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Journal articles on the topic "Australian power stations"
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M, Mazaheri, Scorgie Y, Broome R, Morgan G, Jalaludin B, and Riley M. "Health benefits of reducing Australian coal-fired power stations emissions." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000608816.02465.cb.
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Ngu, Ling-ngee, Hongwei Wu, and Dong-ke Zhang. "Characterization of Ash Cenospheres in Fly Ash from Australian Power Stations." Energy & Fuels 21, no. 6 (November 2007): 3437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef700340k.
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Azadi, Mehdi, Mansour Edraki, Faezeh Farhang, and Jiwhan Ahn. "Opportunities for Mineral Carbonation in Australia’s Mining Industry." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051250.
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Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) via mineral carbonation is an effective method for long-term storage of carbon dioxide and combating climate change. Implemented at a large-scale, it provides a viable solution to harvesting and storing the modern crisis of GHGs emissions. To date, technological and economic barriers have inhibited broad-scale utilisation of mineral carbonation at industrial scales. This paper outlines the mineral carbonation process; discusses drivers and barriers of mineral carbonation deployment in Australian mining; and, finally, proposes a unique approach to commercially viable CCUS within the Australian mining industry by integrating mine waste management with mine site rehabilitation, and leveraging relationships with local coal-fired power station. This paper discusses using alkaline mine and coal-fired power station waste (fly ash, red mud, and ultramafic mine tailings, i.e., nickel, diamond, PGE (platinum group elements), and legacy asbestos mine tailings) as the feedstock for CCUS to produce environmentally benign materials, which can be used in mine reclamation. Geographical proximity of mining operations, mining waste storage facilities and coal-fired power stations in Australia are identified; and possible synergies between them are discussed. This paper demonstrates that large-scale alkaline waste production and mine site reclamation can become integrated to mechanise CCUS. Furthermore, financial liabilities associated with such waste management and site reclamation could overcome many of the current economic setbacks of retrofitting CCUS in the mining industry. An improved approach to commercially viable climate change mitigation strategies available to the mining industry is reviewed in this paper.
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Fierro, Alexandre O., and Lance M. Leslie. "Relationships between Southeast Australian Temperature Anomalies and Large-Scale Climate Drivers." Journal of Climate 27, no. 4 (February 10, 2014): 1395–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00229.1.
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Abstract Over the past century, particularly after the 1960s, observations of mean maximum temperatures reveal an increasing trend over the southeastern quadrant of the Australian continent. Correlation analysis of seasonally averaged mean maximum temperature anomaly data for the period 1958–2012 is carried out for a representative group of 10 stations in southeast Australia (SEAUS). For the warm season (November–April) there is a positive relationship with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and an inverse relationship with the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) for most stations. For the cool season (May–October), most stations exhibit similar relationships with the AAO, positive correlations with the dipole mode index (DMI), and marginal inverse relationships with the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) and the PDO. However, for both seasons, the blocking index (BI, as defined by M. Pook and T. Gibson) in the Tasman Sea (160°E) clearly is the dominant climate mode affecting maximum temperature variability in SEAUS with negative correlations in the range from r = −0.30 to −0.65. These strong negative correlations arise from the usual definition of BI, which is positive when blocking high pressure systems occur over the Tasman Sea (near 45°S, 160°E), favoring the advection of modified cooler, higher-latitude maritime air over SEAUS. A point-by-point correlation with global sea surface temperatures (SSTs), principal component analysis, and wavelet power spectra support the relationships with ENSO and DMI. Notably, the analysis reveals that the maximum temperature variability of one group of stations is explained primarily by local factors (warmer near-coastal SSTs), rather than teleconnections with large-scale drivers.
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Bui, Mai, Indra Gunawan, Vincent Verheyen, Yuli Artanto, Erik Meuleman, and Paul Feron. "Dynamic Modeling and Validation of Post-combustion CO2 Capture Plants in Australian Coal-fired Power Stations." Energy Procedia 37 (2013): 2694–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.154.
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Nelson, Tim. "2011 PESA industry review: securing gas supplies for domestic consumption in the long term." APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11008.
