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1
Smith, Julia, Jing Wang, Anneke C. Grobler, Katherine Lange, Susan A. Clifford, and Melissa Wake. "Hearing, speech reception, vocabulary and language: population epidemiology and concordance in Australian children aged 11 to 12 years and their parents." BMJ Open 9, Suppl 3 (July 2019): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023196.
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ObjectivesTo describe the epidemiology and parent-child concordance of hearing, speech reception, vocabulary and language in Australian parent-child dyads at child age 11 to 12 years.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study (Child Health CheckPoint) nested within the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.SettingAssessment centres in seven Australian cities and eight regional towns or home visits around Australia, February 2015 to March 2016.ParticipantsOf all participating CheckPoint families (n=1874), 1516 children (50% female) and 1520 parents (87% mothers, mean age 43.8 years) undertook at least one of four measurements of hearing and language.Outcome measuresHearing threshold (better ear mean of 1, 2 and 4 kHz) from pure-tone audiometry, speech reception threshold, receptive vocabulary, expressive and receptive languages using a sentence repetition task. Parent-child concordance was examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and adjusted linear regression models. Survey weights and methods accounted for Longitudinal Study of Australian Children’s complex sampling and stratification.ResultsChildren had a similar speech reception threshold to parents (children mean −14.3, SD 2.4; parents −14.9, SD 3.2 dB) but better hearing acuity (children 8.3, SD 6.3; parents 13.4, SD 7.0 decibels hearing level). Standardised sentence repetition scores were similar (children 9.8, SD 2.9; parents 9.1, SD 3.3) but, as expected, parents had superior receptive vocabularies. Parent-child correlations were higher for the cognitively-based language measures (vocabulary 0.31, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.36; sentence repetition 0.29, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.34) than the auditory measures (hearing 0.18, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.23; speech reception threshold 0.18, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.22). Mother-child and father-child concordances were similar for all measures.ConclusionsWe provide population reference values for multiple measures spanning auditory and verbal communication systems in children and mid-life adults. Concordance values aligned with previous twin studies and offspring studies in adults, in keeping with polygenic heritability that is modest for audition but around 60% for language by late childhood.
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Lim, Jacqueline, Patricia McCabe, and Alison Purcell. "Challenges and solutions in speech-language pathology service delivery across Australia and Canada." European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare 5, no. 1 (May 23, 2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v5i1.1244.
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Background, aims and objectives: This study aimed to compare the perception of barriers to service delivery among speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in Canada and Australia and the extent to which they used parent or carer training to overcome these barriers. Methods: Participants were 81 Australian and 63 Canadian SLPs who completed an online survey. Questions comprised open ended and forced choice questions with some ranking of questions also required. Chi-square analyses were conducted comparing Canadian and Australian SLPs. Results: Few differences existed among the respondents. Respondents overwhelmingly selected “not enough speech-language pathology positions to meet demand” as their main barrier. This barrier along with “parents/carer’s lack of knowledge about the need for speech-language pathology”, “lack of parent/carer engagement” and “lack of awareness of role of speech-language pathologist” were the principal barriers. Training parents and carers to conduct therapy at home was the most used strategy among both Canadian and Australian SLPs. Discussion: The finding that the SLPs perceive low engagement from parents both in the training sessions and when working with their child may suggest that there is a need for speech-language pathologists to determine more effective ways to train and engage parents and carers. Conclusion: More research into the efficacy of parent or carer training across a wider range of speech-language pathology practice areas and across a more diverse range of parents or carers needs to be undertaken.
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Brennan, John P., and Kathryn J. Quade. "Evolving usage of materials from CIMMYT in developing Australian wheat varieties." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 9 (2006): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05400.
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Wheat genetic materials developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico for developing countries and varieties developed from those genetic materials have resulted in yield increases in Australia. The usage of the genetic materials obtained from CIMMYT has evolved over time, with fewer Australian varieties resulting from either direct CIMMYT crosses or having a CIMMYT line as a parent. There has been an increasing tendency to use adapted Australian lines with CIMMYT ancestry, rather than CIMMYT lines, as parents. These changes are examined, both in terms of varieties released in Australia and for the shares of wheat area sown to crosses of different origins, for each Australian state. The results demonstrate that for the benefits of international developments to be made available to Australian producers, Australian-based breeding programs are essential.
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Perales, Francisco, and Yangtao Huang. "Parental Financial Transfers: Do They Vary by Children’s Sexual Orientation?" Social Forces 98, no. 4 (July 12, 2019): 1465–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz111.
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Abstract Parents often play complex and highly variable roles in the lives of grown-up lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people. Some act as support sources, helping their offspring buffer societal discrimination. Others are unaccepting of—or ambivalent about—their children’s sexual orientation, becoming further stressors. In practice, little research has examined whether parents treat adult LGB children differently than heterosexual children. This study tests this premise in relation to parental financial transfers using two waves of panel data from an Australian national sample (Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, n = 18,448 observations) and random-effect panel regression models. We find that parents send money more often to LGB than heterosexual children, a pattern that persists over the adult life course. This association could not be explained by adult children’s socio-economic disadvantage, fertility intentions, parent-child contact, or parent-child distance. These findings suggest that, all else being equal, parental financial investments contribute to narrowing the social disadvantage experienced by Australian LGB people.
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Bahfen, Nasya. "1950s vibe, 21st century audience: Australia’s dearth of on-screen diversity." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 25, no. 1&2 (July 31, 2019): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v25i1and2.479.
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The difference between how multicultural Australia is ‘in real life’ and ‘in broadcasting’ can be seen through data from the Census, and from Screen Australia’s most recent research into on screen diversity. In 2016, these sources of data coincided with the Census, which takes place every five years. Conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, this presents a ‘snapshot’ of Australian life. From the newest Census figures in 2016, it appears that nearly half of the population in Australia (49 percent) had either been born overseas (identifying as first generation Australian) or had one or both parents born overseas (identifying as second generation Australian). Nearly a third, or 32 percent, of Australians identified as having come from non-Anglo Celtic backgrounds, and 2.8 percent of Australians identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander). Nearly a fifth, or 18 percent, of Australians identify as having a disability. Screen Australia is the government agency that oversees film and TV funding and research. Conducted in 2016, Screen Australia’s study looked at 199 television dramas (fiction, excluding animation) that aired between 2011 and 2015. The comparison between these two sources of data reveals that with one exception, there is a marked disparity between diversity as depicted in the lived experiences of Australians and recorded by the Census, and diversity as depicted on screen and recorded by the Screen Australia survey.
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Phillipson, Sivanes, Shane N. Phillipson, and Sarika Kewalramani. "Cultural Variability in the Educational and Learning Capitals of Australian Families and Its Relationship With Children’s Numeracy Outcomes." Journal for the Education of the Gifted 41, no. 4 (September 19, 2018): 348–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162353218799484.
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This article explored the variability of parental educational mind-sets among Australian parents toward the accessible educational and learning capitals that may affect their children’s educational achievement. The participants ( N = 1,917) responded to the Family Educational and Learning Capitals Questionnaire as well as their ethnic identity. Parents also reported their children’s numeracy scores in a standardized test of achievement. Six major groups were adequate for statistical analysis, including Australians, British, Chinese, Indian, Other Asian, and Other European. A multiple comparison analysis was performed on the responses by parents from the six ethnic groups to examine the differences in parent responses to access to capitals. Controlled for ethnic groups, stepwise regression analysis showed which capitals predicted numeracy achievement of their children. The results indicated that within this sample of Australian parents, there is variability across different ethnic groups in what is considered important in their children’s educational achievement and this variability is associated with differences in numeracy outcomes.
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Moulds, Lauren, Andrew Day, Richelle Mayshak, Helen Mildred, and Peter Miller. "Adolescent violence towards parents—Prevalence and characteristics using Australian Police Data." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 52, no. 2 (June 5, 2018): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865818781206.
