BASIS OF AUSTRALIAN RETIREMENT INCOME POLICY." Australian Journal on Ageing 9, no. 1 (February 1990): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1990.tb00782.x.

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Knox, David M. "Policy Forum: Saving for Retirement: The Fairness and Future of Australia's Retirement Income System." Australian Economic Review 43, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 302–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2010.00601.x.

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Gallery, Gerry, and Natalie Gallery. "Paradox of choice in a mandatory pension savings system: challenges for Australian retirement income policy." Policy & Politics 33, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/0305573054325675.

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McCormack, John. "Population Ageing and Retirement Income in Australia. Paul Johnson. 1996. Grey horizons: who pays for old age in the 21st century? Australian Economic Review, 3, 261–271. David Knox. 1996. Contemporary issues in the ongoing reform of the Australian retirement income system. Australian Economic Review, 2, 199–210. Diana Olsberg. 1994. Still missing out: women, superannuation and retirement income. Just Policy, 1, November, 45–49." Ageing and Society 17, no. 3 (May 1997): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x97006405.

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Black, Celeste M. "The Future of Work: The Gig Economy and Pressures on the Tax System." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 68, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 69–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2020.68.1.sym.black.

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In a number of common-law jurisdictions, gig workers (that is, workers who provide services through the use of web-based digital platforms) have recently sought to claim labour protections reserved for employees, such as the minimum wage, sick leave, and protection from unfair dismissal. These cases often involve the application of the multifactorial common-law test of employment to this new context, and the outcomes turn on the specifics of each case. In addition, classification as an employee has ramifications for a variety of tax matters. In this paper, the author considers whether the tax rules currently in place to capture non-standard employment arrangements have sufficient flexibility to capture gig workers. The focus of the analysis is Australian taxes (in particular, income tax, compulsory retirement savings contributions, and payroll tax), but reference is also made to similar issues under the laws of Canada. The author submits that, with respect to Australian income tax, gig work does not present a substantial risk to the tax base as a legal matter; however, a risk to the national revenue base comes from the compliance gap that is exposed when workers are no longer covered by employers' withholding mechanisms but are not picked up by tax administration regimes designed with larger businesses in mind. The author suggests that reliance on the registration of small businesses through the Australian business number, coupled with a new mandatory reporting regime for gig work platforms, would go a long way toward filling the transparency gap, and that doing so would both foster the voluntary compliance of gig workers and provide revenue authorities with data that could be used to detect non-compliance. A real risk exists that many gig workers will be outside the scope of the retirement contributions scheme and payroll tax and that the government, in consequence, will need to consider whether it is appropriate policy to change the law to include these on-demand workers.

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Cooke, Martin. "Policy Changes and the Labour Force Participation of Older Workers: Evidence from Six Countries." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 25, no. 4 (2006): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2007.0015.

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ABSTRACTIn response to the anticipated pressures of population aging, national governments and supranational bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) have promoted policies to encourage the labour force participation of older workers. The recent elimination of mandatory retirement in Ontario is an example of such a policy, and others include changes to national pension systems and changes to disability and employment insurance programs, active labour-market policies, and the promotion of phased or gradual retirement. This paper reviews the different policy approaches taken in the six countries included in the Workforce Aging in the New Economy (WANE) project, placing Canadian policy approaches in relation to those taken in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. From the life course perspective, the policy approaches discussed here do not consider the heterogeneity of older workers' life courses or the related domains of health and family. As well, the changes made thus far do not appear likely to lead to increased labour force participation by older workers, and some may leave older workers at greater risk of low income and low-wage work.

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Saunders, Malcolm, and Neil Lloyd. "Holding Australia to Ransom: The Colston Affair, 1996–2003." Queensland Review 17, no. 1 (January 2010): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600005262.

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Probably no one who has entered either federal or state Parliament in Australia departed from it as loathed and despised as Malcolm Arthur Colston. A Labor senator from Queensland between 1975 and 1996, he is remembered by that party as a ‘rat’ who betrayed it for the sake of personal advancement. Whereas many Labor parliamentarians – most notably Prime Minister ‘Billy’ Hughes in 1917 have left the party because they strongly disagreed with it over a major policy issue or a matter of principle, in the winter of 1996 Colston unashamedly left it to secure the deputy presidency of the Senate and the status, income and several other perquisites that went with it. Labor's bitterness towards Colston stems not merely from the fact that he showed extraordinary ingratitude towards a party that had allowed him a parliamentary career but more especially because, between his defection from the party in August 1996 and his retirement from Parliament in June 1999, his vote allowed the Liberal-National Party government led by John Howard to pass legislation through the Senate that might otherwise have been rejected.