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Natural gas plays a critical role in the Australian domestic economy. Households use natural gas as an essential service with applications ranging from space heating and cooking to hot water. In a carbon-constrained environment, gas is likely to play a critical role in fuelling new power stations. Businesses also use natural gas for industrial processing, feedstock purposes and on-site electrical generation and cogeneration. In the context of community concerns about production of CSG, little attention has been paid to the critical role gas plays in the modern Australian economy. This paper examines whether the development of an east-coast LNG industry has implications for domestic supply of natural gas. With increased domestic demand for gas (due in part to increased use of gas for power generation), it is necessary to discover new gas resources to ensure security of supply is maintained in the long term. The conclusion seems clear enough: government policies must have adequate consideration for local communities, but they must also focus on the critical role natural gas plays in the Australian economy—both in value creation and the provision of an essential service for many Australian households.
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Fahey, James, and Rosemary Lyster. "Geosequestration in Australia: Existing and Proposed Regulatory Mechanisms." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 4, no. 5 (2007): 378–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601007x00316.
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AbstractGeosequestration1 involves the capture (from power stations and other facilities) and storage of carbon dioxide for very long periods of time in underground geological formations. This article is concerned with key legal and regulatory issues associated with establishing and operating geosequestration projects in Australia. It highlights the recent increased interest in, and raised profile of, using geosequestration as a greenhouse gas abatement measure in Australia. It reviews the cooperative efforts of the States, Territories and the Commonwealth to develop a nationally consistent regulatory framework for geosequestration projects, using existing petroleum legislation. These efforts have been driven by a lack of existing Australian legislation that provides an adequate and discrete regime dealing with the issues of responsibility and liability for geosequestered gas, although the release of draft legislation in this area is now imminent. It assesses some State legislative attempts to allow for the underground storage of carbon dioxide, and argues that these fail to satisfactorily deal with the long term (indefinite) nature of the storage aspect of geosequestration projects. Finally, this article examines the States' and Commonwealth's powers to legislate in respect of the injection and storage of carbon dioxide.
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Ellwood, Michael J., Larissa Schneider, Jaimie Potts, Graeme E. Batley, John Floyd, and William A. Maher. "Volatile selenium fluxes from selenium-contaminated sediments in an Australian coastal lake." Environmental Chemistry 13, no. 1 (2016): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en14228.
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Environmental context Methylation of sedimentary selenium to volatile dimethylselenide is a natural remediation process for contaminated aquatic systems. We present flux estimates for the loss of dimethylselenide from sediments of an anthropogenically affected lake and observe a 6-fold difference between late autumn–early winter and summer. The loss of dimethylselenide represents a significant sediment loss vector, of the same order as the diffusive loss flux for inorganic selenium across the sediment–water interface. Abstract Overflows from ash dams associated with the operation of coal-fired power stations in Lake Macquarie, NSW, Australia, have been a historical source of selenium to the lake. Although dissolved selenium concentrations have been marginally elevated, sediments are the major sink. Methylation of sedimentary selenium to volatile dimethylselenide (DMSe) is known to be a natural remediation process. Sediments from north of Wyee Bay and the Vales Point Power Station were the subject of field sampling and monitoring to determine the extent to which selenium is being lost to the atmosphere as DMSe. Flux estimates were obtained by trapping volatile selenium species using benthic domes, followed by analysis in the field using a fully automated cryogenic trapping system with atomic fluorescence detection. The detection limit of the system was 0.1ngL–1 for DMSe and 1ngL–1 for dimethyl diselenide (DMDSe). Measurements in both summer and late autumn–early winter showed a distinct seasonal difference, with a higher summer DMSe flux of 53±25ng Se m–2h–1 (±s.d.) compared with 8±5ng Se m–2h–1 in late autumn–early winter. No DMDSe was detected. These fluxes are similar to those measured in Europe and North America, and represent an annual loss of 1.3kg of selenium per year from the nearby lake area. Lake-wide this would represent a significant loss to the atmosphere.
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Mainson, M., C. Ong, M. Myers, and A. Spiers. "Mobile autonomous methane monitoring stations for emission measurement." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20148.