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Adolescent violence toward parents is a unique form of family violence which for many, including police personnel, challenges traditional views of parent–child relationship, and raises questions about victimization. There has been minimal research in Australia to date in this area, and knowledge about both prevalence rates and the characteristics of offenders and victims remains limited. This exploratory study utilized police data from four Australian States to document prevalence rates of reported offenses to police, and the characteristics of adolescent violence toward parents in Australia. Between 1% and 7% of family violence reported to the police is adolescent violence toward parents. The “typical” perpetrator is a 15- to 17-year-old Caucasian young man who is generally violent toward his mother. Findings are limited by the differing police practice and policy variations between States, including the use of police discretion, leaving several questions open for further investigation. In conclusion, there is a need for change in policy and practice with regards how best to assess and respond to adolescent violence toward parents.
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Campbell, Linda, Mary-Claire Hanlon, Abner Weng Cheong Poon, Stefania Paolini, Melanie Stone, Cherrie Galletly, Helen J. Stain, and Martin Cohen. "The experiences of Australian parents with psychosis: The second Australian national survey of psychosis." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 46, no. 9 (July 25, 2012): 890–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867412455108.
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Objective: Being a parent is an important part of one’s identity and role. Previous research outlines many challenges associated with parenting by people with severe mental illness. However, there is a limited research describing parenting experiences of mothers and fathers who have psychosis. Method: The second Australian national survey of psychosis recruited 1825 people living with symptoms of, or a diagnosis of, psychosis. The survey was conducted through face-to-face interviews and included key clinical and demographic information, as well as parenting specific information. Results: Over half of all women and a quarter of men were parents. Almost a quarter of women but only 5.5% of the men had dependent children (own and/or stepchildren) living at home with them. Of parents with dependent children, the most common diagnosis was schizophrenia (48.2% fathers, 28.9% mothers), and there were high rates of comorbidity with substance abuse/dependence (alcohol: fathers 69.2%, mothers 44.3%; cannabis: fathers 69.22%, mothers 47.8%). A substantial proportion of parents with dependent children experienced challenges including low educational attainment, unemployment, poverty, and social isolation. Although many parents living with dependent children functioned in the average range, a significant proportion was moderately to severely disabled on global independent functioning ratings (fathers 49.1%, mothers 35.7%) and some were identified as having obvious/severe impairments in their ability to care for their child(ren) (fathers 28.3%, mothers 21.3%). Conclusions: Most parents living with psychosis function well. However, a significant proportion has impairments in parenting and general functioning that could have adverse consequences for both the parent and children. This study brings into focus the need for interventions to optimise successful parenting outcomes.
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Bolaji, Stephen, Sulay Jalloh, and Marilyn Kell. "It Takes a Village: Listening to Parents." Education Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10030053.
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The study was premised on the concern of the migrant African parents about their children’s lack of aspiration for higher education after completing their secondary education in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia. There appears to be little understanding of, or confusion around, the different pathways available to higher education in Australia. The reports and anecdotes around African youths in the NT demonstrating antisocial behaviors, including, but not limited to drug offences, teen pregnancies and suicides prompted this research. These troubling behaviors have culminated in the death of two young boys in the African community in Darwin 2016 and another girl in 2019 in Kathrine. The study comprises of African parents who migrated to NT in Australia from different demographics in Africa. This study used a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to investigate African parents’ perception of their child’s post-secondary school aspiration. The outcome of this investigation revealed a lack of understanding of the NT Australian school systems and reporting strand on their children performance and the different pathways through which their children can access higher education in Australia. This study provided four recommendations to help African parents understand the NT Australian government policies and programs on education.
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Rathore, Vatsna, Amy E. Mitchell, Alina Morawska, and Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla. "Online Parenting Intervention for Children’s Eating and Mealtime Behaviors: Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial." Healthcare 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050924.
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Introduction: Obesity and overweight are significant health problems among Australian children. Parents play a vital role in establishing healthy eating behaviors in their children. However, parents often experience difficulties in implementing effective parenting practices and lack confidence in their ability to help children adopt these behaviors. This trial will evaluate the efficacy of an online program, Healthy Habits Triple P, in improving children’s snacking and mealtime behaviors and related parenting practices. Methods and analysis: This is a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial for parents of young Australian children aged 2–6 years. Participants will be recruited through childcare centers, social media, online parent forums and existing networks. The participants in the intervention arm will receive access to a web-based parenting intervention in addition to nutrition-related information for parents published by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; those in the control arm will receive nutrition-related information only. After the completion of the study, the parenting intervention will be offered to the control arm. The primary outcome will be improvement in children’s eating habits. The secondary outcomes include parents’ self-efficacy, confidence, children’s mealtime behaviors and mealtime parenting strategies. Both primary and secondary outcomes will be evaluated through online-administered, validated parent-reported questionnaires. We will also undertake a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the practicality and acceptability of the intervention.
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Mondy, Linda, and Stephen Mondy. "Situating NEWPIN in the context of parent education and support models." Children Australia 29, no. 1 (2004): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200005861.
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The nature and extent of parent education and support programs targeting parents with children under five is reviewed. Several evaluated Australian and overseas programs are described, and their role and effectiveness in the prevention of child abuse and neglect are examined. The principles and values that underpin such programs are discussed, and their common components outlined. The New Parent Infant Network (NEWPIN) is then situated in the broader framework of effective parent education and support programs operating in Australia.
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Fan, Cynthia, and Anita S. Mak. "MEASURING SOCIAL SELF-EFFICACY IN A CULTURALLY DIVERSE STUDENT POPULATION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 26, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1998.26.2.131.
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This paper reports the construction and validation of a measure of social self-efficacy in a range of social interaction situations commonly experienced by tertiary students, including situations posing special concern to recent arrivals to the Australian educational setting. Participants in the first study were 228 undergraduate students. Among these, 91 were Australia-born with English-speaking-background parents (Anglo-Australians), 90 were also Australia-born but had parents from a non-English-speaking-background (NESB Australia-born), and 47 were overseas-born with NESB parents (NESB immigrants). Item and factor analyses yielded a 20-item, 4-factors Social Self-Efficacy Scale for Students (SSESS). The four factors were Absence of Social Difficulties, Social Confidence, Sharing Interests, and Friendship Initiatives. Evidence of the scale's satisfactory internal consistency reliability, and its concurrent and construct validity is presented. Indication of satisfactory test-retest reliability was obtained from a second sample of 16 university students. Applications and directions for further research are discussed.
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Cashmore, Judith A., and Jacqueline J. Goodnow. "Influences on Australian Parents' Values." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 17, no. 4 (December 1986): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002186017004004.
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Wake, M., K. Hesketh, and MA Allen. "Parent beliefs about infant teething: A survey of Australian parents." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 35, no. 5 (October 5, 1999): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1754.1999.355395.x.
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Long, Johanna, Tuki Attuquayefio, and Jennifer L. Hudson. "Factors Associated With Anxiety Symptoms in Australian Deaf or Hard of Hearing Children." Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 26, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enaa035.
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Abstract Deaf/deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) children are at an increased risk of developing mental health problems, with growing evidence that they may experience greater anxiety symptoms than hearing peers. The present study investigated whether Australian children with varying degrees of hearing loss experienced increased anxiety symptoms compared to hearing children. Furthermore, we examined whether child anxiety symptoms were associated with known risk factors including psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression in parents, age at detection, early intervention and device fitting, type of hearing device, and peer problems. Participants were 65 parents of children with hearing loss aged between 4 and 11 years old (M = 6.05, SD = 1.60) seeking treatment for hearing loss at a specialized hearing clinic in Australia. Based on parent reports, we found that the children with hearing loss had fewer anxiety symptoms than their hearing peers (using normative data). Psychological distress of parents was the only factor that uniquely associated with child anxiety. Parents of children with hearing loss were found to experience greater emotional distress compared to parents of hearing children. This suggests parents may require additional support to cope with the social and economic strains associated with childhood hearing loss.
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Elliott, Samuel, and Murray Drummond. "The experience of parent-coaches in youth sport: A qualitative case study from Australia." Journal of Amateur Sport 3, no. 3 (November 28, 2017): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v3i3.6511.