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Bui, Yen Hoang, Delpachitra Sarath, and Abdullahi D. Ahmed. "Efficiency of Australian superannuation funds: a comparative assessment." Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 6 (November 14, 2016): 1022–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2015-0088.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure efficiency of superannuation funds using data envelopment analysis (DEA), using data related to financial performance of superannuation funds. The sample comprises 183 superannuation funds covering approximately 79 per cent of the 231 largest Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA)-regulated funds in 2012. The research covers a period of seven years from 2005 to 2012. The results indicate that most Australian superannuation funds are inefficient relative to the benchmark efficiency frontier based on efficient funds. The findings emphasise the importance of improving the efficiency of Australian superannuation funds by reducing overall fund expenses to narrow the gap in performance between efficient and inefficient funds. Design/methodology/approach This study aims to contribute to policy, theory and practice in several dimensions. Member protection and the efficiency of the superannuation system are topical issues (Donald, 2009). Despite its importance from a regulatory point of view, efficiency has only been discussed in relation to operational issues such as managing agency relationships, fees and charges, investment return or economies of scale. The relative efficiency of the Australian superannuation system from an economic productivity perspective has rarely been examined, except for a study by Njie (2006), where the Malmquist productivity DEA technique was used to measure the efficiency of Australia’s retirement income system. Findings Most inefficient funds had very low efficiency scores and were fell into the lower quintiles such as Quintiles 4 (scored 0.200-0.399) and 5 (scored 0.001-0.199). Consequently, input reduction targets were significantly higher for these two quintiles. Similarly, input reduction targets were high under the period DEA estimates. In order to be comparatively efficient, Quintile 4 funds were required to reduce total expenses by 75 per cent (−0.754) and volatility of return by 80 per cent (−0.801). Similarly, Quintile 5 funds needed to reduce total expenses by, on average, 83 per cent (−0.824) and volatility of return by 89 per cent (−0.894). Research limitations/implications As in other empirical research, this study also depended heavily on the data collected from the secondary sources such as APRA database and other financial reports. The issues of measurement errors in data sources such as APRA database are well documented (see, e.g. Cummins, 2012). This issue needs the attention of future research on the efficiency of superannuation funds. Practical implications The findings on individual year DEA estimates indicate that most funds were inefficient due to high expenses. Therefore, mandatory disclosure of fees and charges in a comparable manner may be necessary to justify fee payments and to address transparency and accountability issues, which are critical issues identified by the Cooper Review and the academic literature (Australian Government, 2014; Cooper et al., 2010; Gallery and Gallery, 2006). Social implications The issue of Australian superannuation funds concentrating the majority of fund assets in highly volatile investment vehicles such as the share markets has been in the spotlight in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. There have been proposals to better diversify superannuation assets in other asset classes (Cooper et al., 2010). Originality/value This study contributes to the current literature on superannuation funds by investigating efficiency. As efficiency studies using DEA have not been conducted on the Australian superannuation industry, this study also contributes to the academic literature on DEA and its extensive applications to various economic sectors. Efficiency scores using DEA, ranking, trends and shifts in the efficiency frontiers could be obtained for Australian superannuation funds on an on-going or annual basis.

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DOYLE, SUSAN, and JOHN PIGGOTT. "WHICH WAY FORWARD? AUSTRALIA'S POLICY FOR RETIREMENT INCOMES." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 17, no. 2 (June 1998): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1998.tb00182.x.

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14

Borowski, Allan. "The economics and politics of retirement incomes policy in Australia." International Social Security Review 44, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246x.1991.tb00883.x.

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15

Law, David. "Retirement income policy and national savings." New Zealand Economic Papers 50, no. 1 (September 24, 2015): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2015.1080753.

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Martin, B., and N. Xiang. "The Australian Retirement Income System: Structure, Effects and Future." Work, Aging and Retirement 1, no. 2 (March 11, 2015): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/workar/wav003.