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Natural gas has been forecast to continue grow up to 30% for the next 40 years and will remain as a key energy source. Alongside this projected growth, both the government and the industry have committed to reduce emission reductions. A critical focus is fugitive emissions, which are related to leaks or unintended losses of methane from sources such as hydrocarbon production, processing, transport, storage, transmission and distribution. The need for measuring and monitoring these emissions has been recognised in significant environmental inquiries related to the gas industry, such as the Northern Territory Fracking Inquiry (Pepper et al. 2018) and required in section D of the NT Code of Practice. This study describes an autonomous emission monitoring station developed to address the challenge of characterising temporally varying fugitive methane emissions. It has been designed specifically to tolerate the Australian outback’s extreme climateswhile providing laboratory-grade measurements in real-time at locations where there will be no access to grid power and standard telecommunications. Preliminary results demonstrating the continuous real-time measurements of methane and ethane concentrations of temporally varying phenomena will be presented. Specifically, the detection of methane and ethane concentrations and temporal changes related to bushfire progress will be shown.
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Stanmore, B. R., and M. Desai. "Steam Explosions in Boiler Ash Hoppers." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 207, no. 2 (May 1993): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_022_02.
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Steam explosions are experienced in the ash hoppers of coal-fired boilers when hot ash falling from heat-transfer surfaces enters the water pool. Pellets of ash from three Australian power stations were formed in the laboratory and sintered under different conditions to simulate boiler ash deposits. When these were reheated and dropped into water, explosions were generated in isolated cases. The offending pellets were all lightly sintered and disintegrated into individual ash grains. The occurrence of explosions is unpredictable because of the extremely limited range of ash lump conditions under which they appear.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Australian power stations"
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Chen-Tan, Nigel W. "Geopolymer from a Western Australian fly ash." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1900.
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Ordinary Portland cement is utilised worldwide as a mainstay construction material. Worldwide consumption of cement in 2009 was estimated to be 2.8 billion tonnes, which unfortunately equates to the production of 2.8 billion tonnes of CO[subscript]2 via the sintering procedure required to produce cement clinkers. With worldwide concern over climate change, this value is a substantial contribution to greenhouse gas emission.Fly ash is a by-product of coal combustion from thermoelectric power stations. World production of fly ash was estimated at 600 million tonnes with only 9% utilisation (Kayali 2007). The remainder is typically disposed of in landfills or ash ponds. This takes up usable land for development, introduces environmental hazards and can lead to undesirable events with an example being the rupture of a fly ash pond barrier at the Kingston Fossil Plant, Tennessee in 2008 (Reilly 2008) known as the TVA Spill.Geopolymer is a cementitious binder and is considered an environmentally friendly alternative to cement as it emits no CO[subscript]2 during production. Production of geopolymer is a simple process that involves mixing an amorphous aluminosilicate feedstock with alkaline activating solution. In addition this process is able to utilise low cost industrial by-products such as blast furnace slag and fly ash as feedstock.Although fly ash is suitable as a feedstock for synthesis of geopolymer its inherent heterogeneity limits development of a general formulation for processing geopolymer. Beneficiation of fly ash can be considered a method for alleviating this limitation, leading to a more homogeneous geopolymer with improved properties.Collie fly ash from Western Australia was selected as the fly ash to investigate as it is the dominant fly ash in the State and had been successfully used previously to make geopolymer. The amorphous content of Collie fly ash was determined by dissolution and a combination of QXRD and XRF. Collie fly ash was thoroughly characterised by QXRD and XRF, revealing a reactive amorphous content of 54.5 wt.% and secondary phases of carbon, hematite, maghemite, magnetite, mullite and quartz. The amorphous component was found to contain a modest amorphous iron oxide (5.5 wt.%) which after dissolution studies and subsequent analysis by QEMSCAN, was determined not to play a direct role in geopolymerisation. Crystalline quartz was found to exist as primary quartz separate from the fly ash spheres and secondary quartz embedded in the spheres believed to have exsolved from the decomposition of clay in the production of mullite.Beneficiation of the fly ash was conducted in a three stage procedure using sieving, milling and magnetic separation to improve fly ash homogeneity and reactivity. Sieving was effective in reducing large carbon and free primary quartz content. Interestingly most of the carbon was found to be small and finely dispersed throughout the material making it unfeasible to remove by sieving. Sieving in conjunction with milling increased surface area from 9.83 m[superscript]2/g to 10.7 m[superscript]2/g. Magnetic separation revealed that the amorphous iron was not magnetic though the complete removal of crystalline iron phases is not possible without a robust separation technique. The removal of magnetic phases increased the surface area of the sieved and milled fly ash to 12.9 m[superscript]2/g.At each stage of beneficiation the proportion of reactive amorphous material increases resulting in increased reactivity. This increase in reactivity necessitated changes in solids:liquids ratio to maintain a workable geopolymer mixture. The least beneficiated fly ash (sieved < 45 μm) produced the strongest geopolymer with a compressive strength of 132 MPa. The most beneficiated fly ash (sieved/milled/magnetically separated) produced geopolymer with the same compressive strength as geopolymer from unmodified fly ash (100 MPa). However, the highly beneficiated fly ash geopolymer proved to be highly resistant to high temperature cracking even after exposure to 900 ºC. The outcomes from this project clearly identifies that different levels of fly ash beneficiation lead to different geopolymer properties which in turn extend the range of applications for which geopolymers can be used.