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There has been increasing academic interest in understanding the nature of parental involvement in youth sport. Much scholarly focus has illuminated both positive and negative forms of sport parenting from the perspectives of coaches, parents and youth participants. One less understood aspect however surrounds the potentially conflicting role of parents who coach their own children in youth sport. This is surprising given that many parents, especially fathers, demonstrate support by fulfilling essential roles such as team manager and team coach (Jeffery-Tosoni, Fraser-Thomas, & Baker, 2015). This paper emerges from an Australian study of 16 parent-coaches involved in Australian football. The original purpose of the study was to understand the nature of the sport parenting role in youth sport in Australia. A number of pertinent themes were constructed surrounding the contemporary experiences of parent-coaches who coach their own children, and how coaching is subsequently justified. The findings illustrate how concerns of favouritism impact how parent-coaches interact with their child in contrast to the rest of the team, encouraging nuances of ‘negative’ parenting toward their own children under the guise of being the coach. Examples of this include demonstrating deliberate criticism at training and matches and overlooking their child in awarding encouragement awards after each weekly match. Significantly, parent-coaches justify these behaviours in attempting to fulfil the dual role of parent and team coach. We argue that this can be potentially problematic for some parent and child relationships and have a reinforcing influence on how other parent-coaches negotiate being a parent and coach.
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Gilligan, Conor, Therese Shaw, Shelley Beatty, Laura Thomas, Karen Louise Lombardi, and Robyn Susanne Johnston. "Do schools and alcohol mix? Australian parents' perspectives." Health Education 120, no. 3 (April 6, 2020): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-02-2020-0010.
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PurposeAlcohol use by adults at school events and alcohol promotion through school fundraising activities is common, but little is known about secondary school parents' attitudes towards these practices. Parental attitudes may influence principals' decision-making on this topic, particularly in jurisdictions where education department guidance is limited. This study explored parents' attitudes towards the consumption or promotion of alcohol in schools or at school events.Design/methodology/approachParents (n = 298) from five non-government secondary schools in Western Australia completed an online survey and provided responses relating to the promotion and availability of alcohol through their child's school.FindingsThis sample of parents were evenly divided in support of alcohol consumption or support of schools as alcohol-free zones. Parents reporting higher alcohol consumption were more supportive of alcohol promotion and use through schools, and those with higher education supported use of alcohol for school fundraising. Almost 20% of parents were neutral on several measures indicating they could be swayed by social pressure. Engaging parents is an ongoing challenge for school principals and alcohol may play a part in engagement activities. The results from this small, exploratory study suggest even engaged parents may have very differing views on alcohol use in schools.Practical implicationsEducation departments are encouraged to explore these issues carefully and introduce changes incrementally to assist decision-making and minimise potential parent disengagement.Originality/valueThis paper addresses a knowledge gap about parents' attitudes towards alcohol in secondary schools. These findings can support those involved in the development of school alcohol policies.
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Carlon, Sarah, Jennifer Stephenson, and Mark Carter. "Parent Perspectives on Sources of Information About Autism Spectrum Disorder Interventions in Australia." Australasian Journal of Special Education 39, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jse.2015.9.
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Extant research on sources of information about interventions used by parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has provided a general overview of sources used. However, it has provided little insight into why parents view certain sources as reliable or trustworthy, or how useful parents found the information provided to them by the sources and why. This paper provides a qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with 12 Australian parents of preschool-age children with ASD. Participants discussed the factors related to their perceptions of the reliability and trustworthiness of sources used, as well as the usefulness of the information provided. Parent ratings of the reliability of sources were influenced by factors including the firsthand experience of other parents, the parent's relationship with the source, and their beliefs about the sources’ intentions. A number of parents reported that sources provided either information of limited use or an overwhelming amount of information. Considerable variation was reported in the usefulness of information provided to parents. Recommendations regarding research and practice are offered.
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Alonso, Jennah, and Emma Little. "Parent help-seeking behaviour: Examining the impact of parent beliefs on professional help-seeking for child emotional and behavioural difficulties." Educational and Developmental Psychologist 36, no. 2 (July 24, 2019): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/edp.2019.8.
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AbstractFor children experiencing emotional and behavioural difficulties, parents are key gatekeepers to treatment access. However, despite the substantial prevalence of child mental health problems in Australia, there remains a significant disparity between the rate of children requiring treatment and the rate of parents actively seeking professional help for their child. Therefore, an understanding of factors impacting on parents’ help-seeking behaviour is crucial. The current study presents exploratory research examining the impact of parent beliefs on help-seeking behaviour. Specifically, this study aims to explore parent beliefs about (a) barriers to help-seeking (b) parenting ability, and (c) the causes and nature of child difficulties. Participants in this study were a sample of 399 Australian parents of children aged from 4 to 14 years, with each parent completing a series of four structured questionnaires. Results indicated that parents who had not sought help for their child perceived significantly more barriers to help seeking and held significantly stronger beliefs that child emotional and behavioural difficulties are intentional. Results also indicated that as parents’ sense of competence increased, perceived barriers to help seeking decreased. Perceived barriers to help seeking also decreased as parent beliefs that child difficulties are stable decreased. The present study presents several implications for informing effective engagement strategies to improve service utilisation, highlighting directions for future hypothesis-driven research.
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Larkins, Nicholas G., Siah Kim, John B. Carlin, Anneke C. Grobler, David P. Burgner, Katherine Lange, Jonathan C. Craig, and Melissa Wake. "Albuminuria: population epidemiology and concordance in Australian children aged 11–12 years and their parents." BMJ Open 9, Suppl 3 (July 2019): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020262.
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ObjectivesTo describe the distribution of albuminuria among Australian children aged 11–12 years and their parents, and assess its intergenerational concordance within parent–child dyads.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study (the Child Health CheckPoint), nested within the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.SettingAssessment centres (seven Australian cities and eight regional towns) and home visits across Australia, February 2015 to March 2016.ParticipantsOf all participating CheckPoint families (n=1874), 1557 children (46.2% girls) and 1454 parents (85.5% mothers) provided random urine samples at the visit; samples from menstruating females were excluded.Outcome measuresUrine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and its components (urine albumin and creatinine concentration); albuminuria was defined as an ACR ≥3.4 mg/mmol. Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multivariable linear regression models assessed parent–child concordance, using log-transformed data due to skewing. Survey weights and methods were applied to account for the complex sample design.ResultsThe median ACR for children was 1.03 mg/mmol (IQR 0.65–1.97) and 1.01 mg/mmol (IQR 0.60–2.09) for adults. The median ACR was higher in girls (1.20, IQR 0.71–2.65) than boys (0.90, IQR 0.61–1.65) and in mothers (1.13, IQR 0.63–2.33) than fathers (0.66, IQR 0.41–1.05). Albuminuria was detected in 15.1% of children (girls 20.8%, boys 10.1%) and 13.5% of adults (15.1% mothers, 4.0% fathers) had albuminuria. There was a small correlation between parent and child ACR (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.06, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.12).ConclusionsAlbuminuria is common among Australian children and adults, which is of concern because it predicts risk for kidney and cardiovascular disease, and mortality. The weak concordance among intergenerational pairs for urine ACR suggests either that genetic heritability is low or that it becomes evident only at later offspring life stages.
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Ward, Bernadette M., and Pamela C. Snow. "Parents's plans to supply their adolescents with alcohol." Australian Journal of Primary Health 17, no. 2 (2011): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py10039.
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The aim was to determine the extent to which parent and adolescent characteristics and patterns of alcohol use influence parents’ plans to supply their adolescent aged 14–16 years with full serves of alcohol (i.e. not necessarily initiation) in the next 6 months. A cross-sectional sample of parents from Victoria, Australia, completed an online survey. Parents’ plans to supply alcohol in the next 6 months was significantly associated with their reports of supplying alcohol in the previous 3 months (β = 0.51, P < 0.01), perceptions that their adolescent drinks (β = 0.34, P < 0.01), reports of not practising religion (β = 0.13, P < 0.01), and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores (β = 0.09, P = 0.04). The total variance explained by the model was 57.4% F (9, 242) = 36.2, P < 0.01. Parents’ plans to supply their adolescent with alcohol might be a reflection of the normalisation of alcohol use in Australia. There is a need to support Australian parents to review their own alcohol use, clarify their views on alcohol use by their adolescent and confidently restrict their child’s access to alcohol, irrespective of their own drinking patterns.