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17

Binstock, R. H., and W. H. Crown. "The Forgotten Objectives of Retirement Income Policy." Gerontologist 34, no. 5 (October 1, 1994): 708–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/34.5.708.

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18

Thompson, L. H. "Us Retirement Income System." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grj007.

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19

Ganegoda, Amandha, and John Evans. "The Australian retirement lottery: A system failure." Australian Journal of Management 42, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0312896214554267.

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The purpose of this paper is to assess the adequacy of the Australian retirement system to fund the needs of retirees by taking into account both the Knightian risk arising from market volatility under normal market conditions as well as the Knightian uncertainty arising from rare but severe market shocks. We have also taken into account changes in employment during the pre-retirement phase. Given the low frequency, high impact of market shocks, the result is that cohorts of Australian retirees will enjoy very different levels of retirement income and there will be consequent shocks to the demand for the Age Pension supplement and potentially, significant variations in the standard of living in retirement for Australian employees. Whilst the Australian retirement system has been put forward as a model for other economies to follow, we find there is a fundamental flaw in the system.

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Pesando, James, Keith G. Banting, and Robin Boadway. "Reform of Retirement Income Policy: International and Canadian Perspectives." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 24, no. 1 (March 1998): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3551737.

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De Beer, Jesse A. "Helping South Africans achieve a better income in retirement: a critical evaluation of the impact of treasury proposals." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v8i1.90.

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Retirement income security is an issue relevant to the majority of South Africans, many of whom are financially inexperienced and illiterate. South Africa has a sophisticated retirement industry offering a very wide range of choice of annuity products, but these are often not designed to optimise choices by rather unsophisticated investors. This article provides an overview of issues in the South African income withdrawal market, as well as policy remedies proposed by National Treasury to deal with these issues. The aim of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of these policy proposals, using a behaviourally informed framework to financial regulation (Barr, Mullainathan & Shafir, 2008). It recognises that policy remedies need to take into account the realities of how people make retirement income decisions, and how the institutional environment impacts on this. The results of the research suggest that the main policy proposal – simplifying the retirement income withdrawal landscape through the use of default options – is only a partial solution to the problem of unsophisticated consumers who must make several challenging decisions. The research contributes to the literature by providing a more complete, integrated view of the factors that shape retirement income withdrawal decisions and offers practitioners several insights into appropriate reform of the retirement income market.

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SCHWABISH, JONATHAN A., and JULIE H. TOPOLESKI. "Risk tolerance and retirement income composition." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 8, no. 2 (May 9, 2008): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747208003624.

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SUMMARYProposed changes to the Social Security system will affect the financial risk workers will face in their retirement differently across the income distribution. This study examines levels of financial risk workers face at different points in the lifetime earnings distribution. To do so, we use a microsimulation model that projects individual demographic and economic characteristics within the context of the Social Security system and the macroeconomy to assess the impact of two policy changes on the levels of lifetime benefits available to current and future retirees. Further, we incorporate data on pensions and savings to illustrate differences in the level and distribution of retirement funds across the earnings distribution. This exercise allows us to assess the financial risk workers face in their retirement, both within the Social Security system itself and within a broader view of the stream of total available retirement funds. We also use survey data to show that low earners are the least willing to tolerate such risk.

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Knox, David M. "Contemporary Issues in the Ongoing Reform of the Australian Retirement Income System." Australian Economic Review 29, no. 2 (April 1996): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1996.tb00925.x.

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Casey, Bernard. "Paying for Early Retirement." Journal of Social Policy 21, no. 3 (July 1992): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400019966.

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ABSTRACTThe paper looks at the relative importance of state benefits, employer benefits and private sources in supporting early retired men. Using data from various administrative sources, the General Household Survey and the Family Expenditure Survey, it shows how the increase in early retirement which occurred between 1979 and 1986 went hand in hand both with a greater reliance on means-tested benefits and a greater reliance on employer benefits. Although the income of the early retired was well above the minimum accorded by the ‘income support’ system, there were major differences between subgroups of the early retired—those dependent solely on state benefits and those with other sources of income, private and personal—and these differences have become more pronounced over time. Finally, the paper looks at the total costs of early retirement: to the state, to employers and to the early retired themselves. Total costs ballooned between 1979 and 1986. Much of the extra expenditure on benefits fell on employers, but the early retired themselves, through accepting a considerable reduction in their income, bore the bulk of the costs of early retirement.