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Rickard, William D. A. "Assessing the suitability of fly ash geopolymers for high temperature applications." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/564.
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Geopolymers are an inorganic polymer synthesised from the dissolution and polycondensation of aluminosilicates in alkaline solutions under hydrothermal condition, yielding an amorphous, three-dimensional polymeric framework (Davidovits, 1991). They are a broad class of binding material with applications that range from conventional concrete to high tech, light weight composites for use in aviation. Geopolymers have also shown promise for use in high temperature applications, such as fire proof coatings, structural concrete in fire prone areas and thermal insulation for refractory type applications, due to their intrinsic thermal stability (Barbosa and MacKenzie, 2003a).This thesis reports on an investigation into the thermal performance of geopolymers synthesised from a range of fly ashes in order to assess their suitability for use in high temperature applications. Five fly ashes from Australian power stations with contrasting chemical properties were used in the study. Geopolymers were synthesised from each of the fly ashes using sodium silicate or sodium aluminate solutions in order to achieve a set range of Si:Al compositional ratios. Thermal analysis was conducted up to 1000 °C using a constant heat rate as well as a heating regime that simulated the conditions during a fire.The fly ashes were characterised in terms of elemental composition, phase composition, particle size, density and morphology prior to being used to synthesise geopolymers. It was determined that only a portion of each of the fly ashes was available for geopolymerisation and that the reactive Si:Al ratio (amorphous Si:Al ratio) varied greatly between the fly ashes. Collie and Port Augusta fly ashes had relatively low reactive Si:Al ratios (1.15 and 1.84, respectively) whereas Eraring, Tarong and Bayswater fly ashes had high Si:Al ratios (4.98, 8.84 and 7.49, respectively). All of the fly ashes had a predominantly spherical morphology, characteristic of fly ashes, though only the Collie and Port Augusta fly ashes had a significant portion of sub 5 μm particles.The thermo-physical, mechanical and micro-structural properties of the geopolymers made from each of the fly ashes are presented and the effect of the source fly ash characteristics on the hardened product is discussed. The results varied greatly with fly ash source and the most influential fly ash characteristic was the reactive Si:Al ratio. Fly ashes with a high reactive Si:Al ratio (≥5) were sodium aluminate activated and produced geopolymers with low to moderate as-cured compressive strengths but exhibited excellent dimensional stability during heating and greater compressive strengths after heating. Fly ashes with a low reactive Si:Al ratio (<2) were sodium silicate activated and produced geopolymers with high as-cured compressive strengths but exhibited poor dimensional stability during heating and greatly reduced compressive strengths after heating. All samples exhibited strength improving microstructural changes such as improved inter-particle bonding due to sintering after firing. However, the instability of non geopolymer phases during high temperature exposure led to strength losses in some samples depending on the type and composition of the activating solution.Geopolymers from three of the fly ashes were assessed for their performance upon exposure to a simulated fire. Solid and low density foamed variants (ρ ≈ 0.9 g cm-3, k ≈ 0.3 W m-1K-1) of the mixes were used for fire testing. Fire ratings of between 60 and 90 minutes for a sample thickness of 50 mm were achieved. The solid geopolymers exhibited better fire ratings than the low density geopolymers due to their higher water content (as they contained more of the hydrated geopolymer phase). Microstructural analysis of the fire tested samples indicated that the geopolymers were not significantly damaged by dehydration and the fire exposed side exhibited analogous changes to the samples that were gradually heated to 1000 °C.The results in this thesis indicate that fly ash geopolymers have great potential for utilisation in high temperature applications provided they are synthesised from a source material with suitable physical and compositional characteristics.