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Fraysse, François, Anneke C. Grobler, Josh Muller, Melissa Wake, and Timothy Olds. "Physical activity and sedentary activity: population epidemiology and concordance in Australian children aged 11–12 years and their parents." BMJ Open 9, Suppl 3 (July 2019): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023194.
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ObjectivesTo describe the epidemiology and parent–child concordance of objectively measured physical activity in a population-based sample of Australian parent–child dyads.DesignCross-sectional study (Child Health CheckPoint) nested within the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.SettingAssessment centres in seven Australian cities and eight regional towns or home visits; February 2015–March 2016.ParticipantsOf all CheckPoint families (n=1874), 1261 children (50% girls) and 1358 parent (88% mothers) provided objectively measured activity data, comprising 1077 parent–child dyads.Outcome measuresActivity behaviour was assessed by GENEActiv accelerometer. Duration of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and vigorous physical activity and sedentary behaviour (SB) were derived using Cobra custom software, along with MVPA/SB fragmentation and mean daily activity. Pearson’s correlation coefficients and linear regression estimated parent–child concordance. Survey weights and methods accounted for the complex sample design and clustering.ResultsAlthough parents had average lower accelerometry counts than children (mean [SD] 209 [46] vs 284 [71] g.min), 93% of parents met MVPA daily duration guidelines on published cutpoints (mean [SD] 125 [63] min/day MVPA), compared with only 15% of children (mean 32 [27] min). Parents showed less daily SB duration (parents: 540 [101], children: 681 [69] minutes) and less fragmented accumulation of MVPA (parents: α=1.85, children: α=2.00). Parent–child correlation coefficients were 0.16 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.22) for MVPA duration, 0.10 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.16) for MVPA fragmentation, 0.16 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.22) for SB duration and 0.18 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.23) for SB fragmentation.ConclusionsStandardised cutpoints are needed for objective activity measures to inform activity guidelines across the lifecourse. This may reflect large amounts of time in non-shared environments (school and work).
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Cubis, Jeffrey, Terry Lewin, and Fiona Dawes. "Australian Adolescents' Perceptions of their Parents." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 23, no. 1 (March 1989): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678909062590.
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We examined the characteristics of a self-report measure for assessing perceptions of parents, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), in an adolescent community sample (N = 2,147; mean age = 15.4 years). Using factor analysis, three PBI dimensions were identified — the original Care factor and two Protection factors: perceived social control and personal intrusiveness. Important sex differences were found which were not evident in the two factor structure recommended by Parker [1, 2]. Relative to sons, daughters saw their fathers as more personally intrusive and their mothers as less socially controlling and much more caring. Overall, adolescents perceived mothers as more caring but more personally intrusive than fathers. Adolescents who saw their father as uncaring and their mother as controlling tended to have the least positive psychosocial profiles.
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Harper, Juliet. "A Current Issue in Adoption: The Single Adoptive Parent." Children Australia 10, no. 1-2 (1985): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000015319.
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AbstractThis paper addresses itself to the topic of the single adoptive parent, a relatively new phenomenon in the adoptive process in Australia. It presents a review of the available research and a critical discussion of some of the pertinent issues raised by a consideration of this area. Brief comment is made about the current Australian scene and it is concluded that with caution, placement of children with single adoptive parents could be made on a routine basis.
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Quartly, Marian. "‘[W]e Find Families for Children, Not Children for Families’: An Incident in the Long and Unhappy History of Relations between Social Workers and Adoptive Parents." Social Policy and Society 11, no. 3 (March 30, 2012): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746412000097.
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Relatively little work on adoption focuses on the role of social workers. This article gives an account of the conflict between social workers and prospective adoptive parents which developed in Australia in the 1970s, taking as a case study the conflicting roles of adoptive parent advocates and professional social workers within the Standing Committee on Adoption in the Australian state of Victoria. Its overarching concern lies with the historical attitudes of the social work profession towards adoption, both domestic and intercountry, as these have changed from an embrace of both adoption and adoptive parents to mutual alienation. It concludes that the inclusive practice of radical social work could only briefly contain contesting client groups.
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Smith, Jodie, Rhylee Sulek, Ifrah Abdullahi, Cherie C. Green, Catherine A. Bent, Cheryl Dissanayake, and Kristelle Hudry. "Comparison of mental health, well-being and parenting sense of competency among Australian and South-East Asian parents of autistic children accessing early intervention in Australia." Autism 25, no. 6 (April 25, 2021): 1784–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211010006.
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Parents from individualist cultures (those focused on autonomy of individuals; that is, Australian) may view their autistic children differently compared to parents from collectivist cultures (where community needs are valued over an individual’s, that is, South-East Asian cultures). As most research on autism and parenting has been undertaken in Western individualist cultures, knowledge of parenting beliefs and mental health within collectivist cultures is lacking. We compared the mental health, quality of life, well-being and parenting sense of competency between families raising an autistic child from two groups: 97 Australian parents and 58 parents from South-East Asian backgrounds. Children from both groups were receiving the same community-based early intervention. No group differences were found on the measures of mental health but, when compared to Australian parents, parents from South-East Asian backgrounds reported higher well-being and less impact on their quality of life resulting from their child’s autism-specific difficulties. Furthermore, a positive association between well-being and quality of life was only observed for South-East Asian parents. Hence, the views of, and responses to, disability for South-East Asian parents may act as a protective factor promoting well-being. This novel research indicates that culture plays a role in parenting autistic children and highlights the need to accurately capture cultural background information in research. Lay abstract We know that parents of autistic children experience poorer mental health and lower well-being than parents of non-autistic children. We also know that poorer mental health among parents of autistic children has been observed across different cultures. Most research focuses on Western cultures, so we know little about parental mental health and well-being of parents from different cultural backgrounds; yet, it is likely that cultural background contributes to how parents view their child’s condition and respond to the diagnosis. Here, we compared mental health, quality of life and well-being between families raising an autistic child from Australian backgrounds to families from South-East Asian backgrounds. All children in the current study were receiving the same community-based early intervention. When compared to the general population, parents had poorer mental health overall, but there were no differences between the two groups of parents. However, parents from South-East Asian backgrounds reported higher well-being and fewer difficulties associated with their child’s autism. These findings suggest that cultural background likely influences not only parent’s view of, and response to, their child’s autism, but also their own sense of well-being. As researchers and clinicians working with families of autistic children, we should more explicitly consider family’s cultural background within our work.
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Macbeth, Allison, Patricia Weerakoon, and Gomathi Sitharthan. "Pilot study of Australian school-based sexual health education: parents' views." Sexual Health 6, no. 4 (2009): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09040.
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Background: Sexually transmissible infections (STIs) among young Australians increased dramatically between 1997 and 2007 with rates of chlamydia increasing by 528% and rates of gonorrhoea by 169% among 15–19 year olds. High notification rates of STIs and teenage pregnancy point to the need to investigate sexual health education (SHE) in Australian schools. This first quantitative study investigated the attitudes and experiences of parents to SHE in Australian schools. Methods: One hundred and seventeen (117) Australian parents were recruited through purposive sampling and snowballing methods to complete an online questionnaire in 2007. Results: Most respondents (97.4%) support SHE in schools and 95.7% advocate schools and parents sharing responsibility. A majority (82.9%) believe SHE should begin in primary school with discrepancy as to when specific topics should be introduced. There is consensus for a comprehensive curriculum, including topics potentially seen as controversial such as ‘masturbation’. ‘Abstinence’ was chosen by 15.4% of parents to not be included in SHE curricula. Most parents rate the SHE their children have received in school as ‘fair’ in quality, and want access to resources to help them educate their children, including workshops at schools, information about school SHE, literature, and trained sexual health educators. Conclusions: Parents generally support SHE in schools. They want programs to begin in primary school. They consider the current school programs to be ‘fair’ in quality. Parents also point out the need for a more comprehensive curriculum and they want to be involved with schools in the development and delivery of SHE.