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Joyce, Catherine M., Wei C. Wang, and Hayley M. McDonald. "Retirement patterns of Australian doctors aged 65 years and older." Australian Health Review 39, no. 5 (2015): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14176.

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Objective To investigate retirements over a 4-year period among Australian general practitioners (GPs) and specialists aged 65 years and over, and factors influencing retirement. Methods Data from Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) for the years 2009–12 were analysed for 435 GPs and 643 specialists aged 65 years and over at the time of entry to the MABEL survey. Discrete time survival analysis was used. Results The retirement rates were 4.1% (2009), 5.1% (2010), 4.2% (2011) and 10.4% (2012). Retirement was associated with: (1) the intention to leave medical work in 2009 and 2010; (2) working fewer hours in private consulting rooms in 2010 and 2012; (3) having lower job satisfaction in 2009 and 2011; (4) being older in 2009; (5) working fewer hours in a public hospital in 2012; and (6) working fewer hours in a private hospital in 2010. Doctors who intended to reduce their working hours were less likely to retire in 2009. Conclusions Strategies to support doctors at the late career stage to provide their valued contributions to the medical workforce for as long as possible may include increasing job satisfaction and addressing barriers to reducing work hours. What is known about the topic? Much of the available literature provides measures of retirement intentions. What does this paper add? The present study examined actual retirements and the factors associated with them. What are the implications for practitioners? Consideration should be given by policy makers to ensure that doctors are retained for as long as possible as active contributors to the medical workforce in a safe, appropriate manner.

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McCARTHY, DAVID, OLIVIA S. MITCHELL, and JOHN PIGGOTT. "Asset rich and cash poor: retirement provision and housing policy in Singapore." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 1, no. 3 (November 2002): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747202001130.

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National defined contribution pension systems have long been a mainstay of retirement income in Asia. One of the oldest and best known of these systems is the Singaporean Central Provident Fund, a mandatory retirement scheme managed by the central government for almost a half-century. With required contribution rates that have ranged up to 50%, this program has powerfully shaped asset accumulation patterns and housing portfolios. This paper explores how the structure and design of the Singaporean retirement and housing schemes influence wealth levels and asset mix at retirement. Our model indicates that outcomes rest critically on the interlinked national retirement and housing programs. We show that policies to enhance one program may boost retirement replacement rates but can also lower total wealth in unexpected ways. The lessons we draw may serve as guidance for other countries constructing a national defined contribution retirement system.

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Muir, Dana M. "The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974: A Political History." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 32, no. 4 (July 17, 2007): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-2007-024.

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Leth-Petersen, SØren, and Niels Skipper. "INCOME AND THE USE OF PRESCRIPTION DRUGS FOR NEAR RETIREMENT INDIVIDUALS." Health Economics 23, no. 3 (June 24, 2013): 314–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.2940.

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Fudge, Elizabeth. "When I'm 64' Public Policy Influences on Wellbeing in Retirement." Australian Journal of Primary Health 3, no. 3 (1997): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py97020.

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Findings from a qualitative study of recently retired non-professional men in the southern metropolitan area of Adelaide, South Australia, highlighted policies that contributed to the men's feelings of increased autonomy and acceptance of retirement as a life stage; factors they related strongly to their experience of wellbeing in retirement. The policies aimed for full employment, high levels of home ownership, financial security in retirement, centralised wage fixing, high minimum wages and optional retirement age. However, the discourse of economic rationalism of Australian governments since the late 1980s appears to be placing many of these policies in jeopardy. Health workers are in a prime position to review, report and act on the effects on the health of citizens of such major policy changes. This article challenges them to do so in collaboration with the communities with whom they work.

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McDONALD, LYNN, and PETER DONAHUE. "Poor health and retirement income: the Canadian case." Ageing and Society 20, no. 5 (September 2000): 493–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x99007904.