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Marxsen, Blake. "Techno-economic analysis of microalgal CO2-bioremediation from a West Australian coal-fired power station’s flue-gas." Thesis, Marxsen, Blake (2020) Techno-economic analysis of microalgal CO2-bioremediation from a West Australian coal-fired power station’s flue-gas. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/58804/.
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Executive Summary
The increase in the use of typical renewable forms of power generation has lowered the dominance of traditional coal-fired baseload power generation for Australia’s south-western electricity grid known as the South West Interconnected System (SWIS) [2].This increase has prompted the retirement of two of the four operating units at Synergy's Muja Power Station located near the town of Collie from October 2022 [2]. Workers have been affected from the phasing out of Muja’s units although, having minimal impact on coal production [3]; thus, the greenhouse gas emission of CO2 will continue. There is a demand for a project which will promote employment in Collie as well as a decrease CO2 emission.
The following thesis investigates the techno-economics of microalgal CO2 bioremediation in order to create employment in Collie and decrease CO2 emissions from Bluewaters Power Station II (BPS). Four designs have been created assessing the ability of two microalgae strains grown in a variety of conditions, all under the influence of BPS’s bulk flue gas. Consultation with the Shire of Collie has aided in a multiple-criteria analysis to select the most suitable design presented as ‘Case 3’. Case 3 uses Bluewater Power Station’s human wastewater and freshwater from the Collie Basin to grow the freshwater microalgae strain Chlorella vulgaris. The Chlorella produced is then sold as a whole-biomass animal feed product at 12,000 USD/ metric tonne. Case 3 provides 37 jobs for Collie as well as decreasing the carbon emission of BPS.
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Vitarana, Meenu Chathurika. "Lichens as a biomonitoring tool for detecting heavy metal air pollution associated with industrial activities in Collie, south-western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/679.
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During the last few decades, various techniques for using lichens as biomonitors have been developed for monitoring air pollution and forest ecosystem health. Lichens have been used effectively to determine the dispersion of heavy metals emitted by industrial point-sources; however the approach has not been commonly used in Australia. This thesis aimed to determine the effectiveness of using a lichen biomonitoring approach to measure the heavy metal pollutants emitted from coal-fired power stations and related industries in Collie, south-western Australia, an area with concern over poor air quality. Three different approaches to lichen biomonitoring were investigated. The first explored lichen community composition patterns in thirty-six study sites across an identified pollution gradient in the jarrah forest ecosystems of Collie. The second measured in situ Usnea inermis lichens for heavy metals, across wet and dry seasons in Collie. The third approach used lichen transplant bags of Usnea inermis to determine seasonal heavy metal accumulation patterns. Because the gaseous pollutants NO2 and SO2 are known to have a significant effect on lichen vitality and distribution, they were monitored by means of a direct measurement approach using Radiello® passive air samplers, to determine any confounding effects. A total of twenty lichen taxa were recorded in the lichen community study, with an average species diversity of ten per site. The lichens Usnea inermis and Cladonia rigida occurred at all thirty-six study sites. High lichen diversity and abundance values were recorded from control sites, and crustose and squamulose species were more abundant across all study sites. The grouping of lichen communities into pollution-tolerant classes, based on information from other studies, showed that the jarrah forests surrounding the industries in Collie were dominated by pollution-tolerant lichen species, while sensitive species were infrequent and rare. Spatial distribution maps of lichen diversity indices showed areas with low diversity values downwind from the coal mines and coal-fired power stations and near an alumina refinery, indicating a possible influence from these point-sources on lichen community composition. Pollution effects on lichen communities were observed with little influence from forest management practices, demonstrating the effectiveness of this method for monitoring air pollution influences in managed jarrah forests. The study also identified Usnea inermis as a suitable species for both the in situ and transplant lichen biomonitoring experiments to explore heavy metal pollution in the area, because of its widespread distribution across the pollution gradient. Low concentrations of NO2 and SO2 were recorded by Radiello® passive samplers, suggesting that these pollutants had very little confounding influence on lichen community composition and heavy metal accumulation