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Catchpool, Max, Lisa Gold, Anneke C. Grobler, Susan A. Clifford, and Melissa Wake. "Health-related quality of life: population epidemiology and concordance in Australian children aged 11–12 years and their parents." BMJ Open 9, Suppl 3 (July 2019): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022398.
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ObjectivesTo describe the distribution of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in a national sample of Australian children aged 11–12 years and their parents, and examine associations within parent–child dyads.DesignThe Child Health CheckPoint, a population-based cross-sectional study nested between waves 6 and 7 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC).SettingAssessment centres in seven Australian cities and eight regional towns, or home visit; February 2015 to March 2016.ParticipantsOf all participating CheckPoint families (n=1874), 1853 children (49.0% girls) and 1863 parents (87.7% mothers) with HRQL data were included (1786 pairs).Outcome measuresHRQL was self-reported using preference-based (Child Health Utility 9Dimension, CHU9D) and non-preference-based (Pediatric Quality of Life, PedsQL V.4.0) measures for children and preference-based measures for parents (CHU9D; Assessment of Quality of Life 8 Dimension, AQoL-8D). Utility scores from preference-based measures were calculated using existing Australian algorithms to present a score on a 0–1 scale, where 1 represents full health. Parent–child concordance was assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and adjusted linear regression models. Survey weights and methods were applied to account for LSAC’s complex sample design, stratification and clustering within postcodes.ResultsChildren’s means and SD were 0.81 (SD 0.16) for CHU9D and 78.3 (SD 13.03) for PedsQL. In adults, mean HRQL for AQoL-8D and CHU9D were 0.78 (SD 0.16) and 0.89 (SD 0.10), respectively. Mean HRQL was similar for boys and girls, but slightly higher for fathers than mothers. The Pearson correlation coefficient for parent–child CHU9D values was 0.13 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.18). Percentiles and concordance are presented for both samples for males and females separately and together.ConclusionsWe provide Australian paediatric population values for HRQL measures, and the first national CHU9D values for mid-life adults. At age 11–12 years in this relatively healthy sample, parent–child concordance in HRQL was small.
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Dussel, Veronica, Kira Bona, John A. Heath, Joanne M. Hilden, Jane C. Weeks, and Joanne Wolfe. "Unmeasured Costs of a Child's Death: Perceived Financial Burden, Work Disruptions, and Economic Coping Strategies Used by American and Australian Families Who Lost Children to Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 8 (March 10, 2011): 1007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.8960.
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Purpose Financial concerns represent a major stressor for families of children with cancer but remain poorly understood among those with terminally ill children. We describe the financial hardship, work disruptions, income loss, and coping strategies of families who lost children to cancer. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional survey of 141 American and 89 Australian bereaved parents whose children died between 1990 and 1999 and 1996 to 2004, respectively, at three tertiary-care pediatric hospitals (two American, one Australian). Response rate: 63%. Results Thirty-four (24%) of 141 families from US centers and 34 (39%) of 88 families from the Australian center reported a great deal of financial hardship resulting from their children's illness. Work disruptions were substantial (84% in the United States, 88% in Australia). Australian families were more likely to report quitting a job (49% in Australia v 35% in the United States; P = .037). Sixty percent of families lost more than 10% of their annual income as a result of work disruptions. Australians were more likely to lose more than 40% of their income (34% in Australia v 19% in the United States; P = .035). Poor families experienced the greatest income loss. After accounting for income loss, 16% of American and 22% of Australian families dropped below the poverty line. Financial hardship was associated with poverty and income loss in all centers. Fundraising was the most common financial coping strategy (52% in the United States v 33% in Australia), followed by reduced spending. Conclusion In these US and Australian centers, significant household-level financial effects of a child's death as a result of cancer were observed, especially for poor families. Interventions aimed at reducing the effects of income loss may ease financial distress.
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Krysinska, Karolina, Sophie Curtis, Michelle Lamblin, Nina Stefanac, Kerry Gibson, Sadhbh Byrne, Pinar Thorn, et al. "Parents’ Experience and Psychoeducation Needs When Supporting a Young Person Who Self-Harms." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 3662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103662.
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Background: Self-harm in young people can have a substantial negative impact on the well-being and functioning of parents and other carers. The “Coping with Self-Harm” booklet was originally developed in the UK as a resource for parents and carers of young people who self-harm, and an adaptation study of this resource was conducted in Australia. This paper presents qualitative analysis of interviews with parents about their experiences and psychoeducational needs when supporting a young person who engages in self harm. Methods: The qualitative study drew on semi-structured individual and group interviews with parents (n = 19 participants) of young people who self-harm. Data were analysed using Thematic Analysis. Results: The analysis identified six themes: (1) the discovery of self-harm, (2) challenges in the parent-young person relationship, (3) parents’ need to understand self-harm, (4) parents’ emotional reactions to self-harm, (5) the importance of self-care and help-seeking among parents, and (6) the need for psychoeducational resources. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for support for parents and carers of young people who engage in self-harm, including development and adaptation of resources, such as the “Coping with Self-Harm” booklet, of which an Australian version has now been developed.
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Siebler, Philip, and Christopher Goddard. "Parents’ Perspectives of their Children's Reactions to an Australian Military Deployment." Children Australia 39, no. 1 (February 11, 2014): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2013.38.
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This article reports on a qualitative study of Australian parents’ perceptions of their children's reactions to a military deployment as well as their help-seeking behaviours. Thirty-eight in-depth interviews were conducted with 34 Australian Defence Force (ADF) parents and 33 non-deployed parents (67 participants). Twenty-nine interviews were with couples and nine were with individuals. The findings revealed that this group of children generally fared poorly in terms of physical and mental health, and behavioural outcomes. Children and adolescents had a number of needs which were not identified, assessed or treated, and prevention programmes were reported to be limited. Factors that are associated with positive and negative outcomes from the families’ perspective are outlined. The data showed how developing a deeper understanding of military families’ needs, as well as positive worker–parent relationships, would enhance the therapeutic alliance between parents and service providers. Implications for prevention and intervention approaches in relation to both policy and service delivery are outlined.
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Vaughan, Graeme. "Child care needs of parents in paid work: An interpretation of findings from Australia's Welfare 1993: Services and Assistance." Children Australia 20, no. 2 (1995): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200004442.
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The extent to which the child care needs of parents in paid employment are adequately met is an important matter. This paper examines the issue using data published in the recent report from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's Welfare 1993: Services and Assistance. Data from recent surveys by the Australian Bureau of Statistics are used to supplement the report's findings.While families with both parents or the sole parent in paid employment are the major users of formal child care services many of them continue to experience difficulties in obtaining child care that meets their needs. Many of these families need to arrange their domestic and working lives to care for children within the family or rely on informal support by other family members, friends and neighbours. Many adopt a mix of strategies-formal services, informal support and flexible work arrangements-to meet their child care needs. These families show a high level of unmet demand for formal services; mothers in these families experience difficulties in balancing the competing demands of caring for children and paid employment.
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Gan, Lucy L., Alistair Lum, Claire E. Wakefield, Barbara M. Donnan, Glenn M. Marshall, Mary A. Burns, Adam Jaffe, Steven Leach, Daniel A. Lemberg, and Joanna E. Fardell. "The School Experiences of Siblings of Children With Chronic Illness: Australian Parents’ Perceptions." Educational and Developmental Psychologist 35, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/edp.2018.3.
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Children with chronic illness often experience difficulties at school, yet little is known about the impact of the child's illness on siblings’ school experiences. This study investigated parents’ perceptions of siblings’ school experiences and school support. We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with 27 parents of children with a chronic illness who had a sibling or siblings (4–25 years), representing the experiences of 31 siblings. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using content analysis. Parents believed that 14 of 31 (45.2%) siblings had school difficulties related to the ill child, such as increased anxiety or stress at school, lack of attention from teachers, and changes in behaviour as a result of increased carer responsibilities. Parents identified increased absenteeism due to the ill child's hospitalisation and the impact of parent absences on sibling school functioning. Parents described general and psychological support from the school, and the importance of monitoring the sibling at school and focusing on their unique needs. Overall, our findings suggest the need for a school-based sibling support model that combines psycho-education for siblings and school personnel, individualised sibling psychological support, and shared school and parent responsibility in normalising the sibling experience and providing consistent support.