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Using the 1994 Canadian General Social Survey, this study examines the economic effects of retiring because of poor health. When men and women who have retired for reasons of poor health are compared to those who have retired for other reasons, the health retirees are disadvantaged on measures of their health, on human capital variables, in terms of their work history, and ultimately, in their retirement income whether personal or household. The men who retired because of ill health were less likely to receive income from a private pension or from interest and dividends. Almost half of the men reported that their financial situation was worse since their retirement. The women retirees suffered from the same disadvantages as the men although their incomes in retirement were much lower. In the multivariate analyses, health had a significant and negative effect on men's household and personal incomes but there was no effect on the incomes of women. For them, any effect that poor health might have had on household income was offset by factors associated with marriage, and the women's own socio-demographic characteristics. The findings suggest reason for policy-makers to be cautious when contemplating blanket reductions in disability/invalidity and pension rates.

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Huang, Cui, Ying Jiang, and Duo Yun. "Are Women Willing to Delay Their Retirement? A Research on 270 Female Teachers in Inner Mongolia of China." Advances in Politics and Economics 3, no. 3 (July 29, 2020): p33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v3n3p33.

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Women’ retirement age is earlier than men in China, which has a negative effect on the problem-solving of aging society and the protection of women’s rights and interests. Therefore, prolonging the retirement age for women has become an important policy choice to alleviate the above problems. But are women themselves willing to delay their retirement? What factors effect women’s intention to delay their retirement? Those should be an important basis for the decision-making of a new retirement policy. This paper explores female delayed retirement intention by selecting the group of female teachers which is an important category of professional women in China. Taking 270 female teachers in Inner Mongolia of China as samples, this paper analyzes the effect of personal, occupational, and policy factors on female teachers’ delayed retirement intention. The results show that the health, children, monthly income, cumulative length of working, professional title and work units have a statistically significant impact on female teachers’ delayed retirement intention. Accordingly, this article puts forward policy implications on gender equity including eliminating the gender difference of retirement age, making flexible retirement policy and protecting women’s occupational interests.

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Bankman, Joseph. "Tax Policy and Retirement Income: Are Pension Plan Anti-Discrimination Provisions Desirable?" University of Chicago Law Review 55, no. 3 (1988): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1599703.

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Lebedeva, L. F. "The policy of guaranteed retirement income in the United States of America." Региональная экономика: теория и практика 15, no. 6 (June 15, 2017): 1055–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/re.15.6.1055.

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Whitehouse, Edward. "Pensions During the Crisis: Impact on Retirement Income Systems and Policy Responses." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 34, no. 4 (October 2009): 536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/gpp.2009.25.

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Mulyadi, Martin Surya, Maya Safira Dewi, Yunita Anwar, and Hanggoro Pamungkas. "Indonesian And Australian Tax Policy Implementation In Food And Agriculture Industry." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 1 (January 21, 2014): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v3i2.170.

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Tax policy is one of the most important policy in consideration of investment development in certain industry. Research by Newlon (1987), Swenson (1994) and Hines (1996) concluded that tax rate is one of the most important thing considered by investors in a foreign direct investment. One of tax policy could be used to attract foreign direct investment is income tax incentives. The attractiveness of income tax incentives to a foreign direct investment is as much as the attractiveness to a domestic investment (Anwar and Mulyadi, 2012). In this paper, we have conducted a study of income tax incentives in food and agriculture industry; where we conduct a thorough study of income tax incentives and corporate performance in Indonesian and Australian food and agriculture industry. Our research show that there is a significant influence of income tax incentives to corporate performance. Based on our study, we conclude that the significant influence of income tax incentives to Indonesian corporate performance somewhat in a higher degree than the Australian peers. We have also concluded that Indonesian government provide a relatively more interesting income tax incentives compare to Australian government. However, an average method of net income –a method applied in Australia– could be considered by Indonesian government to avoid a market price fluctuation in this industry.

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Mulyadi, Martin Surya, Maya Safira Dewi, Yunita Anwar, and Hanggoro Pamungkas. "Indonesian And Australian Tax Policy Implementation In Food And Agriculture Industry." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 1 (January 19, 2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v3i1.170.