patterns. However, seasonal differences in the dispersion of gaseous pollutants were observed, particularly in the summer season. The areas influenced by gaseous pollutants were also found to be those with low lichen diversity, suggesting that although low in concentration, the gaseous pollutants were having a demonstrable influence on the lichens in the jarrah forests in Collie. Mean concentrations for the metals As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni and Zn were low for in situ Usnea inermis lichens; however elevated concentrations of some metals were recorded at certain locations. Arsenic concentrations in spring were high from sites close to the coal mines and Mn was elevated in both seasons from sites near an alumina refinery. Higher metal concentrations were recorded in the higher rainfall autumn season compared with spring for most metals. The fallout patterns of heavy metals were explained by a power curve showing exponential decreases in concentrations, with very low concentrations found beyond the 8 - 10 km distance range from the closest pollution source. Spatial dispersion maps showed interpolated concentrations consistent with that expected if point-sources were responsible for the generation of high atmospheric heavy metal concentrations. Transplanted Usnea inermis lichens did not show elevated metal concentrations, however seasonal variations were observed, with the highest concentrations recorded in the wet winter season. Metal uptake in both the in situ and transplanted lichen studies was favoured by low temperature and high rainfall, suggesting that metal uptake was promoted during periods of wet deposition. This highlights the importance of season of sampling if lichen biomonitoring studies are to be deployed in WA. The wetter and cooler winter season with more consistent rainfall patterns is recommended as optimal for conducting lichen biomonitoring studies in Collie. The transplants exposed over a 48 week period recorded the highest concentrations for most metals, however they also showed a loss of metal accumulation ability at the high exposure sites. Exposure periods of 24 – 32 weeks (6 – 8 months) are recommended for more reliable results when using lichen transplants. The transplant study also identified that the control sites were affected by industrial emissions, suggesting that reference sites should be located at distances greater than those used in this study. The results from all three biomonitoring approaches identified pollution dispersion patterns associated with industrial point-sources, and also identified a pollution influence at the control sites, an area previously considered to be unaffected by industrial pollution. Findings from this study support the idea that a lichen biomonitoring approach can be used as an effective tool for monitoring heavy metal air pollution in Western Australia and if used correctly it could replace the more expensive active sampling techniques. The study also provided essential baseline information for future studies on the effect of industrial pollution on lichen communities in WA.
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Millar, Anthony. "An economic/financial, environmental/health and political analysis of the impact of replacing coal-fuelled power stations with renewable technology in Australia." Thesis, Millar, Anthony (2016) An economic/financial, environmental/health and political analysis of the impact of replacing coal-fuelled power stations with renewable technology in Australia. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/33985/.
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The question to be examined in this dissertation involves the analysis of the economic/financial, environmental/health and political impact of replacing Australia’s coal fuelled power stations with renewable technology mix. The quantitative analysis was conducted using RETScreen software package and raised some fascinating results.
The RETScreen extensive quantitative analysis of the financial and economic impact of renewable energy for Australia has been conducted in this report. It shows the Net Present Value (NPV) for solar thermal was $26,061,592,811; a positive amount indicating a good investment proposition; and a reasonable Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of $3,683.37p.a. Solar thermal also offered a relatively high Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 12.1%, as well as a short Simple Payback Period (SPP) of 7.4 years. The NPV for solar photovoltaic was $43,686,592,811 making it an economically viable proposition; and a LCOE of $6,174.37 p.a. Solar PV also offered a high IRR of 20.7%, as well as a short SPP of 4.7 years. The NPV for wind was $122,850,329,916, making it a highly economically viable proposition, and a LCOE of $8,681.42. Wind also offered a high IRR of 50.1% and an extremely short SPP of 2.0 years [19]. The macroeconomic impact of the replacement of coal-fuelled power stations with renewable technology has also been calculated in this report. The switch from coal fuelled power stations to renewables would result in; 318,563 additional jobs for Australia, and increase of $24,591,152,220 annually to GDP or an increase of 1.206%.