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Vivarini, Prudence, Jessica A. Kerr, Susan A. Clifford, Anneke C. Grobler, Pauline W. Jansen, Fiona K. Mensah, Louise A. Baur, Kay Gibbons, and Melissa Wake. "Food choices: concordance in Australian children aged 11–12 years and their parents." BMJ Open 9, Suppl 3 (July 2019): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020898.
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ObjectivesSnack foods—typically high in salt, sugar, fat and/or energy—are likely important to the obesity epidemic. In the context of a population-based health assessment involving parent–child dyads at child age 11–12 years, we report cross-generational concordance in intake at a controlled snack food observation.DesignCross-sectional study (Child Health CheckPoint), nested within the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.SettingAssessment centres in seven Australian cities, February 2015–March 2016.ParticipantsOf all participating CheckPoint families (n=1874), 1299 children (50.3% girls) and 1274 parents (85.9% mothers) with snack data were included. Survey weights and methods were applied to account for the clustered multistage sample design.Outcome measuresPartway through the 3.5-hour assessment, parents and children attended Food Stop separately for a timed 15 min ‘snack break’. One of four standardised box size/content combinations was randomly provided to all participants on any given day. Total food mass, energy, nutrients and sodium consumed was measured to the nearest 1 g. Pearson’s correlation coefficients and adjusted multivariable linear regression models assessed parent–child concordance in each variable.ResultsChildren consumed less grams (151 g [SD 80] vs 165 g [SD 79]) but more energy (1393 kJ [SD 537] vs 1290 kJ [SD 658]) than parents. Parent–child concordance coefficients were small, ranging from 0.07 for sodium intake to 0.17 for carbohydrate intake. Compared with children with parents’ energy intake on the 10th centile, children whose parents were on the 90th centile ate on average 227 kJ more. If extrapolated to one similar unsupervised snack on a daily basis, this equates to an additional 83 050 kJ per year, which could have a cumulative impact on additional body fat.ConclusionsAlthough modest at an individual level, this measured parent-child concordance in unsupervised daily snack situations could account for substantial annual population differences in energy, fat and sodium intake for children aged 11–12 years.Trial registration numberISRCTN12538380.
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HARRISON, MARGARET. "The Reformed Australian Child Support Scheme." Journal of Family Issues 12, no. 4 (December 1991): 430–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251391012004003.
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The Australian child support reforms were introduced in two stages between mid-1988 and late 1989. The first stage sought to increase the collection and payment of money due by reason of a court order, by establishing the Child Support Agency within the Taxation Office. This agency assumes responsibility for locating missing liable parents and, where possible, withdraws the amount owed from the salaries of liable parents. The second stage uses the collection and payment mechanisms established under Stage 1 and also assesses amounts due administratively by applying a formula that takes account of parental taxable income and the number of children for whom there is a support liability. Results of an evaluation of the first stage of the scheme are discussed. Although single-parent poverty will not be resolved by measures such as those initiated by the Australian government, the evidence is that amounts awarded under Stage 1 are higher than they were prior to the introduction of the reforms and that administrative assessment under Stage 2 is yielding higher amounts.
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Remine, Maria D., and P. Margaret Brown. "Comparison of the Prevalence of Mental Health Problems in Deaf and Hearing Children and Adolescents in Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 44, no. 4 (April 2010): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048670903489866.
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Objective: The aims of the present study were to (i) identify the prevalence rate and nature of mental health problems in a group of Australian deaf children and adolescents and compare these to those reported for the Australian hearing population; and (ii) identify specific demographic characteristics that may typify deaf children and adolescents with mental health problems. Method: Sixty-six parents of deaf children and adolescents aged 6–18 years, their teachers and 38 adolescents participated in the study. Data related to mental health problems were collected using the Child Behaviour Checklist and Youth Self-Report. Data related to demographic characteristics were obtained via parent and teacher surveys. Results: The overall prevalence rate of mental health problems reported by parents and adolescents in the present study is comparable to that of the Australian hearing population. Parents in the present study, however, reported significantly more concerns on the social problem and thought problem scales than did Australian parents of hearing children and adolescents. There were also significant differences between the prevalence and nature of mental health problems as reported by the deaf adolescents in the present study when compared to deaf adolescents in another Australian study. These differences appear to be explained by differences in the preferred communication mode of the participants in the two studies. Conclusions: The known heterogeneity within the Australian deaf child and adolescent population with respect to preferred mode of communication has important implications not only for the appropriate selection and use of psychiatric instruments in assessing child and adolescent mental health but also for the accurate reporting of the prevalence and nature of mental health problems within this population.
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Wade, Catherine, Jan Matthews, Catherine A. Bent, Erica Neill, Zvezdana Petrovic, Jane Fisher, Annette Michaux, and Warren Cann. "Parenting Today: A State-Wide Representative Survey of Contemporary Parenting Experiences." Children Australia 43, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2018.7.
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This article describes the study design of Parenting Today in Victoria: a representative survey of contemporary parenting experiences, behaviours, concerns and needs of parents. The aims of the study, sample design, survey content development processes, including pilot survey administration, data collection procedures and demographic characteristics of the sample are described. The survey was administered via computer assisted telephone interviewing using random dialling of landline and mobile phone numbers in 2016 to parents of children aged 0–18 years who were living in Victoria, Australia. The response rate was 57% with 2600 parents surveyed (40% fathers). The sample was broadly representative of the Victorian population on major demographic characteristics when compared to data from the Australian Census of Population and Housing (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). However, adjustments were made for over representation of younger parents (16–34 years), more highly educated parents and for those living outside major cities. This survey provides rigorously collected, accurate and up-to-date information about the experiences, preferences and concerns of a large and representative sample of parents. Findings will provide vital new insights to inform policy decision making, service planning and future research aimed at understanding parents’ attitudes and behaviours, and the psychology behind their help-seeking.
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Stoddart, Hannah, Emily Hansen, and Mark Nelson. "Australian Parents' Reasons for Attending a GP when their Child has Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms: An Exploratory Pilot Study." Australian Journal of Primary Health 12, no. 1 (2006): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py06005.
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Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children are a frequent presentation in Australian general practice. However, there is limited Australian evidence about why parents decide to consult a doctor for childhood URTIs. Our objective was to design a qualitative pilot study aiming to explore this issue using semi-structured interviews. Interviews were conducted with nine parents. We found that cough, fever and abnormal behaviour of the child prompted a consultation with the general practitioner (GP). Parents sought an examination of their child (in particular "hidden areas" such as ears and throat) and reassurance, rather than antibiotics. They also wanted the GP to suggest practical ways to help alleviate their child's symptoms. The results provide a greater understanding of the fears, concerns and beliefs of parents of children with URTIs and hence may improve the GP - parent consultation. Health providers may be encouraged to address the specific parental concerns emerging from this study.
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Tosif, Shidan, Hamish Graham, Karen Kiang, Ingrid Laemmle-Ruff, Rachel Heenan, Andrea Smith, Thomas Volkman, Tom Connell, and Georgia Paxton. "Health of children who experienced Australian immigration detention." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 9, 2023): e0282798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282798.