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<p>Tax policy is one of the most important policy in consideration of investment development in certain industry. Research by Newlon (1987), Swenson (1994) and Hines (1996) concluded that tax rate is one of the most important thing considered by investors in a foreign direct investment. One of tax policy could be used to attract foreign direct investment is income tax incentives. The attractiveness of income tax incentives to a foreign direct investment is as much as the attractiveness to a domestic investment (Anwar and Mulyadi, 2012). In this paper, we have conducted a study of income tax incentives in food and agriculture industry; where we conduct a thorough study of income tax incentives and corporate performance in Indonesian and Australian food and agriculture industry. Our research show that there is a significant influence of income tax incentives to corporate performance. Based on our study, we conclude that the significant influence of income tax incentives to Indonesian corporate performance somewhat in a higher degree than the Australian peers. We have also concluded that Indonesian government provide a relatively more interesting income tax incentives compare to Australian government. However, an average method of net income –a method applied in Australia– could be considered by Indonesian government to avoid a market price fluctuation in this industry.</p>

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Fugère, Denis. "Robert L. Brown. Economic Security in an Aging Population. Butterworths Perspectives on Individual and Population Aging series. Toronto and Vancouver: Butterworths, 1991, pp. 137." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 13, no. 1 (1994): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800006607.

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ABSTRACTRobert Brown's work constitutes an excellent synthesis of the foreseeable evolution of income-security plans, as regards seniors and the problems relative to these plans in an aging-of-the-population context. However, it contains nothing new on the measures that the State should institute to diminish the effects of an aging population. Brown believes that retirement plans implemented by employers as well as personal retirement-savings plans should be the preferred forms of retirement savings encouraged by the government. Within this framework, the fiscal reform of 1990, which significantly increases the allowable deductions for a registered-retirement savings plan, comprises a step in the right direction. Unlike the author, I believe that public retirement plans like the Quebec Pension Plan (Q.P.P.) and the Canada Pension Plan (C.P.P.) should constitute the cornerstone of any policy on income security upon retirement. Consequently, in a an-aging-of-the-population context, it seems important to rapidly increase the level of contribution to these plans, in order to better capitalize them and to stabilize the long-term level of contribution. We should also study the possibility of integrating the old age income-security pension into these plans, so that the level of compensation for revenue from work guaranteed by the public plan is stabilized at a rate of 70 per cent for low-income earners and 40 per cent for middle-income earners, as is the case in the American social security plan.

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Judzik, Dario, Lucía Trujillo, and Soledad Villafañe. "A tale of two decades: income inequality and public policy in Argentina (1996-2014)." Cuadernos de Economía 36, no. 72 (October 4, 2017): 233–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v36n72.65871.

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This article analyses the evolution of income inequality in Argentina through the decomposition of the Gini coefficient by income sources. The dynamic analysis allows for simultaneous changes in participation and concentration of different income sources to be understood. The time periods that are the object of the analysis contrast diverse macroeconomic contexts, labour market institutions and social protection policies that were implemented. The results indicate that labour income is the main driver of distributive dynamics while retirement income has also played an important role. We also find that the evolution of income distribution in Argentina is closely related to labour market institutions and macroeconomics.

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Halvorsen, Elin, and Axel West Pedersen. "Closing the gender gap in pensions: A microsimulation analysis of the Norwegian NDC pension system." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717754296.

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In this article, we use an advanced microsimulation model to study the distributional effects of the reformed Norwegian pension system with a particular focus on gender equality. The reformed Norwegian system is based on the notional defined contribution (NDC)-formula with fixed contribution/accrual rates over the active life-phase and with accumulated pension wealth being transformed into an annuity upon retirement. A number of redistributive components are built into the system: a unisex annuity divisor, a ceiling on annual earnings, generous child credits, a possibility for widows/widowers to inherit pension rights from a deceased spouse, a targeted guarantee pensions with higher benefit rates to single pensioners compared to married/cohabitating pensioners, and finally a tax system that is particularly progressive in its treatment of pensioners and pension income. Taking complete actuarial fairness as the point of departure, we conduct a stepwise analysis to investigate how these different components of the National Insurance pension system impact on the gender gap in pensions and on general (Gini) inequality in the distribution of pension income within a cohort of pensioners. Our analysis concentrates on one birth cohort – individuals born in 1963 – and we study three different outcomes: the distribution of annual pensions early in retirement (at age 70), the distribution of the total sum of pension benefits received over retirement, and the distribution of the average annual pension benefits received over the retirement phase. In addition, we look at three alternative income concepts. These are personal income, equivalised household income, and finally an original income concept developed for this study: personal income adjusted for the economies of scale enjoyed by couple households.