The environmental/health aspects of the switch to renewables have been ascertained in this report. In the extraction of the coal, there is the inherent land degradation for open cut mines and the land subsidence issues for underground mines. The spontaneous combustion of coal occurs with alarming regularity in Australia with the interaction of oxygen in the air and the pulverised coal powder. The contamination of the water supply is also an issue of major concern in the extraction process. Then the issues of carbon dioxide (and other GHG’s) released into the atmosphere when the coal is combusted in the power plant solar thermal and solar PV will each save 12,252,065 tCO2 per annum, and wind will save 24,504,129 tCO2 annually; a total of 49,008,259 tCO2 annually. Other gases released from burning coal include sulphur dioxide, mercury and other particulates. These are known to cause respiratory health problems as well as acid rain and could be the direct result of human death and increase this mortality by up to 4% [46].
The current political standing and Renewable Energy Target (RET) have been assessed in this report. As at 23/02/2016, the most current renewable energy target (RET) for Australia is from the Department of the Environment (DET) media release from 23 June 2015. It states that the new target for large scale generation of “33,000GWh in 2020 will double the amount of large scale renewable energy being delivered...compared to current levels” [48]. This means the current level of large scale renewable energy in the mix of 13.47% [49] will almost double to 23.5% of the total energy supply. However, some exemptions in the RET legislation have resulted in a redistribution of wealth from retail consumers of electricity to the manufacturing export sector.
The findings of this report is that an energy mix of 50% wind, 25% solar thermal and 25% solar photovoltaic would suit Australia’s climate and economic standing. The replacement of coal fuelled power stations with 100% renewable is in the best interests for the Australian people in an economic/financial, environmental/health, and political aspects. While the rest of the planet is embracing the renewable energy renaissance, Australia has the resources and opportunity to move forward but seems to lack only motivation; the onus is on the people to demand change via their elected politicians.
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Wilreker, Gerlinde Isabelle. "A comparative study of emissions from coal-fired power stations in South Africa and other selected countries." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1976.
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M.Sc.Worldwide, coal is one of the major sources of energy. In 1999 it was estimated that the global electricity generation from coal was about 36% of the total world electricity production (Knapp, 1999:11). With the combustion of coal for electricity generation however, negative environmental impacts occur. These are mainly caused by carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, sulphur dioxide and particulate matter emissions. With an ever-growing global population, the need and demand for electricity is increasing. These needs and demands need to be addressed in an economically, socially and environmentally acceptable manner. In this study the author examines, analyses and compares the emissions from coalfired power stations in South Africa, Australia, Canada, Germany, India and the United States of America over a chosen period of time (1995-2001). The results of the study indicate, that, within the comparative group, South Africa is not the greatest producer of emissions from coal-fired power stations. It is the fourth biggest emitter of CO2. It has the highest SO2 emissions, because of the low-grade coal burned in the power stations that have been specifically designed to burn this type of coal. It is the second biggest emitter of NOx, and the third biggest emitter of particulates. Germany is the country that has shown the greatest progress in emissions reductions. This has been the result of restructuring and economic incentives. Overall, South Africa can be ranked third, on par with Australia.
Books on the topic "Australian power stations"
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Bastock, John. Ships on the Australian Station. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Child & Associates, 1988.
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Bach, John. The Australia station: A history of the Royal Navy in the south west Pacific, 1821-1913. Kensington, NSW, Australia: NSWU Press, 1985.
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Broadcast wars: The money, the ego, the power behind your remote control. Sydney, NSW: Hachette Australia, 2011.
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Rez, Peter. Energy and Society. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0002.