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Background Australian immigration policy resulted in large numbers of children being held in locked detention. We examined the physical and mental health of children and families who experienced immigration detention. Methods Retrospective audit of medical records of children exposed to immigration detention attending the Royal Children’s Hospital Immigrant Health Service, Melbourne, Australia, from January 2012 –December 2021. We extracted data on demographics, detention duration and location, symptoms, physical and mental health diagnoses and care provided. Results 277 children had directly (n = 239) or indirectly via parents (n = 38) experienced locked detention, including 79 children in families detained on Nauru or Manus Island. Of 239 detained children, 31 were infants born in locked detention. Median duration of locked detention was 12 months (IQR 5–19 months). Children were detained on Nauru/Manus Island (n = 47/239) for a median of 51 (IQR 29–60) months compared to 7 (IQR 4–16) months for those held in Australia/Australian territories (n = 192/239). Overall, 60% (167/277) of children had a nutritional deficiency, and 75% (207/277) had a concern relating to development, including 10% (27/277) with autism spectrum disorder and 9% (26/277) with intellectual disability. 62% (171/277) children had mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression and behavioural disturbances and 54% (150/277) had parents with mental illness. Children and parents detained on Nauru had a significantly higher prevalence of all mental health concerns compared with those held in Australian detention centres. Conclusion This study provides clinical evidence of adverse impacts of held detention on children’s physical and mental health and wellbeing. Policymakers must recognise the consequences of detention, and avoid detaining children and families.
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Iner, Derya. "Faith-Inspired Muslim Parents’ School Choices and Attitudes in the Cultural West and Australia." Religions 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12090746.
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All parents want the best accessible, available and affordable school for their children. Yet, the literature highlights that school choice for middle-class parents in the cultural West is a deliberate decision and a reflection of their salient identities. For racialised middle-class Western parents, school choice is an instrumental investment to secure social upward mobility and minimise the harms of racism for their children. Research focusing on Western middle-class Muslim parents highlights that accommodation of Muslim identities and ethno-religious values is pivotal in parental school choice. This is expected due to the rise of Islamophobia in the cultural West since 9/11. The semi-structured interviews with faith-inspired middle-class Muslim parents in Australia bring a new dimension to the parental school choice literature. Regardless of carrying more or less similar concerns for their children in an Islamophobic climate, middle-class Muslim parents’ school choices vary based on their childhood schooling experiences in the Australian context, diverse parenting styles and mentalities and their children’s varying personalities demanding a particular type of school setting. This article demonstrates there is no one size fits all Muslim parent in terms of deciding which school is the best for their children in an Islamophobic climate.
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Anderson, Rebecca, Anthea Rhodes, Noel Cranswick, Marnie Downes, Jonathan O’Hara, Mary-Anne Measey, and Amanda Gwee. "A nationwide parent survey of antibiotic use in Australian children." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 1347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz448.
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Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance is increasing globally, largely due to high rates of antibiotic use and misuse. Factors that influence frequent antibiotic use in children are poorly understood. Objectives This study describes rates of antibiotic use in Australian children and investigates parental factors including knowledge, attitudes and behaviours that influence antibiotic use. Methods An online questionnaire relating to antibiotic use was administered as part of the Royal Children’s Hospital National Child Health Poll to a randomly recruited nationwide sample of parents or guardians of children aged 0–17 years in Australia. Data on antibiotic use in children and parental knowledge of appropriate indications for antibiotics and behaviours were collected. Standard binary logistic regression was used to assess associations between parent demographics and behaviour with antibiotic administration. Results The survey was completed by 2157 parents (64% completion rate), of which 1131 (52%) reported having given oral antibiotics to one or more of their children in the preceding 12 months. Of the 3971 children represented overall, 1719 (43%) had received at least one course of antibiotics. The average number of courses per child was 0.86 overall and 1.96 courses per child among those with reported antibiotic use. Notably, 194/1131 (17%) parents reported giving antibiotics to their child without a prescription. Poor parental knowledge of antibiotic indications was associated with antibiotic use. Conclusions Reducing excessive use of antibiotics in children is necessary in the global strategy for preventing antimicrobial resistance. This study identified areas for public health interventions to educate parents and increase regulation of access to antibiotics.
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Simmons, Melanie L., Troy E. McEwan, and Rosemary Purcell. "“But All Kids Yell at Their Parents, Don’t They?”: Social Norms About Child-to-Parent Abuse in Australia." Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 11 (April 15, 2019): 1486–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19842587.
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Child-to-parent abuse has been hampered by a lack of attention to what behaviors are commonly perceived as abusive and a poor understanding of when children’s behavior stops being difficult, but normative, and becomes abusive. This study investigated what Australian parents and young people perceived as abusive behavior by children toward parents. Convenience samples of (a) parents of young people aged 14 to 25 years ( n = 201) and (b) young people aged 14 to 25 years ( n = 586) were asked to define at what frequency they believed that 40 child-to-parent behaviors became abusive. Both parents and young people perceived that children could abuse their parents, but young people were more permissive when defining abuse than were parents for behaviors involving physical aggression without injury, financial abuse, humiliation, or intimidation. The findings have implications for child-to-parent abuse measurement, particularly in relation to how coercive and verbally aggressive behavior is (or is not) defined as abusive.
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Perga, T. "Australian Policy Regarding the Indigenous Population (End of the XIXth Century – the First Third of the XXth Century)." Problems of World History, no. 11 (March 26, 2020): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-11-3.
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An analysis of Australia’s governmental policy towards indigenous peoples has been done. The negative consequences of the colonization of the Australian continent have been revealed, in particular, a significant reduction in the number of aborigines due to the spread of alcohol and epidemics, the seizure of their territories. It is concluded that the colonization of Australia was based on the idea of the hierarchy of human society, the superiority and inferiority of different races and groups of people, and accordingly - the supremacy of European culture and civilization. It is demonstrated in the creation of reservations for aborigines and the adoption of legislation aimed at segregating the country's white and colored populations and assimilating certain indigenous peoples into European society, primarily children from mixed marriages. It has been proven that, considering the aborigines an endangered people and seeking to protect them from themselves, Europeans saw the way to their salvation in miscegenation - interracial marriages and the isolation of aboriginal children from their parents. This policy has been pursued since the end of the XIX century by the 1970s and had disrupted cultural and family ties and destroyed aboriginal communities, although government circles positioned it as a policy of caring for indigenous Australians. As a result, the generation of aborigines taken from their parents and raised in boarding schools or families of white Europeans has been dubbed the “lost generation”. The activity of A.O. Neville who for more than two decades held the position of chief defender of the aborigines in Western Australia and in fact became the ideologist of the aborigines’ assimilation policy has been analyzed. He substantiated the idea of the biological absorption of the indigenous Australian race as a key condition for its preservation and extremely harshly implemented the policy of separating Aboriginal children from their parents. It is concluded that the policy towards the indigenous population of Australia in the late XIX – first third of the XX century was based on the principle of discrimination on racial grounds.
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Alessia, Kate, and Louise Roufeil. "‘It's Quite a Journey’: Australian Parents’ Experience of Adopting Older Children from Overseas Orphanages." Children Australia 37, no. 4 (November 6, 2012): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2012.37.
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Intercountry adoption, often of children post-infancy, is one way of forming a family in Australia. However, few studies have invited Australian parents who have incorporated older children into their family to tell their story. Fathers are under-represented in studies of parenting generally and adoptive parenting specifically.As part requirement for a clinical psychology dissertation, with ethics approval from the relevant university, 28 parents (13 fathers and 15 mothers) were interviewed about their experiences of adopting children over the age of 24 months from orphanages in China, Ethiopia, India and Thailand. Although parents’ experiences and recollections were diverse, almost all parents had been confronted by difficult child behaviours, at least initially. Contrary to previous research, the child's gender, age or duration of institutional care did not appear related to parental experience.Six major themes emerged from parent interviews: (1) the long wait and intense emotions of adoption; (2) disparity between expectations and reality; (3) recognition of children's difficult past experiences; (4) parenting as a path to self-discovery; (5) the perception of needing to present as coping; and (6) unmet needs. Mothers blamed themselves for their children's behavioural problems, rather than attributing difficulties to children's previous adverse life events. Both mothers and fathers were reluctant to use support services because they felt scrutinised and feared repercussions, and those who sought assistance generally found professionals ill-informed and unhelpful. Parents made recommendations about how the adoptive parenting process could be improved and expressed a strong desire for more information, both pre- and post-placement.
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Beutler, Danica, and Marianne Fenech. "An Analysis of the Australian Government's Jobs for Families Child Care Package: The Utility of Bacchi's WPR Methodology to Identify Potential Influences on Parents’ Childcare Choices." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 43, no. 1 (March 2018): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23965/ajec.43.1.02.