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BINSWANGER, JOHANNES, and DANIEL SCHUNK. "What is an adequate standard of living during Retirement?" Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 11, no. 2 (November 14, 2011): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747211000618.

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AbstractMany economists and policy-makers argue that households do not save enough to maintain an adequate standard of living during retirement. However, there is no consensus on the answer to the underlying question about what this standard should be, despite the fact that it is crucial for the design of saving incentives and pension systems. We address this question with a randomized survey design, individually tailored to each respondent's financial situation, and conducted both in the U.S. and The Netherlands. We find that adequate levels of retirement spending exceed 80% of working life spending for a majority of respondents. Minimum acceptable income replacement rates range from 95 to 45% across income quintiles in the U.S., and from 75 to 60% across income quintiles in The Netherlands. The smaller range in The Netherlands may in part reflect the much tighter income distribution there.

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You, Xiaohui, and Albert A. Okunade. "Income and Technology as Drivers of Australian Healthcare Expenditures." Health Economics 26, no. 7 (September 29, 2016): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3403.

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Griffin, Bretford, Valentina Hartarska, and Denis Nadolnyak. "Retirement Age Farmers’ Exit and Disinvestment from Farming." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n12p136.

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The aging of farmers in the US today coincides with fluctuating incomes resulting from recent market price volatility and policy changes. We evaluate how farmers’ retirement or exit, as well as their disinvestment from farming in preparation for retirement, are affected by economic and demographic factors. Exit and disinvestment are modeled as the outcome of intertemporal utility maximization, and farm-level data from the Census of Agriculture are used to estimate the probability of retirement-age farmers’ exit and disinvestment for the 1992-2012 period. The results show that farm size matters the most, with larger farms less likely to exit but more likely to disinvest and scale back, presumably to a new optimal size. Demographic factors such as gender, race, and age have statistically significant but relatively small impacts. Regional differences, the size of the non-farm economy, and opportunities to diversify income also affect exit. However, flow economic variables, such as current year return-on-assets and agricultural support payments, are not associated with exit and disinvestment. Given that US farmers are now facing significant income volatility, the findings point to a level of resilience. The results suggesting that current and recent income fluctuations are less likely to drive the exit of retirement age farmers have important policy implications.

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Spies-Butcher, Ben, Ben Phillips, and Troy Henderson. "Between universalism and targeting: Exploring policy pathways for an Australian Basic Income." Economic and Labour Relations Review 31, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 502–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304620964272.

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Despite growing interest in proposals for a universal basic income, little advance has been made in implementation. Here we explore policy options for an Australian Basic Income. Our analysis responds to concerns that Basic Income is both too expensive and too radical a departure from existing welfare state structures to be a feasible policy option. Drawing on policy and Basic Income scholarship we identify changes to Australia’s current means-tested benefits structures that move substantially towards Basic Income while remaining consistent with historic policy norms, which we call ‘affluence testing’. Using microsimulation we explore fiscal and distributional trade-offs associated with the implementation of an affluence-tested Basic Income. Our results suggest Basic Income has the potential to significantly reduce inequality and poverty while also requiring taxes to rise substantially. Placing these trade-offs in international context we find the policy would reduce inequality to levels similar to Nordic welfare states while increasing overall taxation to approximately the OECD average. JEL Codes: I3, H2, H5

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KIM, SARANG, KERRY A. SARGENT-COX, DAVINA J. FRENCH, HAL KENDIG, and KAARIN J. ANSTEY. "Cross-national insights into the relationship between wealth and wellbeing: a comparison between Australia, the United States of America and South Korea." Ageing and Society 32, no. 1 (February 24, 2011): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x11000080.

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ABSTRACTThe positive relationship between wealth and wellbeing has received considerable attention over the last three decades. However, little is known about how the significance of wealth for the health and wellbeing of older adults may vary across societies. Furthermore, researchers tend to focus mainly on income rather than other aspects of financial resources even though older adults often rely on fixed income, particularly after retirement. Using data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey (N=1,431), the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in the United States of America (USA; N=4,687), and the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA; N=5,447), this exploratory cross-national study examined the relationship between wealth satisfaction and objective wealth and wellbeing (measured as self-rated health and life satisfaction) among older Australians, Americans and Koreans (50+ years). Regression analyses showed that wealth satisfaction was associated with wellbeing over and above monetary wealth in all three countries. The relationship between monetary wealth and self-rated health was larger for the US than Australian and Korean samples, while the additional contribution of wealth satisfaction to life satisfaction was larger for the Korean than the Australian and US samples. These findings are discussed in terms of the cultural and economic differences between these countries, particularly as they affect older persons.