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The more ‘developed’ the country and the higher the ‘standard of living’, the greater the energy use per person. Energy use can be broken down into three main categories—maintaining a comfortable environment in buildings, transportation of people and things and manufacturing stuff. More energy per person is used in colder countries than in warmer ones. Also, countries where people drive large cars over longer distances every year (United States, Canada and Australia) use more oil per person than European countries. Carbon dioxide emission is related to how much oil is used per person, and how electricity is generated. If a lot of electricity is generated from coal power stations, this will result in higher carbon dioxide emissions. As France has shown, substitution of coal by nuclear power results in a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.
Conference papers on the topic "Australian power stations"
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Pawar, Sarika, Shama Naz Islam, Apel Mahmud, and Aman Maung Than Oo. "Optimum Energy Cooperation among Renewable Powered Base Stations." In 2018 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aupec.2018.8757922.
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Gould, Jacob, and Peter Wolfs. "Arc flash hazard analysis of coal-fired power station." In 2016 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aupec.2016.7749350.
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Perera, Lasantha B., and Yateendra Mishra. "Insulation coordination study for a 50 kV traction feeder station." In 2014 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aupec.2014.6966525.
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Alharbi, Yasser M., and A. Abu-Siada. "Impacts of converter station faults on the performance of WECS." In 2015 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aupec.2015.7324837.
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de Canha, D., and J. H. C. Pretorius. "Measurement & verification of coal fired power station maintenance projects." In 2015 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aupec.2015.7324850.
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Buttery, Katie, and Sanath Alahakoon. "Improving condition monitoring & fault diagnosis strategy for HV motors in coal fired power stations." In 2013 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aupec.2013.6725391.
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Selmi, Tarek, Hania El-Kanj Baitie, and Mohamed Abdul-Niby. "Investigation and sizing of a solar power station at the Australian College of Kuwait." In 2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ever.2015.7113001.
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Kumar, Shantanu, Narottam Das, and Syed Islam. "High performance communication redundancy in a digital substation based on IEC 62439-3 with a station bus configuration." In 2015 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aupec.2015.7324838.
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Yao, D., S. Choi, and K. Tseng. "Design of short-term dispatch strategy to maximize income of a wind power-energy storage generating station." In 2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Australia). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-asia.2011.6257100.
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Blinderman, Michael S., and Bernard Anderson. "Underground Coal Gasification for Power Generation: High Efficiency and CO2-Emissions." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52036.
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Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is a gasification process carried out in non-mined coal seams using injection and production wells drilled from the surface, enabling the coal to be converted into product gas. The UCG process practiced by Ergo Exergy is called Exergy UCG or εUCG. εUCG was applied in the Chinchilla UCG-IGCC Project in Australia. The IGCC project in Chinchilla, Australia has been under development since July 1999. The project involves construction of the underground gasifier and demonstration of UCG technology, and installation of the power island. Since December 1999 the plant has been making gas continuously, and its maximum capacity is 80,000 Nm3/h. Approximately 32,000 tonnes of coal have been gasified, and 100% availability of gas production has been demonstrated over 30 months of operation. The UCG operation in Chinchilla is the largest and the longest to date in the Western world. The εUCG facility at Chinchilla has used air injection, and produced a low BTU gas of about 5.0 MJ/m3 at a pressure of 10 barg (145 psig) and temperature of 300° C (570° F). It included 9 process wells that have been producing gas manufactured from a 10 m thick coal seam at the depth of about 140 m. The process displayed high efficiency and consistency in providing gas of stable quality and quantity. The results of operations in Chinchilla to date have demonstrated that εUCG can consistently provide gas of stable quantity and quality for IGCC power projects at very low cost enabling the UCG-IGCC plant to compete with coal-fired power stations. This has been done in full compliance with rigorous environmental regulations. A wide range of gas turbines can be used for UCG-IGCC applications. The turbines using UCG gas will demonstrate an increase in output by up to 25% compared to natural gas. The power block efficiency reaches 55%, while the overall efficiency of the UCG-IGCC process can reach 43%. A UCG-IGCC power plant will generate electricity at a much lower cost than existing or proposed fossil fuel power plants. CO2 emissions of the plant can be reduced to a level 55% less than those of a supercritical coal-fired plant and 25% less than the emissions of NG CC.