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ISSUES OF CHILDCARE AFFORDABILITY, availability and flexibility in Australia have long restricted choice for parents wanting to use formal child care. To address these issues, the Australian Government developed the Jobs for Families Child Care Package, which passed through the Australian Parliament in 2017. This paper reports findings from a study that employed Bacchi's ‘ What's the Problem Represented to be’ (WPR) methodology to analyse the potential impact of the Package on parents’ childcare choices. Consistent with submissions from peak bodies and policy analysts, Bacchi's WPR analysis uncovered potential lived and subjectification effects, which are likely to diminish the choices of disadvantaged families. Additionally, the analysis identified three discursive effects that complicate workforce participation and childcare choice. Utilising a WPR approach and disrupting the Australian Government's positioning of child care as a means to support workforce participation can inform advocacy that aims to re-centre childcare policy onto the rights of the child.
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Hui, Yat Man Louise, Julie Stevenson, and Gisselle Gallego. "Transnational parent–child separation and reunion during early childhood in Chinese migrant families: An Australian snapshot." Australian Journal of Child and Family Health Nursing 16, no. 1 (July 2019): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33235/ajcfhn.16.1.16-23.
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Limited international research exists on reasons for transnational child care, or developmental consequences of separations and reunions on young Chinese children. This descriptive study portrays a sample of children from Chinese migrant families residing in western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, whose parents temporarily relinquished their care to grandparents in China. Data were collected via retrospective health record audits. The majority of parents were first-time parents and the majority of children were first-borns sent back to China during infancy. The average duration of transnational parent–child separation was 20 months. Results showed that male child subjects who experienced multiple transnational separations and reunions were more vulnerable to problems associated with disrupted attachment. This study links parental decision for transnational child care and feelings of disempowerment in their parenting role with patriarchal family values and expectations, and their own adverse early experiences. This study may assist child and family health (CFH) professionals identify, understand and help Chinese parents who may be considering transnational child care to avoid or ameliorate adverse consequences, or alternatively, to support parents following reunion to establish or re-establish attachment relationships with their child, and parent well to optimise their child’s development. Study findings increase the evidence base on reasons for transnational child care, and the complex range of developmental and psychological problems children and parents in this study faced following reunion.
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Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Vatsna Rathore, Amy E. Mitchell, Newell Johnson, and Alina Morawska. "Protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of an online parenting intervention for promoting oral health of 2–6 years old Australian children." BMJ Open 12, no. 10 (October 2022): e056269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056269.
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IntroductionDental decay is a major problem among Australian children. It can be prevented through good self-care and limiting sugar intake, but many parents/caregivers lack the skills and confidence to help their children adopt these practices. This trial will evaluate the efficacy ofHealthy Habits Triple P - Oral health,a web-based online programme, in improving children’s oral health-related behaviours (toothbrushing, snacking practices and dental visits) and related parenting practices, thereby preventing dental caries.Methods and analysisThis is a cluster, parallel-group, single-blinded, randomised controlled trial of an online intervention for parents/caregivers of children aged 2–6 years. From the City of Gold Coast (Australia), 18 childcare centres will be randomly selected, with equal numbers randomised into intervention and control arms. Intervention arm parents/caregivers will receive access to a web-based parenting intervention while those in the control arm will be directed to oral health-related information published by Australian oral health agencies. After the completion of the study, theHealthy Habits Triple P - Oral healthintervention will be offered to parents/caregivers in the control arm. The primary outcome of this trial is toothbrushing frequency, which will be assessed via Bluetooth supported smart toothbrushes and parent/caregiver report. Data on other outcomes: parenting practices and child behaviour during toothbrushing, consumption of sugar rich foods and parents’ confidence in dealing with children’s demands for sugar rich food, and dental visiting practices, will be collected through a self-administered questionnaire at baseline (before randomisation), and 6 weeks (primary endpoint), 6 months and 12 months after randomisation. Data on dental caries will be collected at baseline, 12 and 18 months post-randomisation.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from Human Research Ethics Committees of Griffith University (2020/700) and the University of Queensland (2020002839). Findings will be submitted for publication in leading international peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberACTRN12621000566831.
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Harrison, Julie, and Mark Keating. "The deductibility of Sarbanes-Oxley costs incurred by Australasian companies." Accounting Research Journal 27, no. 1 (July 7, 2014): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-09-2013-0064.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the nature of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) costs incurred by subsidiaries of USA parent companies, and considers whether any value flows to non-USA subsidiaries. Deductibility is analysed under both the general deductibility provisions and the transfer pricing regimes of Australia and New Zealand (NZ). Reference is also made to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) transfer pricing guidelines and the US transfer pricing regulations. Australasian and New Zealand subsidiaries of US parent companies frequently incur costs related to their parent’s regulatory reporting requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Tax authorities, generally, view these costs as “shareholder activities”, i.e. activities performed for the benefit of the parent only. As such, they are considered non-deductible to the subsidiaries of USA parents because an independent party dealing at arm’s length would not pay to receive similar services. We consider circumstances in which some costs may be deductible. Design/methodology/approach – Legal analysis. Findings – We conclude that there can be circumstances where these so-called shareholder activities do provide value to subsidiaries and, accordingly, may (or should) be deductible in the local jurisdiction. Research limitations/implications – This analysis is limited to a consideration of Australian, NZ, OECD and US sources. Practical implications – This paper provides an analysis of the deductibility of a type of expenditure commonly encountered by subsidiaries of US parent companies. Originality/value – Limited research is available that deals with this issue. In most cases, only general statements on deductibility of similar types of expenditure are available to taxpayers.
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Tran, Van H., Sarah Verdon, Sharynne McLeod, and Cen Wang. "Family Language Policies of Vietnamese–Australian Families." Journal of Child Science 12, no. 01 (January 2022): e67-e78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1743490.
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AbstractThis study aimed to investigate reported family language policies (quy tắc sử dụng ngôn ngữ cho gia đình) and language maintenance practices among Vietnamese–Australian parents. This mixed-methods study collected 151 Vietnamese–Australian parents' responses to close- and open-ended questions within an online questionnaire that was available both in English and Vietnamese. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression were conducted to explore associations between family language policies and factors related to demographics and Spolsky's language policy theory. Content analysis was undertaken in NVivo to investigate family language policies. One-third of the participants (35.6%) reported to have a family language policy and 72.5% of those with a policy indicated that they consistently implemented their policy. Significant factors associated with having a family language policy were parents' higher Vietnamese proficiency, more Vietnamese language use with their children, and intention of future residence in Vietnam. The four identified language policies were as follows: (1) using Vietnamese with the nuclear family (FLP1), (2) Vietnamese outside the nuclear family (FLP2), (3) English at home (FLP3), and (4) English outside the home (FLP4). Some families used more than one of these concurrently. This is one of the first large-scale mixed-method studies to explore family language policies, and the first to explore this issue with Vietnamese-speaking families in Australia. Many Vietnamese–Australian families do not explicitly have a family language policy aimed at maintaining Vietnamese at home; therefore, the Vietnamese–Australian community is at risk of a shift toward English language dominance and home language loss. As a result, the benefits of multilingualism within the Vietnamese–Australian community may be lost without support from the government and community to maintain their home language.
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Van den Eynde, Annelies, and Dimitri Mortelmans. "The Consequences of Work–Family Enrichment in Families on the Behaviour of Children." Social Sciences 9, no. 10 (October 7, 2020): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9100180.
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This study considers the spillover effect of work-family enrichment in parents on the behaviour of their children. Using a mediation model with parental well-being and parenting styles, the study unravels the associations between a positive perspective on work-life balance and the outcomes in a child’s live. Using 4012 parents from the data of the Australian LSAC (Growing up in Australia), the model shows that children’s behaviour is influenced by parents’ experience of work-family enrichment through parental well-being. Also, parenting performance functions as a mediator between work-family enrichment and the behaviour of the child. Parents show more stimulating parenting behaviour when they experience enrichment between work and their family.