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Li, Wendy, and Nerina Caltabiano. "Prevalence of substance abuse and socio-economic differences in substance abuse in an Australian community-dwelling elderly sample." Health Psychology Open 4, no. 1 (January 2017): 205510291770813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055102917708136.

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A sample of 324 55–90-year-old Australian adults participated in a survey on elderly substance abuse using the Clinical Assessment Scales for the Elderly. Overall, males had a higher prevalence rate of substance abuse than females. Significant differences in substance abuse mean scores were found for gender, age, income, community involvement, and retirement. The findings also reveal that being a female, involved in community groups, being a retiree, and being a non-baby boomer are protective factors of substance abuse. Being an upper medium income earner appears to be a risk factor of substance abuse.

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Zou, Hong, Bingjiang Luan, Kaizhi Yu, and Hongwei Xu. "Does retirement affect alcohol expenditure? Evidence from urban Chinese older adults in 2002-2009." International Journal of Population Studies 4, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijps.v4i1.420.

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Exploiting China’s mandatory retirement policy, we used fuzzy regression discontinuity design (RDD) to estimate the effect of retirement on household alcohol expenditure among urban Chinese older adults ages 50-70. Drawing on data from the Urban Household Survey (UHS) of China Statistics Bureau for the period of 2002-2009, we found that having a retired male household head significantly reduced total household expenditure on alcohol by 32%, particularly liquor. We explored two potential mechanisms that may explain the retirement effect. The first mechanism relates to decreased disposable income after retirement and the second mechanism involves reduced demand for social drinking after retirement. Our finding suggests that the urban Chinese older adults experience substantial change in drinking as a result of retirement. This has important public policy implications as China is facing a severe challenge of rapid population aging.

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Eaton, Tim V., and Brianne Kellner. "Where to Retire? The Tax Implications of Geography in Retirement." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 13, no. 3 (June 30, 2015): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v13i3.9286.

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Retirement planning is an issue of growing concern to the nations aging population and state governments as the number of retirees continues to increase each year. Retired individuals and individuals planning for retirement should consider state tax policies, as they vary from state to state, when selecting a retirement location. State governments should also consider making tax policy changes in order to attract the older population. State tax policies could impact a retirees financial stability during retirement. This paper examines the tax implications of geography in retirement and how relocation has the potential to significantly decrease an individuals pension income tax liability.

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Au, Joey, Andrew Coleman, and Trudy Sullivan. "When I’m 64: What do New Zealanders want in a retirement income policy?" Agenda - A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform 26, no. 1 (September 6, 2019): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/ag.26.01.2019.02.

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Rosenman, Linda. "Not Just Surviving But Living: Policy and Income for Retirement and Old Age." Australasian Journal on Ageing 18 (December 1999): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1999.tb00888.x.

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Blomgren, Jenni. "Transition to Retirement and Use of Private Health Care." International Journal of Health Services 47, no. 2 (July 7, 2016): 312–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731416637828.

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Associations between retirement and changes in health care use have not been shown in a longitudinal setting. In the Finnish universal health care system, transition into retirement from employment entails loss of access to occupational health care that provides easily accessible primary health care services, which may cause changes in utilization of other health care sectors. The aim of this study was to find out whether transition into old-age retirement is associated with change in utilization of private health care. The panel data consist of a 30% random sample of the Finnish population aged 62–75 in 2006–2011. Register data on National Health Insurance compensation were linked to socio-demographic covariates. Fixed-effects logistic and Poisson regression models were used. Adjusted for changes in covariates, retirement from employment was associated especially with private general practitioner visits but also with specialist visits among both women and men. Interaction analyses showed that retirement was associated with an increase in private care use only among those with higher-than-median income. The results may indicate preferences for quick access to care, mistrust toward the universal system, and problems of the public system in delivering needed services.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Australian retirement income policy'

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